IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


i.O 


I.I 


1.25 


1^  128 

•  50     1""^ 

'"  m 


IIM 

21 

M 

1.8 


U    III  1.6 


7^ 


vg 


A 


,>.  ^'\ 


^^^.^"  ^ 
■>/• 


7 


>^ 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


^ 


^^ 


V 


^ 


<> 


^<^^^ 


^"*%  '^' 
^ 


c^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4S03 


^ 


>^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notet/Notat  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographicaily  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  psiliculie 


r~l    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


r~|    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  Illustrations/ 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli4  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  rellure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rleure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  locsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfiimi  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sent  peut-6tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imege  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquts  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  plqu6es 


I — I    Pages  damaged/ 

I — I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

r~7   Showthrough/ 
UlJ    Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplemer         material/ 
Comprend  du  mat^ric   suppl^mentaire 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


Th 
to 


TK 

PC 

of 
fil 


Oi 
bi 
th 
sit 
ot 
fir 
si( 
or 


D 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcles  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  Image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


T» 
sh 
Tl 
w 

M 
di 
er 
be 
rll 
re 
m 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

aox 

1 

y 

12X                            16X                            20X                            24X                            28X                            32X 

( 

1 
1 

1 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


I'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  k  la 
gtnirosltA  de: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
pubiiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origlnaux  sont  fiimAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniire  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  6tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE  WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BAXCROFT 


I 


2 


L 


i/ 


>i 


THE    \\'OIUv8 


OP 


1  rUBERT  IIOAVE  BANCROFT 


VOLUMK   XVI 


HISTORY  OF  THE 

XOKTII   MEXICAN   STATES   AND  TEXAS 


Vol.  II  1801—1889 


SAX  KnAxcisro 
THE  IHSTORV  COMI'ANV,  I'llUJSIIKRS 

1889 


EntiTod  Hfcontlner  to  Art  of  ConffrcHs  In  tlio  your  1889,  l>y 

HL'UKKT  H.  BANCKOFr, 
lu  tbu  ofllcu  uf  the  Llbrarliin  of  CoiiKroHO,  nt  WiiHbington. 


All  UijIiU    liifMenied, 


CONTENTS  OF  THIS  VOLUME. 


CHAPTER  I. 


■nXAS    CLAIMEn   BY   THK  ITNITED   8TATC9 
1800   1810. 


Internal  Condition  of  Texas— Society  at  San  Antonia  do  Bcjar— 
Colonel  I'ikt! — Tlie  Provincial  <!overnnient  — Nolan's  Inroad  His 
Defeat  and  Death -(!anil»ling  for  Life— Bean's  Biography  Sale  of 
Loiiixiana  to  the  United  States — The  Boundary  Dispute — Preten- 
sions of  the  Uuite<l  Stjites— Preparations  for  Hostilities— The  Span- 
ish Trooi>s  Cross  the  Sahine—Cieneral  Wilkinson  Takes  the  Field — 
The  Spiitiish  Retire — Wilkinson  Marches  to  the  Siihine-  A  Blood- 
less Campaign  The  Neutral  0 round  Convention— Improved  Condi- 
tion of  Texas     Desperadoes  Occupy   the   Neutral  (iround — Their 


PAGE 


Orgauizatiuu . 


CHAPTER  IT. 


INVASION   OF  TEXAS   BY   AMERICANS. 
1811-1814. 

Revolution  in  Favor  of  Indopendencc  -Zanihrano's  Counter-revolution 
—  Reestalilishment  of  the  Royjilist  (Jovernnient— Bernardo  (lutier- 
re/.Magee"s  Sciienie  of  Conquest— The  Americans  Occupy  Nacog- 
doches-La  Baiiia  Falls  into  tlieir  Hands — Covernor  Salcedo 
Besieges  La  Bahia  -Death  of  Magee— Tiio  Battle  of  llosillo— 
Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Army  -.Surrender  of  San  Antonio — A  Repuh- 
lican  Oovernment  Organized — NLassacre  of  Salcedo  and  Otlier  Pris- 
oners— Disgust  of  the  Americans — Defeat  of  Royalists  under 
El izondo -Toledo  Takes  Command  of  the  Republican  Army — 
Aiiproaeh  of  Arredontlo — Battle  of  the  Medina-  Destruction  of  the 
Anioncaiia — Elizoudo'a  Executions— Pacilication  of  the  Province. . . 

(V) 


17 


r 


COXTKNTS. 


CIIAITKU  III. 


PRI\•^TKEKI^•0,    I'lPAlV,  AND    INVASIONS. 

IMI.'i   18'JI. 


Tin;  Asylum  of  Mi^xit.-iiii  lltifugnos  lliirrora'H  Privateering  Si'lieiiie — A 
Ue[>iililiciiii  (ioverniiifiit  KHtaMi-tiieil  at  Kalve.-ttuii  liavno  liitlictvil 
on  Spaiii.ili  ('oiiiinuree  -Arrival  of  Mina-  Aury  and  IVrry — The 
|)(!.soi-nt  on  Soto  la  Marina  I'^rry'x  Alarcii  to  Te.ai-  heHlrui'tion 
of  lii.s  Band-Aury  at  Matagonla  liay  He  Li!avt!s  Texas  for  Florida 
—  The  j'irate  of  the  <lulf  and  tlie  liarratarians  tialveston  Oeetipied 
by  Lalitte  A  Spurious  Government  I'iralical  hepredations  — 
Latitte  Kxpi^lleil  from  (ralvestoii  -His  Hint^raphy  liallenumd'x 
Cham])  il'Asile  St'ttlemunt  of  the  Itonndary  (jnestion  Long's  Inva- 
vasion  -Texas  Declared  a  licpuhliu — Destruction  of  tho  Expe- 
ilitiuu 


PAOB 


33 


CHAPTER  IV. 


colonization  aso  tiik  rmi'kksario  system. 

1819  18:h. 

Spain  Relaxes  Iicr  Kxclusive  Policy  Biography  of  Mose!)  Austin — His 
Colonization  Schi'me  He  Petitions  for  a  Land  (!raiit  in  Texas- -His 
Sufferings  and  l>eath —Internal  Affairs  of  Mexico  Beginning  <>f 
Austin's  Colony  -Difficulties,  Dangers,  anil  Losses  -Stephen  Austin 
in  th(!  City  of  Mexico —Delay  and  Anxiety-- Final  Success  of  hi.s 
Petition — Discreti(.nary  Powers  <!ranted  Austin  Progress  of  the 
Colony — Austin's  <  iovernmunt — <  Jreedy  and  Discontenteil  Settlers — 
Erroneous  Idea  ahout  Immigrant  Criminals  Scatterecl  Settlements 
-  A  Now  Contract  The  Emisresario  System  Coloni/ation  Law  of 
(.'oahuila  and  Texa< — -Tntlux  of  Ini'uigrants  -Empresario  Enter- 
prises— Their  I'artial  Success — Progress  of  Texas 54 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE   STATE  OF  COAIIITII.A   AND  TEXAS. 

1800-1839. 

Despotism  inCoivliuila — Internal  (tovernment — Resources  and  Condition 
of  the  Province — Character  of  the  People — Coahuila  during  tho 
War  of  Independence — Formation  of  the  State  of  Coahuila  and 
Texas — Organizatiim  of  a  (Government — The  State  (\mstitution — 
Electiuu    Lawa — First    Couatitutioual   Congress — V'iejca   Elected. 


CONTENTS, 


▼tt 


Oovemrtr— Poverty  of  the  Troanury— Commproial  Tntrndorn— OffLTS 
of  till'  Uiiitoil  Stitos  to  I'lircliiiHo  Tt'xiiH  'riic  SI  ivr  (^ui'^timi  iu 
Texan — Tin- Coloiii^tn  Aii^ry  -('nmlition  of  tlio  Muxicui  IVon  The 
Kiiiiiii('i|iati<>ri  l^ikw  KM'<-|itiiiii  in  Favor  of  Toxas  I'crtci'iitloii  of 
iSp.'iiiiiinU  Siilxorvifin-y  nt'  tin-  St:ito  to  tlic  National  <  Mivi-rnnii-nt 
—  AtlininiMtratiou  of  .lu-itii-i'  Kiliu-alioii  ami  liuligion — Monopoly 
Privilugu:4  (iruuloil  to  ColouintM 77 


CHAPTER   VI. 


MKXK'AN    Ol'l-KKSSIIIN    ANH  TKXAS    RRVOLTfl. 

\H'2{\  183'.». 

Haydcn  Eilwanlx'  (Srant— His  DitHouUies  ninl  Want  of  Policy  Mexi- 
(•iins  vcr<iH  ('nliiiiists  AnniilMiciit  of  Kilwarils'  < 'ontiMct  .lolui 
I)iina  llnnttT  hiscuntunt  of  tin.' Clutroki'c^s  'I'iii;  FrcilDnian  lluvoit 
— Covonant  with  Indian  Triln!.'*-  Ilulnsivo  llopuM  Kuil  .Nhin'.s  Per* 
liily  -  Miinlfr  of  Hunter  ami  Fioldn  — Kaiiiin' of  tin-  Ki'Volt  I'l-oi;- 
russand  Condition  nf  the  Colonies-Mfxicn's  [^\^i^v^  of  Lo.sinj;  1  -xas 
— Alanian'n  I'roponitions  -liftw  of  April  (»,  KS.'W)  Mditary  l>i>sp(ii'.<<m 
—  K-italdiilinicnt  of  ( 'u<toinlionit's  I'cirtsof  Texas  ('losod  hciiinn- 
stratioiii  of  till?  t 'uliiiiists  Hradlmrn's  Outram's  llnstilitics  st  Ana- 
hnao  The  Tnrtli'  ISayou  liusolntions -Capturo  of  Fort  \"i>lasco — 
Mutiny  at  An.ihuac  and  Flight  of  jirailliurn  KtMnlutions  of  the 
Ayuntaniit'utos  -Naoogdoohes  Kvacuated  Tran(|udlity  Uesttored 
iu  Tuxas 


98 


CHAPTER  vri. 


PROPOSED  SErARATION    OF  TEXAS    FKOM   COAHTrtLA. 

1832-1835. 

Arguments  in  favor  of  .Separation  The  Texan  Convention  —  \  Scces- 
sion.il  <'onstitution-  Political  .Vtl'airs  in  the  Mexican  Capital  Santa 
Anna";)  Craftne<.i — Au-tin  Presents  a  Memorial  to  the  Federal  (iov- 
ernment — Its  Reception — Au.stin  Injudii-iou.s — \Un  Arre.^t  for 'I  rea- 
son— Dragged  from  Court  to  Court — His  Letter  to  the  Texans — 
Maillard's  Book — .Santa  Anna  Dictator — .VHairs  in  Coahuila — Texas 
lieeeive.s  Redress — Saltillo  versus  Monclova — .\dj\istiiu'nt  of  Ditl'er- 
ences — Santa  Anna's  Deci.sion  on  the  Texan  Petition — .Almonte's 
Report — Popidation  of  Texas — Fraudulent  .Sales  of  Puldic  I^nds — 
Separatists  aud  Auti-scparatists 130 


Tiii 


CONTENTS. 
CIIAl'TKK  VIII. 


XVBNTfl   i.KAUINll    TU  TIIK    KKVULT   UF  TEXAfl. 


18.'<:>. 


I'AOE 


Coahuila  and  Texan  Protostii — Tlio  State  liOgifilature  Disliandod — Gov- 
ernor ViuMca  Arrextud  Tuiioriit  Kjecteil  from  Aiiiiliuau — I'olitical 
Fencing  Zavala  Agitators  from  the  United  States  I'uiilie  Meet- 
ings -Arrest  of  Zavala  and  Settlers  Ordered — Atl'air  of  tlie  Correo 
and  San  Felipe- Colinnhiu's  Call  for  a  (ieiieral  Consultiition — Aua< 
tin's  Heturn  -His  Speech  at  Brazoria  Preparations  for  War — <»en- 
oral  Cos  Arrives  at  liejar — A  I)isputed  Cannon  — The  Affair  of 
(ton/ale/  Warlike  Knthusiatm-  A  Termanent  Council  Kstatdished 
— Austin  Takes  the  Field  Capture  of  (ioliad  United  States  Sym- 
l)athy-  Land  Frauds  The  Consultation  Assenddes — Its  Labors — 
Orguaiz<itiuu  ul  u  i'roviniuual  tluverumeut , 


I    •  1 1 1 )  1 1 1  ( I  > 


IM 


CHAPTER  rx. 


8IG0E    AND    CAPTtlKK  OK    SAN    ANTONIO   I'K     IIKJAR. 
1835. 

Battle  of  Concepcion — The  Orass  Fight — Protracted  Siege — nissatigfi<,c- 
tioii  of  tile  Volunteers — Burleson  Succeeds  Austin — Orders  and 
Counter-orders — Milam's  (.'all — |)escrip'  >n  of  Siiii  Antonio — The 
First  Assault — Stea<ly  Advance  of  the  '  jx^ns — Death  of  Milam — 
His  Biography — Confusion  at  the  Alamo — Cos  Surromlers — Terms 
of  Capitulation — The  Vtdunteers  Disliand — .\ffiir  at  Lipantitlan — 
The  Tampico  Tragedy — Discord  in  the  (rovernment — Financial 
Matters — Houston's  Proclamation — <lovernor  Smith  and  the  Coun- 
cil— (irant's  Sclieme — Descent  on  Matamoros  Meditated — Smith 
Suspended — Iku  Ktl'eut  uf  Discord , , .   175 


CHAPTER  X. 


TlIK   ALAMO   AND   OOLFAK   MASSACRES, 

January-March   IS.'IG. 

Apathy  of  the  Texans — Santa  Anna's  Preparation  and  March — Descrip- 
tion of  the  Alamo — David  Crockett — The  Siege — Storming  of  the 
Xiamo — The  Assault — Hand-to-hand  Contests — Death  of  Bowie — A 
Hcdocaust — Victory  Dearly  Bought — Declaration  of  Independence 
— Names  of  the  Subscribers — Labors  of  the  Convention — A  Provi- 
sional Govcrument  Organized— The  Conatitution — Fauuiu's  Prepar- 


rONTKNTS. 


IX 

r.iUB 


atiim^  atffdliail — I)ontrui;ti<m  of  (Iruiit't  Party — Urrca'n  Movuinuiit^ 
. — I'iijiturii  itf  San  I'atritio— Kaiiiiiii '»  Fnrcu — Kiiign  I'arty  Slmt — 
Asitaiilt  oil  tliu  Mission  of  Kifugio — ('a|itiire  of  \Varil':«  t'oiiniiainl — 
llourttoii  at  tloii/aln/.— Mi'.Miieiiti  of  the  Mi-xiiiin  Korf<"< — Kaiiiiin 
Ui'tri-ats  towanl  Victoria  '«  hi.tal  Delay — Battle  of  Kiu-inal  ilcl 
I'cnliilo — Sum-iiilor  of  Far.iii.  -A  Biirl>ar'>u«  MaHHaoro — NiiiiilHir 
of  the  Victiuiit •    'Ml 


CIIAITER  XI. 


8ANTA    AXNA  >4  IIITMIUATION. 


18:«'»-18:»7. 

IIouRtnn'fi  r  •  Ci';— His  Ringraiiliy  Panic  of  the  Spttlcrs  — San  Fcliiic 
Burned-- Santa  Anna's  Plans  ainl  Advance- -His  linpttuou.-,  Mowj- 
.  iits— Uenioval  of  tlie  ( iovi-rnment  to  <}alv  -ttoii  Marnsliur^  in 
Ashes— nisooiitent  of  Houston 's  Army — Its  Advance  to  the  Sail 
Jacinto-  Santa  Anna  Burns  New  Wasliingtoii  -Me  Marclies  to 
^2n^aJ{e  Houston  Preliminary  Skirniisiiing  Mexican  Carelessness 
in  an  Knemy's  Front-  liiseussion  on  Houston's  Tactics  -Burniii>{ 
of  Vince's  Bridge  Pre|iarafioiis  for  Battle  Sail  Jacinto  ancl 
Slaughter  -Santa  Anna's  Fliglit  and  (.'apture  Negotiations  for 
Life  Fdisola's  Retreat— Santa  Anna's  l)aiigerous  Position  and 
Final  Uelcasc , 238 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE   RErrilMC   OF  TEXAS. 


iH:Mi-ivS:w. 


Filisnla  Superseded — Vain  Threats — Tlie  Texan  Navy — Cominissioners 
to  the  Unitetl  States— Morlit's  Keport--( Jeneral  (taines  Crosses 
t!ie  Sahine  -(torostiza's  Protest — He  l)einan<ls  his  Passports- -Pas- 
sive Cliaraoter  of  tlie  War  -Return  of  Austin  -Tiie  Klcctions  - 
Political  Parties -Houston  Chosen  President  -Meeting  of  the  First 
Congress- -Houston's  Inaugural  Aildress -His  "aliinet  -Legislative 
Acts  of  Congress  -The  National  Seal  and  Flag — Death  and  Biogra- 
phy of  Austin— Condition  of  the  Repulilic— Recognition  ni"  h  r  Inde- 
pendence liy  the  United  States— Reopening  of  Congress  -The  Slave 
Question— Passage  of  the  Land  Law— Its  Provisions— Brighter 
Prospects -Indian  Warfare — Financial  Operations  -La.nar  Klected 
Tresideut , 279 


CONTENTS. 


CIIAPTEIl  XIII. 


Lamar's  administration. 
18:i8-lS4l. 


FAOB 


President's  Viowa  on  Annexation —His  Message  to  Congress— Origin  of 
tile  Tuxaii  Rammers —Financial  Matters — Hamilton's  Mission  to 
Kuropi!  His  Failure  to  Effect  a  Loan — Indian  Warfare— The 
Nacogdoches  Uevolt — Mexican  Intrigues — The  Mission  and  Death 
of  Fl.)res  -Expulsion  of  the  I'herokoes — Fight  at  8aii  Antonio  -An 
Inilian  Raid —Massacre  of  the  Conianches  — The  Federal  CainiKtign 
—  Battle  of  Alcantro— Repuhlic  of  the  Rio  ftrande  Proclaimed — 
Treacherous  Allies  -Rattle  of  Saltillo — The  Santa  Fe  Expedition — 
Its  Oliject  and  Disastrous  Result— The  New  Capital— Riicognition 
hy  France  and  England  —Halations  with  Mexico  -English  Media- 
tion Rejected — Houston  Reelected  I'resiilent  -Condition  of  the 
Ilepublic 314 


CHAPTER    XTV. 


END  OF  TIIK  TEXAN'    RErPBtlC. 


1841-1846. 

Houston's  Second  Admistration — Redii.tion  of  Expenses — Vasquez 
Takes  Rejar  "(jorrespoiidence  with  .Santa  Anna  -Operations  of  the 
Navy  -The  Archive  War — Regulators  and  Moderators  Erigland"s 
Neutrality  -WoU's  Inroad — Dawson's  i)efeat — Somerville's  Duliious 
Coniluct  llattlo  of  Mier — Mcxir.in  (luile — The  Charge  on  the 
(ruar()— A<Jrievous  Mistake— Tlie  Death-lottery — The  'Prisoners  at 
Perote — Snively's  Expedition  — Rol)iuson's  Diplomacy — TIk;  Armis- 
tice— Rivalry  of  the  United  States  and  England  -Anson  .loncs 
Elected  President— Houston's  Farewell  Message  His  Diliieult  Posi- 
tion— Anuexatioii — The  State  Constitution 344 


CHAPTER  XV. 


TEXAS   AS   A    STATE. 


184G-1859. 

Social  Condition  of  the  Tcxans — Population — Position  of  Malefac- 
tors— Simplicity  of  Households — The  Literate  Element — Covernor 
nenilcrson's  Inauguration — Texans'  Doings  in  the  Mexican  War — 

W I's  Ailministration — Disjiute  aliout  the  Possession  of  Santa  Fe — 

Govi'mor  Bell —The  Texan  Debt— Pearce's  Rill— The  Santa  Fe  and 
Public  Debt  (jucstioua — JScaliug  the  Debt — Peadc'a  Adniiuiatmtum 


CONTENTS. 


XI 

J'AUK 


—Prosperity — Indian  Depredations — Native  rolonica — ProRpects  of 
.success — Vicious  Indian  SettUTs — Angry  Kroiitiur-inen — A  Barl>ar- 
ous  Massacri' — Ki'iiioval  of  tiio  Indian  Colonists — Final  Ad  jnstnient 
(;f  the  I'uldic  Delit— Financial  Matters— Hostility  to  Mi-xirans — The 
Cart  War — Political  Parties  Hiograpliy  of  Kusk — Administration  of 
KuuueU — Tliu  Slavery  Agitation — lluustou  Elected  Governor 38*J 


ciiArTKU  xvr. 


CIVIt,   WAR. 


1830  1802. 

The  North  and  tlio  South — Houston's  Message  -Reports  of  Committees 
on  RosidiitioiH  of  South  Carolina  -Knights  of  the  ( Jolden  Circlu- - 
Special  Sossiiin  of  tiie  Texan  Congress  Convened  -A  Convention 
Illegally  Called  —Surrender  of  (Jeneral  Twiggs  — Houston's  Sj>ceeli 
attralveston  Tcxa*  Sucedes  from  the  Union — Proceedings  of  tlio 
Convention — Houston  Deposed — His  Protest — Clark  InstalltMl  Pro- 
visional (roveruor—Iiulian  Settlement  on  Trinity  River — Cortina's 
Insurrection — His  Defeat  anil  F'light — List  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives (.'omnioncement  of  tlie  Civil  War — Military  ()|>eratious 
— luviisiou  y£  New  Mexico— Its  Failure ....,,,,,, -427 

CHAPTEll   XVn. 

TROnRKSS   AND    F.St)   OF  THE   WAR, 

1S0'2-18G5. 

Operations  of  the  United  States' Navy— Recapture  of  Oalvoston  hy  tho 
Texans  -Military  Despotism— Defeat  of  the  Federals  at  Siihine  Pass 
— Death  of  (ieneral  Houston — ^His  Character  and  I'tdicy  -Murrah 
Kleoted  (iovcrnor  -Operations  of  tho  Federals  on  the  <lnlf  ('oast — 
Attempt  against  Texa<  l)y  Red  River — UrownsvilK,'  Taken  hy  Cor- 
tina— Ailniiuistration  of  Murrah— Financial  Matters  —The  Conscrip- 
tion Laws  -Limentahle  Social  Condition  of  Texas  -Ind\lstrial 
Progress  -Cotton  Planters —Reverses  of  tin;  Confederate  Arms  - 
The  hxat  Eiigageuiuut 454 

CHAPTER   xvr  IT. 


TUB  RErONSTRtTCTION    TEUIODt 

1805-1870. 

Qo  Pernor  Hamilton— The  Question  tif  Frecdmen's  Rights— Lawlessness 
in  Tex.i-i  -E'naucipation  of  Slavery  Declared  in  Texas  -Its  Ktl'ect  - 
T"hc  State  Con.  'iition  -Throckmorton  Klected  (iovcrnor — A  Hold 
Message— Laws)  Passed  by  the  Legislature— Discord  between  i'resi- 


%n 


CONTENTS. 


TAG  I 


(lent  Johnson  and  Congress — A  Rigorous  Act — Texas  under  Military 
Rule— Judiciiii  .>i.striuts — Tlirociiinortou's  UitKcultiei  and  Removal 
— His  Views  on  tlio  Position — Pease  Appointed  (Jovernor — Cliaugcs 
of  Military  Commanders — Registration  (Questions — Tiie  Reconstruc- 
tion ('onvention — L/isagrecments — Tlio  (iencral  Election — Amended 
Coustitutiou  Ratilied — Doings  of  tiio  Legislature 478 

CHAPTER  xrx. 

TEXAS   RKSTOREI). 

1871-1888. 

Administration  of  Governor  Davis — Message  to  the  Legislature; — Repub- 
lican Measures — Party  Rivalry — Austin  tlio  Permanent  ("apital  — 
Repeal  of  Ol>noxious  Liws — ('onditioii  cif  tiie  Treasury — RepiiMicans 
versus  Democrats — A  Dangerous  Crisis— Victory  of  the  jtemocrats 
— Coke  Elected  (icivernor  -Condition  of  Atfairs — The  New  (."(insti- 
tution—Coke's  Criticisms — -(rovernor  Hubliard — The  Salt  War — 
Finance — Governor  Roberts'  Policy — Indian  Affairs — The  Boundfvry 
Question 501 

ClIAITKR   XX. 

IN.STITUTIONAL   AM>   KUrCATIONAL    MATTEaS. 

is:!.-)- 1888. 

Rapid  Progress — Population— Social  Advanopmnnt— Docroase  of  Crime 
— Tiie  State  Capitol— Tiie  Huntsvillu  Penitentiary —Reform  of 
Abuses — Rusk  Peiiitentiary — Charitable  Institutions— Asylum  for 
tlio  Deaf  and  i)uiiib  -Die  Institute  for  the  IJbiid  -Insane  Asylum 
— Developinent  of  Kducation — Appropriations  fur  tiie  Establishment 
of  FriHi  Schofds — The  Public  School  System  -Statistics  -Founding 
of  the  Texas  University  -Tiic  Agricultural  and  .Mechanical  (''ollcgo 
—  First  Protestant  (.'hurches — Marriage  liy  lioml  Legalized — pAicle- 
siastical  Statistics —First  Printing  I'ress  in  Texas —E.irly  News- 
paper!)— Texas  Editorial  and  Press  Associatiou 528 

CIIAPTEIl   XXI. 


INDUSTRIES,    COMMEUC'K,    AND    RAILR0AD3. 

1835-1888. 

Physical  Divisions— A  Forest  Region — The  Level  Prairies  of  the  Gulf 
Coast— Central  Higlilancls--A  Vast  Cattle  Region -The  Panhandle 
and  Stakeil  Plain-Cliin  ite  and  Rainfall  -Cotton  Proihiction  The 
Cereals— Progress  uf  Agriculture — Cuttle  !Statistius — Stuck  Trails 


CONTfiNTS. 


xiU 

PAQB 


to  the  North — The  Texas  Fever — Wire  Fence  Troubles — Sheep  and 
Horses— Minerals — Mauufivcturing  and  Muchaniual  Industries- 
Foreign  Commerce  -importa  and  Exports — The  Postal  Service— 
Kailroail  Systems — The  Oldest  Lines — Houston  the  Natural  Centre 
— Narrow  (Jauge  Lines — Liljerality  of  the  State  <  Jove rnment— The 
Strike  at  Fort  Wortli 651 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

CHIHUAHaA  AND   DrRANQO. 

2800-1845. 

Redivision  of  Provincias  Internas — Movements  During  the  War  of 
Indepenileiiot' — Cruz  Defends  the  Royal  Cause—  Durango  Captured 
hy  Negrete— Chihuahua  and  Durango  Made  Separate  States — Party 
Strife  and  Revolts — Liberals  and  Conservatives — Federal  Coalition 
in  tlie  North — ("baiigo  of  Governors  in  Durango — Apache  Raids  in 
Cliiliuabua — Decline  of  Presidio  Defences  — Indian  Warfare  Scalp 
Hunting  -Massacre  at  Janos  —The  Central  Regime — Federal  Oppo- 
sition— Durango  Joins  Paredes'  Revoluticm 581 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

LATER  niSTORY   OF   CHIHUAHUA    AND    DURANOO. 

1843  1888. 

Preparations  for  War  with  the  United  States — Vidal  Defeated  by  Doni- 
plian-Battlo  of  Sacramento  -Doniphan  Occupies  Cliiiinahua — He 
Marches  to  Saltillo — Siege  and  Fall  of  Rosales — Frontier  Defence — 
Failure  of  Military  Colonies — Indian  Raids  and  Scalp  Hunting  -A 
Coalition  of  States — Sale  of  the  Mesilla  Valley — I'lan  of  Ayutla 
Adopted— (^ijcu  Invades  Chiiiualiua  and  Durango  - A'ictory  of  tiie 
Liberals — Kntry  of  the  French — Juarez  (lees  to  I'hihuahua— Brin- 
court  Occupies  the  City—  Do|)artnre  of  the  Invaders — T)nr!ingo 
Opposes  tlio  Juaristas — Munler  of  Patoni  -  Revoluticm  of  Porlirio 
Diaz  — Lerdista's  Movements — Sierra  Mojada  Territory  Formed— 
Suppression  of  Indian  Raids . .    604 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 


CNITKD   SONORA   AND   SINALOA. 

1800-1830. 

Progress  of  Settlements — Invasion  by  Hermosillo— Capture  of  Rosario 
— Defeat  of  Hermosillo  at  San  Ignaciode  Piastla — Campaign  against 
the  Apaches — Last  Culuuial  Rulers — Uprising  of  the  Opataa — The 


xiv 


CONTEXTS. 


PAGE 


Empire  Welcomed— Sonora  ami  Siiialoa  Neglectc-l — Petition  for 
Kcfoniia — Feileralisin  Favored — .Separation  of  Soaora  Ignored — 
Form  of  (ioveruiiient — Oricvanccs  and  lievolt  of  the  Yai|iiis-  -Oper- 
ation!) of  HandtTa^ — Suppression  of  tlie  Uprising — Expulsion  of 
Spaniards  -Hardy's  Visit— Separation  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa — 
Populatiuu , 1 1 . 1 1 1 ... .  628 


CIlAITEIl   XX\^ 


90N0BA  AND  SIN'ALOA  AS   SEPARATE  STATES, 
ISIW-ISol. 

Sonora's  First  Legislature—Loading  Towns — Indians  versus  Whites — • 
Banderas'  SclienieMis  Defeat  and  Death —War  witli  the  Ya(piis 
— Expeditions  against  the  Apaelies — Party  Struggles — (Jovernor 
Gandara — Urrea  I'roclainis  Federalism — He  is  Ueeognized  by  Sina- 
loa (Jandara's  Coiiiiter-revolution-  The  Ya(piis  Roused  hy  ( landara 
^War  between  Federalists  and  Centralists — Alternate  Successes — 
Changes  of  Rulers^ War  witli  the  United  States  (.'uaynias  Bom- 
barded- Americans  Take  Possession  -Mazatlaii  t'.i[)tured  Migra- 
tion from  Sonora  to  California — Troubles  with  Apaches — Changes 
iu  the  Administration 


649 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

IlLIBUSTERISO    INVASIONS   FROM   CALIFORNIA. 

1852-1854, 

Raonsset  de  Boulhon'a  Early  Career — His  Schemes — Pindray's  Frontier 
Colony — Raoussets  (irant — Arrival  in  Sonora  -Hostility  of  OlHcials 
—Capture  of  Hermosillo- Raousset  Attackecl  with  Fever — Retires 
to  tiuaymas— The  Adventurers  Capitulate — New  Scliemes  of  tlie 
Frenchman — Tlie  Compailia  Rostauradora — Raousset  (loes  to 
Mexico  -  A  Second  Expedition  Phnined  -The  Return  to  Sonora — 
Raousset  Duped  by  Yartez  'I'lie  Mexican  Barracks  at  ( luaymas — 
Plan  of  Attack— Assjiult  of  the  Fililmsters  Their  Defeat  -Disposal 
of  the  Prisoners^Execution  of  Raousset — His  C'liarauter , , , ,  673 

CHAPTER   XXVII. 


WlENCn  OPERATIONS  IN   SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 

1854- 1 806. 

Eflfect  of  the  Oadsden  Purch.ase — (""rabb's  Colony  Scheme — Oiindara's 
Revolt  and  Defeat  -Crabb's  Defeat  at  Caborea  -The  Whole  Party 
Shot — Jcckor's   Survey   and   Troubles— Coiijcrvativc    Reaction   io 


LOXTENTS. 


l'.\(iE 


Siualoa — Freiiueiit  Revi)liitiims— Triuiuiih  of  L'bcraU  in  Sonora— 
Tlie  Krciicli  Oiiiipy  (iuiiyriias — <;aiiiliira's  Oporatioiis— S<iuora  Held 
by  liiiporiiilist.s — Struggles  of  tiio  Lil>crals— l)o[iartiiru  of  tlio  Fri'iich 
—  lanori  Sliot— Sonora  Free — Lozadii  IJosiegus  Mazatlaii  Tlio 
French  Capture  tiie  Fort — Victory  of  Kosales — I'astagny's  Opera- 
tions—  Alternate  Successes  of  Liberals  ami  Imperialists — Loz  Aids 
tho  Latter — Tiie  Frencli  Ueenibark  and  Kotirc 093 

CIIAITER    XXVIir. 

KEVOl.l'TION.S   AM)   Cof  NTKU-liKVOtrTIONS. 

18(;7-1887. 

Party  Quarrels — Uprising  of  tiie  Yatjuis — Vega's  Piratical  Raid  on 
iiuaynias — Leyva'a  Ilevolution  against  Juarez  — its  Failure  -Revo- 
lution in  Sinaloa  and  Secpu'l — Contest  in  Sonora  Regarding  tlio 
Constitution — .Marisc.il  Sent  to  Restore  Order  Tiie  Lenio  Klectioii 
Troubles — Siiialoa  Yields  to  tlio  Portirists— Mariscal  (Joveriior  of 
Sonora — Cluinge  of  Oovernors — Appearance  of  Yellow  Fever  Rev- 
olution in  Sinaloa  by  Ramirez — His  Defeat  ami  l)eatb  -Mar(|uez  do 
licon  Invades  Sonora— Is  Comi)elled  to  Retire  -  Withdraws  to  Cali- 
foruia — Wars  with  the  Apaches — Their  Final  Subjugatiou 700 

ClIAI'TEll   XXIX. 

LOWEK   rALIFORNIA. 

1800-1848. 

Separation  from  Alta  California  Decreed — Foreign  Trade — Vessels  Vis- 
iting the  Coast— Cochrane's  Raid  on  Loreto — ^More  Lil)erty  Oranted 
to  Indians — Federal  System  lvstal)lished — Political  Divisions-  Mis- 
sions Secularizeti — Party  Factions — The  Californias  Reunited — 
Frontier  Quarrels — Hardy's  Pearl-fishing  Scheme — United  States 
Designs  • '  iturioans  Occupj'  La  Paz — Selfridge  Tfikes  Mulege — 
Patriotiv  ivi-iing  at  San  Jose  del  Cabo — Californians  Attack  La  Paz 
— The  American  flarrison  Relieved— San  Jose  Besieged — Retreat  of 
tlie  Californians — liattle  of  San  Vicente— Burton's  Operations- 
Expedition  to  Todos  Santos — End  of  the  War — Lower  California 
Kcatorud  tu  Mexico ..,,..• ...••.. 705 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 

1848-1888. 


New  Political  Division     A  Military  Colony  Established— Filibustering 
Desitjns — Walker — ilia  Plans  against  Souora  Thwarted— EuruUmuut 


x««> 


CONTENTS, 


PAOB 


of  Men  in  California — Descent  on  Lower  California — Proclaims  a 
Repulilic  at  La  Paz — Walker  Iietiru:i  toTodo.s  Santon  Uay— Arrival 
of  Kuunforcenienta — Capture  of  >Sai)to  Tonias — Tlie  Republic  of 
Sonora  Proclaimed — Dissension  Among  the  Filibusters — Tlie  March 
into  Sonora— Collapse  of  tlie  Kxpeilition — Political  Matters — ('on- 
vict  Uprising — Strife  for  Power — Frontier  Troubles- -Arrival  of 
French  Vessels— Colonizati<m  Plans — Orchilla  (rathcring — Revolt 
against  (Governor  Diivilos — Change  of  Governors — Marijuez'  Revolt 
— Pruspcutd  of  Progrtisa  .,,,,..., ,,,•  716 


CHAPTER   XXXI. 

iNSXrrPTIONAU 

1800-1888. 

Frontier  Military  Forces  in  Colonial  Times — War  for  Independence — 
Government— Ollicers  and  Districts— Revenue— Chihuahua,  Du- 
rango,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  Lower  California — Crime  and  Punish- 
ment-Fusion of  Races-  Aboriginal  Peoples — Judiciary  and  Codes 
— Coluuizatiou — Education 740 


CHAPTER    XXXII. 


RESOURCES   AND   COMMERCE. 

Obstacles  to  Progress  of  Agriculture— Production  and  Crops — Stock- 
raising — Mining — Effect  of  Indians  on  Development — Districts  in 
Different  States — Metals,  Mineriils,  and  Precious  St<mes— Pearl 
Fisliing — Manufactures — Cotton  Mills — Trade — Imports  anr!  Ex-. 
ports — Snuiggling  —  Coast  Trade  —  Steamer  Lines — Roads  and 
Canals — Kaiiwaya 748 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


XORTH   MEXICAN   STATES 
AND    TEXAS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

TEXAS  CI-AIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1800-1810. 

Internal  Condition  of  Texas— Society  at  San  Antonia  de  BI^iar — Colo- 
nel Pike— The  Provincial  Government — Nolan's  Inroad-  His  De- 
feat and  Death— (Jamblino  for  Life — Bean's  Biooraimiv — Sale  of 
Louisiana  to  the  United  States— The  Bolndarv  Disri  te— Preien- 
sions  op  the  United  States — Preparations  for  Hostilities— Thk 
Si-ANisii  Troops  Cross  the  Sabine — General  Wilkinson  Takes  the 
Field — The  Spanish  Retire — Wilkinson  Marches  to  the  Sabine — 
A  Bloodless  Campaion — The  Nectral-ground  Convention  —  Im- 
proved Condition  of  Texas  —  Desfekadoes  Occupy  iu&  Neutkal 
Ground— Their  Organization. 

With  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century  Texas 
beffan  to  emerge  from  that  sloufjh  of  stajjjnation  in 
wliich  she  had  been  so  long  buried.  Henceforth  she 
became  an  object  of  attention  and  a  field  of  .strife, 
until  finally  she  rose  to  the  dignity  of  an  independent 
republic.  But  her  elevation  was  not  due  to  internal 
development.  It  was  the  effect  of  external  influences 
and  tile  advent  of  another  race  of  men;  the  Anglo- 
American  element  gained  for  her  a  name  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  New  World. 

What  the  population  of  Texas  was  at  the  beginning 
of  this  century  cannot  be  definitely  ascertained,  but 
according  to  reports  published  by  the  Tribunal  del 

VouIL    L 


TKXAS  CLMMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Consulado,  it  was  estimated  to  be  about  21,000  in  1 805, 
its  area  being  a  little  over  7,000  square  leagues.^ 
Major  Pike,  who  passed  through  the  province  in  1807, 
says:  "The  population  of  Texas  may  be  estimated  at 
7,000.  These  are  principally  Spanish  Creoles,  8(jme 
French,  some  Americans,  and  a  few  civilized  Indians 
and  half-breeds."^  But  this  number  did  not  include 
the  wild  Indian  tribes.  It  was,  indeed,  a  desolate 
country.  The  only  settlements  of  any  importance 
were  San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  with  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants ;  La  Balii'a  del  Espiritu  Santo — now  Goliad — 
about  1,400;'  and  Nacogdoches,  with  500  inhabitants. 
Scattered  in  the  interior  were  a  few  military  stations, 
and  here  and  there  a  mission  still  existed,*  round  which 
were  settled  a  few  miserable  Indian  proselji;es.  What 
little  trade  there  was,  was  carried  on  with  Mexico  by 
way  of  ^lonterey  and  Monclova,  and  with  New  Or- 
leans through  Natchitoches,  the  latter  being  contra- 
band; nor  was  it  until  180G  that  Texas  was  allowed  a 
port,  when  the  Bahi'a  de  San  Bernardo  was  o[)ened  as 
a  puerto  menor  by  royal  order  of  September  28,  1805.'' 
The  exchange  for  merchandise  was  specie,  horses,  and 
mules. 

^Soe.  Mex.  Oeofj.,  ii.  20. 

^E.qx'il.,  ap.,  part  iii.  33.  The  author  of  the  pamphlet  Pretensiones  de 
loH  Aiiijlo-Americaiioi,  Mexico,  1820,  pp.  7 — aiul  who  was  probably  tlie  gov- 
ernor Cordero,  since,  while  speaking  of  affairs  in  Texas  in  1800,  he  says,  '  Yo 
mandalia  entonces  la  frontera' — states  on  page  3  tliat  the  Americans  assigned 
less  than  (i.lMX)  inhabitants  to  the  three  settlements  of  San  Antonio,  I^i,  liahia, 
and  Nacogdoches,  and  their  districts.  Pap.  Fdr.,  157,  no.  4.  Fernando  Na- 
varro y  Noriega  gives  3,3.34  as  the  number  of  inhabitants  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Texiis  in  1810.  Soc.  Mex,  Geoij.,  vii.  138.  Arispe,  Afem.  Coah.,  12,  in 
Pamphktt,  i.,  gives  7,000  as  the  number  in  1811. 

^  Almonte  gives  these  for  the  year  180C.  Not.  Ettad.  Tej.,  25. 

*C'ancula(hi  supplies  the  following  list  for  1811:  Arountl  the  capital  San 
Fernando:  Mission  of  la  Concepcion,  distant  1  1.;  San  Jos6  de  Agayo,  1  1.; 
San  Antonio  de  B«5jar,  24  1. ;  San  .luan  Capistrano,  3J  1. ;  San  Francisco  do  la 
Espada,  4  1  Around  the  Presidio  of  Espirito  Santo:  Mission  of  the  Uosario, 
distant  U  1. ;  llefugio,  121.  Tliere  were  also  10  ranchos,  'que  sin  dexar  «lo 
obedocer  d  l;is  Antoridailes  no  viven  en  continuasociedad.'  'ihe  total  popula- 
tion ot'  all  these  places  is  given  as  4,000  of  both  sexes;  that  of  the  wild  Indian 
tribes  as  over  14,000.  Ruiiia  de  K.  Kxy).,  41.  Arispe  mentions  only  four 
missions  as  existing  in  the  above-named  year;  namely,  Lian  Jos^,  de  la  Espada, 
San  Bernardo,  and  el  Refugio.  Mem.  Coah.,  in  Pamphlets,  i.  11.  In  1812 
the  missions  were  suppressed  by  the  Spauiah  goverunicat,  and  the  Indians 
dispei-sed.  Shea,  Hint,  Cath.  Mia,,  87. 

^Dinpoaic.  Var.,  i.  f.  132. 


aiK 


18CO  do  la 
Uosario, 
dexar  do 
jjopula- 
d  ludlan 
uly  four 
Espada, 
In   1812 
Indians 


I 
I 


SAN  ANTONIO  SOCIETY.  3 

Most  of  the  inhabitants,  even  those  in  the  capital, 
San  Ant«>nio,  were  of  roamin*^  inclinations,  imliu'cd 
hy  love  c»f  the  chase.  The  Inifi'alo  and  wild  horse 
ai)ouiKled  in  jjrreat  numbers,  and  the  pursuit  of  them 
was  a  source  of  both  pleasure  and  profit.  Tlie  gov- 
ernor, Antonio  Cordero — who  succeeded  Juan  Bau- 
tista  (iuazidial  in  180(5 — checked,  however,  in  some 
tlej^iee  this  disposition  to  lead  a  wanderinjjf  life,  and 
compelled  attention  to  agriculture.^  Yet  in  this  small, 
rough  community  there  was  not  wanting  somewhat  of 
tlie  amenities,  and  even  refinement,  of  civilized  society. 
Tliis  was  to  be  found  among  the  Spanish  residents, 

"  Hy  rt'strictiiij;  the  iHiffulo  hunts  to  certain  seasons,  and  olilijiin;;  every 
man  of  family  to  cultivate  so  many  acres  of  land.  J'lke'n  I'Jj^.,  ap.,  part  iii. 
84.  Tliis  writer,  Major  Zebulon  Montgomery  I'ike,  of  the  (ith  regiment  nt  the 
U.  S.  infantry,  wiis  eonniiiiisioned  under  instructions  of  Pres.  Jefferson  to  ex- 
plore the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  in  which  undertaking  he  was  engaged 
from  August  1S()5  to  April  ISIXJ.  In  July  of  the  latter  year  he  wa.s  sent  l>y 
(ien.  Wilkinson  to  explore  the  Arkansiis  and  lleil  rivers,  Ills  party  conMi.>(ting 
of  -3  persons.  The  commandant  of  Nacogdoches  became  informed  of  tlio 
projected  expedition  wliile  Pike  was  making  his  preparations  at  St  I.ouis,  and 
a  strong  force  of  1(H)  dragoons  and  500  mounted  militia  was  sent  hy  tlie  gov- 
ernment at  the  Mexican  capital  to  intercept  him.  Pike,  however,  had  got 
lust,  aud  was  undiscovered  hy  the  Spanisli  trooj)s,  thougli  they  descendeil  the 
lied  River  tMX)  miles.  Meantime  tins  explorer  had  made  his  way  to  the  Pio 
i  Irande,  where  lie  and  his  party  were  tiiken  by  the  lanthorities  of  New  Mexico 
;iud  conducted  to  Santa  F»5.  He  was  thence  sent  to  ( 'hihnahua,  where  Xemcaio 
Salci'dn,  the  captain-general  of  the  provincias  internas,  resided.  After  an  in- 
vestigation into  tlie  object  of  his  expedition  and  some  detention,  ho  was  sent 
with  a  portion  of  liis  party  to  Natchitoches,  in  Louisiana,  then  in  possession 
of  tlie  C.  .S.  On  his  arrival  in  the  U.  S.  ho  published,  in  the  form  of  a  Jour- 
n.d,  an  account  of  his  expeditions,  under  the  title:  An  AccoiiiU  o/ KxpcdUloim 
1 1  till'  Soiirccn  of  till'  M'lMMisHqrpi,  and  throuiih  the  Westfrn  Parts  of  fjOiiisiaiia  to 
tin;  SoiiircK  of  the  Arkaiimitr,  Katm,  La  Platte,  ami  Pierre  J  aim  liii-erK;  per- 
fnriiiiil  hy  ori/ir  of  the  Uoirrnmeiil  of  the  Uiiitiil  States  ditrimj  the  yearn  ISO,'), 
ISiii'i,  and  1S07.  And  a  Tour  throuijh  the  Interior  Parts  of  Nen'^  S)iiiin,  when 
citiiihicted  throiiijh  thene  prorinces  by  order  of  the  Captain-Oeneral  in  the  i/e.ar 
JS')7.  Philadelphia,  1810.  8vo,  pj).  277,  with  3  appendices,  pp.  Ji'i,  i\'2,  87. 
'lables.  'Ihis  work  was  reprinted  m  London  in  ISII,  in  4to,  pp.  4.'i(),  under 
the  title:  Eiploratori/  Tran'ls  throHijh  the  WeMern  Ten-itories  of  Xortk  Amer- 
ir  I,  etc.  It  Wiis  also  translate<l  into  French  in  181 1  by  M.  ftresson,  2  vols, 
8vo;  and  into  Ihitch  at  Amsterdam  in  1812,  2  vols,  8vo.  Pike  gives  a  good 
description  of  the  countries  through  which  he  journeyed,  and  their  resources, 
as  well  JUS  of  the  manners,  morals,  and  customs  of  their  iniiabitants.  With 
regard  to  New  Spain,  he  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  partial,  owing  to  the 
kindness  and  hospitality  which  he  received  from  the  people.  He  says:  '  Those 
reasons  have  inducetl  me  to  omit  many  transactions,  and  draw  a  veil  over 
various  habits  and  customs  which  might  appear  in  an  unfavorable  point  of 
view,  at  the  same  time  that  I  have  dwelt  with  delight  on  their  virtues. '  Piko 
was  born  at  I^mlierton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  5,  1779;  in  1813  ho  was  made  brigadier- 
general,  and  appointed  to  command  the  land  forces  in  the  expedition  against 
York — now  Toronto.  On  April  27th  he  attacked  the  pla«e,  and  after  carrying 
one  battery,  waa  mortally  wounded  by  the  exploaion  of  the  British  magazine. 


4  TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

many  of  whom  had  come  from  leading  cities  in  Spain, 
or  from  the  viceregal  court;  and  though  most  of  the 
inhahitantn  of  San  Antonio  dwelt  in  nnserable  houses, 
with  mud  walls  and  grass- thatched  roofs,  the  upper 
class  enlivened  social  intercourse  by  dinner-parties  and 
balls,  at  which  refinement  of  maimers  was  noticeable, 
and  cheerful,  l)right  conversation  gladdened  the  enter- 
tainments/ The  example  of  this  class  was  not  with- 
out etl'ect.  A  degree  of  poiiteness  was  infused  into 
the  Creoles  and  half-breeds,  modifying  the  tendency  to 
rurtian  bearing  and  coarseness,  which  are  the  products 
of  a  wild  frontier  life  and  isolation  from  the  world. 

The  province  of  Texas,  as  also  that  of  Coahuila, 
was  subject  to  the  government  of  the  commandant 
general  of  the  provincias  internas,  who  resided  at  Chi- 
huahua, and  whose  powers  were  independent  of  the 
viceroy.  Each  province  was  ruled  by  a  military  and 
political  governor,  who  by  his  delegated  powers  had 
cognizance  of  all  causes,  being  dependent,  as  regards 
niilitary  matters,  on  the  commandant  general.  In 
fiscal  affairs  he  was  subject  to  the  intendant  at  San 
Luis  Potosi,  with  recourse  to  the  supreme  council  of 
finance  at  the  city  of  Mexico.  In  regard  to  his  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  appeals  could  be  made  only  to 
the  audiencia  of  Nueva  Galicia.**  The  consequences 
of  this  arrangement  are  self-evident.  So  great  were 
the  distances  of  the  places  where  appeals  could  be 
made  that  recourse  to  these  could  be  had  but  by  few 
persons;  and  as  the  magistrates — generally  military 
men — had  no  legal  adviser,  justice  could  not  be  prop- 
erly administered  even  under  the  best  disposed  gov- 
ernor, while  the  system  afforded  every  opportunity 
for  the  exercise  of  tyranny.     In  ecclesiastical  matters 

^  Pike  regarded  San  Antonio  as  one  of  the  most  delightful  places  that  he 
visited  ill  the  Spanish  provinces.  Id.,  ap.,  part  iii.  34. 

'^  Arimpe,  Mem.  Com.,  9,  in  PamphletM,  i.  In  1803  Juan  Bautista  Guaza- 
hel  was  appointed  governor  of  Texas,  succeeded  in  1806  by  Antonia  Cordero, 
who  had  previously  been  governor  of  Coahuila.  Pike  says  of  this  latter  prov- 
ince: '  Mditary  and  ecclesieatical  power  is  all  that  is  known  or  acknowl- 
edged. .  .'Ihe  governor's  civil  salary  ia  4,000  ilollars  per  auuuiii.'  Exped.,  ap., 
part  iii.  29. 


INCOMING   AMKUU'ANS.  5 

the  same  difficulty  |>resent*;(l  itself,  questions  that 
arose  havinj^  to  bu  retbrrod  to  tho  episcopal  chair  in 
Nuovo  Leon." 


il  of 

I  ad- 

y  to 

ences 

were 

bo 

y  few 

itary 

irop- 

gov- 

unity 

liters 


Guaza 

^ortlero, 
er  prov 
cknowl 
d.,  ap. 


But  the  time  had  approached  when  the  first  indica- 
tions of  a  disUmt  infiuence  that  was  to  bear  on  tlie 
future  destiny  of  Texas  were  nmnifested.  The  spirit 
of  adventure  which  led  JJnniel  Jioone  into  the  wilder- 
nt;s8  of  Kentucky  was  abrojid  on  the  margins  of  those 
unknown  lands  that  lay  beyond  the  frontier  settliv 
nients  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Anglo-American 
lace  was  pushing  westward  and  southward.  Bold, 
restless  men,  impelled  by  the  fascination  of  wild  adven- 
tiuf!,  made  their  way  into  new  regions,  reckless  of 
danger  and  hardships.  As  the  settlers  in  their  on- 
ward course  apj)roached  the  S])anisli  possessions,  it 
was  not  likely  that  thes.  would  long  remain  a  elosed 
garden  of  Hesperides  to  such  sj)irits.  The  uncom- 
promising exclusion  of  foreigners  only  served  as  an 
mcentive,'"  and  before  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury Americans  had  entered  Texas  and  gained  a  foot- 
hold. The  contraband  trade  carried  on  with  New 
Orleans,  and  connived  at  by  the  Spanish  authorities, 
opened  a  «i^ateway  to  these  intruders. 

Probably  the  first  of  these  adventurers  was  Philip 
Nolan,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  who  was  engaged  in 
this  illegal  trade  between  San  Antonio  and  Natchez 
as  early  as  1785.  Whether  it  was  that  this  traffic 
did  not  yield  profits  large  enough  or  quickly  enough, 
under  the  exactions  hnposed  upon  it,  or  whether  No- 
lan really  had  the  secret  intention  of  making  discov- 
eries in  reputed  gold-bearing   regions    in   Texas,  as 

•.(rinpe,  Mem.  Coah.,  9,  et  seq.,  in  Pnmphlftn,  no.  i.  As  this  is  an  otiiiial 
report  to  tlie  king  by  the  deputy  to  the  Spanish  cortea  from  C'oahiiila  it  inay 
hti  regiirdeil  as  atfording  a  true  representjition  of  the  government  of  thiso 
provinces  and  real  grievancjs.  Ihe  writer  makes  suggestions  as  to  what 
ought  to  he  done  for  the  better  administration  of  them,  such  as  tlie  establish- 
ment of  juntas,  courts  of  appeal,  etc. 

'"  All  foreigners  found  on  Spanish  territory  unprovided  with  passports 
were  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison,  where  they  often  lingered  for  years. 
Especial  rigor  was  observed  toward  American  citizens. 


TKXAS  (M.AIMKI>  BY  TIIK  UNITKI)  STATIC. 


Hoiiio  writiTH  alit'«jft',"  in  not  rortjiin ;  Imt  in  IHOO'^lu* 
or«j[aiii/c(l  ail  aniird  (>x|i(>«iitioii  at  Natrlu'Z,  ostt'iisil»ly 
for  tilt'  juirpost'  of  i'apturiiifj^  wild  horst^s  in  Texas, 
TIh'  adviMitunTs,  t\vonty-<uu'  in  nnnd>rr  inclndin^ 
tlu'ir  li'adtT,  iTOHSfd  tlio  JVIissiHsijuii  at  N«>«jfalt's  Wal- 
nut Hills  and  liavint;  advanced  tortv  miles  in  tlu^ 
diret^tion  «>!'  tlus  Washita,  they  tV'll  in  with  a  |»atn»l  <»f* 
Hf'tv  Spanish  horsemen  sent  from  the  fort  on  the  river 
to  intereept  them.  The  di>termine<l  Ix'arinjj^  of  Nolan 
and  his  foll«>wers,  however,  dett^rred  them  from  attaek- 
insj^  him,  and  he  proe(>eded  without  interru|)tion. 
Avoidini]^  Fort  Washita,  the  party  crossed  lied  Kivir, 
and  continuint;  their  westward  course  passt'd  the 
Tiinity,  a!nl  reached  the  l^razos,  spendin<^  mu«"h  timo 
in  huntintjf.  On  their  arrival  at  the  Hrazos  they 
erected  an  endosun^  and  penned  about  'M)0  wild 
horses.  J^v  invitation  of  the  (\nnanches  thev  visit(Ml 
the  Indian  chit^f  Necoroco,  whost;  >illa«if(»  was  situated 
at  the  south  fork  of  the  Red  Kiver,  where  they  re- 
mained a  month.  After  tln^r  return  to  camp  they 
were  attacked,  iMarch  "Jl,'-'  1 80 1,  l>y  a  troop  of  l.Vo 
Spaniards  sent  ai^ainst  them  hy  Salceilo  and  com- 
manded hy  Lieutenant  Musijuiz.'*  Nolan's  outpost 
of  six  men — ^ono  American  and  five  Sj)aniards — was 
captured  before   daylii^ht,   and   as   s<  <,)n   as  morninj^ 

"  '  KMtiiiiuI<-i(1i)8  '— i.  o.,  >  liiii  and  liis  followora^'  ilc  l;i8  iioticiiM  do  halnir 
en  lii«  inoiitufliis  tie  la  provii  ia  de  'I'ejiw,  iiuieliaa  y  alniudaiites  iiiiiias  de  ora 
y  idata.'  Fitiiola,  Mi'iii.  II'  Gwrnt  Tijd-i,  i.  Hi*.  Kennedy  says  it  Wiu* 
HuppoMetl  that  tlie  loailer  of  e  expedition  eherished  the  seorei,  intention  of 
making  discoveries  in  the  i  uteif  gold  regions  of  the  Coinancliea.  Tej-HM, 
i.  '2S7. 

'-  Kennedy,  relying  upon  ,  nanuseript  supplied  him  hy  Ijamar,  presiilent 
of  'I'exas,  gives  the  date  178S>,  >r  therealtouts.  Filisola  also  iissigns  that  year 
to  tlie  expeilition;  hut  Ellis  .  liean,  wlio  accompanied  Nolan,  ami  wrote  a 
full  account  of  the  expeditioii  and  his  own  sulisetpient  act--),  distinctly  states 
that  the  adventurers  left  Natchez  in  October  1800.  Yoakunt  supplies  a  revised 
copy  of  Hean's  narrative  in  appenilix  no.  ii.   IliM.  T  ■.!■.,  i.  4(Kl-4. 

'*  Acconling  to  the  diary  of  Mustpiiz,  translated  ar. '  published  in  the  Tejiin 
Aliiittiiar,  Sept.  1SU8,  (iO-4. 

'*  B«.'an  states  that  the  party  at  this  time  numbered  only  18,  three  of  the 
company  having  l>een  lost  at  the  beginning  of  the  journey  while  out  hunting. 
Nolan's  force  at  stiirting  comprised  14  Americans,  5  Mexicans,  and  one  negro. 
'Ihe  lost  men  made  their  way  back  to  Natchez.  lii'iiii^n  Mem.,  in  Yoiikiim^a 
nut.  Tcr.,  41).'),  407.  Mustpiiz,  however,  says  that  there  were  '  14  Americans, 
1  Creole  of  Loui.siana,  7  Sitaniards  or  Mexicans,  and  2  negro  slaves  at  the  log 
pen  when  he  attacked  it.    7'tv(w  Aliiianitc,  Sept.  18G8,  G2. 


WAU  ANI>  nilFKAT.  .  T 

(lawnud  tlu;  Spaniimls  (>jk'IH!«1  fire  wiJ.  \rra\n'  fnuii  u 
Hwivrl-j^un  u|MHi  tlu!  r«!nuiiniiijx  twclvr,  who  wvrv. 
inHidc'  an  oiicloHuri!  of  Ioj^'h,  wlii<li  luul  Ikmmi  l»uilt  as  a 
proUietioii  a^'aiiist  ImliaiiH.  Nolan  fMI  early  in  tiu; 
contest,  shot  tiinai^'h  tlie  h«!a(l.'''  J^«!an  then  t(M»k 
roniniand,  and  tlu!  fit^iit  was  continued  for  some  tiin«! 
lonj,'er,  two  of  tht;  Anieri<*ans  '»"'nj(  wound«'d  and  one 
killed.  At  nine  oVloek  the  Ixfsiejrod  effected  their 
retriiat  to  a  neijrhhorinj;  ravine,  where  they  sttihliornly 
defended  themselves  till  two  in  the  afternoon,  when 
the  M(!xicans  hoisti-d  a  white  tia«if.  A  parley  followed, 
and  the  Americans' annnunition  having'  failed,  a  treaty 
was  made,  hy  which  it  was  a^n^id  that  the  Americans 
should  he  sent  hack  to  their  own  country;  that  hoth 
])arties  should  |)roceed  to  Nacoj^doclies  iii  company; 
and  that  the  Americans  should  not  he  rt;<.fard(!<l  as 
prisoners,  hut  should  retain  their  arms.  On  their 
arrival  at  Nacof^doches,  howe'ver,  tliey  were  detaim;d 
a  month  waiting  for  Salcudo's  order  for  their  return 
to  the  United  States.  His  instructions,  when  they 
arrived,  were  the  reverse  of  those  hoped  for;  the 
adventurers  were  heavily  ironed  and  sent  to  San 
Antonio;  thence  to  San  Luis  Potosi,  where  they 
languished  in  prison  sixteen  months.  From  this  city 
they  were  removed  to  Chihuahua  and  tried,  their 
cases  being  referred  to  the  (;rown.  After  five  years 
of  anxious  waiting  the  king's  decision  arrived.  Kvery 
fifth  man  was  to  be  hanged.  As  the  survivors  at  thi.s 
time  were  oidy  nine  in  number,  a  single  life  was 
deemed  sufficient  to  meet  the  stern  requirement  of 
the  royal  sentence.  The  unfortunate  captivi^s  were 
made  to  throw  dice  blindfolded  on  a  drum-head. 
He  who  threw  the  lowest  number  was  to  suffer,  and 
Bean,  the  author  of  the  narrative  from  which  the 
above  account  is  taken,  cast  the  lowest  but  one.     On 


"  Nolan  was  killed  by  a  cannon-ball,  the  Mexican  troops  having  brought 
up  a  mountain  gun  on  inulel>ack.  After  tlie  surrender,  the  negroes  asked 
permission  to  bury  their  lea<ler,  which  was  granted  '  after  causing  his  ears  to 
be  cut  oflF,  in  order  to  send  them  to  the  governor  of  Texas.'  Id.,  03. 


TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


|ii! 


tlio  following  day  the  victim  was  executed  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  more  fortmiate  comrades.^* 

Such  was  the  result  of  the  first  inroad  by  Ameri- 
cans into  Si)anish  territory  in  which  the  invaders 
sought  to  sustain  themselves  by  force  of  arms.  Mean- 
time other  Americans  had  effected  a  peaceful  entrance 
into  this  forbidden  land,  and  had  settled  along  the 

'^'I'lie  nine  who  Ctost  lots,  according  to  Bean,  were:  E.  P.  1^'an,  David  Fero, 
Tony  Waters,  'i  honias  House,  Charles  King,  Robert  Asliley,  .Josepli  Ueod, 
the  negro  Ciesar,  anil  one  wliose  name  is  not  given  liy  Bean.  Ihrall,  witliout 
quoting  any  autliority,  says  the  lot  fell  on  Ephraini  Blackburn:  I'irl.  llist. 
Ti'.r.,  107.  Bean,  after  numerous  attempts  to  escape,  which  always  resulted 
in  his  recapture  and  imprisonment,  Wiis  offered  his  liberty  wlien  a  revolution 
was  in  progress  in  1811-12,  if  he  would  enlist  in  the  royal  army.  To  this  he 
consented,  but  on  the  first  opportunity  he  deserted  and  joined  M<irelo3, 
under  whom  he  fought  with  distinction,  and  was  in  connnand  of  the  troops 
that  captured  Acapulco.  In  1814  Bean  was  sent  as  republican  agent  to  tlie 
U.  S  ,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  Being  well  known  to 
Oeueral  Jacksim,  tlie  command  of  a  battery  was  given  to  him  in  tliis  engage- 
ment. Concluding  that  war-time  was  unpropitious  to  tlie  Mexican  cause  in 
the  U.  S.,  Beau  returned  to  Mexico,  but  m  the  following  year  went  back  in 
company  witli  Herrera.  He  again  returned  to  Mexico  some  time  afterward, 
to  find  tlie  independent  cause  all  but  lost.  During  his  stay  in  that  country 
on  this  occasion,  he  married  Anna  (Jorthas,  a  Mexican  whose  family,  once 
wealthy,  hail  been  impoverished  by  the  war.  In  1818  he  visited  Tennessee 
and  spent  some  time  at  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  finally  settled  in  Texas  as 
a  ciiliinist,  and  remained  there  many  years.  After  tlie  termination  of  the 
Mexican  revolution  his  wife  recovered  her  property,  and  the  last  years  of  his 
adveiiturims  life  were  passed  in  peace  on  her  estate  near  Jalapa.  liean  was 
born  in  17S8  and  died  Oct.  3,  184li.-  Mem.,  in  Yoid-iim'x  J/i.it.  Tcr.,  i.  415-52; 
Til  rail's  /'let.  J /ml.  7V'.j'.,  400-500.  Kennedy's  account  of  this  expedition  is 
greatly  at  variance  with  Beau's  narrative.  He  states  that  after  Nolan's 
death  his  tiillowers  surrendered  at  discretion,  and  were  taken  to  Cliiliuahiia, 
where  witli  few  exceptions  they  were  shot.  House  and  Ashb'y  effected  their 
escape,  Bean  was  pardoned  on  account  of  his  youth,  and  Stephen  Kichards — 
not  mentioued  by  Bean — was  compelled  to  enter  the  Spanisii  army.  Tc.ni.'t,  i. 
'2.'18.  '1  li rail's  statements  are  eijually  contradictory.  Utsii]>.,  lOti-7.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Ti.niH  Aliiiaiidc,  Sept.  1S()8,  (j;{-4,  the  following  is  the  list  of  those 
wlio  were  destined  to  draw  for  the  death-lot;  Luciano  (iarcia,  Jonaii  Walters, 
Solomon  (  ooley,  Ellis  Bean,  Josepii  Keed,  William  Dunlin,  Charles  King, 
Josepli  I'iiTce,  K[)hraim  lilackburii,  and  David  Fero.  But  I'it^rce  liaving 
(lied  l>efore  the  royal  decree — tiiat  each  fifth  man  should  be  hanged — could  be 
carried  into  execution,  the  presiding  judge,  with  commendable  mercy,  decided 
that  one  victim  would  be  sullicient.  According  to  the  report  of  the  adjutant 
insiiectcr,  the  hits  drawn  were  the  following,  eaoh  gambler  for  his  life  tlirowing 
in  precedence  according  to  his  age:  '  Blackburn,  3  and  1,  making  4;  (iareia,  3 
and  4,  making  7;  Ueed,  (i  and  5,  making  11;  Fero,  5  and  3,  making  8;  Cooley, 
C)  and  5,  making  11;  AValters,  (5  and  1,  making  7;  King,  4  and  3,  making  7; 
Bean,  4  and  1,  making  5;  Dauliu,  5  and  '2,  making  7.'  Ephraim  Blackburn, 
having  tlirowii  the  smallest  number,  was  lianged  at  the  Plaza  de  los  Urangas  in 
the  tiiwn  of  Ciiiliuahua,  on  the  lltli  of  November,  1807.  ' '1  he  diary  kept  liy 
Nolan  and  many  of  iiis  letters,  which  I'lre  in  my  jio.ssessiou ' — .T.  A.  Quiiitero 
—  'sliow  coni'liii  ivcly  tliat  he  was  not  only  a  gallant  and  intelligent  gentlo- 
man,  but  an  accomjilished  scholar.  He  Wiis  thorouglily  aciiuainteil  witli 
astronomy  and  geograpiiy.  He  made  the  lirst  map  of  lexas,  wiiicli  he  pro- 
seuted  to  the  Baron  do  Caroudelet  ou  returning  from  his  first  trip. 


SETTLEMENT.  9 

San  Antonio  road,  on  botli  sides  of  Nacogdoclios. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Captain  Dili  aiid  liis 
son-in-law,  Joseph  Darst,  Samuel  Davenport,  and 
Kobert  Barr,  all  of  whom  established  themselves  in 
Texas  at  the  close  of  the  last  century  or  in  IHOO/' 
This  privilege  nad  oidy  been  obtained  by  swearing 
allegiance  to  the  Spanish  king.  Hitherto  neither 
these  settlements  nor  Nolan's  inroad  had  any  political 
significance;  they  we^e  merely  the  results  of  private 
enterprise;  but  the  time  was  close  at  hand  when 
throughout  the  United  States  attention  was  drawn  to 
this  unknown  country.  The  causes  of  this  were  the 
sale  of  Louisiana  to  the  government  at  Washington — 
which  involved  a  dispute  with  Spain  as  to  the  owner- 
ship of  Texas — and  Aaron  Burr's  conspiracy  to  in- 
vade and  revolutionize  Mexico,  exciting  thereby  a 
wide-spread  interest  in  this  border  province. 

When  France,  in  November  1702,  ceded  Louisiana 
to  S[)ain  in  order  to  prevent  it  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  English,  the  western  boundary  line  between 
the  Spanish  and  English  possessions  in  North  Amer- 
ica was  clearly  defined  bv  tlie  treaty  concluded  in  the 
following  Februar}'.^*^  But  in  October  1800  Spain 
ceded  back  the  territory  to  France  in  exchange  for 
Tuscany,  on  the  unuerstan(lin<>'  that  its  extent  should 
be  the  same  as  it  luid  been  during  the  former  posses- 
sion of  it  by  that  nation.  The  boundary  line,  how- 
ever, 'oetween  Louisiana  and  Texas  had  never  been 
definitely  settled,  tliough  Spain  hnd  always  claimed 
that  Red  Biver,  or  ratln.'r  its  tributary  Arroyo  Hondo, 


"  IJarr  antl  Davenport  had  a  Hcttlemeiit  two  miles  cast  of  the  Angelina, 
ami  lator  establislied  a  large  cattle-raiiuh  (.'iust  of  tlio  Trinity.  YoaLimi,  ut 
■111]!.,  l.S()~7:   Tlii-dU,  »/ .v«;).,  (kS(). 

'"  '1  he  treaty  was  sigueil  at  I'ai  is,  between  the  kings  of  Si)ain  and  of  France 
iin  tlie  one  side,  ami  the  king  ut  (Jn.vt  Hiitain  on  the  other  In  art.  7  tlie 
limits  were  Mixed  hy  a  liiu^  ih-awn  along  the  ndddle  of  the  river  Mississijiiii, 
triiiii  its  Konree  to  tliu  river  Ihervilli',  and  from  thenee  liy  a  line  in  the  iniddlo 
lit  tiiat  stream  and  of  the  lakes  .\Iain-ej)as  and  I'lmteliartrain  to  tlie  sea.' 
iliiil.irrc'n  Hixl.  Lotitxiaiin,  1 1.  Ouiii.,  ii.  l).'};  ('Idihorin:,  in  Mtii/tr'.i  Mvx.,  MS., 
no.  "Jo. 


10 


TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


was  the  western  limit  of  the  French  possessions/'  and 
when,  in  1803,  Napoleon  sold  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States,^  its  western  limits  at  once  became  a  ground 
of  dispute  with  Spain.  The  government  at  Washing- 
ton, in  its  aggressive  policy,  claimed  all  the  country 
east  of  the  Kio  Grande,"  which  included  the  whole  of 
Texas  and  the  best  portion  of  New  Mexico — a  pre- 
tension, as  far  as  the  French  were  concerned,  long 
obsolete.  But  for  the  time  the  acquisition  of  Florida 
was  of  more  paramount  importance,  and  Monroe  and 
Pinckney,  ambassadors  at  the  court  of  Spain,  were  in- 
structed, April  15,  1804,  to  propose  to  the  Spanish 
government  that  the  territory  lying  between  the 
Sabine  and  Colorado  rivers  should  be  considered  as 
neutral  ground  for  a  period  not  longer  than  twenty 
years,  under  the  stipulation  that  Florida  should  be 
ceded  to  the  United  States  for  a  sum  not  exceeding 
$2,000,000.  This  concession  of  its  assumed  right 
to  Texas,  however,  soon  appeared  too  liberal  to  the 
United  States  govcrmnent,  and  in  July  following  its 
representatives  were  instructed  to  propose  the  terri- 
tory between  the  Colorado  and  the  Rio  Grande  as 
the  neutral  ground.-^  These  proposals,  though  long 
discussed,  met  with  no  result. 

"The  Arrrtyo  Hondo  was  aliout  seven  miles  west  of  Natchitoches.  A  con- 
ventional line  seems  to  have  been  recognized  for  many  years  by  both  nations. 
'Ihis  ran  between  the  rivers  Meruiento  and  Carcjisi  'n,  along  tlie  Arroyo  Hondo, 
passing  between  Adiies  and  Natchitoches,  and  terndnated  in  the  Red  River — 
a  boundary  often  violated  by  encroachments  of  the  j'"rench  toward  the  Sabine 
River.  Ptip.  !'(((•.,  I(i2,  no.  i.,  p.  vii.  L\man\t  \'ol.  i.,  JI int.  Kort/i  Mex.  Statcn 
Olid  Texan,  this  series;  Moiictiex  Jlint.    Vdl.  Mixx'ixti'qypi,  ii.  4(50. 

'■""Upon  the  cession  of  Louisiana  by  Spain  to  the  French,  it  was  privately 
stipulated  that  tlie  territory  should  not  be  sohl  to  tlie  U.  S.,  and  wlieu  tlu 
sale  was  effected,  Spain,  recognizing  that  a  prot''cting  barrier  between  her 
American  possessions  in  North  America  and  the  U.  S.  was  removed,  protested. 
Overawed  l)y  Napoleon,  she  withdrew  lier  protest.  Yonkums  Hist.  Ti:i\,  i. 
Ill);  FHinoh,  Mem.  Hist.  Giierra  7V.c. ,  i.  4IJ-4;  Aiiiiah  ofComj.,  1804-180."), 
ap.  12(>8.  A  curious  story  is  told  by  Ashbel  Smith,  who  frecjuently  met  the 
Prince  of  Peace,  Manuel  ( todoy,  in  Paris.  '1  he  latter  told  him  that  Charles  I V. 
of  Spain  bestowed  on  him  the  province  of  'lexas,  to  be  an  apanage  of  the 
house  of  (lodoy.  Preparations  were  made  to  send  thither  *2,000  soldiers  and 
a  number  of  females,  nut  the  invasion  of  Spain  by  Napoleon  put  an  end  to 
the  whole  scheme,  liemhiis.  Tex.,  27. 

^'  Founding  the  claim  on  La  Salle's  unsuccessful  attempt  to  colonize  Texas. 
See  vol.  i.,  395-412,  this  series. 

^■^  Annala  qf  Cong.,  1804r-1805,  ap.  13a8-47. 


■«*■ 


ATTITUDE  OP  SPAIN. 


II 


But  Texas  had  become  a  land  of  mark,  and  enter- 
prising pioneers  kept  pushing  forward  into  the  disputed 
territory.  Spain's  attitude  toward  the  United  States 
and  American  intruders  exhibited  a  growing  hostihty, 
and  she  showed  herself  determined  to  maintain  her 
ancient  system  of  exclusion  of  foreigners.  To  oppose 
the  encroachments  which  she  clearly  foresaw  her  ag- 
gressive neighbor  in  America  would  attempt,  she  niade 
vigorous  preparations  by  the  introduction  of  troops  and 
colonists  into  Texas,'^''  hoping  thereby  to  interpose  a 
powerful  state  as  a  protection  on  the  Mexican  frontier. 
Viceroy  Iturrigaray,  being  determined  to  attack  tlie 
Americans  if  they  crossed  the  Arroyo  Hondo,  took 
active  measures  to  increase  the  military  strength  of 
Texas.  Nacogdoches  and  other  places  were  fortified 
and  ])rovisioned ;  companies  of  militia  were  moved 
from  Xuevo  Leon  and  Nuevo  Santander  to  San  An- 
tonio, and  detachments  stationed  at  Matagorda,  the 
mouth  of  Trinity  River,  and  elsewhere."*  At  the  be- 
ginning of  180(),  there  were  about  1,500  soldiers  in 
Texas,  placed  under  the  direction  of  Simon  Herrera, 
tlie  governor  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Antonio  Cordero,  the 
newly  a})pointed  governor  of  Texas,  being  second  in 
connnand. 

In  view  of  this  warlike  attitude,  the  United  States 
government,  which,  tliough  disinclined  to  take  any 
ste})  that  niiglit  preclude  a  peaceful  settlement  of  dif- 
ferences, was  resolved  that  the  Spanish  trooi)S  sliould 

»' Joliu  Sihley  reported  to  the  U.  S.  sec.  of  war,  in  a  letter  dateil  Natelii- 
tnclies,  July  2,  1805,  tliat  "jOO  families  had  arriveil  at  San  Antonio,  all  settlers, 
witli  a  strong  ret-nforeenient  of  troops;  and  Caiit.  'lurner,  at  Nateliitoelies, 
iifonned  Ceneral  Wilkinson,  Sept.  3,  ISO"),  that  Coniaiulante  (Jeneral  (irinia- 
rest  from  Spain  was  presently  e.xpeeted  to  arrive  at  Sau  Antonio,  aeeompa- 
nied  hy  seven  eonipanies  of  soldiers;  (MK)  families,  eomin<,'  from  Spain  to  setth' 
.Mata^'orda,  had  put  into  the  Canary  Islands.  /(/.,  IHOa-KSOli,  ap.  Il.'(K»-7  A 
selienie  for  the  estaltlishment  of  military  colonies  at  all  important  poiiits  in 
'le.xaswiis  designed,  professedly  for  tlie  purpo.se  of  repelling  Imlia-.s.  Ifi'il 
Onifii  i/r  ;!()  ,/e  Mitfio  tie  JS114,  in  M<iiiir'.i  Mc.r.,  MS.,  no.  3,  vr.'lta.  '1  lie 
projected  colony,  placed  uiidir  the  direction  of  (irimarest,  wac  to  have  et)ii- 
.sisted  of  3,(M)()  persons.  It  was  on  the  point  of  sailing  from  Cadiz,  when  tiie 
capture  of  the  four  Spanish  frigates  took  place  in  1804;  anil  suhsetpieiit  iios- 
tilitiis  rendered  the  scheme  impracticahle.    M'k/v/';*  Mi.r.  in  1,S~.'7,  i.  TMii. 

■^'President's  n»essage  of  Dtic.  G,  1805,  ill  Annalu  q/'  t'omi.,  1S05-180G,  p. 
18-1!>;  aud/r/.,  ap.  11.>07-U. 


12 


TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I 


not  encroach  beyond  the  Sabine/^  had  issued  orders 
November  20,  1805,  to  Major  Porter,  commanding  at 
Natchitoches,  to  repel  any  such  attempt.  On  receipt 
of  these  instructions,  Porter  required  of  the  conmiand- 
ant  at  Nacogdoches  an  assurance  that  he  would  not 
cross  that  river,  and  received,  February  4,  180G,  his 
refusal  to  comply  with  such  a  demand.  A  detachment 
of  twenty  men,  under  Ensign  Gonzalez,  had  already,  in 
fact,  been  advanced  to  the  old  abandoned  post  of  Adaes, 
and  on  the  1st  Porter  had  despatched  Captain  Turner 
with  sixty  men  to  enforce  their  withdrawal.  This  was 
eftected  with  some  little  trouble,  but  without  blood- 
shed.==« 

The  news  of  this  forcible  ejection,  together  with  the 
alarm  excited  at  this  time  in  the  Mexican  capital  by 
reports  of  a  scheme  of  invasion  meditated  by  Aaron 
Burr,'^'^  caused  the  Spanish  authorities  to  push  forward 
their  forces  to  tlie  disputed  ground.  A  reenforcement 
of  800  militiamen  was  sent  by  the  viceroy  to  Herrera,^^ 
an<l  about  tlie  1st  of  August  that  conunander,  at  the 
head  of  1,300  men,  crossed  the  Sabine,  and  advanced 
to  within  a  few  miles  of  Natchitoches.  At  this  time 
Colonel  Cushing  was  in  command  there,  and  on  xVu- 
gust  5th  he  addressed  a  connuunication  to  Herrera, 
demandini^:  his  immediate  retirement  to  the  west  side 
of  tlie  Sabine.  Herrera  replied  on  the  following  day, 
statins:  that  he  had  crossed  the  river  with  orders  from 
his  ca[ttain-general  "to  keep  the  territory  from  all  hos- 
tile attempts,  as  belonging,  from  time  immemorial,  to 
tlie  king." 

]\Ieantime  Governor  Claiborne  had  called  out  the 
Louisiana  militia,  and  arrived  in  person  during  the 

"* President's  message  of  March  20,  1806,  in  Annals  qf  Cong.,  180»-180G, 
p.  190. 

^''.(»H<f^,<o/T.-»,-/.,  1806-1807,  ap.  913-15. 

"'•  For  ri'tVrfiioe.s  to  Burr's  propo-seil  raid  into  Mexican  territory,  see  the 
iudi'X  to  A  iiiir.  S/ii/e  P(i}i<r!<,  xx.  t'otisult  aho  AiumU  nf  Com/.,  1807-1808, 
pp.  :«(»-778;  A)iicr.  /iV;/.,  ii.  8S-'.H),  91-lO.S;  and  lloyal  OnhVs  of  May  14, 
Apr.  1'2,  1807,  and  Jan.  l.'j,  1808,  in  Mtii/i-r's  M<-j:,  MS.,  nos  4.  ii,  and  iSL 

'*'0!  tlu'so  (iOO  were  undi.seiplined.  The  kin^  disapproved  of  seiuling  such 
men  on  an  expedition  which  recpiired  good  soldiers,  lioytil  Onler  of  March 
~'4,  1807,  iu  Muijern  Mtx.,  MS.,  no.  4. 


■f 


m 


,1 


t 
* 


1 


II I 


TERRITORIAL  BOUNDARY. 


13 


2S 


lios- 
ial.  to 


sue  the 
-ISIKS, 
May  14, 

1  rv\. 

iug  such 
'  Jlitrcli 


last  week  of  August  at  Natchitoches,  with  a  consid- 
ernhlc  force.  Correspondence  was  now  resumed,  Chii- 
bonie  assuring  Herrera  that  the  consequences  would 
he  serious  if  the  Spanish  forces  persisted  in  their  un- 
ju-;t  aggressions,  and  bringing  before  his  notice  several 
acts  of  outrage  and  unfriendhness  toward  the  United 
States  lately  connnitted  by  Spanish  troops.'^  Herrera 
entered  into  an  explanation  with  regard  to  the  charges, 
and  assured  Governor  Claiborne  that  the  Spanish 
forces  would  commit  no  hostility  that  would  frustrate 
tlie  negd  lations  pending  between  the  two  govern- 
ments, Imt  at  the  same  time  declared  his  intention, 
if  provoked,  to  preserve  the  honor  of  his  troops  and 
fulfil  his  obligations. 

Shortly  after  the  exchange  of  this  correspondence, 
General  James  Wilkinson  arrived  at  Natchitoches  with 
reenforcements,  and  took  command.  On  Se})tember 
'24th  he  addressed  an  ultimatum  to  Governor  Cordero, 
at  Nacogdoches,  informing  him  that  the  United  States, 
])enfling  the  settlement  of  the  question,  had  adoj>ted, 
"with  pretensions  far  more  extensive,"  the  Sabine 
River  as  the  most  obvious,  natural,  and  least  excep- 
tionable temporary  boundary;  and  that  the  presence 
of  Spanish  troops  on  the  east  side  of  it  was  regarded 
as  an  actual  invasion  of  their  territorial  riirhts,  and 
would  be  resisted.  He  then  reiterated  in  decisive 
tone  the  demand  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  troo[)s  of 
S{)ain  to  the  west  side  of  the  river,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  effusion  of  blood.  This  final  connnunication  was 
innnediately  forwarded  to  Nemesio  Salcedo,  the  cap- 
tain-general of  the  eastern  provincias  internas,  Cordero 
not  feeling  himself  authorized  to  decide  on  so  serious 
a  matter. 

Each  commander  was  loath  to  be  the  initiatory 
cause  of  hostilities,  and  while  Wilkinson  remained  in- 

-'Xamely,  the  prevention  of  a  scientific  exploration  up  Red  River  under 
Col  Freeinaii;  cutting  down  the  American  Hag  in  the  Caddo  Indian  village; 
till!  .siizurc  of  three  Americans  within  1*2  miles  of  Natchitoches;  and  the  asy- 
lum ationled  three  fugitive  uegro  slaves  at  Nacogdoches.  lb.;  AnnaU  o/Vomj., 
lSOO-1807,  ap,  »18-1S). 


ill! 

I 


14 


TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


B'i 


i     i 


I 


active,  awaiting  Salcedo's  decision,  Herrera  retired 
beyond  the  Sabine.  On  October  21st  tlie  American 
general  wrote  to  the  secretary  of  war,  enclosing  a  copy 
of  a  note  received  from  Cordero,  by  which  all  doubt 
was  removed  as  to  the  unyielding  pretensions  of  the 
Spaniards  to  the  disputed  territory,  and  announcing 
his  intention  to  advance  to  the  Sabine  on  the  follow- 
ing morning.  He  moreover  stated  that  he  puiposed 
pi'oposing  to  the  Spanish  commander  that  they  should 
respectively  withdraw  their  troops  to  the  point  of 
occupancy  at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  Louisiana 
to  the  United  States.^" 

Accordingly  on  the  24th  the  American  army  i  ok 
up  a  position  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sabine,  in  front 
of  Herrera's  forces,  which  occupied  the  west  side  of 
the  river,  and  Wilkinson  without  delay  opened  nego- 
tiations. It  has  never  been  clearly  understood  what 
weie  the  motives  which  induced  the  Spanish  general 
to  accept,  on  his  own  responsibility,  the  proposal  of 
Wilkinson  that  the  territory  lying  between  the  Arroyo 
Hondo  and  the  Sabine  should  be  regarded  as  neu- 
tral ground  till  the  boundary  question  was  settled.'^ 
Nevertheless  such  was  the  case.  It  is,  however,  more 
than  probable  that  Wilkinson  so  excited  the  fears  of 
Herrera  by  exaggerated  accounts  of  Burr's  contem- 
plated invasitm,  and  by  representing  at  the  same  time 
that  the  movement  could  only  be  suppressed  by  the 
whole  power  of  the  American  army,  that  the  Si)anish 

^  to  take  the  risk  of  incurring  his 
leasure  ^^ 


supei'i 


<pl( 


^  All  the  correspondence  above  referred  to  will  be  found  in  Id.,  180C-1807, 
ap.  915-25. 

^'  According  to  Pike,  writing  in  1807  at  San  Antonio,  Herrera  held  a  coun- 
cil of  war,  '  yet,  notwithstanding  the  orders  of  the  viceroy,  the  counnandant 
general,  governor  C"or<lero'8  and  the  opinion  of  his  officers,  he  had  the  firmness 
(or  temerity)  to  enter  into  the  agreement  with  (Jeneral  Wilkinson,  which  at 
present  exists  relative  to  our  lioundaries  on  that  frontier.'  Kcve(litioiit<,  270-1. 

'■''  Wilkinson  was  well  informed  of  Burr's  designs  against  Mexico.  While 
at  Natchitoclies  Samuel  Swartwout,  a  secret  envoy  from  the  latter,  visited 
him  at  tlie  beginning  of  October  and  placed  in  his  hands  a  letter  in  cipher  from 
Burr.  He  moreover  disclosed  to  him  verbally  full  particulars  of  the  plot. 
An  interpretation  of  the  letter  in  cipher  and  Swartwout's  disclosures  will  bo 
found  iu  AnnaU  ofVomj.,  1800-1807,  ap,  1013-lU.     It  was  suspected  later 


I 


'I 


HOSTILITIES  ENDED. 


18 


With  regard  to  Wilkinson's  action  in  taking  upon 
himself  the  responsibility  of  making  such  an  agree- 
ment in  face  of  the  instructions  he  had  received  to 
claim  positively  territory  as  for  as  the  Sabine,  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  conjecture  that  he  was  intluenced 
by  the  important  disclosures  made  by  Burr's  emissary. 
If  the  whole  of  his  letter  of  October  21st  to  the  secre- 
tary of  war;^  and  a  former  one  alluded  to  in  it,  were 
published,  it  would  probably  be  seen  that  such  were 
the  leasons  which  he  gave  to  the  government  for  his 
meditated  proposal  to  the  Spanish  commander. 

Having  completed  his  arrangements  with  Herrera 
and  Cordero,  Wilkinson  withdrew  his  forces  on  the 
Oth  of  November,  and  hastened  to  New  Orleans  to 
make  preparations  to  oppose  Burr.  The  agreement 
entered  into  met  with  the  approval  of  both  govern- 
ments."^* 

After  the  conclusion  of  this  bloodless  campaign, 
owing  to  the  diversion  caused  by  the  war  in  Europe, 
and  Spain's  neognition  that  the  Hag  protected  the 
cargo,"^'^  the  relations  between  the  two  governments 
were  marked  l)y  an  interval  of  calm.  The  angry 
demonstrations  tliat  had  lately  occurred  were  not 
without  benefit  to  Texas,  and  by  the  temporary  con- 
centration of  troops  and  the  introduction  of  new  col- 
onists an  unwonted  activity  had  been  awakened,  and  an 
improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  country  etfected. 
The  American  settlei's,  moreover,  were  introducing 
some  little  agricultural  energy,  cramped  though  they 
were    by  the    suspicious   apprehensions   which  their 


that  Wilkinson  even  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  large  sum  of  niniioy  from  the 
Spanisli  oomiiiander,  on  the  understanding  that  he  would  undertake  to  frus- 
trate Burr's  ilusigns.  For  fuller  particulars,  consult  Kiinii'i/i/'n  Ti:v"-i,  i.  1244; 
Moiii't/c's  Jfist.  \'(il.  Mixxinsippi,  li.  4G3-5;  Youkiiin's  HM.  Tcr.,  i.  14,"),  note; 
Martin's  Loiiiititiiin,  ii.  272-5. 

^^Oidy  an  extract  of  it  is  given  in  Aiimtlx  oJ'Cotuj.,  1806-1807,  '.t'J4. 

'^*  Real  Onleii  <fe  1.}  <h'  Miii/o  tie  1S07,  in  Mnye/x  Mcj:,  MS.,  no.  4;  Pn'si- 
(leiif'x  Mvxmije,  Dec.  'J,  180*".,  iii  Ainmls  qfCoii,/.,  1800-1807,  11.  llerrera  re- 
ceived tlie  thanks  of  tlie  viceroy.   I'dex  EapviL,  271. 

"*  Spanish  men-of-war  had  till  then  ravaged  the  commerce  of  the  U.  S. 
to  a  great  extent,  botii  in  the  Meditcrrauean  and  tlio  West  Indian  seas.  See 
Y<Hiku7)i'n  Hist.  Tex.,  i.  127,  133-4. 


16 


TEXAS  CLAIMED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


presence   aroused,  and  consequent  oppressive  treat- 
ment.''" 

An  unforeseen  evil,  however,  arose  out  of  the  late 
compact.  The  neutral  territory  quickly  became  the 
asylum  of  a  large  number  of  desperadoes  and  maraud- 
ers, who  organized  themselves  into  a  community  under 
a  system  not  dissimilar  to  that  of  the  old  buccaneers. 
These  land  pirates  preyed  upon  all  who  came  in  their 
way,  the  traders  between  tha  Texan  settlements  and 
Natchitoches,  where  horses  and  specie  were  exchanged 
for  merchandise,  being  their  especial  mark.  They 
had  their  rules  and  regulations,  their  headquarters, 
and  their  outposts.  Their  bravery  and  audacity  were 
unsurpassed,  and  their  fidelity  to  each  other  was  in- 
flexible.^^ Traders  were  convoyed  across  the  territory 
of  these  outlaws  by  military  escorts,  which,  however, 
were  frequently  attacked.  The  Spanish  authorities 
made  every  eifort  to  eject  them,  and  twice  the  forces 
of  the  United  States  drove  them  off  and  burned  their 
houses.     But  these  measures  failed  to  suppress  them. 

'* '  The  oppressions  and  suspicions  they  labour  under  prevent  their  pro- 
ceeding with  that  spirit  which  ib  necessary  to  give  success  to  the  establish- 
incut  of  a  new  country.'  Pike's  Exped.,  ap.,  part  iii.  33. 

"'  Yoakum  relates  a  striking  instance.  Two  of  a  gang  of  13  robbers,  who 
had  attacked  an  escort  and  carried  ofif  a  large  amount  or  treasure,  were  cap- 
tured by  Lieut  Magee  in  command  of  some  troops  from  Natchitoches,  'ihe 
men  were  immediately  tied  to  trees  and  flogged,  to  make  them  disclose  who 
were  their  associates.  As  tliis  punishment  failed  to  elicit  a  word  of  betrayal, 
a  live  coal  of  fire  waa  passed  along  their  already  tortured  backs,  but  still  no 
disclosure  could  be  obtained.  HUt,  Tex.,  i.  152. 


'it 


CHAPTER  II. 

INVASIOX  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 

1811-1814. 

Revou  rio\  IN  Favor  of  Isiir.rENDENiiE— Zambrano's  Counter-revoli'- 

TION  — REESTAltLISHMENT    OK    THE    RoYALIST    (JoVERNMENT — RekNAKDO 

(iuriEKKEZ — Maoee'm  8(Ueme  of  Conql'est — The  Amehkans  Occci'y 
NACOtiDocHEs — La  Bahia  Falls  into  their  Hanks — Governor  Saliedo 
BKsiK.(iEs  La  Bahia— Death  of  Maoee — The  Baitle  of  Rosii.lo — 
Dkkeat  of  the  Spanish  Ar.mv — Surrender  of  San  Antonio — A  Rki'I'b- 

LICAN  (loVERNMENT  OrOANIZED — MASSACRE  OF  SaLCEDO  AM)  OtHER 
PUISONEKS— DiSOlST  of  THE   AMERICANS— DEFEAT  OF  RoYALISTS  UNDER 

Ei.izoNDo— Toledo  Takes  Command  of  the  Rei'uhlican  Akmv — Ar- 

PROAIH  OF  ArREDONDO — BaTTLE  OF  THE  MEDINA — DESTRUCTION  OF  THE 

Americans — Elizondo's  Executions — Pacification  of  the  Province. 

In  1810  Manuel  de  Salcedo^  was  inado  governor  of 
Texas,  Cordero,  whose  administration  had  been  emi- 
nently beneficial,  hav'ng  been  appointed  to  the  more 
populous  province  of  Coahuila.  In  September  of  this 
3'ear  Hidalgo  raised  the  standard  of  independence,  and 
during  the  long  and  bloody  struggle  which  followed, 
Texas,  remote  though  she  was  from  the  more  active 
seats  of  war,  was  made  the  scene  of  deeds  as  horrify- 
ing as  Hidalgo's  massacre  of  his  prisoners,  and  Ca- 
lleja's  atrocities  at  Guanajuato.  By  January  1811  tlie 
revolutionary  wave  had  reached  Texas,  and  on  tlie  2 2d 
of  that  month  Juan  Bautista  Casas,  a  captain  of  the 
militia,  having  seized  the  persons  of  the  governor,  of 
Simon  Herrera — who  was  still  residinjr  at  San  Anto- 
mo  de  Bejar  as  coniandante  of  the  auxiliary  troops — 
and  of  other  officers,  proclaimed  in  favor  of  Hidalgo 

'  Son  of  Nemesio  Salcedo,  the  comandaute  general  of  the  internal  prov- 
inces. Gonznlfz,  Col.  Doc.  N.  Leon,  153 

Hist.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    2  ( 17 ) 


18 


INVASION  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 


i'i 


III! 


ijl 


and  constituted  himself  jrovernor.  But  Casns  soon 
dis<>^U8tod  many  of  tlio  revolutionary  party  l>y  his 
despotic  and  disorderly  administration,  and  the  cura 
Juan  Manuel  Zambrano  ft)rnied  the  desijjrn  of  restor- 
inj^  the  old  order  of  things.  Concealing  his  real  in- 
tention, he  hot)d\vinked  those  of  the  dissatisfied  whom 
he  ap[)roached  on  the  matter,  hy  giving  them  to 
understand  that  his  only  object  was  to  depose  Casas 
and  correct  the  disorders  of  the  jjovernment.  He 
was,  moreover,  favored  in  his  designs  by  the  o])por- 
tune  arrival  of  the  unfortunate  Aldama,  who  with  a 
large  amount  of  bullicm  was  proceeding  to  the  ITnited 
States  as  envoy  of  the  independents,  there  to  solicit 
aid  in  arms  and  men.  Zambrano  cunningly  caused 
the  report  to  be  spread  among  the  lower  ordi>rs  that 
Aldama  was  an  emissary  of  Napoleon— a  statement 
the  more  readily  believed  on  account  of  his  uniform 
being  similar  to  that  of  a  French  aide-de-camp.  Noth- 
ing aroused  the  indignation  of  the  common  pe()})le  more 
than  the  idea  of  their  being  surrendered  to  the  French, 
By  casting  the  gloomy  shadow  of  that  danger  over  the 
minds  of  his  Indians,  Hidalgo  had  lately  caused  tlic 
Grito  de  Dolores  to  be  raised  and  rung  through 
the  land;^  and  now  this  wily  priest  used  the  same 
guile  in  Texas  to  advance  the  royalist  cause.  Thus 
the  populace  and  many  in  the  ranks  of  the  revolu- 
tionists in  San  Antonio,  and  many  inside  the  barracks, 
were  unwittingly  on  his  side.  On  the  night  of  March 
1st,  with  only  five  of  those  compromised  to  su])poit 
him,  Zambrano  sallied  from  his  house  and  raised  the 
signal  cry.  Possession  was  obtained  of  the  barracks 
innnecliately,  and  before  morning  dawned  Casas  was 
a  prisoner,  and  Aldama  confined  under  guard  in  his 
lodging.  Zambrano  and  his  party  now  proceeded 
with  caution,  nor  did  they  prematurely  let  their  real 
design  be  known.  A  gc^verning  junta  of  eleven  vot- 
ing members,  with  Zambrano  as  president,  was  elected 


•I 


is< 


^Scc  Hidalgo's  address  to  his  flock  Sept.   16,  1810.  Hist.  Mex.,  iv.  117, 
this  series. 


EXrEDITION  OF  CJUTIKHUKZ. 


19 


1^  soon 

hy    1»>« 

0  cina 
iH'stor- 
roal  in- 
L  wlunu 
[loin  to 
e  Casus 
it.     He 

1  <i])por- 
»  with  a 

Unitoil 
o  solicit 
(  caused 
lois  that 
tatoinent 
uuii'oriu 
,,    Noth- 
)ple  more 
0  French. 
'  over  the 
Lused  the 
through 
the  same 
ic.     Thus 
Lo  revolu- 
barracks, 
of  March 
support 
•aised  the 
[j  barracks 
Jasas  was 
lard  in  his 
proceeded 
I  their  real 
lleven  vot- 
ras  elected 

Mex.,  iv.  IIT, 


O 


by  tlie  principal  inhabitants  of  San  Antonio  and  the 
vicinity,  and  measures  wore  adopted  to  secure  the 
province  without  crcatini:^  alann.  Tlie  Europeans 
who  had  been  imprisoned  by  Casas  were  released;^ 
his  np|H)intees  were  reniovetl  from  ottiee,  a  force  of 
jOO  reliable  men  was  |)laced  in  marching-  order  to  be 
ready  for  any  emerjj^ency ;  and  captains  dose  Munoz 
and  Luis  (lalan  were  despatched  as  oonnnissioners 
to  any  royalist  chief  whom  they  nii<,dit  bo  able  to 
approach,  to  solicit  aid.  In  a  short  time  the  vicerejj^al 
government  was  ajj^ain  firndy  established  in  Texas,"' 
and  Saleedo  was  reinstalled  as  jrovernor.  Aldama 
was  sent  to  Mondova,  in  Coahuila;  there  tried,  con- 
(U'nuied  to  death,  and  executed. 

An  expedition,  however,  oro^anized  in  the  following 
year  by  a  youn<^  otticer  in  the  United  States  army,  in 
conjunction  with  a  Mexican  refugee  named  Bernardo 
(Uitierrez  de  J^ara,  almost  succeeded  in  anniliilating 
the  royalist  power  in  Texas.  This  (xutierrez  liad  fol- 
lowed the  occupation  of  a  smith  in  the  city  of  Kevilla 
-now  (luerrero — and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion 
possessed  great  wealth,  owning  large  estates  and  other 
property  in  the  neighborhood,  besides  an  imjiortant 
commercial  house.  He  attached  himself  ardently  to 
the  independent  cause,  and  being  a  man  of  much  sa- 
gacity and  energy,  had  been  made  lieutenant-colonel 
l»y  Hidalgo,  whom  he  met  at  the  hacienda  de  Santa 
^[aria,  near  Saltillo,  when  that  leader  was  about  to 
start  on  his  ill-starred  journey  to  Mondova.  (Gutier- 
rez was,  moreover,  con'inissioned  as  envoy  to  Wash- 
ington, wliitlier,  in  spite  of  the  disasters  tliat  shoi'tly 
afterward  befell  the  indejiendent  chiefs,  he  proceeded 
by  land,  performing  a  journey  of  four  months  under 

'  Tho  account  of  this  revolution  and  counter-revolution  ia  obtivined  from 
Oaz.  (Ic  Mex.,  1812,  iii.  1087-91;  Al<tmaii,  HiM.  Mrj.,  ii.  tM)-7,  l7()-'2;  /ii/.vM- 
iiitiiUe,  Ciiiiil.  Hist.,  iv.  157-GO;  Zcrecero,  liev.  Mej:,  HM5.  Morelos,  in  a  letter 
dated  Yanhuitlan,  Feb.  17,  181»,  and  addressed  to  tho  inteudente  Ignacio 
Ayala,  mentions  that  he  had  sent  two  commissioners,  David  and  Tavares,  to 
cudu  Texas  to  the  U.  S.  about  this  time.  Alamnn,  libit.  Mij.,  iii.  341.  The 
Loiumission,  however,  failed  to  reach  its  destination.  Id.,  343. 


liH 


liih'i'i 


I!    II 


,  iill  I 
hi! 


90 


INVASION  OF  TKXAS  UY   AMKKn  AN.S. 


•i^roat  (lifficultioH  and  tlaiii^^crs.  lint  liis  jtusitioii  in  tlio 
United  Stairs  was  ratlicr  that  of  a  riiiL,fitivi!  tiian  an 
L'livov,  and  liis  civdcntials  wwv  not  ri'coLfni/cd  l»v  the 
oovcrnnient.  Bein^  a  t'eivent  })atri<)t,  lie  went  to  Xew 
Orleans,  wliero  he  he<j;an  to  oij^anize  an  expedition  i'or 
the  invasion  of  Texas,  which  seht;nie  was  faeihtated 
by  liis  former  conunereial  relations  with  that  eity/ 

In  1812  Lieutenant  Augustus  Ma_Lfee  '  was  sta- 
tioned at  Natchitoches,  and  had  hc^en  I'niployed  in 
breaking  up  the  gangs  of  outlaws  on  the  neutral 
ground.  Young  and  romantic,  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  conquering  Texas  by  the  aid  of  the  banditti  whom 
lie  had  just  subdued.  These  readily  listened  to  his 
scheme,  and  having  formed  his  plans  and  appointed  a 
place  of  rendezvous,  ^Eagee  proceeded  to  New  Oilcans 
to  obtain  supplies  and  volunteers.  Here  he  met  (hi- 
tierrez,"  and  eagerly  entered  into  an  r.riaiigement  with 
him  to  unite  their  enterprises.  Magee  nominally 
yielded  the  command  to  (xutierrqz,'^  recognizing  the 
policy  of  letting  the  Mexican  p()puli".tion  believe  that 
the  expedition  was  under  the  direction  of  one  of  their 
own  countrymen. 

Havinj;  resiixned  his  commission  in  the  armv.  Jum- 
22,  1812,  Magi'c  iirocecdcfd  to  a(;t.  (lutierrez  went 
in  advance  to  the  place  <  f  ivndezvous,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Sabine,  where  lab  men  were  assembled. 
Magee  remained  at  NaU-iiiu)ches  to  bring  up  reen- 
foreements  of  volunteers,  (iiutierrez  presently  crossrd 
the  Sabine,  engaged  the  Spanish  forces  on  the  Salitrc 
prairie,  and  easily  defeating  them,  jiursuetl  them  to 

*  IhutaiiitttiU',  Cintd.  lliit.,  }..  IW.)-SO;  FilUnlti,  Mem.  J/inf.  <iiii'r.  Tt'.r.,  i. 
5()-l;  Ditc.  Uiiir.  I  list.  Ovvj.,  ix.  .")ir);  Mont,  Mij.  >i  suk  h'li'.,  iv.  44!);  (Iiiirm, 
liev.  N.  ExiL,  ii.  71-,  iioti;;  TlintlC.i  I'ift.  Jliit,  Tc.i.,  54S.  This  last  autlidr 
says  that  (Jutiorrez  iiiaile  Xatcliitochc;;  his  liomu  in  the  U.  S. 

^Maj,'i!o  graduatod  at  West  Point  .laii.  23,  180'J,  and  recuivud  tho  appoilit- 
iiieiit  of  sucoiid  licut  of  artillery.    Yonkums  llitl.  T<:r.,  i.  lo'J,  note. 

"Siu'h  is  Urackeiiridge's  stateiiieiit.  Jlolleii'n  7V.r(M,  o04.  Yoakum,  i.  l.").S. 
says  tliat  (Gutierrez  went  to  ^tatchitoclies,  wliure  he  met  Magee,  whom  li^ 
greatly  interested  and  inlhienced  hy  lii.s  aecouiits  of  Mexico. 

'  Mt^xieaii  writers  regard  (lutiernz  as  the  inspirer  and  promoter  of  the  en- 
terprise, which  is  natural,  as  all  [irdclaiiiations  were  puhlished  in  his  name, 
and  he  was  appointeil  inmander-iii-eliief.  It  was,  however,  esseutially  an 
American  enterprise,  see  j.V<7c,s'  A'c;/. ,  iii.  104,  v.  87-8. 


I 


tlie 

(hiri! 

JJoc. 


(JOVKKNOR  SALt'KDO. 


21 


in  tho 
an  an 
)y  the 
."NiW 
ion  t'i>r 
litateil 

ty-' 

LH  sta- 
yed in 
iiL'Utral 
lie  iilea 

whom 

to  his 
lint-d  a 
Drh'iins 
let  (Ju- 
!nt  with 
luiinally 
inj4'  tlie 
jve  that 
of  their 

June 

'/.  went 

le   east 

(.•nihled. 

)  iven- 
crossi'd 

Sa  litre 
Jk'UI  to 

iicr.  Ti'i.,  i- 

4'.);  (I'inrrc, 

la^it  author 

tho  appoint- 

kuiu,  i.  1  •'>'^- 
o,  whom  hi- 

ur  of  the  en- 
his  naiuc, 
isentially  au 


"HS 


Nacot^^doelies,  wliieh  was  altandoned  on  the  a))|)roa('li 
of  tht'  Americans,  who  took  possession  of  tlie  town 
without  firinuf  a  shot.  The  Spanish  soldiers  tied  to 
the  Tritiidad  station.  This  took  plaee  Au^nist  11, 
\H\'l.^  Mai,'»'e  kej)t  sendintf  ree  n  force  me  nts  to  tho 
front,  and  with  their  numhers  increased  to  nearly  .')()0 
m«'n,"  the  Americans  marched  to  Trinidad,  which  was 
evacuat(!d  as  soon  as  they  appeared  in  sii»'ht.  Hero 
they  remained  till  the  nnddle  of  Octohiu*.  ^feantimo 
MaH'ce  arrived,  and  tho  forces,  now  numherinjj^  nearly 
HOO,  wvvc  or<;anized.  in  this  work  he  was  assisted  hy 
Kemper,  Ltukett,  Perry,  Koss,  and  (iaines.  Maijfee 
was  cK'cted  colonel,  thouLjh  virtually  connnander-in- 
chief ;  Kemper  was  chosen  major,  and  the  others  made 
captains. 

(Governor  Salcedo  had,  however,  boon  makinjjr  vii^. 
orous  prej)arations  to  repel  the  invaders.  Assisted 
by  Cordero,  who  sent  him  such  troops  as  could  ho 
s])ared  tVom  Coahuila,  he  joitied  his  forces  with  those 
under  Herrera,'"  and  took  up  a  position  at  J^a  Bahi'a 
with  l,.")00  men.  The  Americans  now  continued  their 
march,  diivctin<;  their  cour.so  to  that  town.  When  Sal- 
cedo  became  aware  of  their  intention  to  attack  him,  ho 
marc'ied  out  with  1,400  of  his  men,  whom  ho  placed 
in  ambush  at  the  crossinjjf  of  the  Guadaluj)o  Kiver; 
but  AEagee,  hein<i^  informed  of  this  movement,  changed 
his  course,  and  crossinj^  tho  river  at  a  lower  ])()i'it, 
])assod  Salcedo  by  night,  reached  La  T^ahia  before  di\\ , 
and  captured  tho  place  without  difficulty.  Tho  mili- 
tary chest  and  a  groat  quantity  of  stores  fell  into  the 
hands  of  tho  victors. 

After  this  disaster  Salcedo  laid  siege  to  La  Bahia, 

"Callefl  hy  the  Americans  Spanisli  Bluff. 

"'Ciiii  los  cuak's  ' — Aniuncau  adventurers — 'en  ntimero  «le  unos  cuatro- 
cifiitds  y  cincueuta,  ocupd  a  principios  du  Agosto  de  1S12,  la  villa  de  Natnj;;- 
diiclR's.'  Ataniiin,  llUt.  M'j.,  iii.  408-1.  '  Iteunid  cerca  ile  quinientos  lioni- 
hre.s.'  Fillnold,  lit  mip.,  i.  51. 

"•Herrera,  after  having  been  governor  of  N.  Leon  for  13  years,  was  giviii 
the  connnantl  in  1810  of  a  corps  ot  ohservrtion  in  Texas.  Jn  his  ahsence 
(hiring  iiis  governorship  his  brother  Pedro  acicd  as  lieut-gov.  Oonzakz,  Vol. 
JJoc.  S'.  Ltoii,  153. 


22 


INVASION  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 


m 


l.iii  ;;, 


m]' 


and  repeatedly  but  ineffectually  assaulted  the  fortifi- 
cations, in  the  last  of  which  attempts  he  lost  200  men. 
Duriuf^  the  siege  Magee  died,"  and  tlie  command  de- 
volved upon  Kemper,  who  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  Finding  his  efforts  to  storm  the  place  un- 
availing, Salcedo,  having  suffered  severe  loss  from  the 
deadly  marksmanship  of  the  Americans,  was  compelled 
to  raise  the  siege  about  the  end  of  February,  1813.''^ 
The  invaders,  relieved  from  the  extremities  to  which 
they  had  been  reduced  by  a  siege  of  nearly  four  months, 
having  obtained  supplies  and  received  additional  reon- 
foicements,^^  pursued  their  marcli  toward  San  Antonio. 
Viceroy  Venegas  had  in  the  mean  time  found  means  of 
sending  aid  to  Salcedo,  and  when  the  latter  rec<;ived 
information  of  the  advance  of  the  Americans,  he  again 
marched  to  meet  them,  in  the  hope  of  surprising  them, 
by  means  of  an  ambuscade.  Taking  up  a  position  with 
a  force  of  about  2,000  men  and  six  pieces  of  artillery,'* 
nine  miles  from  San  Antonio,  he  awaited  the  enemy's 

"  Yoakum,  on  the  autliority  of  a  manuscript  narrative  by  Capt.  McKim,  an 
old  citizen  of  'J  exas,  who  joined  (iutierrez  at  tlie  Sabine  ami  continued  in 
scu'vice  durint,'  tlie  wliole  campaign,  relates  the  foUowing  inexiilicable  conduct 
of  Magee:  Previtmti  to  the  last  assault,  a  three  days' truce  had  been  agreed 
upon,  iluring  which  time  Magee  dined  with  Salcedo.  While  in  Salcedo's 
quarters  a  compact  was  made  by  the  two  counnanders,  by  wliich  Mag<;e 
agreed  to  deliver  up  the  fort,  the  Americans  to  return  home  without  their 
arms,  but  to  l)e  supplied  with  provisions  on  tlieir  march  by  Salcedo.  On  las 
return  to  the  fort  Magee  paraded  the  troops,  'nformed  them  of  what  he  liad 
doiu!,  and  took  their  vote  for  approval.  Tlie  treaty  was  unanimously  voted 
down,  and  Magee  retired  to  his  tent.  Meantime  a  note  arrived  under  a  Hag, 
from  Salcedo,  reminding  Magee  of  his  honor,  and  calling  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  fort  was  not  surrendered,  tliougii  the  hour  agreed  upon  'vas  long 
jtast.  The  letter  was  read  to  the  army  and  the  flag  sent  back  without  reply. 
Salcedo  then  made  a  furious  assault  upon  the  place,  but  the  Americans  under 
Kemper,  the  next  in  command,  repulsed  the  assailants  with  severe  loss. 
Magee  died  that  night,  shortly  after  twelve  o'clock,  and  it  was  saiil  by  his 
own  hand.  //Ixt.  T<j\,  i.  1()4"0.  Col  Hall,  who  knew  Magee  well,  states  that 
tliere  is  not  a  word  of  truth  in  all  this,   linker  h  Tex.,  227. 

'■^  Alaman  gives  Feb.  1st  as  the  date.  iii.  483.  Filisola,  about  the  22d  or 
23d.  Ul.  Slip.,  i.  54-5;  and  Yoakum,  March  12th.  Ulniiy.,  i.  Kw.  Bustamante 
states  that  Salcedo  lost  more  than  one  fourth  of  his  troops,  while  the  loss  on 
the  part  of  the  besieged  was  only  fourteen.  Viuul.  II ixt,.,  i.  330. 

'••From  Nacogdoches  170  recruits,  25  Coosnattie  Indians  from  the  old  mis- 
sions, and  300  Lipaii  and  'I'wocookaua  Indians,  whom  Capt.  McFarland  had 
obtaine<l  as  au.xiliaries.   Id.,  KJo-G. 

"Yoakum  says  1,50U  regulars  and  1,0(X)  militia,  with  12  cannon.  Id., 
Kit).  Kennedy  gives  the  number  1,200.  Texivt,  i.  279.  Filisola  states  that 
Salcedo  had  nearly  900  men  of  all  arms,  witii  six  cannon.  I't  xiip.,  50.  Cuerra 
places  the  liguro  at  2,000.  J  J  ist.  /iVc.  A'.  Awp.,  ii.  712,  note. 


I 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  ROYALISTS. 


23 


I 


approach  to  tLo  Sakulo  creek,  a  conflueiit  of  the  Sail 
Antonio  River.  A  ridge  of  liigli  land  lies  between 
thesu  .streams,  and  in  the  dense  chaparral  which  cov- 
ered tlie  s'de  facing  the  Salado,  Salcedo  concealed 
his  men.  They  were,  however,  soon  discovered  by 
the  American  sharp-shooters,  who  were  sent  along  the 
crest  of  the  ridge,  and  the  invaders  having  already 
crossed  the  Salado,  the  Spanish  general  advanced  to 
give  them  battle  on  the  open  ground  below,  placing 
his  artillery  in  the  centre  of  his  line.  Kemper  iiiinie- 
d  lately  made  his  dispositions  for  the  fight,  A  select 
body  of  riflemen,  under  Lockett,  were  directed  against 
the  enemy's  cannon,  with  orders  to  pick  off  the  artil- 
lerymen ;  Kemper  and  Ross  with  the  remaining  Amer- 
icans occujjied  the  right  and  left  wings  respectively. 
The  general  order  was  to  fire  three  rounds,  reload,  and 
then  cl large.  The  engagement  which  followed  was  a 
one-sided  affair.  The  Spanish  artillerymen  were  shot 
down  before  they  had  infiicted  any  damage,  and  their 
guns  captured.  All  along  the  line  the  Spanish  troops 
dropl)ed  fast  before  the  unerring  aim  of  the  Americans, 
and  wlieii  the  latter  charged,  they  broke  and  fied. 
Tlie  victors  pursued  with  relentless  eagt^riiess,  killing 
great  numbers.  In  this  battle  tli''  royalists  k)st  nearly 
1,000  men  in  killed  and  wounded  while  tlie  casualties 
on  tlie  side  of  the  insiders  were  insignificant.^'  Tlie 
battle  of  Rosillo,  as  it  has  been  called,  was  fought 
Marcli  29,  ISIS.'" 

(Gutierrez,  who  was  still  nominal  C(mimaiider,  now 
moved  on  to  San  Antonio,  and  demanded  an  uncon- 
ditional surrender  of  the  city.  Nor  was  there  any 
alternative;    -i,  A-pril  1st  the  triumphant  army  took 

'^Kennedy  states  that  tlie  loss  of  the  SpanianlH  «m  400  killed,  a  j,'re!it(  r 
nuiiiher  wounded,  and  73  taken  prisoners;  that  of  the  vietors,  '.»  kill..!  a'iu  'J-j 
wounded.  Tvjm,  i.  271).  Bustamante  and  Alaniau  say  that  few  of  the  Spaii- 
isli  troojis  eseaped  to  San  Antonio.  Cuml.  Hist.,  i.  3S0-1;  ///■</.  Mij.,  iii.  4N."!. 
1'liese  writers  depend  for  tlieir  statement  on  a  manifesto  puhlislied  hy  w.stier- 
rez  in  Monterey,  18l.>7;  (\iiiipiiriiin  de  Cullrjii,  178;  Cdm,  Tirn  Sij/lon,  iv.  i'l. 
(iuerv-\,  III  sK}).,  iiaserts  tliat  out  of  the  2,000  veterans  and  niilitii.mei.,  eolleuled 
from  t'-     M'l.inei^s  of  Co.ihuihi,  N.  [,eon,  and  N.  Santander,  only  ilOO  eseiq).  d. 

"'\oii,<um  oalls  it  the  battle  of  Kosalis,  aud  status  that  the  locality  ^auu'>t 
hu  identified. 


f*i'  I 


)■■  ;      i' 


iiil 


II I 


ill 


24 


INVASION  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 


quiet  possession  of  the  place,  Saloedo  and  Herrera, 
with  their  staff-officers,  yielding  themselves  as  prison- 
ers of  war  on  condition  that  their  lives  should  be 
spared. 

A  provisional  government  was  now  formed,  consist- 
ing of  a  junta  composed  of  thirteen  members  elected 
by  a  p<^)pular  vote,  Gutierrez  being  appointed  general- 
issimo and  governor."  The  first  question  to  be  de- 
cided was  the  disposal  of  the  prisoners,  whose  blood 
was  loudly  clamored  for  in  expiation  of  the  executions 
of  Hidalgo  and  his  companions,  in  whose  capture 
Salcedo  and  Herrera  had  taken  ah  active  part.  It 
was  <lccidcd  that  they  should  be  tried  by  court-martial, 
and  as  tliis  was  comi)osed  of  members  bitterlv  hostile 
to  the  royalist  chiefs,  the  result  was  certain.  They 
were  all  condenmed  to  death.  Neverthek-ss  the 
horror  and  repugnance  with  which  tliis  sentcnco  was 
received  by  the  Americans  rendered  tlie  open  execu- 
tion of  it  a  hazardous  proceeding.  So  secret  assassi- 
nation was  resorted  to;  under  })retext  of  sending  tliem 
to  Matagorda  for  shipment  to  the  ITnitetl  States,  tlie 
prisoners,  to  the  number  of  seventetni,  escorted  by 
seventy  Mexicans,  were  marched  out  of  San  Antonio, 
and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  below  th  ;  town  were 
stripped  and  bound  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  and  their 
tlu'oats  cut.  This  butcherv  took  place  on  the  5th 
of  AimV 

"  Two  mciiibcrs,  ^[iuiicot  aiul  Halo,  were  Americans,  tho  rcniaiii<lur 
^Mexicans.   FiUxoh,  iit  xii}>.,  iS~. 

'"The  odium  of  this  atrocity  has  fallen  upon  Outierrez,  who  ciuluavored 
to  justify  his  action  in  tlie  matter  l)y  explaining  that  a  iidpul.ir  ilemonstra- 
tioii  aganist  the  prisoners  was  promoted  by  the  intrij.'nes  ot  J.isi'' Alvun/.  d(! 
'i'oledo — of  whom  more  anon — and  that  tliey  were  delivered  \ip  by  tlu'  ^nard 
in  obedience  to  an  order  of  tlie  junta,  witliout  waiting  for  his  iiisU-uetions, 
and  indeed,  without  his  knowledjj;e.  liuMttiiuuitc,  Cmul.  J/i.sf.,  i.  3.'5i!-;J.  The 
American  accounts  are  very  different,  (iutierrez  is  charj^ed  with  liuving 
secretly  ilelivered  np  the  captives,  and  with  afterward  defending  his  eon- 
duet  by  classifying  the  murderous  deed  as  a  just  reprisal  for  the  loss  of 
friends  and  relatives  put  to  death  by  the  royalists.  Yo<ikitm,  vlnn]'.,  i.  IGD- 
70.  Consult  also  Fm/f'.^t  Tc.rnn,  i.  188;  Cuiirriula,  Td.  Mc.r.,  A'C\{\\  d'oii- 
ziilcz,  Col.  I>oc.  X.  Lcnii,  'J.'>iV-(!(),  in  wliich  last  authority  a  list  of  the  victim- 
is  found  by  (ronailcz  among  the  jiapers  of  Alejamlro  do  Uro  v  l/ozaiii 
According  to  this  document  the  date  of  the  massacro  is  April  .Id,  and  tie 
number  of  victims  that  given  in  the  text,  tliougli  other  less  reliabh^  aiitlv  ri- 
ties  state  that  only  1-4  were  put  to  death,     i'oote,  followc<l  by  Yoakum,  fulia 


f 


H 


FURTHER  FIGHTING. 


2S 


OIIlililKltT 

iilciivored 
li'iiioiistrii- 

r\l\  (III/.  <lt' 

auctions, 
•J-3.  The 
th  Iwuing 

Ills    I'Oll- 

'  lo.-s   of 
,...  i.  Ui<.»- 

llv;  \  ictilU- 
y    liO/.Hlh 
I,  ami  til' 
(•  aiitlf  ri- 
kuiii,  talis 


Wlion  the  atrocious  deed  became  known  to  the 
Anu'rirans,  all  but  the  most  hardened  of  the  rutlians 
from  tlie  neutral  ground  were  horrified  and  disousted. 
Tlu'V  did  not  relish  fightini*-  in  behalf  of  a  people  who 
had  no  r(>spect  for  the  usag-es  of  war,  no  feeliui^s  of 
conmion  liumanity.  Kemper  and  Lockett  abandoned 
tile  enteri)rise  innnediately  and  returned  home,  fol- 
lowed soon  afterward  by  lloss.  They  were  accompa- 
iii(  I'  \.y  ;i  considerable  nund^er  of  the  better  class  of 
,1  Isii.  /s.  As  for  Gutieri-i'Z,  he  was  arraii^ned  before 
i!  )vi!  uiial  and  deposed.  After  the  departure  of  Ross, 
Ca])tain  Perry,  beinij:  higlu'st  in  rank,  took  connnand. 
The  Americans,  now  i>reatly  reduced  in  nundiers,  were 
unable  to  continue  active  operations,  and  for  a  time 
!L!^ave  themselves  up  to  indolence  and  all  kinds  of  dis- 
sipation. From  these  excesses  they  M'er«'  suddenly 
aioiised  by  news  of  the  approach  of  another  ai'my 
sent  aijfainst  them  under  <'ommand  of  Colom^l  Jo-nacio 
Klizondo.  tlie  reneii'ade  who  had  betrayed  Hidale^o. 

In  this  enierixencv  (Intierrez,  who.se  influence  over 
the  N[ev';c;ui  ii>surL;ents  could  not  be  neglected,  was 
ni.nrmally  i-eiiisTi't  (1  in  his  connnand.  l^hzondo  took 
up  a  position  oi.  ,,  ri^^ino■  o-round  in  sio-ht  of  the  city 
and  nea''  h  ]'t*^le  river  Alazan.  Contraiy  to  the 
instructions  to  'ait  which  ^le  had  received  from  Colo- 
nel Arredonflo,  •;  •  was  also  hasteninij^  up  with  the 
intention  of  o|»eratin<j:  ''i  combination  with  Klizondo, 
the  latter  advanced  against  San  Antonio  alone.  His 
foi-ee  consisted  of  l,,")00  men,  besides  a  number  of 
irrei,ndar  troops  of  the  country.  Perry,  to  whom  the 
command  was  intrusted,  decided  to  attemjit  a  surprise. 
Silently  n  a-chiuL,''  out  of  the  city  on  tlu'  niu'lit  of  the 
l!»tli  of  -m;  i.\  he  a|)j)roached  Eli/ondo's  encauijiment, 
\\\\\v\\  h.'K',  i  .  ^  a  fortified  by  earthworks,  and  broke  in 
ui»on   it   jusr,    at  dawn,  while  the  Spaniards  were   at 

into  an  error  in  stiting  that  Conlcro  was  one  of  tlioso  \n\t  to  ilcatli.  His 
naiiu'  (liM's  not  apiicar  in  tliis  li^-t,  nor  that  of  Col  Navarro— soo  YiMibim,  lit 
.'•'';i.,  Kilt,  note  wliii'h  coiiijiriscs  14  nanus,  10  only  of  wliitli  corrrspoml 
with  naiiii's  ^'ivfii  liy  (um/ali/.  'Ihc  tnith  i.s,  (.'ordfro  wa.-i  in  ('oahuila  at 
tho  tnni',  Itciiig  gt)vcTuor  of  that  iirovincu. 


IIKI^ 


I!      11 


26 


INVASION  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 


matins.  The  pickets  were  surprised,  and  the  works 
mounted  before  the  alarm  was  given  in  the  camp. 
Then,  however,  a  furious  contest  ensued,  in  which  the 
Spaniards  displayed  great  firmness  and  bravery.  But 
the  Americans,  supported  by  700  Mexicans  under  the 
command  of  a  iiutive  named  Menchaca,"  after  an 
obstinate  struggle  ■'"■  '•nijwered  them  and  drove  thei^^i 
in  flight  from  the  tiv.  In  this  engagement  a  large 

number  of  Elizondo  s  aen  fell,  his  army  was  badly 
disper&ed,  and  he  escaped  with  but  a  handful  of 
followers.  The  loss  on  the  side  of  the  victors  was 
small,^"  while  the  spoils  in  horses,  mules,  baggage,  and 
nmnitions  of  war  was  very  great.  After  this  victory 
Gutierrez  was  again  deprived  of  his  command,  doubt- 
less owing  to  the  influence  of  the  American  officers, 
thouixh  he  attributes  his  diso^race  to  the  intri<ifues  of 
Jose  Alvarez  de  Toledo,'^  who  arrived  at  San  Antonio 
about  this  time,  and  to  whom  Gutierrez  surrendered 
the  connnand  by  order  of  the  junta. 

Toledo  was  born  in  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo,  of 
Spanish  parents,  and  had  been  a  deputy  from  the 
island  of  that  name  to  the  Spanish  cortes  at  Cddiz. 
His  republican  principles,  however,  got  him  into  dis- 
grace, and  he  esca])ed  to  the  United  States,  where, 
espousing  tlie  patriot  cause,  he  occupied  himself  in 
promoting  its  interests  in  that  country.  In  July  1813 
he  proceeded  to  San  Antonio,  and  having  been  ap- 
pointed to    the  chief  connnand,  he   reorganized  the 


'•  Menchaca  was  a  man  of  vigor,  bold  and  resolute,  bi'.t  rude  and  unedu- 
cated.    He  iiossessed  great  inHueuce  witli  tlie  natives. 

'"  Hustaiiiante,  with  tlie  manifesto  of  Gutierrez  before  him,  says  the  royal- 
ists lost  more  than  4()0  men;  the  revolutionists  22  killed  and  42  wounded. 
('((III/.  I/ixL,  i.  Xil.  Yoakum,  on  the  authority  of  MeKiin's  manuscript,  puts 
the  loss  of  the  Americans  at  47  killed,  and  as  many  more  wounded  who  after- 
ward died  of  their  wounds.    Ut,  nap.,  i.  172, 

''^  IhottniiiKdti;  vt  xkjk,  333-4;  <7i(z.  di'  Mex.,  181.3,  iv.  1145.  Gutierrez 
retired  to  Natcliitoches,  and  remained  about  the  neutrfil  ground  till  181(5, 
when  he  went  to  New  Orleans.  Bean  saw  him  at  San  Cdrlos,  Tanuiulipas, 
in  1825.  In  18,'K)  ho  was  keeping  a  small  saddlery  store  at  his  native  town, 
then  called  (luerrero.  YoakuiK,  ((t  xiip.,  note.  Thrall  makes  the  unwarrant- 
able statement  tliat  (iutierrez  captured  Iturbide  when  he  landed  at  Soto  la 
Marina,  and  executed  him  iu  accordance  with  the  decree  of  congress.  Jlint, 
Tax.,  548;  uonsulb  Jlint.  Mcj:.,  iv.  800-10,  this  series. 


^ 


AKKEIM )N IM)S  MOVEMENTS 


27 


I  works 
camp, 
ich  the 
.     But 
der  the 
fter  an 
^e  thei\i 
a  large 
s  badly 
idful   of 
,ors  was 
age,  and 
i  victory 
1,  doubt- 
L  officers, 
'igues  of 
Antonio 
•rendered 

iiiingo,  of 
from  the 
at  Cadiz, 
into  dis- 
where, 
umself  in 
uly  1813 
been  ap- 
nized  the 

le  and  imedu- 

saya  the  royal- 

,uuscril)t,  puts 
lied  who  after- 

45.  Gutierrez 
uud  till  181*5, 
J,  Taniaulipas, 
s  native  town, 
die  unwarrant- 
ed at  Soto  la 
iougresa.  UM- 


junta  and  restored  some  degree  of  order  to  the  civil 
govennnciit.  Meantimu  the  American  division  of  the 
rcpuhlican  army  had  received  considerable  reiinforce- 
meiits ;  for  despite  the  unfavorable  impression  caused 
ill  the  United  States  hy  the  news  of  the  late  barbar- 
ous dcetl,  the  signal  victories  ohtained  over  the  enemy 
did  not  fail  to  attract  adventurers.  Thus  tlie  num- 
l)ers  of  the  foreign  element  ^'ad  been  raised  to  its  pre- 
vious standard,  wliile  the  ranks  of  the  native  Mexicans 
were  lar-gely  increased.  The  invading  army  was, 
ni(»reover,  amply  supplied  with  weapons,  artillery,  and 
annnunition,  which  had  fallen  into  its  hands.  Thus 
the  pros[)ects  of  the  enterprise  were  cheering.  But 
tlie  unseen  hand  of  destruction  was  already  raised 
in  tlie  distance. 

At  the  time  of  Elizondo's  defeat,  Arredondo,  who 
had  been  a])})ointed  by  Calleja,  then  viceroy,  pro- 
visional comandante  general  of  the  eastern  internal 
])rovin  'es,"  was  at  Laredo,  whence,  on  recei})t  of  the 
news  of  the  late  disaster,  he  issued  orders  to  the  dis- 
comfited commander  to  collect  liis  dispersed  troops 
and  await  his  arrival.  On  July  26th  he  commenced 
liis  march  from  Laredo,  and  being  presently  joined  by 
Elizondo  with  about  400  men,  his  army  anxounted  to 
a  total  of  1,930  men,  735  of  whom  were  infantry, 
the  rest  cavalry.  He  had  also  eleven  pieces  of  artil- 
1  jry."^ 

When  intelligence  of  Arredondo's  movements 
reached  San  Antonio,  Toledo,  wliose  appointment  as 
commander-in-chief  was  approved  l)y  the  AmericcUi 
officers,  marclied  out  with  all  his  forces  to  meet  him. 
His  army  numbered  over  3,000  men,  and  was  com- 
posed of  850  Americans,  about  1,700  Mexicans,  and 
GOO  Indian  allies.'^     Movhig  along  the  road  to  Laredo, 

'"  f  n  1813  the  provinciaa  internaa  were  again  divided  into  the  eastern  and 
western. 

-' Arredonilo's  report  to  Calleja,  of  Sept.  13,  1813,  in  Om.  de  Mcx.,  1813, 
IV.  113!»,  1148.  Yoakum  give.s  the  o-xaggt-rated  miinberof  4,(K)0a8tlie  anioimt 
of  liis  force.  Ut  sup.,  174.  Filisola  adds  to  Arredondo's  numbers  80  artillery, 
men,  making  a  total  of '2,010.   Mem.  Hint.  (luer.  Tcu:.,  07. 

"lb.;  Oaz.  ik- Mex.,  1813,  iv.  1)25,  1144. 


Pi  11 


\mm 


28  INVASION  OF  TEXAS   I'.Y   AMERICANS. 

on  tlio  ISlii  of  Au!L,aist,  hv  caine  upon  the  ndvanee 
troo})s  of  tlio  Spanisli  ai-niy  shortly  after  c-rossino'  the 
river  JMedina,  and  tlie  en^aovnieiit  Ue^an. 

Now  Arredondo  was  fully  informed  l)y  his  st-outs 
of  the  encMuy's  niovenu'nts,  and  had  leisurely  and  care- 
fully formed  his  plans.  Klizondo  was  .sent  with  a  de- 
tachment well  in  advance,  under  orders  not  to  enter 
into  any  serious  enganiMm^nt,  hut  by  simulatinj;'  Higlit, 
lure  till'  enemy  within  the  Spanish  lines,  which,  in 
that  case,  would  he  conveniently  drawn  Uj)  t(»  receive 
him.  He  was  to  keep  Arredondo  promptly  infoi-med 
of  all  that  tooiv  place  in  front.  The  ruse  was  fatally 
successful. 

Toledo's  position  as  connnander-in-chief  was  not  an 
enviahle  one,  it  would  seem.  There  a])])ears  to  have 
btHMi  much  jealousy  and  ill  feelinj^  displayed  toward 
him  on  the  part  of  Menchaca,  whose  influence  with 
the  IVEexicans  was  unhounde-d.  Toledo  was  regarded 
as  a  Spaniard,  and  looked  upon  with  disfavor  hy  the 
Mexicans,  who  hore  it  with  ill  grace  to  be  conunanded 
by  a  oaohu})in.  It  had  been  his  wish  to  wait  for  the 
enemy  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Medina,  the  advantage 
of  which  ])osition  was  obvious;  but  he  had  been  out- 
ruled  by  both  the  Mexican  and  American  officers, 
who,  flushed  with  their  late  victories,  were  eager  for 
the  fray.  There  was  thus  evidently  a  want  of  har- 
mony and  confidence  between  the  general  and  the 
native  portion  of  his  army,  and  perhaps  this  was  the 
cause  of  his  making  a  grievous  mistake  in  forming  his 
line  of  battle.  Placing  the  Mexicans  in  the  centre, 
he  divided  the  Americans,  and  posted  them  on  his 
right  and  left  wings,  under  Perrv  and  Tavlor. 

When  the  opposing  forces  met,  a  smart  fire  of  mus- 
ketry was  sustained  for  a  brief  time,  and  then  Eli- 
zondo,  according  to  instructions,  began  to  retreat, 
sending  an  aid  at  once  to  Arredondo,  informinij  him 
of  the  position  of  afl'airs.  The  Spanish  connnander 
then  sent  a  reenforcement  with  two  small  pieces  of 
artillery  under  command  of  the  reverend  Lieutenant- 


DESPKKATE  BATTLE. 


20 


Llvance 
n«jf  the 

scouts 
id  caie- 
h  a  clo- 
o  enter 
;•  Hight, 
lich,  in 

receive 


;  not  an 
to  have 

toward 
ice  with 
eoarded 
r  hy  the 
nianded 
;  tor  the 
vantage 
een  out- 

ottieers, 
aoer  tor 

ot'  har- 
and  the 
was  the 
nino-  his 

centre, 
on  his 

of  nius- 
len  Eh- 

retreat, 
nig  hhn 
inlander 
)ieces  of 
utenant- 


■M 


colonel  Juan  ^fanuel  Zamhrano,'''  who,  however,  re- 
ceived similar  histuctions  to  confine  his  operations  to 
decoying  the  enemy  into  tlie  net  that  was  being  spread 
foi'  him,  Arredondo  now  drew  up  his  column  in  line 
of  battle. 

The  ground,  thickly  wooded  on  each  side  of  his  line 
of  maich,  favored  his  design,  and  his  i)osition  was 
completely  concealed.  Mis  troo})s  were  disposed  in 
the  foi'iii  of  an  angle,  with  the  open  s))ace  pi'esented 
to  the  enemy,  his  wings  extending  well  in  front  and 
almost  facing  each  other. '" 

When  Zambrano  arrived  on  the  scene  of  action  the 
r(»yalists  lallied,  and  for  a  short  tune  the  tide  of  battle 
seemed  arrested.  }3ut  they  soon  gave  way  again  and 
retreated  precipitately,  abandoning  their  guns.  The 
republicans,  now  confident  of  victory,  and  believing 
that  they  had  engaged  the  whole  royalist  force, 
])resse(l  hurriedly  forward  in  disorderly  pursuit.  In 
vain  Toledo,  rightly  fearful  of  an  ambush,  had  ordered 
a  halt  and  expiessed  his  apprehensions  to  Alenchaca 
and  the  American  leaders;  his  wiser  judgment  was 
auain  overruled. 

As  the  Hying  troops  kept  concentrating  themselves 
towai'd  the  apex  of  the  ambuscade,  the  impetuous 
pursuers  were  soon  draNvn  well  within  the  fan-slun)ed 
lines  of  the  enemy.  Then  burst  forth  on  right  and 
left  of  them  a  blaze  of  fire,  leaping  from  levelled  mus- 
kets and  pointed  caiuion  which  struck  them  down  by 
scores.  Erelong  most  of  the  ]\rexicans  weie  in  full 
flight,  but  not  before   Menchaca  had  falk>n  on  the 

''* It  seem  that  Zambrano  had  this  military  rank  bestowid  uiioii  liiiii  iu 
recognition  of  his  services  in  conducting  the  countcr-revolutiou  at  S;iu  An- 
tonio ill  ISI 1. 

-"Yoiiknm  states  that  Arredondo  threw  up  a  breastwork  in  tlie  form  of 
tlie  letter  V,  with  the  ai)e.\  in  the  road  and  the  open  end  in  the  direction  of 
San  Antonio,  and  tliat  this  defence  was  concealed  from  view  by  an  artiticial 
eliaparral  constructed  of  branches.  Ct  .■mp.,  174.  No  allusion  to  sucli  a  pro- 
tection i.s  made  in  Arredondo's  report  of  the  battle,  nor  any  SpanLsli  autliority 
that  1  liave  met  with,  liustamantc,  on  the  contrary,  says  tliat  the  patriots 
came  upon  Arredondo's  troops  with  such  impetuosity  that  thuy  had  hardly 
time  to  form  in  line,  t'tunl.  Jlist.,  i.  34S. 


I  Hi  '■ ' 


I'll    I 

I 

II    rl    J  I 


ill  ji 

!     ill! 


i 


ili 


1 

f\ 

iiii 

li: 

III' 

mil 

|l! 

'i ' 

1 

it 

30 


INVASION  OF  TEXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 


field.^'  The  brunt  of  tlio  battle  was  now  borne  by  tlie 
Americans  and  their  steadfast  Indian  aUies.  And 
bravely  they  bore  themselves  in  that  death-struggle. 
It  is  all  very  well  to  Cidl  them  outlaws,  cutthroats, 
desperate  adventurers,  and  savages,  but  the  blood  of 
tlieir  respective  races  w^as  in  them,  and  they  scorned  to 
yield.  For  four  hours  they  maintained  the  une(iual 
fight,  and  strived  in  vain  to  turn  the  enemy's  flank. 
When  nearly  all  were  slain,  a  remnant  of  the  obsti- 
nate band  escaped  from  the  field  of  slaughter — when 
their  ammunition  was  spent!  Out  of  the  850  Ameri- 
cans who  entered  that  gorge  of  death,  only  1).'^  efi'ected 
their  escape  to  Natchitoches.'*''*  Among  those  who 
saved  their  lives  were  Perry,  Taylor,  and  Captain 
Bullard,  who  had  acted  as  aid  to  Toledo  during  the 
battle.""  The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  I'oyalists  cannot 
be  accurately  ascertained.  Arredondo,  in  his  returns, 
reports  55  killed,  178  wounded,  2  missing,  and  175 
hurt  by  contusions;  but  considering  the  obstinacy 
with  which  the  Americans  maintained  the  fight  for 
four  hours,  and  their  skill  in  the  use  of  the  rifie,  I 
hesitate  to  accept  these  numbers  as  worthy  of  credit.™ 
This  defeat  was  a  deatli-blow  to  the  republican  cause 
in  Texas,  and  it  was  attended  with  all  the  horrors 
ever  observed  by  the  royalists  on  the  occasion  of  a 

"  American  writers  fall  into  many  errors  by  relj'ing  too  implicitly  on  the 
versions  of  their  countrymen  on  Texan  att'airs,  without  consulting  Mexican 
authorities.  Young  holdly  states — ///V.  M<'.i\,  97 — that  Menehaca — called  hy 
him  and  other  American  authors  Manchaco — at  this  crisis  drew  off  his  men 
and  retired,  and  tliat  afterward,  '  unahle  to  bear  the  rejiroaolies  heaped  upon 
him — or  acting  upon  a  concerted  plan — went  over  to  the  Spaniards  with  such 
information  relative  to  the  condition  of  Toledo's  force  as  precluded  the  possi- 
bility of  attempting  to  continue  the  war.'  Now  Arredondo,  in  his  report, 
makes  especial  mention  of  Menehaca  as  one  of  the  dead  found  on  the  battle- 
tield.  (riiz.  <tf  Me.i\,  1813,  iv.  1143.  I  call  attention  to  this  eiTor  as  an  illus- 
tration of  others  committed  by  him  and  American  historians  of  Texan  affairs, 
and  which  are  far  too  numerous  to  be  specially  noticed. 

^^  Arredondo  says  that  more  tlian  1 ,000  corpses  were  counted  on  the  battle- 
field, the  greater  portion  being  Anglo-Americans — '  la  mayor  parte  anglo 
americanos.'  H). 

'^Yoithim,  ntsicp.,  175.  The  authorities  consulted  for  the  description  of 
this  '  battle  of  the  Medina '  are  numerous,  but  more  general  reliance  has  been 
placed  on  .^rredoiulo's  full  report  of  it  to  the  viceroy,  copy  of  which  will  be 
foun.l  in  a,iz.  de  M.v:,  181.3,  iv.  1139-51. 

^^  Bustamante  says:  'Eate  gefe  perdio  en  muertos  y  heridos  mucha  geute.' 
CtiaU.  nut.,  i.  349. 


i 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


81 


by  tlie 
And 
rugglo. 
hr-oats, 
►lootl  of 
rncd  to 
inoqual 
i  Hank. 
3  obsti- 
— when 
Anicri- 
etiected 
)se  who 
Captain 
in^  the 
;  cannot 
returns, 
md  175 
Dstinacy 
ight  for 
:  riiic,  I 
crodit;^'^ 
m  cause 
hoT-ror-s 
on  of  a 

tly  on  the 

ig  Muxieau 

ciiUeil  by 

iff  his  men 

aped  upon 

with  such 

the  possi- 

lis  report, 

tlie  biittle- 

as  an  illus- 

xan  affairs, 

the  battle- 
)arte  anglo 

icription  of 
e  has  been 
ich  will  be 

cha  geute.' 


victory  during  tlic  war  of  independence.  In  tlie  j)ur- 
suit  every  fugitive  overtaken  was  rutldessly  sabred  or 
lanced;  the  captured  were  immediately  shot,'^' and  for 
weeks  an  exterminating  persecution  was  carried  on. 

Toledo,  batlly  wounded,  made  his  escape  to  the 
United  States,  where  ho  still  endeavored  to  further 
the  patriot  cause,  which  resulted  in  his  being  intlicted 
for  attempting  to  inaugurate  another  expedition 
against  Mexico.  Defeated  in  other  attempts  against 
Spain,  he  finally  submitted  to  the  king,  reentered  his 
service,  and  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court  of 
Naples  by  Ferdinand  VII. '*"  It  has  been  chargcMl 
against  Toledo  that  he  had  a  secret  understanding 
M'ith  the  Spanish  minister  at  Washington,  that  the 
removal  of  (Gutierrez  was  owing  to  his  intrigues,  .and 
that  tliis  triumph  of  the  royalists  was  achievcii  through 
his  perfidy. ^^  But  Alan.an,  with  more  justice,  con- 
siders such  accusations  groundless,  and  believes  that 
Toledo  acted  in  good  faith.^* 

Wlien  victory  had  declared  itself  for  the  royalists, 
Elizondo  was  sent  in  advance  with  200  cavalrymen  to 
occupy  San  Antonio,  whence  many  of  the  families  had 
fled  on  receiving  news  of  the  disaster  to  the  rej»ubli- 
can  cause.  Arredondo  entered  on  the  following  day, 
and  then  despatched  Elizondo  with  500  men  against 
Nacogdoches,  and  in  pursuit  of  the  fugitives.  Ho 
held  his  way  as  far  as  Trinidad,  whence  he  sent  a  de- 
taclinient  to  Nacogdoches.  Having  thoroughly  swejjt 
through  the  country,  cai)turing  and  shooting  a  large 
number  of  unfortunates,'''  he  coimnenced  his  return  to 

''  Arreilondo,  writing  from  the  field  of  battle  at  four  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, statics  that  about  100  had  been  captured  an<l  already  shot,  most  of  thiin 
Americans,   d'az.  ile  Me.r.,  ill.  sup.,  92(3. 

■".^l<lm<l^l,  J/U.  Mej.,  iii.  41)1-2.  Toledo,  before  his  defection,  had  l)een 
an  otHeer  in  the  Spanisli  navy.  Id. ,  487. 

^^'Este  triunfo. ..  fu(5  debido  a  la  pcrvcrsidad  de  aquel  iiialvado'— 
tliat  is,  Toledo.  Ji  .•itiiiiotitf,  Cua,l.  llitt.,  i.  .3:U.  This  author  evidently  did 
not  regard  Toledo  w  ith  favor.     See  his  note  on  the  following  page. 

■'*Hi.<  Mij.,  iii.  4S8.  ^   *' 

3'  Elizondo,  in  liis  report  to  Arredondo,  states  that  he  shot  71  in.surgents, 
and  brought  witli  him  100  prisoners  and  as  many  women,  ilm.  de  Mir.,  1SIH, 
iv.  ll(i2-3.  Bustamante  places  tlie  number  of  those  shot  at  74.  Vnad.  Hint., 
i.  349. 


i  i 


! 


82  INVASION  OF  TKXAS  BY  AMERICANS. 

San  Antonio,  and  reached  tlie  river  Brazos  about  St>|)- 
teniber  1  "itli.  But  the  hand  of  retribution  was  raised 
to  sti'ikc  him.  The  severity  of  his  executions  and 
the  frecjuency  of  them  had  so  affected  the  mind  of 
Miguel  Serrano,  a  Heutenant  of  his  troop,  tliat  lushest 
his  reason.  Possessed  of  the  idea  that  Ehzoiido  in- 
tended to  shoot  him  also,  on  the  arrival  of  the  division 
at  the  Bnizos,  he  assailed  him  and  his  coushi,  Isich'o 
de  la  Garza,  while  reposing  in  their  tent,  killing  the 
latter  immediately,  and  mortally  wounding  Elizcndo. 
Conveyed  in  a  litter,  he  reached  the  river  San  Marcos, 
where  he  died,  and  was  buried  on  its  banks.^'' 

Arredondo  remained  for  several  nu)nths  at  San 
Antonio,  his  attention  being  })rincipally  directed  to 
the  subjugation  of  hostile  Indians.  In  October,  Colo- 
nel Cayetano  Quintero  was  sent  to  Nacog(U)ches 
against  the  Lipans,  and  attacking  their  village  of 
more  than  300  lodges,  constructed  of  hides,  routed 
them,  and  captured  most  of  their  household  goods. 
Successful  excursions  against  other  tribes  were  also 
undertaken;  and  Arredondo,  having  appointed  Cris- 
tobal Dominguez  governor  of  the  province,  left  there 
about  March  1814,  and  took  up  his  headquarters  at 
Monterey.  For  some  time,  all  the  other  northern 
provinces  having  also  been  pacified,  Texas  remained 
undisturbed  by  revolutionary  attempts. ^"^ 

^^Ib.:  Sor.  Mex.  Geo<j.,  2a  ep.,  ii.  630-1. 

^'Gaz.  de  Mex.,  18l'4,  v.  27-31,  37-9,  804-5,  814-10,  820-1.  In  order  to 
prevent  other  similar  invasions  of  Texas  by  U.  S.  citizens,  ( lov,  t'laibornc  of 
Louisiana  issued  a  proclamation  at  New  Orleans,  March  23,  1814,  prohibiting 
such  illegal  proceedings.  Id.,  871-2.  Filisola  asserts  that  Benito  Arniiilan 
was  made  governor,  Mem.  Hint.  Guerra  TiJ.,  79.  I  have  taken  Alaniau  aa 
my  authority.  IJist,  Mej.,  ill.  493. 


m 


lilt  S(>i)- 
s  raised 
)ns  aiul 
iiiiid  of 
b  ho  lost 
)n(l()  ill- 
division 
1,  Isidro 
liiiu:  ilio 
llizoiido. 
Marcos, 

at  San 
jcted  to 
L)r,  Colo- 
)gdoches 
iilago  of 
■,,  routed 
\  goods. 
,'ere  also 
,ed  Cris- 
ei't  there 
irters  at 
northern 

eniained 


In  onler  to 

'laiboriie  of 

L  yroliiV>itiug 

\to  Ariniiiaii 

|i  Alauiau  aa 


^ 


CHAPTER   III. 

rRIVATEEWNG,   PIRACY,   AND  INVASIONS. 
18I5-18'J1. 
The  Asyh'm  of  Mexican   UKFfdF.Es— Herrera's  Privateerino  Scheme 

—A     liKl'lIiLlCAN     (JOVKKNMKNT    ESTABLISHED    AT    (IaLVESTON— H AVOC 
InFLKTKD     tIN     Si'AMSIl     I'u.MMKUlE— AKKIVAL     OK     MiNA— AlKV     AND 

Pkkky— TiiK  Desient  on  Soto  la  Maiuna— Peiuiy's  Maiuii  to 
Texas— DEsTiu'cnoN  of  his  Band— Aukv  at  Matauouda  15ay— Hi 
Leaves  Texas   for  Flohiha — The   Pihate   of   the   Cilf   and   the 

BAUltATAUIANS— (iALVESTON    OcCT'l'IED    BY    LAFITFE— A   SriKIOlS    OoV- 
EUNMENT— PlIlATICAL     DEPREDATIONS— LaFIITE    ExVELLED    FROM    (!aL- 

VEsTuN— His  Hkmjuaimiv— Lali.emand's  Champ   d'Asile— Settlement 

OF  THE    IJoiMiAKY    QCESTION  — LoN(i's    INVASION — TeX^\S    DECLARED    A 

Rei'uiilic— Destruction  of  the  Expedition. 

Aftkr  this  rushing  blow,  the  condition  of  Texas 
was  deplorahle.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  had  tied 
and  taken  refuge  on  the  frontier  of  Louisiana,  Daven- 
port' and  other  United  States  settlers  had  left  the 
country;  their  crops  were  destroyed,  their  cattle  car- 
ried off',  and  their  houses  burned.  The  spirit  of  in- 
surrection was  sup})ressed  for  years,  and  it  was  only 
by  the  advent  of  a  new  race  that  vitality  was  again 
inspired  into  the  province. 

Besides  those  revolutionists  who  escaped  from  Texas, 
other  refugees  from  different  parts  of  New  Spain 
made  the  ITnited  States  their  home  during  their  exile, 
and  there  tried  to  further  the  independent  cause  by 
collecting  troops  and  arms  for  another  invasion.     Nor 

'  In  tho  iti<liilto  which  was  proclaimed  Oct.  10,  1813,  the  settlers  Daven- 
port, Dortolan,  and  (Jerard  were  excepted,  as  also  Toledo,  Gutierrez,  and 
others.  1  liu  government  would  reward  those  who  put  them  to  death.  Oaz. 
(k  Mci:,  lSi:{,  iv.  1248. 

IlisT.  N.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  H.    3  ( 33 ) 


:,!;'* 


1     III: 


■  lillli  I 


li!       11  ! 


II  i 


III    Hi! 


{j  HI 

V' 


34 


PRIVATEERING ,   PIRACY,   AND  INVASIONS. 


Avas  tli(^  fluid  of  thc8o  indirect  operations  an  ill-cliosen 
one.  A  wide-spread  sympathy  with  tlie  patriots  in 
Mexico  prevailed  in  tlie  United  States,  and  hut  for 
the  vi<j[ilance  of  the  government,  thousands  of  volun- 
teers would  have  accepted  the  invitation  of  these 
refu<]^ees.  Even  as  it  was,  there  were  not  wantinj;- 
numl)ers  of  bold  men  ready  to  take  all  risks  and  en- 
«^age  in  the  illegal  enterprise  of  invading  such  a  land 
of  promise.  Conspicuous  among  them  was  Colonel 
Perry,  with  whom  the  reader  is  already  acquainted, 
and  who  published  a  proclamation  in  the  New  Orleans 
papers  in  1815,  to  the  eflect  that  an  expedition  was 
in  preparation  to  invade  Texas;  that  1,000  men  were 
ready  to  engage  in  the  enterprise,  and  setting  foi-th 
the  worthiness  of  the  cause,  and  the  honor  and  profit 
that  would  attach  to  those  who  w^ould  fight  for  the 
Mexican  patriots.  Of  this  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment appears  to  have  taken  notice,  and  Sei)tembcr 
Ist  of  the  same  year  President  Madison  issued  a 
proclamation  prohibiting  such  unlawful  enterprises,'^ 
Although  any  important  undertaking  was  prevented 
by  the  watchfulness  of  the  authorities,  Perry  escaped 
their  vigilance,  and  late  in  the  autunm  made  his  way 
beyond  the  Sabine  with  a  small  party  which  formed  a 
nucleus. 

At  this  time  Josd  Manuel  de  Hererra,  who  had 
been  appointed  minister  to  the  United  States  by 
Morelos,  was  residing  in  New  Orleans,  and  in  cf)n- 
j unction  wuth  other  partisans  of  the  revolutionists, 
conceived  the  idea  of  preying  upon  the  commerce 
of  Spain  by  a  questionable  system  of  privateerin<4'. 
Aware  of  the  suitability  of  Galveston  harbor  for  liis 
purpose,  and  recognizing  the  advantages  it  oftered  as 
a  rendezvous  for  future  expeditions  in  aid  of  the  inde- 
pendent cause,  he  sailed  thither  September  1,  ISKJ, 

"^  NilcM  Re<i.,  viii.  43C;  ix.  33-4.  During  the  same  year  also  Toledo,  Julius 
Ca'sar  Ainazoni,  Vincent  Gamble,  John  Robinson,  Komain  V^ery,  Pierre  Sauu- 
son,  and  Bernard  Bourdin  were  indicted  in  tlie  U.  S.  district  court  of  Loui- 
siana for  attempting  to  violate  the  neutrality  of  the  Uiiiou.  Amcr.  State 
Papei-K,  xi.  307. 


n.iv; 

tiir-c< 
]■,      iiiiii 
':      iirar 
J     thu 


AUllY  AS  GOVERNOR. 


85 


l-choson 
:ri()ts  in 

Imt  for 
t'  voliui- 
)f  tlu-so 
wjvntinj; 

and  cn- 
ii  a  land 

Colonel 
D^uainti'd, 
;  Orleans 
ition  was 
nen  were 
ing  foi-tli 
nd  profit 
t  for  the 
atcs  gov- 
ioptenibcr 

issued  a 
terprises.'^ 
prevented 
•y  escaped 
le  Ids  way 

foniied  a 

who  had 

states  by 
id  in  con- 
slutionists, 
iconmiercc 
ivateerin;^. 

)or  for  hi^ 
oifered  as 
the  indc- 

\r  1,  181C', 

(Toledo,  3\\\m* 
r,  Pierre  8ieimi- 
court  of  lioui- 
lu.  Aincr.  Stutu 


witli  IjuIs  de  Aury,^  \vhoni  he  ai)pointed  conimodon; 
of  tlie  tlcct  of  the  republic  of  ;Mexico.  At  a  meeting 
Jield  at  Galveston,  yei)teinher  12,  18 IG,  Herrera,  \)\ 
virtue  of  his  office  as  minister  plerupotentiary  of  tlie 
republic  of  Mexico  to  the  United  States,  formed  a 
government.  Conunodore  Aury  was  made  civil  and 
nulitary  governor  of  the  jirovince  of  Texas  and  the 
new  establishment,  and  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  ^lexican  republic;  the  several  branches  of  public 
administration  were  arranged ;  Galveston  was  declared 
the  establislied  port  of  tlie  republic,  and  tli  Hag 
hoisted;  and  on  the  l(»tli  Herrera  appointed  tlie 
necessary  authorities,  and  established  a  treasury,  liy 
October  the  20th  their  system  of  government  was 
completed,  Aury  being  authorized  to  form  regulations 
foi-  the  navy,  as  well  as  to  move  the  new  establish- 
ment and  his  seat  of  ijovernment  to  ^Matayoida,  or 
any  other  more  suitable  place,  in  case  of  necessity.  A 
court  of  admiralty,  moreover,  was  formed,  which  adju- 
dicated in  the  matter  of  ca})tured  vessels. 

The  royalists  in  Texas  were  in  no  position  to  opjioso 
the  proceedings  of  Aur}';  there  were  not  more  than 
2UU  men  stationed  in  the  ditferent  posts  throughout 
the  province,  and  the  insular  situation  of  the  invaders 
rendered  them  unassailable.  Perry  sofm  joined  with 
nearly  100  recruits,  and  other  reenforcenients  arriving, 
the  community  before  long  numbered  400  men.  The 
privateers,  sent  out  to  cruise  in  the  gulf,  inflicted  great 
havoc  upon  Spanish  commerce,  and  as  the  jirizes  were 
generally  richly  laden,  the  adventurers  want<'d  for 
nothing.  General  Bernardo  Gutierrez,  being  stationed 
as  their  agent  at  Natchitoches  and  liberally  supplied 
with  money,  rendered  valuable  aid. 

Among  the  followers  of  Aury  were  many  of  the  old 

^  Aury  entered  the  service  of  the  republic  of  New  flranada  as  lieut  of  tho 
navy  in  May  1615,  and  was  appointed  commandant  general  of  the  naval 
forces  stationed  at  Cartcgena,  Aug.  10th  of  the  same  year.  During  tlio  siigo 
and  blockade  of  that  place  he  remlered  signal  services  by  saving  tlie  lives  of 
nearly  8,000  persons,  and  a  portion  of  the  naval  force,  by  breaking  through 
the  royalist  squadron,  Dec.  G,  1815. 


I 


It 


III  ''I'm 


i 
i 

j 

ill 

1 

i 

30 


rRIVATEERIXG,  PIRACY,   AND  INVASIONS. 


J-Jnrrutariaii  frool)0()ters,  who  wore  not  always  particu- 
lar as  to  the  nationality  of  the  vessels  they  attacked. 
IMoreover,  no  few  Spanisli  slavers  were  c'aj)tured,  and 
tliouu'li  tlie  introduction  of  slaves  into  the  United 
States  was  illes^al,  it  was  effected  by  aid  of  the  Barra- 
tai'ians-  so  well  acquainted  with  the  outlets  of  the 
jMississippi — and  the  cooperation  of  citizens  in  Louisi- 
ana/ who  would  ro|,air  to  Galveston  and  select  and 
]>urc]iase  their  lots  of  human  inercliandip^e,  which  wer-c 
jiunctually  delivci-ed.  ?»Iany  of  the  pi-ivateers  which 
swept  tlie  iifulf  during  this  period,  and  brought  their 
])rizes  to  Galveston,  were  oAvned  by  United  States 
citizens. 

Ill  November,  Javier  ]Mina''  arrived  with  over  200 
men  and  supplies  of  ammunition  in  three  vessels,  which 
iiKT'cased  the  fleet  to  over  a  dozen  sail.  The  adv(Mit 
of  tliis  unfortunate  leader  was  attended  with  disastrous 
results  to  Aury's  undertaking,  and  the  shadow  of  Ids 
ill-starred  fate  fell  on  man}-  of  the  adventurers  at  (Jal- 
M'stoii.  But  it  is  invidious  to  weigh  his  destiny  with 
tliosc  of  others.  Had  the  chiefs  at  Galveston  been  in 
accord  vritli  him,  liis  enterprise  might  have  succeeded. 
]^ut  jealousy  broke  out  among  them.  Perry,  bold 
an<l  luadstrong,  dazzled  by  the  greatness  of  Mina's 
undc^rtaking,  was  ready  to  join  him  in  the  iisvasion  of 
[Mexico,  wliile  Aury,  who  had  raiscf!  Jils  force  for  the 
con(juest  of  Texas,  would  not  yield  hearty  cooperation. 
Tlie  tlisagrecment  between  Aury  and  Perry  daily  in- 
crease<l,  till  at  last  the  latter,  disclaiming  the  authority 
of  tbe  ibrnier,  wished  to  place  himst^If  and  his  com[)an}' 
of  100  men  under  Mina.  l^loodshed  was  threatened: 
but  as  Perry's  men  stood  firmly  by  him,  Aury  deemed 
it  prudent  to  yield. 

Pour  months  were  passed  In  organizing  and  drilling 

*  llcvi'ily  flew,  till!  collector  at  New  Orleans,  write.'*  to  the  secretary  ni 
utati'.  Alia.  1,  1N17:  '1  ileeiii  it  my  duty  to  state  that  the  most  sliaiiiefiil 
violations  of  the  nXnvo  act,  as  well  as  our  revenue  laws,  coutinuo  to  lie  jirac 
tisiil  with  imimnity,  hy  a  motley  mixture  of  freehooters  and  Hnnig;:lers,  ,it 
(lalveston,  under  the   Mexican  tlag.'  lU.,  IW.     See  also  pp.  352,  3.>i  ;">,  377. 

"  For  jiarticulars  of  Gou.  Miua's  career,  consult  Jlint.  Mcx.,  iv,  t)r>'J  et  seci.. 
this  series. 


^B 


MINAS   OPERATIONS. 


87 


parti  cu- 

ttackod. 

red,  and 

United 

0  Barra- 
5  of  the 

1  Louisi- 
lect  and 
icli  were 
rs  whioli 
lit  tlieiv 
1  States 

3ver  200 
Is,  wliicli 
L3  adv(Mit 
isastrous 
w  of  liis 
s  at  (jImI- 
iny  wit]  I 
been  hi 

ry,  Ih)1(1 
]Mina's 

»Si()ll  ot 

for  tlu' 
)e  ration, 
aily  iii- 
itliority 

ni[)any 
att-ned  ; 
deemed 


drillinn 

locrt'tiiry  m 
t  Bhainofiil 
to  1)1'  priu' 
iun;:;K"r.s.  at 

;{.>t  5,  :»77 

i."'J  ut  SC(1.. 


<ff 


O 


the  troops,  and  then,  some  eorrespondenee  liaviiiL;-  hoon 
interce[)ted  on  hoard  a  Spanish  vessel  from  TaiDpiro. 
^lina  deeidetl,  from  the  information  thereby  obtained, 
to  make  a  descent  ui>on  Soto  hi  Marina.  Having' 
bui'ne<l  down  what  bnikHniii's  they  had  erected,  thi>y 
weiolied  andior  Ai)ril  (I,  181"."  When  they  ariived 
at  Soto  la  Marina,  Aury,  clia^'rini'd  at  the  position 
which  had  been  imj)osed  n[)on  him,  having'  landed 
Mina's  force,  detached  himself  from  the  ex})edition  and 
j'.U'ain  turned  his  prows  toward  Texas.^ 

Soto  la  ]\larina  fell  into  ]\rina's  hands  without  o|.- 
j>osition.  llis  future  ojierations  down  to  the  time  of 
liis  captui'e  and  execution  at  Los  luniedios  have  been 
fully  narrated  in  another  volume,'*  and  as  those  e\cnts 
are  not  connected  with  the  history  of  Texas  I  shall 
not  repeat  them.  It  may  be  interi  stijig  to  the  reader, 
however,  to  know  the  i'ate  of  ]?eny. 

When  ^[ina  had  made  every  preparation  to  march 
into  the  interior,  l\'rry,  convinced  of  the  rashness  of 
making'  the  attempt  with  a  force  amountinn'  to  only 
;)()()  men,  also  abandoned  the  foredoomed  leadei',  and 
with  his  usual  recklessness  determined  to  force  his 
way  back  to  the  United  States  by  land.  With  Major 
(iordon,  and  about  fifty  others  of  his  <-om{)any  whom 
he  inducetl  to  join  him,  he  connnenced  his  dani>'erous 
march,  and,  incredible  tlK)Unh  it  seems,  reachi'd  lia 
IJahi'a  in  Texas.  Though  his  foi-ce  was  redured  to 
foi'tv  in  number,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  demand  the 
suirender  of  tiie  place.  The  appearan(H>,  however,  of 
a,  s(piadron  of  more  than  100  cavalrymen,  y>']\t  in  pui'- 
suit  of  him,  eomjH'lled  him  to  retire  in  the  direction 
of  Xacogdoches.     Being  overtaken  by  the  enemy,  he 

"  hi  a  iiM'iiiorial  aildrcs.scil  to  tlio  preaidunt  of  t)ui  Unitcil  Stati  s  liy  Vifriitc 
I'azos.  rt'latiiif,'  to  Aury's  oiifratious,  this  is  tlu?  date  j;ivin!.  .1  im  r.  Sf'i'fi'  /''(i»  /<, 
Mi.  4()!t.  OthiT  autliors  ^'ive  Mairli  '27tli,  Imt  I'a/.os'  ilato  is  in  rViTV  pnilia- 
liilitv  coirt'ut.     Consult /'»/»((ro/.t,  //i.tf.  M<J.,  x.  LMi."),  iiotf. 

'  For  this  aecoiiiit  of  Mina's  arrival  at  Oalvi'sto.i,  tla-  ilissiiisions  of  tiii' 
cliirfs,  a_i\;l  oiht-r  particuhirs,  consult  Aluinmi,  Hist.  Mrj.,  iv.  .V>;{  ft  si-.|,; 
Hiilihisnn'x  Mix.  /,'■■,:,  i.  I'Jl-,");  <l<)h?.i,l-z,  Cnl.  Dm:.  X.  L<o,'i,'X<'.\  't;  AV»/,(r/</".s 
/■'/.,  i.  '_1|o.-,S;  Yi)idiiiii'.i  J/ist.  Tix.,  i.  lSl!-5:  Ainvr.  iSlalc  Pinitr-s  xi.  310, 
Ml.  IDS. 

"■  HUL  Mex.,  iv.,  ch.  xxviii.,  this  ai;rk'8. 


if 


38 


rillVATEERING,   PIRACY,   AND  INVASIONS. 


Ih,     H 


It 

m  ill 


took  up  a  position  at  nightfall  in  a  wood  called  El 
Perdido,  and  when  sunnnoned  to  surrender,  declared 
that  he  and  those  with  him  would  all  die  first.  At 
dawn  an  attack  was  made.  Though  surrounded  on 
all  sides,  the  dauntless  band  twice  rc[)ulsed  the  enemy 
and  fought  its  way  to  a  rising  ground  on  the  banks 
of  a  stream.  And  here,  when  their  aninmnition  was 
exhausted,  they  fell.  Perry  blowing  out  his  brains 
with  a  [)istol  at  the  end  of  the  fight,"  rather  than  sur- 
render to  the  foe. 

When  Aury  reached  the  Texan  coast,  he  put  into 
Matagorda  Bay,  and  throwing  up  wooden  buildings  on 
an  islet  lying  between  the  isla  do  la  Culebra  and  tlie 
isla  del  Bergantin,  appears  to  have  remained  there 
about  two  months.  During  this  period  he  probably 
sent  out  cruisers,  which  from  time  to  time  brought  in 
prizes.^"  In  July,  however,  he  received  news  of  the 
undertaking  directed  l)y  (ieneral  McGregor  against 
the  Floridas,'^  and  decided  to  coopei-ate  with  him. 
Accordingly,  having destrcned  seven  of  his  v(>ssels,'"  he 
returned  to  Galveston,  whicli  poi't  he  reached  about 
the  middle  of  July.     On  the  21st  of  the  same  month 

"Tliis  account  is  taken  from  tin;  report  of  tlio  encounter  to  the  vicrvoy 
Apodaca,  by  Antonio  Martinez,  in  couiniaml  of  the  S[)anish  troojis.  Martinez 
states  that  after  tlie  tigiit  was  over,  '2ii  men  lay  ileail  ou  tiie  liehl,  12  were 
mortally  woun(le<l,  anil  "2  were  utihurt.  'i  hesi;  last  were  shot.  ll(!  enumei- 
ates  the  weapons  taken,  consistini,'  of  27  muskets,  4  eseopetas,  12  bayonets, 
1  pistt  1,  4  sabres;  also  11  cartridj^e-lioxt.'s;  but  he  makes  no  mention  of  any 
aiMMiunition.  As  lie  remarks  that  all  tlie  woumleil  wen;  'atravi'sados  ile 
lanza, '  it  would  seem  that  I'errys  men  were  nearly  all  killed  i)y  the  lanei' 
aftir  their  ammunition  hail  failed,  (niz.  ilc  Mir.,  1817,  viii.  7>S7  5*.  Linn - 
account  of  the  death  of  Perry  is  incorrect;  1  reganl  the  report  of  the  Spa-  >li 
commander  as  conclusive. 

'"Antonio  Martinez,  who  had  succeeded  Dominjjuezas  governor  of  'J'exas, 
on  the  report  of  Aury's  arrival,  sent  out  a  corps  of  observation,  anil  l.'l 
vessels  were  counted  anchored  in  the  bay.   /</.,  11SI7,  viii.  lliS7-S. 

".(w(-r.  St.dtc  Pityiff,  xii.  40!).  Sir  (Sregor  McUregtu"  was  a  general  ei 
brigade  in  the  service  of  the  revolted  provinces  of  New  (Irenada  and  \'eni- 
zuela.  On  March  HI,  1817,  lie  received  his  commission  to  undertake  tiir 
coiKpiest  of  the  Floridas.  Copy  of  translation  will  be  found  in  lil.,  xii. 
421-2. 

'^Doubtless  Ilia  xiselcs-s  prizes.  Juan  de  Ciistafteda,  who  'lad  been  sent 
with  'M)  men  to  examine  th(3  destroyed  craft,  reporteil  July  21st  tiiat  all  wiiv 
utterly  demolished  except  two  which  were  dismasted  and  full  of  water.  Oiii' 
of  these  was  loaded  with  cotton  and  dye-wood,  and  the  othiir  with  material 
ol  war.     Sec  the  report  in  {Juz,  dc  Mex.,  1S17,  viii.  1)87-1). 


,'i-( 


'% 


called  El 
declared 
rst.  At 
iiided  on 
le  enemy 
lie  banks 
ition  was 
is  brains 
than  sur- 


put  into 
ildings  on 
L  and  the 
led  there 

prol)ably 
irouixbt  in 
\vs  of  the 
)r  against 
vith  him. 
'ssels,'^  he 
led  about 

ne  month 

to  the  vir«roy 

IS.      Miutiiit/. 

lit;l(l,  \'2  wnc 

\\r.  riuiliu'r- 

I'i  biiyonctfi, 

iciitidii  of  iiiiy 

travi'siiilos  ill' 

hy  tliu  Uuit'r 

ST"^  '.».      Limi  ■ 

of  the  Siia-  >li 

riioi'  of  Tcxus, 
iitioii,   iiinl   ]'■'' 

!i  giiuural  I'l 
iil:i  anil  Vein  ■ 
\uiihrtako  thr 
il    ill   III.,   xii. 

lail  ht'ou  Hint 

i  tliat  all  \vi  IV 

f  water.     On.' 

witli  matei'iiil 


THE  PIRATE  OF  THE  GUU\  39 

he  addre.ssed  a  note  to  Manuel  Herrera — who  had 
long  before  returned  to  New  Orleans — in  which  he 
stated  that  to  make  a  diversion  for  the  benefit  of  the 
cause  they  were  supporting,  he  had  determined  to 
abandon  tlie  establishment  at  Galveston,  and  that  he 
should  take  with  him  the  judge  of  the  admiralty 
court,  the  administrator  of  the  customs,  and  all  con- 
stituted authorities.  He  moreover  notified  him  that 
nil  proceedings  after  July  31st  were  to  be  considered 
as  having  taken  place  without  his  consent  and  con- 
trary to  his  will,  and  that  therefore  every  transac- 
tion not  signed  by  Pedro  Rousselin,  the  collector,  who 
would  acc()nn»aiiy  him,  was  to  be  held  as  illegal." 
Aury  adds  that  he  would  have  left  a  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor and  a  dc[)uty  collector,  but  he  feared  that  they 
would  not  luis'e  force  sufficient  to  maintain  older  or 
])i(;vent  the  connnission  of  acts  in  violation  of  the  law 
of  nations."  A  few  days  after,  he  spread  his  sails, 
hound  f  •  the  Floridas.'^  He  had  found  the  island 
occupied  by  Lalitte,  the  Pirate  of  the  Gulf. 

Joaji  Lafitte,  the  oldest  of  three  brothers,  is  reputed 
to  have  lu'en  Itorn  in  Bordeau.x,  France,  al)out  1780. 
8o  varied  and  contrull"  t"T-y  ar'e  the  accounts  o'iven  of 
Ins  early  life  that  ;io  credence  can  be  attached  to  any 
(•f  them.  It  is  not  until  the  snmgglers,  or  pirates,  if 
such  you  choose  to  call  them,  had  well  established 
tlu'niselves  on  the  island  of  Harrataria  that  his  career 
is  known  with  any  certainty.  This  island,  formerly 
called  (}rand  Terre,'*'  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
lake  about  sixty  miles  west  of  the  delta  of  the  ]\lissis- 

'■'lli!  aililressed  a  note  of  the  same  tenor,  July  28th,  to  Beverly  Clew, 
collector  (if  customs  at  Svw  Orleans;  au<l  a  duplicate  of  it  on  the  3lBt,  dated 
at  sia.   Aiiiir.  Sliitv  /'njirrs,  Xi.  ',\')'}. 

"  See  ci>]iy  of  letter  in  A/.,  xii.  4'2X-4. 

'''Alter  surving  tlie  cause  of  the  patriots  for  some  years,  Aury  returned  to 
New  Orleans,  and  I.eing  a  man  of  fine  appearance,  married  a  rich"  widow,  from 
wlioni,  lii>we\'or,  he  was  se^)arated  some  time  afterward.  A.s  late  as  KS4')  he 
MIS  reaidnig  at  Habaua.   1  mkum'.i  JlUt.  Tvx.,  i.  IU4;  United  Service  Journal, 

l)S.)'J. 

'"  It  received  the  name  Harrataria,  derived  from  barat,  an  old  Freucli  word, 
from  which  also  is  derived  barratry. 


40 


rillVATEKUINC,    riRACY,   AND  INVASIONS. 


.11 


I  i'll     '  I 

111.;     iH 


I 


i!    .   1 

\0  ''ill 


sippi.  About  tlio  year  1810  it  Ixraiiio  tlio  roiiflozvous 
of  snuio-ok'i's,  i'reobootors,  and  dcsprradoos  of"  <litirreiit 
nationalities,  Avlio  found  an  easy  disposal  of  their  ill- 
Sjfotten  i-oods  at  New  Orleans.  Anionu"  these  Latitte 
soon  became  ])reeniinent,  by  reason  of  his  superior  tal- 
ent in  conduetin<(  their  nefarious  enterprises,  and  his 
power  over  the  other  cliieftans  became  almost  absohite. 
(rovernor  Claiborne,  in  view  of  the  demoralizini.';  etfect 
whicli  tile  traflic  had  U})on  the  commercial  comnumity 
at  New  Oi'leans — for  many  lart»e  houses  were  in  col- 
lusi<m  witli  them — issued,  in  March  18K3,  a  j)roclama- 
tion  ordt-ring  them  to  disperse.  This  had  no  effect, 
so  lie  placed  a  reward  of  500  dollars  on  the  head  of 
Lafitte,  which  the  latter  treated  with  such  contem])t 
as  to  otter  thirtv  times  the  amount  for  the  oovernor's 
head.  Claiborne  then  tried  force,  and  ai>ain  was  un- 
successful. Lafitte  surrounded  the  troops  sent  against 
him — and  dismissed  them,  loaded  with  jiresentsi 

This  state  of  affairs  l)ein<j;'  reported  to  J^resident 
AEadison,  Connnodore  Patterson  of  the  United  States 
navy  was  ordei'etl  to  destroy  this  hornets'-nest,  and 
in  June  1814  he  arrived  before  Barrataria  with  i^un- 
boats  and  the  schooner  CaroJhiC.  The  ])irates,  in 
seven  fine  armed  cruisers  and  a  felucca,  manned  by 
nearly  1,000  men,  at  first  made  a  show  of  resistance, 
but  finally  al)andonin_L>'  their  vessels,  made  for  the 
land  and  disj)ersed  among  the  swamps.  Patterson 
took  the  surrendered  vessels  and  all  the  s[)()ils  of  Par- 
rataiia  to  New  Orleans. 

This  broke  the  backbone  of  the  connnunity,  whose 
leading  s))irit  was  tlu;  Pirate  of  the  Gulf     Put  \\q  was 

cruisert^ 


outiy 


>pt 


ing,  business  was  still  carrietl  on  secretly.  When  the 
Pritish  api)roached  New  Orleans,  in  the  autuuui  ol 
this  year,  overturt>s  were  made  to  Lafitte,  with  most 
temj)ting  oilers  of  rank  in  the  Pritish  navy  and  a  large 
sum  of  money,  if  he  would  join  the  ser\ice.  J^afitte 
asked  for  time  to  consider,  which  was  granted,  and  h(^ 
sent  without  delay  the  written  proposuds  which  lu;  had 


LIFE  OP  LATHTK. 


41 


It'ZVOUS 

iitU'reiit 
heir  ill- 
]^atitto 
rior  tal- 
aiul  his 
hsolute. 
iLT  ofi'ect 
miiiiiity 
3  ill  col- 
oc'lama- 
)  crt'ect, 
head  of 
)iiteui])t 
vcriior's 
was  iiii- 
,  an'aiust 
tsl 

resi(U>nt 

I  States 

est,  and 

h  n'un- 

ates,   ill 

ined  by 

stance, 

or    tlu' 

itterson 

of  liar- 

wlioso 
li(>  v/as 
icturn- 
len  the 
umn  ol 
h   most 

l.alitte 
juid  ]u) 
lie  had 


rof'oived  to  Governor  Clail)orne,  witli  an  offer  of  liis 
services  to  tlie  Ignited  States,  on  concUtion  that  lio 
and  liis  followers slioiild  l.ic  no  furtlier  molested.  ]lis 
oiler  was  accepted;  and  at  tlie  battle  of  New  Oi'leans, 
he  and  his  men  did  such  p^ood  service,  that  a  parilon 
was  planted  them  hy  l^'csident  Madison.'" 

JJttle  is  known  of  Lafitte's  movi'inents  during'  tlie 
next  two  years.  Precluded  from  carrying'  on  dejirc- 
dations  v/ith  his  ]iead(|uarters  on  United  States  terri- 
tory, lie  seems  to  liave  cruised  about  the  ,<»ulf,  and 
endeavored,  thouo-h  unsuccessfully,  to  establish  him- 
seli'at  J'ort  au  l^rince.'^  A  iV'W  days,  however,  after 
the  departure  of  Auiy  i'rt-m  (jialveston  ibr  Soto  la 
Marina,  Latitte  aj^peared  at  the  island  with  his  [)ri- 
vateers.  The  number  of  his  followers  was  then  about 
forty,  and  on  the  I  otli  of  April,  1 M  1 7,  tliese  freebooters 
l)rocee(li'd  to  establish  a  in'overnment,  with  the  object 
of  "capturing'  Spanish  property  under  what  they  called 
the  Mexican  Hao-,  but  without  an  idea  of  aiding'  the 
revolution  in  ]\lexico,  or  that  of  any  of  the  Spanish 
revolted  colonies."'"  It  seemed  !L>'ood,  however,  to 
imitate  the  policy  of  Aurv  in  order  that  tlu>ir  lawless 
ca|»tui-es  miL>'ht  l)e  introduced  into  Louisiana  with  less 
trouble.  Accoidino^ly  the  cai)tains  of  the  cruisers  met 
and  elected  the  different  membersof  their  ^'ovei'iimeiit. 
]jouis  Derieux  was  made  n()V(.ni,)r  and  military  com- 
mandant; A.  .Pironneau,  adjutant  commandant;  J. 
])ucoin,o-,  judo-e  of  the  a(hnir'alty;  Pedro  Jtousselin,"" 
collector  of  customs;  Kaymoir  Espaonol,  secretary 
of  the  treasury  and  notary  ])ublic;  and  Jean  Jannet, 
maiine    commandant.     That    no  formalitv  mi,o-ht  be 


wantini^-.  the  oath  of  fidelitv  to  the  M 


exican  re})ulilic 


was  taken.     The  governor  was  first  sworn  by  Luis 


'' Dntcd  \-\-h.  -),  IS],-).     fVmsult  Yniih 


.•{,sj  4,  1-: 


V  lUII  III/  .s' 


///.<  7V.I-.,  i.  ISC)  no ;   nulir  .Vn 


T, 


i.  L'SS-'.I;  (III 


VI.  ;u. 


I'oi.i.,  12.VI  <t(i,  :{(••.'  (i,  :u'.'-i(), ;{.-.()- 7, 4iLr)04;  Dc 

Sfiifr  /'ii]irr.s,  xi.  :!,-)]. 


!/iirrr 

■I  I  Hi-  /,'( 


//;.< 


!•: 


trstniidiiv,  in  /'/.,  xi.  .'{."i!). 


boat  t 


KoiisMliii  wiis  Amy's  collector,  and  lia<l  buou  kft  hy  him  witli  an  a.lvifi 
'  ■  lopint  arrivals  ol  iirivatccra  to  liim. 


42 


PRIVATEERING,   PIRACY,  AND  INVASIONS. 


Jl 


i 


Jill 


I    r 


i,|i  III 
ill 


ill  ,i' 


WU 


Iturribarria,  and  the  others  then  took  the  oath  to  the 
governor.^^  On  the  20th  of  the  same  month,  other 
craft  having  arrived,  the  captains  and  owners  of  them, 
to  the  number  of  seventeen,  were  convened  on  board 
the  schooner  Jupiter.  The  appointments  were  con- 
firmed, and  regulations  made  concerning  the  disposal 
of  the  duties  that  should  accrue  from  prizes.  The 
proceedings  were  drawn  up  and  signed  by  those  pres- 
ent before  the  secretary  pro  tem,  Lafon. 

Under  the  auspices  of  this  worthy  administration, 
Galveston  soon  became  the  asylum  of  refugees  from 
justice  and  desperadoes  of  every  nationality  and  dye. 
By  the  end  of  the  year,  Lafitte's  followers  numbered 
nearly  1,000  men,  and  their  depredations  in  the  gulf 
were  carried  on  to  such  an  extent  that  Spanish  com- 
merce was  almost  swept  from  that  sea.  But  this  was 
not  all ;  the  vessels  of  other  nations  became  the  prey 
of  these  pirates.  The  United  States  government 
would  have  broken  up  the  nest  but  for  the  opposition 
of  the  Spanish  minister  Onis.  The  boundary  question 
had  not  yet  been  settled,  and  it  was  feared  that  if  the 
government  at  Washington  dispersed  the  buccaneers 
from  Galveston  by  armed  force,  it  would  retain  pos- 
session of  the  island.""  Thus  for  years  the  Pirate  of 
the  Gulf  remained  unmolested.  On  the  site  where  the 
city  of  Galveston  now  stands  he  erected  a  iovt,  and 
built  himself  a  house,  around  which  numerous  other 
edifices  soon  sprung  up,  forming  a  busy  settlement, 
which  he  named  Campeachy,  ()n  the  Dth  of  October, 
1819,  Galveston  was  declared  a  port  of  entry  of  the 
republic  of  Texas,  which  had  lately  been  proclaimed 
by  the  leaders  of  another  expedition  into  the  country, 
and  Lafitte  was  made  governor  of  the  place.  Shortly 
afterward  one  of  his  followers,  named  Brown,  robbed 
an  American  vessel  near  the  Sabine,  and  being  pur- 


'■^'A/.,  xi.  ,358-0,  38C-7.  It  will  be  noticed  that  Lafitte's  name  docs  not 
appear.  Hut  there  is  evidence  that  ho  was  present.  Consult  /(/.,  xi.  M\). 
He  probably  did  not  choose,  from  policy,  to  nave  his  name  used.  Ihis  is 
Yoakum's  opinion. 

'•'■^Seo  the  objections  raised  by  Onis,  Dec.  6,  1817,  when  informed  of  meas- 
ures tukuu  by  the  president  to  suppress  these  marauders.  Id.,  xii.  11. 


AFFAIRS  AT  GALVESTON. 


43 


to  the 
L,  other 
f  them, 
1  board 
re  con- 
lisposal 
;.  The 
se  pres- 

tration, 
3S  from 
nd  dye. 
iinbered 
the  gulf 
sh  com- 
this  was 
the  prey 
eminent 
)position 
nuestion 
at  if  the 
ccaneers 
ihi  pos- 
irate  of 
liere  the 
)rt,  and 
other 
enient, 
October, 
_^   of  the 
ichiimed 
ountry, 
Shortly 
robbed 
ng  pur- 

nu  iloes  not 
,/.,  xi.  .14'.). 
(I.     Ihis  in 

ed  of  nieas- 
11. 


IS 

tl 


sued  by  the  United  States  schooner  Lynx,  Captain 
I^[;idis(>n,  he  abandoned  his  boats  and  escaped  with 
the  tii'ws  to  land.  The  Lynx  sailed  to  Galveston,  and 
Ijafitte  sumniarily  hanged  Brown.  Madison  was 
satistit'd  with  this  prompt  measure,  and  with  the  dis- 
])()sition  sliown  by  Lafitte  to  bring  the  other  culprits 
to  justice.--'  But  in  the  following  year  another  Amer- 
ican vessel  was  taken  by  one  of  Laiitte's  cruisers  and 
scuttled  in  Matagorda  Bay.  The  governinent  at 
Wasliington  sent  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the 
case,  and  the  report  being  unfavorable  to  Lafitte,  the 
K)ifrrpr'm\  Lieutenant  Kearney,  was  sent  early  in 
IcS-JI  to  break  up  the  Galveston  establishment. 
Ki'arney  visited  tlie  freebooter  in  his  home,  wliere  he 
was  hospitably  entertained.  Lafitte,  aware  of  tlie  in- 
flexible determination  of  the  United  States  govern- 
nuiut,  proceeded  to  obey  its  orders.  He  destroyed 
his  fortifications,  paid  otf  and  disbanded  his  men,  and 
on  board  his  fiivorite  vessel,  the  Pride,  sailed  away 
forever  from  the  shores  of  Texas."* 

'-^Si'c  the  correspondence  on  this  matter  between  Capt.  Mailison  and 
Ijiititti-,  ill  XUfx'  /.'(</.,  xvii,  3i(5-G;  also  A  Day  ivith  Lojitte,  iu  Democratic 
J'l riiii;  vi.  40. 

-'  liiitittc  pL'i-.sisti'ntly  maintained  that  he  only  made  war  on  Spanish  ves- 
bcls.  AcciiriliiiL!  to  an  acuouiit  j^iveu  by  an  otiicer  of  tlio  Eiiti'iyrixc,  who 
acconiiiaiiic'd  Ktanicy  on  a  vi.sit  to  I^atitte,  the  freebooter  gave  at  table  the 
following  sketch  of  his  life  as  a  pirate,  and  the  cause  of  liis  adopting  this 
career:  he  st,'iteil  that  IS  years  before  he  had  been  a  niercliant  at  Santo 
Doniin^o,  ami  that  having  become  rich,  he  wound  up  his  affairs,  sold  his 
proiierty,  bought  a  ship,  and  freigiited  her  witii  a  valuable  cargo,  iuehiding  a 
Lirge  anuiunt  of  specie.  Having  set  sail  for  Kurope  with  his  wife  on  board, 
he  was  captured,  when  a  week  at  sea,  by  a  Spanish  nuui-of-war,  and  robbed 
of  everything  he  possessed.  The  Spanish  captain  had  the  inlnimaiiity  to  set 
liiiM  anil  the  crew  ashore  on  a  barren  sand  key,  with  provisions  for  a  few  days 
only.  'Ihey  were  taken  off  by  an  American  schooner  and  lamU'tl  at  iNew 
Orleans,  where  his  wife  died  in  a  few  days  from  fever,  contracted  by  hardship 
and  exi)osure.  Lafitte,  in  desperation,  joining  some  I'.iring  fellows,  and  hav- 
ing purcliased  a  schooner,  declared  eternal  venge  ...,„  against  Spain.  'For 
litteen  ye.ars,'  he  said,  '  I  have  carried  on  a  war  against  Spain.  So  long  as  [ 
live  I  am  at  war  with  Spain,  but  no  other  nation.  I  am  at  peace  witli  all  the 
world  excejit  Spai:>.  Although  they  call  me  a  pirate,  I  am  not  guilty  of 
att^icking  any  vessel  nf  the  English  or  French.'  /(/.,  42.  The  same  writer 
ilescrii)es  Ijahtte  'as  a  snut,  rather  gentlemanly  personage,  some  five  feet  ten 
inches  in  height,  dressed  \  >'ry  simply  in  a  foraging  cap  and  blue  frock  of  .a 
most  villaiu)Us  tit;  his  complexion,  like  most  creole.s,  olive;  his  couiiteuanee 
full,  milil,  and  rather  impressive,  but  for  a  sniiiU  black  eye,  which  now  and 
then,  fw  he  grew  animated  in  conversation,  Wfiubl  Hash  iu  a  way  which  im- 
pressed mo  with  a  uotiou  that  "  11  Capitano  "  might  be,  when  roiraod,  a  very 


r 


I  'I'll  '■ 


rUIVATEERINO,    PIRACY,    AND  INVASIONS. 


■f* 


■    ,i'!'^' 


!^il;i 


After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  a  number  of  Fieneh 
officers  wiio  liad  followed  his  fortunes  retired  to  the 
United  States,  where  thev  were  kindly  received.  On 
the  Jkl  of  March,  1817,  con<>'ress  bestowed  on  these 
refu«^ees  a  grant  of  1)2,000  acres  of  choice  lantl  in  Ala- 
ban)a,  on  the  condition  tliat  the  settlers  should  intro- 
duce the  cultivation  of  the  vine  and  olive.  The  terms 
of  the  grant  were  so  favorable"'  as  to  make  it  e(|uiva- 
lent  to  a  i>'ift.  Nevertheless,  the  colonists  bciny'  mill- 
tary  men  failed  of  success,  and  most  of  them  sold 
their  })ortion  of  land  for  a  mere  trifle.  Thus  the  gen- 
erous intention  of  the  United  States  congress  to  ben- 
efit a  number  of  unfortunate  [)ersons  and  ])roniote 
their  welfare  rosultetl  in  the  enriching  of  a  few  spec- 
ulators."" Some  of  the  grantees  attributed  their  failure 
to  the  climate,  and  soutjht  for  more  ufenial  localities. 
Among  these  were  generals  Lallemand  and  Kigault, 
wlio  bi'lii'ved  that  the}'  would  find  in  Texas  all  the 
requirements  for  the  establishment  of  a  successful 
colony.  Having  addressed  to  the  court  of  S[>ain  a 
nt)te  declaring  their  intention,  and  having  received  no 
reply  to  their  connnunication,  which  could  only  be 
regarded  as  imoertinent,"'  they  proceeded  to  carry  out 
their  design. 

Accordingly,  in  March  1818,  Lallemand,  leaving  a 
younger  l)rother,  Dominique,  at  New  Orleans  to  for- 
ward supplies,   sailed  with   120  settlers,  and  having 

"ugly  ciistoiiicr."  His  donioanor  toward  us  was  exceedingly  coiii'teous.' 
Later  he  remarks;  'Ho  was  evidently  educated  and  gifted  witli  no  cdinuion 
tfileut  for  conversation.'  I.atitte  continued  to  cruise  on  tlie  Spanish  main  for 
several  years.  (Occasionally  he  visited  Sisal,  and  the  island  of  Margarita, 
near  tlie  mouth  of  the  Oronoco.  He  died  in  IS'JO  at  Cilam — proiierly  written 
Dilam,  and  incorrectly  Silan,  as  in  the  American  Cyclopiedia,  sub  nom.  l^atitte 
— a  town  in  Yucatan,  and  was  there  l)urie<l  in  the  canipo  santo.  Yoakuiii,  iit. 
miih,  •204;  J>e  /ioir\<i  h'cncir,  Oct.  ISol. 

'•'Tlie  land  was  sold  to  them  at  !*'J  per  acre,  payable  in  14  years  without 
interest.  Ailr/  /iV;/.,  xiv.  ',VX\. 

■-'■'One  speculator  was  said  to  have  made  l)etween  Sr)()0,000  and  §1,0()0,()00 
l)y  these  land  transactions.   /(/.;  Lc  C/niiiiji  iTA.iih',  14-15. 

''''  Tiiey  «  rote  thus:  '  C^lue  si  la  cour  d'Kspagne  ac(juies(,'ait  k  leurs  demaude, 
elle  pouvait  compter  sur  leurs  services  et  leur  tidi'lite.  Que,  dans  Ic  cas 
contraire,  ils  ]>i'otiteraient  du  droit  ([ue  la  nature  accorde  a  tout  hommi?  do 
fertiliser  des  solitudes  incultes,  ot  dont  personne  n'est  autorise  a  lui  <lisputer 
la  possession.  .  .Qu'  enlin  ils  etaient  determines,  4ucliiuu  chusu  ijui  arrivat,  ii 
se  li.xcr  dans  la  coiitrec  du  'iexas.'  Id.,  18-1'J. 


i 


I 


* 
■fc 


:| 

.;« 

^^roneli 

,:* 

to  tlio 

■1 

I.     Oil 

•'.» 

I  these 

111  Ala- 

.  iiitro- 

}  terms 

LHiuiva- 

lii'  mili- 

in   sold 

le  ^"eii- 

to  l»eii- 

roiiiote 

w  spee- 

•  fai  are 

L-alities. 

lii»ault, 

all  the 

ccessful 

■>[)aiu  a 

ived  no 

)iily  be 

ii-ry  out 

ivin<if  a 

1  to  for- 

liaving' 

L'ourtoous.' 

()  coiimioii 

li  iiuiiu  tor 

Margiiiitii, 

-^ 

•ly  wi'itton 

'  '^M 

nil.  LiitittL' 

^M 

'otikniii,  lit 

■'M^ 

va  withiiut 

1 

?1,0(H),000 

1 

(luiuauilo, 

M 

uis   Ic  cua 

~wk 

loiiiiiio  (le 

tS 

li  ilisjiutcr 

::|l 

turivat,  i'l 

■  -a 

COLONIZATION". 


45 


enti>re(l  tlu'  Way  of  CJalveston,  scloctod  a  spot  on  the 
Trinity  IJivi-r,  ahout  twelve  miles  ahove  its  mouth, 
and  in'o-iui  to  fortify  the  post.  On  ^Tay  I  Itii  a  deela- 
ration  was  issued  hy  the  eolonists,  in  which  tliry  srt 
lortli  that,  liavino-  been  driven  I'rom  tlu-ir  country  hy 
a  scrii's  of  calamities,  they  had  determimMJ  to  seek  an 
asyhim.  ami  that  tindinjj^  lands  unoecuiiied.  they  con- 
sidered that  they  liad  the  ri^ht  to  estahlish  themselves 
theieon.  Tluy  proceeded  to  state  that  their  inten- 
tions wei'c  peaiH'ahle,  hut  that,  if  i)ersecute(l,  they 
would  justly  defend  themselves;  the  land  tiny  occu- 
pied would  see  them  prosper  or  bravely  <lie.  The 
coloiiv,  to  w  liii-h  they  j^'ave  the  nom*'  of  Champ  d' 
Asile,  was  e.ssi'iitially  an  ao-ricultural  and  commercial 
one,  biit  foi-  its  pi'cservation  it  would  be  conducted 
under  a  military  systcnn.-^  Sifh  were  their  senti- 
ments and  intentions,  but  the  soldier  doi's  not  make 
a  n()()([  agriculturist.  ACoi-covei",  a  drought  set  in 
and  rcMideicd  abortive  their  first  efforts.  Xeverthe- 
less,  as  eaine  was  abundant,  they  manaiu'ed  to  subsist 
for  a  time,  and  established  a  petty  tratiie  with  the 
Indians;  but  when  a  Si)anish  force  inarched  a^-aiust 
Champ  d' Asile,  the  feeble  colony,  reduced  by  priva- 
tions, was  in  no  condition  to  resist,"'"  and  retired  to 
(hdveston.  1  alleniand  returned  to  the  United  States, 
but  the  fate  of  his  followers  is  uidvuown.  It  is  prob- 
able that  most  of  them  cast  their  lot  with  Jjalitte's 
ilesperadoes,  a  few  only  reaching"  the  United  States. 

During-  the  p(>riod  from  1801)  to  1815  no  di]ilo)'  utie 
relatioiis  existed  between  the  Uniti'd  States  and  Spair.. 
In  June  of  the  first-iuimed  year  Luis  de  Onis  had 
been  a})pointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  Washington 
by  the  S[)anish  suprema  junta  central,  a  provisional 
government  which  the  United  States  could  not  ac- 
knowledge, nor  was  it  until  December  1815  that  Onis 

'^Tnpy  of  (li'daratiou  will  bo  found  in  I<1.,  44-7,  and  a  translation  in  Nikn 
li'[l.,  xiv.  ;«)4. 

•^ Darbi  Mill-hols,  llkt.  Louis.,  390-8;  Xotlcloso  Gi'ii.,  Feb   V2,  1819,4. 


T 


!    :  J  ! 


!!<<iiiriiiiii 

■  I ' 


1i 


.¥^ 


ii . 


Tl! 

III!  ' 


i  i( 


46 


PRIVATEERING,   PIRACY,  AND  INVASIONS. 


was  f(jrmally  recognized.^"  Relations  having  then 
been  restored,  the  Louisiana  boundary  question  be- 
came a  matter  of  serious  consideration.  The  settle- 
ment of  the  dispute  between  the  two  powers  as  to  the 
right  of  ownership  to  Texas  became  involved  with 
the  negotiations  that  had  taken  place  for  the  cession 
of  the  Floridas  to  the  United  States,  and  the  two 
questions  were  now  to  be  treated  in  combination. 
The  discussions  which  ensued  were  very  lengtliy, 
extending  over  thiee  years,  and  numerous  pro})osi- 
tions  and  counter-propositions  were  made.'^* 

Terms  of  agreement  were  finally  arranged,  and  on 
February  22,  1811),  a  treaty  was  signed  by  Onis  and 
the  American  secretary  of  state,  by  which  the  Flori- 
das were  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  S})ain 
retained  posi^ession  of  Texas.  The  boundary  line 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Spanish  posses 
sions,  as  defined  in  the  third  article  of  the  convention, 
was  as  follows:  it  was  to  begin  at  the  moutli  of  the 
river  Sabine,  continuing  north  along  the  western  bank 
of  that  river  to  latitude  32'';  thence  by  a  line  due 
north  to  the  degree  of  latitude  where  it  strikes  Red 
River;  then  following  the  course  of  that  river  west- 
ward to  longitude  2.3°  west  from  Washington ;  crossing 
said  river,  it  was  to  run  by  a  line  due  north  to  the 
Arkansas,  following  the  southern  bank  of  that  river 

^0)i!s,  Mem.  Neijoc,  1-2;  Amer.  State  Papers,  xi.  54. 

^'  Tlic  correspoiulcnco  ami  documents  rcLatiiig  to  the  opposing  claims  to 
the  possession  of  'I'exiis  will  be  found  in  AiuKilfo/  Comj.,  181!>,  ii.  I(i2!)-'J1.31. 
1  he  claims  of  the  U.  S.  that  'I'cxiUi  formed  a  part  of  Louisiana  were  based  on 
the  possession  taken  and  establishment  made  by  La  Salle  in  ]()85  at  San  lier- 
narito  liiiy;  the  charter  of  Louis  XIV.  to  Crozat  in  1712;  the  geograpiiical 
authority  of  De  Lisle  s  map,  and  more  especially  that  of  Tomas  Lo[)ez, 
geographer  to  the  king  of  Spain,  jjuljlished  in  17(12;  the  map  of  Homann, 
published  at  Nuremburg  in  1712,  and  a  British  ofiicial  map  published  hy 
Bowen  in  1755,  intended  to  point  out  the  boundaries  of  British,  Spanish,  and 
French  colonies  in  North  America;  also  on  geographical  works  and  narra- 
tives, e.speci.-ily  the  accounts  of  Heimepin  in  liiSS;  of  Fonti  in  1()07;  and 
of  Jontel  in  1713 — pp.  1757-8.  Onis  endeavors  to  show  that  these  supports 
were  without  foundation,  claiming  priority  of  discovery,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  province  of  Texas  in  IGiK).  Mem.  Neijoc.,  48-57.  A  long  review 
of  the  U.  S.  claims  to  Texas,  wliereiu  the  author  seeks  to  prove  that  Texas 
never  formed  any  part  of  Louisiana,  and  that  the  cry  or  're-annexation,' 
raised  20  years  later,  was  an  atteh)pt  at  a  'gross  infraction  of  a  previjus 
treaty,'  will  be  found  in  Grattans  Cen,  Amer.,  254-82. 


TREATY  WITH  SPAIN. 


47 


ig  then 
tion  be- 
e  settlo- 
18  to  the 
od  with 
D  cossion 
the  two 
bi  nation, 
leiigtliy, 
proposi- 

[,  and  on 
Onis  and 
le  Flori- 
id    Spain 
lary   line 
h  posses- 
nvcntion, 
th  of  the 
;ern  bank 
hne  due 
•ikes  Ked 
ver  west- 
;  crossing 
,h  to  the 
,hat  river 


ing  claims  to 
ii.  KJ'i!)  'J131. 
ivere  biusud  nil 
j  at  Sail   lit  T- 

yoograpliical 
(iiiias    Lopoz, 

<if  Hoiiiaiin, 
puhlislietl  hy 

Spanish,  ami 
4S  and  iiaira- 
iu  1()'.)7;  anil 
heso  supiiofts 
the  estiililish- 
A.  long  ruvifW 
■c  that  Texas 
e-annexation,' 
of  a  jiriivijus 


to  its  source  in  latitude  42°  north;  and  thcnco  by 
that  parallel  to  the  Pacific. ^'^ 

The  king  of  Spain,  however,  failed  to  ratify  the 
treaty  within  the  six  months  prescribed,  and  when  lie 
ratified  it,  October  24,  1820,  the  controversy  was 
renewed,  the  United  States  being  strongly  disinclined 
to  recoo'nize  the  late  convention.  The  treatv  had 
from  the  first  caused  wide-spread  dissatisfaction,  and 
tliere  was  a  strong  party  wdiich  not  only  regarded  the 
cession  of  Texas  for  the  Floridas,  as  the  exchange  of 
a  valuable  territory  for  an  inferior  one,  but  as  a  vio- 
lation of  the  fundamental  principle  of  the  United 
States  never  to  relin(|uish  territory.  The  demurrers 
to  tlie  treaty,  insisting  on  the  justice  of  the  claim  to 
Texas,  considered  the  action  of  the  government  in 
making  the  convention  unconstitutional,  and  that  tlie 
ecpiivalent  to  be  given  by  Spain  was  inadeijuate.''' 
Another  year  having  l)een  passed  in  profitless  discus- 
sion between  the  two  governments,  congress,  on  the 
IDth  of  February,  1821,  consented  to  and  advised 
tlie  president  to  ratify  the  treaty.  On  the  28th  of 
the  same  month  John  Quincy  A  lams  informed  the 
S[)anisli  envoy  that  President  Monroe  had  accepted 
the  ratification. 

The  reader  will  not  have  failed  to  observe  with 
what  signal  want  of  success  all  attcm})ts  to  occupy  or 
colonize  Texas  by  force  of  arms  were  attended.  I 
have  still  to  record  another  instance  of  like  failure. 

In  Natchez  the  angry  feeling  aroused  by  the  treaty 
of  February  1819  was  exhibited  hi  a  practical  man- 
ner.    A  meeting  of  the  iidiabitants  was  held,  for  the 


^'^  Annnh  of  Cong.,  1819,  ii.  2130  et  seq.,  wlici. 
1)0  found. 


copy  of  tho  treaty  will 


='■' Henry  Clay,  a  few  days  before,  April  .%  IK-JO,  Mil)iiiinrd  the  following 
resolutions  to  the  house:  "ihat  the  constitution  of  th^  I  .  S.  vests  in  con- 
gress the  power  to  dispose  of  the  territory  l>eh>iigiiig  to  llii'in,  and  that  no 
treaty  purporting  to  alienate  any  portion  thereof  is  vali.l  witliout  the  coii- 
ourrence  of  congress;'  and  'that  the  equivalent  proiiosi^d  to  lie  given  by 
Spain  to  tho  U.  S.  in  the  treaty.  .  .for  that  part  of  Louisiana  lying  west  of 
the  Sabine  was  inadequate;  and  that  it  wouM  l)e  inexpedient  to  make  a  trans- 
fer thereof  to  any  foreign  power,  or  renew  the  aforesaid  treavy.'  AnmiU  of 
Couij.,  1820,  ii.  1719.     Arguments  in  support  follow. 


f 


inir 


-!!:■ 


48 


riilVATEEUINci,   riUAt'Y,   AND  INVASK^NS. 


purpose  of  orncaiiiziiiuj  an  cxpetlitioii  in  aid  of  tlio  rov- 
olutionary  party,  and  Janios  Ijoni;'"  was  appointed 
leader  of  the  enterprise!.  Lonj;"  entereil  into  the  un- 
dertakini;-  with  entliusiasni,  and  in  June  starti'd  from 
Natcliez  witli  about  seventy-five  folh)Wers  for  Nacog- 
iloclies.  His  nund)ers  were  ra})iilly  increased,  and 
soon  after  his  arrival  at  that  place  he  could  muster 
over  300  men,  amonjj;"  whon)  may  be  mentioned  ]:ier- 
nardo  Gutierrez  and  Samuel  Daven})ort.  He  imme- 
diately })roceeded  to  establish  a  civil  government, 
under  the  control  of  a  su[)reme  council  invested  with 
legislative  powers.  The  council  was  comjxtsid  of 
Horatio  IViglow,  Handin  Cook,  W.  ^Y.  Walker,  Ste- 
phen J^arker,  John  Sibley,  Samuel  Daven[)ort,  John 
G.  ]:Jurnett,  J.  Child,  Pedro  Proeello,  and  jiernardo 
Gutierrez.  General  Long  was  chosen  presidcMit.  On 
June  '2[k\  tlie  supreme  council  declan-d  the  ])rovince 
a  fi-ee  and  independent  republic."*'  In  the  {>ri'and)le 
it  was  set  foi-th  that  the  citizens  of  Texas  had  long 
indulged  the  hope  that,  in  the  settlement  of  the  boun- 
dary ([Uestion,  they  would  be  included  W'thiu  the  limits 
of  the  Ignited  States.  The  recent  treatv,  howexer, 
with  S[)ain  had  dissi})ated  this  illusion,  and  they  saw 
themselves  abandoned  to  the  dominion  of  the  crown 
of  Spain.  They  had  therefore  resolved,  under  the 
blessing  of  God,  to  be  I'ree.  I  must  remark  that  these 
'citizens  of  Texas'  were  conqn-ised  of  a  few  Anieiicau 
settlers,  who  had  gradually  encroached  upon  tlie  ter- 
ritory and  been  unmolested.  Various  laws  were  next 
enacted  for  the  organization  of  th.e  new  republic,  and 
the  raising  of  revenue  by  the  sale  of  public  lands.'" 


M 


^*  James  Long  was  born  in  Virg  nia,  ami  liaving  stmlicd  medicine,  was  at- 
tacheil  to  the  medical  sta  i*  of  Carroll's  brigade,  lie  was  a  favorite  of  (ieii. 
Jackson,  and  distinguished  himself  at  tlic  battle  of  New  Orleans.  Having 
married  Jane  11.  WilkinLion,  a  niece  of  (lea.  Wilkinson,  he  retired  from  the 
army,  and  after  trying  agriculture,  settled  at  Natchez  iis  a  merchant.  From 
Gen.  Alirabeau  Lamar  s  narrative,  in  t'oote's  Tv.v.,  i.  201-2. 

^•'Interesting  extracts  from  this  declaration  of  the  independence  of  Texas, 
which  was  published  in  the  Louisiana  Herald,  will  bo  found  va.  Xilca'  Reij-t 
xvii.  31. 

'"'' A  bdl  was  passed  for  the  sale  of  lands  on  the  Atoyac  and  Ked  rivers, 
the  miiumum  price  for  those  on  the  Hrst-uamed  stream,  which  was  an  atUueut 


LONO'S  EXPEDITION. 


.mcricaii 


Tlio  ndvonturors,  or  juitriots  ns  tlK>v  styUul  tlicm- 
solvos,  iiuul(3  military  (lis[)()siti(ms  to  (urupy  tlie  nmn- 
try.  J^avid  Loult,  a  brother  of  tli(^  j^enoral.  was 
(Ifspittclicd  with  iiu'rcliaiidise  to  the  upper  crossing,''  of 
t!iv.  Trinity  to  tralHc-  with  the  Indians;  Jolinson  was 
sent  on  a  similar  oxj '"dition  to  tho  Brazos;  Major 
Suiitli,  with  forty  men,  was  stationeil  at  tlie  Cocliattee 
viilau^e  on  the  Trinity;  and  Walker  witli  twenty-eiuht 
men  fortified  a  position  on  the  Brazos  at  the  oKl  l^a 
Hal  I  fa  crossiiiLf.  These  arranj^cments  liavinj^  heen 
eoiiiplcted  hy  the  end  of  Se[)teml>er,  l^on*^,  who  liad 
alreaily  been  in  communication  with  Lafitte,  now 
':(t\(i-  lor  of  (;ralveston  under  the  republic,  decided  tt) 
pay  inm  a  visit,  in  tlie  hope  that  by  a  personal  inter- 
view lie  would  be  able  to  induce  that  chieftain  to 
assist  him  in  his  undertaking.  LeavinLj  Major  C'ook 
ill  cnmmand  at  Nacogdoclies,  he  therefore  proceeded 
towai'd  (Jalveston,  but  on  arrivin*^  at  the  Cocliattee 
villai;-e,  Jie  received  tidini^s,  brou<,dit  in  by  the  Indians, 
that  tlu!  royalists  were  rai)idly  ap[>roaching.  A  Span- 
ish force,  700  strony,",  uiuier  Colonel  lijfnacio  Perez, 
was  advanciii!^  to  drive  out  tlie  invaders.  Long  at 
(iiicc  si'iit  orders  to  Cook  and  Ids  outlying  detachuKMits 
to  (MHicentrate  at  the  Cocliattee  village,  and  iiastened 
on  to  (Jalveston.  But  Lafitte,  though  exprt>ssing  his 
hrst  wishes  for  Long's  success,  regarded  the  mter- 
prisc  as  far  too  hazardous,  and  so  told  Long,  calling 
liis  attention  to  the  many  ottem[>ts  wliicli  had  failed 
through  want  of  the  large  force  necessary  for  an  in- 
\asion  by  land.  Disappointed  at  not  receiving  the 
di'sin'd  aid,  Long  returned  without  dekiy  to  the  vil- 
lage, where  he  learned  that  sudden  and  most  rjihious 
calamity  liad  fallen  on  the  embryo  repul»lic. 

Of  all  the  expeditions  to  Texas,  not  one  experienced 
a  more  s})eedy  collapse  or  swifter  ruin  than  that  of 
Long.     Cook  was  of  all  men  the  most  unlit  to  hold 


iif  the  \achca,  being  §1  an  aero,  payal.le  one  fourth  down  and  the  remainder 
ill  tliri'o  annual  instalments.     The  lands  on  tlie  more  distant  Ked  liivor  were 
lutLil  at  from  l'2h  to  50' cents  an  acre.  Footv'a  T(^x.,  i.  205. 
Hist.  X.  Mex.  Statks,  Vol.  II.    4 


ilVf 


ililtllll      1, 

I  !•  liii 


'liiilii 


i 


80 


PRIVATEERING,  PIRACY,  AND  INVASIONS. 


the  responsible  position  in  which  he  had  been  placed. 
Of  intemperate  habits,  on  the  departure  of  Long  from 
Nacogrloches,  he  gave  way  to  drunkenness  and  dissi- 
pation, and  the  garrison,  following  his  example,  fell 
into  disorder.  Meantime  the  royalist  troops,  October 
11th,  surprised  Johnson's  detachment  on  the  Brazos, 
taking  eleven  prisoners,  and  dispersing  the  rest. 
Johnson  with  six  others  escaped  to  Walker's  fort, 
which  was  assailed  on  the  15th;  the  republicans  were 
compelled  to  seek  safety  in  flight,  de.stitute  of  every- 
thing. David  Long's  post  at  the  upper  cros.sing  on 
the  Trinity  was  next  attacked.  Long  was  killed,  and 
his  men  fled  to  Nacogdoches.  Smith  at  the  Cochat- 
tee  village  had  been  joined  by  Johnson  and  Walker, 
with  other  fugitives;  and  wlieu  Perez  approached,  lio 
retreated  forty  miles  below  the  village.  But  attempt- 
ing to  elude  the  enemy,  a  skirmish  was  brought  on,  in 
which  several  fell  on  both  sides.  The  republicans 
were  again  defeated,  and  made  their  way  in  canoes  to 
Point  Bolivar  on  Galveston  Bay,  which  Long  had  pre- 
viously appointed  as  a  place  of  rendezvous  in  case  of 
disaster,  and  had  already  made  preparations  to  fortify. 
When  the  fugitives  from  David  Long's  post  reached 
Nacogdoches  the  wildest  confusion  prevailed.  Not 
for  a  moment  was  a  thought  of  resistance  entertained ; 
the  garrison  and  inhabitants  alike  hurried  out  of  tlio 
place  to  seek  safety  on  the  other  side  of  the  Sabine ; 
and  when  Long,  who  had  hastened  forward  at  full 
speed,  arrived  at  Nacogdoches,  he  found  a  silent  and 
deserted  town.  He  himself  barely  escaped  capture  at 
the  hands  of  a  detac'  ment  of  royalists  which  pres- 
ently came  up  in  pursuit,  and  succeeded  in  takiiiij;^ 
many  of  the  fugitives  prisoners  before  they  crossed 
the  saving  river.  After  his  escape,  Long  passed  down 
the  Calcasieu  and  repaired  to  Point  Bolivar,  where 
he  found  the  remnant  of  the  republican  forces.®^ 


"  The  above  account  of  this  expedition  is  v  ken  from  the  narrative  of  Ocii- 
eral  Mirtaheau  Lanier,  presiilent  of  'lexas,  11..'  which  he  placed  in  the  li  mils 
of  Foote,  who  gave  it  to  the  puMic  in  bin  ^'c.<  4  and  the  Texaiw,  i.  lUS-iJlO. 


[S. 


SAD  CONDITION  OF  AFFAIRS. 


61 


en  placed. 
liomx  from 
and  dissi- 
ample,  fell 
IS,  October 
he  Brazos, 
the    rest. 
Ikcr's  fort, 
leans  were 
)  of  every- 
?rosoing  on 
killed,  and 
he  Cochat- 
id  Walker, 
cached,  he 
it  attcnipt- 
(Ught  on,  in 
republicans 
n  canoes  to 
ng  had  pre- 
s  in  case  of 
s  to  fortify, 
ost  reached 
died.     Not 
ntertahied ; 
out  of  the 
ihe  Sabuie; 
ard  at  full 
silent  and 
capture  at 
hich  pres- 
in  takinij: 
sy  crossed 
lassed  doNVii 
Lvar,  where 


rces 


37 


larrativeof  Oiii- 
led  in  tho  1\  uuls 
la««,  i.  198-'210. 


Recognizing  that  the  expedition  was  utterly  broken 
up,  Long  retired  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  appears 
to  have  formed  the  .^cquaintaace  of  the  Mexican  pa- 
triots Milam  and  Trespalacios.  In  the  spring  of 
1821  an  expedition  was  organized  by  these  indepen- 
dent leaders,  and  Point  Bolivar  occupied.  Provided 
with  a  commission  by  Trespalacios,  who  styled  him- 
self lieutenant-general  of  the  Mexican  army  and  pres- 
ident of  the  supreme  council  of  Texas,*^  Long  landed 
at  the  mouth  of  the  San  Antonio,  and  with  5 1  men 
marched  against  La  Bahia,  which  he  took  ])ossession 
of  witliout  opposition  October  4,  1821.  He  was  com- 
]  idled,  however,  to  surrender  a  few  days  afterward  to 
Colonel  Perez,  and  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  with  his 
followers  to  San  Antonio  de  Bejar.  Representing 
that  he  had  undertaken  the  expedition  in  the  cause 
of  independence,  he  and  his  fellow-captives  were 
treated  with  leniency.^"  Long  was  conveyed  to  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  the  independence  of  which  he 
pi-ofessed  himself  a  supporter  having  been  acliieved, 
lie  was  granted  his  liberty.  In  182'^,  wishing  to  enter 
the  barracks  of  Los  Gallos,  and  being  refused  admis- 
sion, he  struck  the  sentinel,  who  thereupon  shot  him 
deud.^" 

IVn  /  was  coirplimeuted  by  the  king  for  his  success.  Oaz.  de  Mex.,  1820,  xi. 

'^Nilfs'  Reg.,  xx.  191,  22.3-4,  383. 

^'lU'port  of  (raspar  Lopez,  acting  commandant  general  of  tlie  internal 
lirovincL's,  to  Iturbide,  dated  Saltillo,  Oct.  1!),  1821,  in  (<ac.  Inqi.  Max.,  i. 
I'J'.t  ;VJ;  Mien'  Re,/.,  xxi.  375;  Alomaii,  Hist.  M,j.,  v.  239,  478-9. 

'^"  Toniel  y  Mcndivil,  Breve  Reneila,  147;  Sioim  ij  Namirro,  Hint.  Mej'.,  85; 
FiU.folii,  Mem.  Hist.  Guerva  Tex.,  i.  110-11.  Footu's  account  is  very  ditler- 
ent  from  that  given  in  the  text,  and  is  incorrect,  lie  states  that  Long  held 
pdsst^ssion  of  La  Bahia  till  the  achievenxent  of  independence  by  Iturlnde;  tiiut 
he  was  then  invited  by  the  new  government  to  visit  the  capital,  '  that  ho 
iiii).;lit  receive  appropriate  honors  as  one  of  the  champions  of  civil  liberty;' 
that  he  became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  Iturbide,  and  that  secret  oiders  for 
his  Msassination  are  supposed  to  have  been  issued.  Being  on  a  visit  to  a  gov- 
ernment otHcer,  he  was  shot  by  a  soldier  from  an  adjoining  piazza  while  pro- 
iliicing  his  passport  to  the  guard  at  the  gate.  Tlie  reader  can  form  his  owu 
opinion  as  to  the  probability  of  an  assassination  being  perpetrated  under 
smh  eircumstiinces  and  so  openly.  Tex.,  i.  2M>-17.  Kennedy,  T'-ras,  i.  ;i01, 
erroneously  states  that  180  prisoners  were  taken  at  Ija  Bahia  and  sent  to 
Mexico;  and  that  they  were  released  by  the  interference  of  the  American  en- 
voy J'oinsett.  Yoakum  also  asserts  that  the  men  were  released  and  sent 
hunie  Xuv.  11,  1822,  at  the  instance  of  Poiuautt.     Ihiu  statement  is  based  oa 


62 


PRIVATEEBING,   PIRACY,   AND  INVASIONS 


Ih:     P^ll 


43 


The  condition  of  Texas  in  1821  was  deplorable. 
After  the  expulsion  of  Long  in  1819  every  intruder 
who  had  settled  in  the  country  was  driven  off,  his 
buildings  were  destroyed,  and  his  cattle  driven  away. 
Vast  regions  were  destitute  of  inhabitants,  and  the 
po[)ulated  districts  did  not  contain  4,000  civilized  be- 
ings." Agriculture  was  almost  entirely  neglected, 
&nd  provisions  were  so  scarce  even  in  San  Antonio  as 
to  l>e  the  subject  of  frequent  report  by  Governor 
Martinez  to  the  commandant  general  at  Saltillo,^" 
while  the  traveller  ran  a  dangerous  risk  of  perishing 
by  hunger.  The  north-eastern  borders  hacl  becouK^ 
the  asylum  of  criminals,  and  tine  al)ode  of  bands  of 
armed  desperadoes  engaged  in  snmggling;  villanous 
gangs  of  ruffians  from  Lafitte's  piratical  establishment 
drove  tJieir  troops  of  Africans  with  impunity  througli 
the  land,  introducing  them  into  Louisiana  for  sale ; 
and  savage  Indians  hovered  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
interior  towns.  But  this  was  tJie  most  gloomy  period 
in  the  history  of  Texas — the  darkesc  hour  of  her  ex- 
istence.    The  dawn  was  already  about  to  break." 

a  remark  made  liy  Poinsett,  in  liis  iVo/c.-i  on  Tfj-.,  1G4-5,  witli  date  Nov.  11th, 
to  the  etl'eet  that  he  '  liad  asked  and  obtained  the  liberty  of  39  n)en,  who  were 
imprisoned  in  Mexico  on  cliarj,;e  of  conspiring  against  tlic  governor  of  Texas. 
About  one  half  of  them  are  American  citizens.'  Th(jre  is  no  doubt  that  these 
men  Ijclonged  to  Long's  expedition.  See  ixoileiiry's  account,  in  Linn's  Bam- 
iiiiti.,  G8 -74. 

■"  'I'lie  author  of  Pretensionett  de  los  Awjlo- Americanos,  ■'.vriting  in  1820,  says, 
page  7,  note  1 :  '  En  el  difi  no  tieno  la  provincia  cuatro  mil  almas  de  poblacion.' 

*^The  commaudan'.,  general,  writing  to  lt>irl>i(le  Oct.  11),  1821,  says  tliat 
Long  and  liis  fellow-prisoners  were  removed  from  San  Antonio  to  Saltillo  'en 
consideracion  de  ser  aquel  pueblo' — Sau  Antonio — '  sumamente  escaso  ih' 
re(!ursos,  segun  lo  (jue  coustantemeiite  represeutii  el  Sr  (jobernador. '  Gm-. 
Iitqi.  Mt'.r.,  i.  i;U. 

■'•'A7/m'  Re;/.,  xxi.  48,  400. 

*'  Tile  following  authorities  have  been  consulted  for  the  history  contained  in 
the  pi'cceding  cliapters:  Zni'itla,  liii\  Mi'x.,  i.  285,  384--");  <ronz<iles,  Coleccian 
X.  /.m»,  iTili-fiO,  'X>;i-i};  Vniifdiula,  Jiniiia  N.  Esjxiiifi,  39-43;  /»/.,  Tel.  Jili'.y., 
432-.").  4r)r)-(j;  /)i,-<)KMr.  Varins,  i.  1,S2;  (•'"»•.  de  Mir.,  (1812)  iii.  1087-91;  (18i;<) 
iv.  92r)-7,  970-1,  1139  .">!,  ll.-,9-0.3,  1247  9;  (1814)  v.  27-31,  37-9,  804-5,  811 
-10,  820-21,  871-2;  (1817)  viii.  787-90,  807-9,  987-9,  1107-8;  (1818)  ix.  pas- 
Bim;  (1819)  x.  144,  1303;  xi.  \]'M);  />iir<tllon,  Voloiiie  Esp.  du  jMlm.,  51  03; 
Yiwni/n  Hiift.  Jli.r.,  93-8,  127-77;  Edinl).  I'crieir,  no.  147,  pp.  2.54-5;  d'ttiiK-; 
(  orris)),  nohre  Pitxo  del Hitbina,  pj).  vii.-xv. ;  I'liro,  Trc-i  Sii/lox,  iii.  219;  iv.  92- 
5;  ll'irhmuin,  Le  Textui,  1-24,  45-7,  100-49,  172-230;  (i'lierra.  Rev.  N.  Esj,., 
ii.  370,  372,  711-13;  Ihistnmante,  i'uad.  JhW.,  i.  123,  2()2,  329-50;  iv.  157-00; 
Ii/.,  (I'liliinefe  Me.r.,  ii.  25-0;  Id.,  CiimpiifKi.H  de  Cdllejn,  44,  178-85;  Fili.solii, 
Mem.  Hist,  Guerru  Te.ai.i,  i.  32-4,  39-40,  44-80,  109-10;  MaiUard'a  Hist.  2'tucw, 


m'm 


W' 


IC% 


III  'i  I 


AUTHORITIES. 


63 


eplorable, 
(  intruder 
m  off,  his 
yen  away. 
I,  and  the 
k^ilized  be- 
neglected, 
Intonio  as 
Governor 
Saltillo/- 
perishing 
A  become 
bands  t)t' 
villanous 
iblishment 
y  througli 
for  sale;" 
Irts  of  th(> 
)my  peri(»(l 
of  her  ex- 
■eak.** 

late  Nov.  Uth, 
iDcu,  M'ho  were 
ruor  of  Texas, 
ubt  that  theso 
iu  Linn's  Htm- 

I  iu  1820,  Bays, 
I  (Iu  poblacion.' 
8l21,  says  thiit 
to  Saltillo  'fii 
eute  cscaso  d'- 
leruailor.'  Uni-. 


ry  contained  in 
ziiles,  CokccidH 
I.I.,  Tel.  Me.r., 
OS7-91;  (181S) 
i-9,  8()4-5,  81  i 

(1818)  ix.  ims- 
I  Mm.,  51  OH; 
2.">4-5;  (IttiiK^, 
mi.  -219;  iv.  ifJ- 

AVy.  iV.  A'sj'., 
nO;  iv.  157-00; 

8-85;  FiiMu, 
d'ulJint.  'TexiM, 


19-27;  VwiVo  ?n  1S42,  154;  Preu/imne.'t  A)t()lo-Amer.,  2-7;  Tnc^f'/,  r-j".* 
«  fos  A'A.  UU.,  21-5,  80-8;  7'o/-h('/  //  Mcndidl,  JIM.  Mm.,  137-47;  Lm: 
vinidiire,   Mex.   et   Gmit.,  228-9;  Oiii-i,  Mfni.   fiolire  Neijoc,  passim;    TliniUs 


Hint.    Tix.,  passim;  Mofit'n  Rqmrt,   in   T/ioiiijixoh's  !{<■ 

J,ni's   yi'x.   Witr,    10-11,  19- 20;  Zcreccro,  livv.  Mc.v.,  UHk  Sioiri-z  i/  y"ntrro, 


of  Ml. lira,    17.")-(); 


Hint.  Mf.r 
<  oiii/. .  vi, 


84-5;   J'iniirt  Coll.,  C/iih.  Hook,  i.   15-24;  JJi-nfon's  Ahr.   Dihuict 
122,  458;  lieviie.  Awi,:,  ii.   5.34,  549;  JIolli^i/'x  Tejw,-A{y2,  304^9; 


l),!iizii(.%  San. J  linn  ile  Cliki,  527;  WilUos-'ti  Amer.^  HixI.,  r,24-30,  V.  .V.  Unrt 
IUv.i,  8th  <-'ong.  2cl  Sess.,  Sen.  .Tour.,  413;  MrCu'ies  t'oniirrchi-n.siiy  Vim;  757- 
S;  .Milinc'x  ^',(i(iO  Milfx  on  J/or.sehnrk,  2;i4-45;  Domeni'ch'.i  Mi.'<n.  A<lr.,  20:  A/., 
Jour.,  2.S;  Ai'l-ffie,  Mcnioriid,  passim;  Hnndioldt,  Enmii  Polil.,  ii.  822;  Foniea 
T<.ni.s  i.  149-(i8,  1S5-217,  392-400;  Le  C/ii'inp  d'A.sik,  passim;  yV./<w  Aim. 
l<i;i,  70-3;  Hutrliixon'H  Rem.,  190-8;  Ooinez  del  Cunijio,  Apnnfe.'<  lli-^f.; 
IMrilhi  lie  Orrid.,  8upt.  4,  1808,  p.  4;  Pile'.i  K.ipl.  Trurelx,  304-70,  391-4.30; 
Torrrnle,  Rnnl.  Hi-t}t.  Am.,  ii.  101-2;  Ahml  //  (Jueijio,  Iiij'orme:  Koiiv.  Anindeii 
)'()'/.,  xlvii.  0-11,  23;  Peler-wn'.^i  Milit.  J/eroe.t,  ii.  08;  J)icc.  Univ.  iiixt.  (!"K.i., 
i\-.' 51.5-17;  X.  274-.'),  289;  ap.  i.  139;  Almonte,  Not.  Ext.  TexiM,  13;  Amer. 
Sf'ite  J'ap.,  XX.  passim;  Gratlnnx  ('ii'ilized  Amcr.,  254-82;  Kenuidifx  Tiin-i, 
jiassiin;  .S'oc.  Mix.  (Seoij.  liolet.,  ii.  0;  vii.  IIW;  xi.  90;  2(la  ep.,  ii.  030  1; 
//ii/iilijo,  Ajmntex  I/i.it.  Proij.  Mouarq.  en  Mdx.,  33-5.  Abini/'x  Life  mid  Adr., 
83  90,  125-41;  Ai/iiei/o,  J-Hario,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Texus,  4.37;  Gne.  de  Pun.,  Aiij^. 
11,  1870;  linirh'iiridiies  Mex.  Letterx,  i.,  letter  2;  linker's  II i.ft.  7V.'V'.'*,  3(t-l; 
Harhirx  Jlixt.  K'c.s'.  'State.i,  050-7;  F(dronei-'.t  Dixror.  Mixx.,  41-52;  Xorth  Am. 
li'erieir,  xliii.  2Ii4-43;  J>iiirio  Mex.,  235;  Oemor.  lierieir,  vi.  33-42;  jXofi'-'iMO 
Gen.,  .July  23,  Sept.  12,  Oct.  27,  1817;  Nov.  30,  1818;  Feb.  12,  1819;  Mix., 
El  Vireii  de  N.  Ex]>.,  2-5;  Id.,  Apnntex  J/ixt.  Gnemi,  ti-U);  Morn,  J'er.  Mi.r., 
iv.  2(i9-70,  449;  Loref.o  Mi.ision  Keeordx,  MS.,  4.5-0;  Vnriox  Iniprexo-i,  2,  no. 
vi.  25-50,  07-8,  anil  table  no.  4;  L'JUrohie  dn  Timux,  1-118;  Aliirnii/'.i  Ili.it. 
Arri  iind  />MCO('.  in  jV.  Am.,  i.  479-87;  lieriMa  Ale.ricnnu,  410,  421-3;  SIii-ii''h 
Ciilli.  Mixx.,  87;  Ainer.  Anflijniirian  Journal,  Oct.  21,  1881;  Amer.  PiiJ.,  ii. 
8S  10.3;  Freeman  and  C».v//.-i'  Arct  Ited  Hirer  in  La,  1-03;  Monclte'x  J/ixt.  I)i.t- 
nir.  mill  Settlement  \'idlei/  Mi.ix.,  ii.  454-84;  Papelex  Variox,  no.  cvi.,  pt  1 :  no. 
c\lix.,  pt  10;  no.  civii.,  pt  4;  no.  clxii.,  pt  1;  no.  ccxv.,  pt  2;  Mni/er,  MSS., 
iKis  3,  4,  5,  5.',,  2J),  30;  Cliiiborne,  E.rtrwt  Ijcller  to  Sec.  of  State  of  i'.  S.,  Dee. 
27,  1803;  Heal  Orden,  30  de  Mayo  de  1804;  Id.,  12  de  Abril,  14  y  24  .le  Muyo 
de  1S07;  /(/.,  15  de  Enero  do  1808;  Pohin,  Voy.  danx  la  Loiii.'iiane,  iii.  117-30; 
Annalx  of  Coniire.-ix,  1804,  p.  1020;  1804-5,  app.  1499-1502;  1805,  p.  18-19; 
1805  0,  app.  1200-10;  1800,  p.  11,  190;  1800-7,  index  'Burr,'  app.  913-20; 
18078,  volsi.-ii.,  index  '  Uurr' ;  1817,  p.  14;  1818,  ii.  app.  1780-1800;  1810, 
ii.  1029-2131;  1820,  ii.  1719-82;  1820-1,  app.  1337-1409;  Alaman,  l>ixert.,\\i. 
373  5;  Id.,  M,<j.,  i.  290-7;  ii.  9(^7,  170-2;  iii.  07,  479-94;  iv.  553-9,  500  7, 
0I».3  4,  711-13;  v.  478-9;  Ziimaroi,<,  J/ixt.  Mij.,  vi.  80-8;  vii.  194-201,  210-10; 
\iii.  530,  599-000;  ix.  8.5-8,  202-24;  x.  251-2,  200-2,  271,  278-80;  Yi.a/,nm:t 
llixt.  Te.rnx,  i.  1-208,  passim;  Nile.'^  Jiei/.,  iii.  34,  04,  104,  144,  272,  352;  iv. 
l-'O.  248,  280,  313;  V.  87-8,  104,  1.52;  viii.  430;  ix.  3.3-4;  x.  402;  xi.  32,  20(i; 
\iii.  253,  287-93,  301-4,  335,  3.38;  xiv.  ().5-88,  393  4,  408,  424;  xv.  (•►-7;  xvi. 
42  0,  347,  305  (),  384.  440;  xvii.  31-2,  175,  208,  240,  304,  .3,52,  3'.t.5-0;  wiii. 
273;  xix.  112,  191,  390-7;  xx.  lob,  191,  223-4,  383;  xxi.  48,  375,  400 


i!   :    M 


CHAPTER   IV. 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMPRESARIO  SYSTEM. 

1819-1831. 

Spain  Relaxes  her  Exclusive  Policy — Biography  of  Mosfh  Austin — 
His  Colonization  Scheme — He  Petitions  for  a  Land  Grant  in 
Texas — His  Sufferings  and  Death — Internal  Affairs  of  Mexico 
— Beginning  of  Austin's  Colony — Difficulties,  Dangers,  and  Losses 
— Stephen  Austin  in  the  City  of  Mexico — Delay  and  Anxiety — 
Final  Success  of  his  Petition — Discretionary  Powers  Grantud 
Austin — Progress  of  the  Colony — Austin's  Government — Greeoy 
AND  Discontented  Setti  ;rs — Ekkoneous  Idea  about  Immigrant 
Criminals — Scaitered  SErrLEMENTs — A  New  Contract — The  Em- 
pRESAHio  System— Colonization  Law  of  Coahuila  and  Texas — In- 
flux OF  Immigrants — Empresario  Enterprises — Their  Partial  Set;. 
CESS — Progress  of  Texas. 


If  the  reader  will  glance  back  at  the  history  of 
Texas,  he  will  find  that  no  advance  in  the  colonization 
of  that  fertile  country  was  made  during  the  period  of 
Spanish  domination.  The  reason  of  this,  apart  from 
the  exclusion  of  foreigners,  lay  mainly  in  the  aversion 
of  the  Spanish  Creoles  to  agriculture,  and  the  dangers 
to  whicji  settlers  were  exposed.  Enterprise  in  New 
Spain  was  chiefly  directed  to  the  development  of 
mines,  wliile  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  was  performed 
for  the  most  part  by  the  passive  Indians.  In  Texas 
— an  essentially  agricultural  province — the  conditions 
were  nnersed.  There  were  no  mines  to  be  devel- 
oped, nor  were  there  peaceable  natives  who  could  bo 
made  to  till  the  ground.  It  therefore  offered  no  in- 
ducements to  Spanish  Americans  to  migrate  from  safe 
and  settled  districts  to  a  remote  region  where  a  few 


Ji  <  I 


SPAIN'S  POLICY. 


65 


STEM. 


losFs  Austin — 
iND  Gkant  in 
lIrs  of  Mexico 
ERs,  AND  Losses 
AND  Anxikty — 
WEUS    Grantkd 

IMENT — GrEEi)Y 

lUT  Immigrant 
tACT — The  .Em- 
,ND  Texas — Is- 
K  Partiai-  Slc- 


history  of 
olouization 
e  period  of 
apart  from 
le  aversion 
he  daiiijers 

e  in  New 
)piiient   of 

performed 
III  Texas 

conditions 

be  de Vel- 
io could  be 

red  no  in- 
froni  saf(3 

lere  a  few 

(.Mi 


ill-garrisoned  presidios  could  afford  little  or  no  protec- 
tion to  the  cultivator  against  the  stealthy  attacks  of 
hostile  Indians.  Thus  the  colonization  of  Texas  was 
confined  to  the  establishment  of  a  few  settlers  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  these  military  posts.  Two  of 
tliesc  only,  San  Antonio  de  Bejar  and  La  Bahfa,  del 
Esi)iritu  Santo,  developed  into  towns  of  any  consider- 
ation. Later  attempts  of  Spain  to  colonize  the  coun- 
try at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  met  with 
no  success.  The  undertaking  projected  by  the  Span- 
is]  i  government  and  placed  under  the  direction  of 
(niu'ral  Grimarest ^  failed  of  accomplishment  on  ac- 
count of  the  breaking-out  of  hostilities  between 
Spain  and  England;  nor  did  other  settlers  who  were 
introduced  into  Texas  about  this  time  effect  any  ex- 
])ansi()n  of  the  community.  It  remained  for  peaceable 
immigrants  from  the  United  States  to  accomplish  a 
work  of  progress  which  S])ain  had  proved  herself  in- 
competent to  perform,  and  which  had  been  beyond 
achitjvement  by  force  of  arms  on  the  part  of  adven- 
turers. 

I  have  already  related  how  anxious  Spain  was  to 
people  Texas,  immediately  after  the  purchase  of  Lou- 
isiana oy  the  United  States,  and  so  protect  herself 
ai^ainst  encroachments  by  occupancy  of  the  country. 
Ibr  intentions,  however,  were  frustrated  by  the 
(headful  wars  in  which  she  soon  became  engaged,  and 
tlie  revolutions  which  broke  out  in  her  colonies.  In 
tlie  emergencies  to  which  she  was  reduced  she  relaxed 
]\vr  exclusive  policy,  and  official  proclamations  were 
]>ul)lished  inviting  colonists  of  all  classes  and  national 
ities  to  settle  in  her  American  dominions.  The  treaty 
of  amity  of  February  22,  1819,  having  confirmed  her 
in  the  possession  of  Texas,  Spain  felt  herself  in  a 
position  to  remove  the  exclusion  of  Anglo-Americans 
as  colonists  on  her  territory,'^  wIm.cIi  hither+'^  had  been 

'  Tlu'  colony  was  to  have  consisted  of  3,000  persons,  natives  of  Old  Spain. 
Ki'iiiiiihi,  'Vi'.f.,  i.  309. 

''  Although  settlers  of  other  nationalities  were  admitted  as  colonists,  Anglo- 
Aiiu'ricjui.s  were  rigidly  excluded  from  obtaining  grants  of  lands.  See  Whiten 
i\>l.  Lairs,  ii.  401-3,  and  Vortca  Act.  Ord.,  1813,  i.  404. 


66 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  ExVIPRESABIO  SYSTEM. 


IP     ll'!:i 


!  I 


!'    I. 


insisted  upon  in  all  colonization  schemes.  At  the 
same  time  the  royalist  power  at  this  period  seemed 
to  be  firmly  reestablished  in  Mexico,  the  revolution 
having  been  wellnigh  suppressed,  and  the  pacifica- 
tion of  the  country  almost  consummated.  It  was 
reasonable,  therefore,  to  suppose  that  the  Spanish 
government  would  give  satisfactory  assurances  to 
Anglo-Americans  who  might  wish  to  obtain  in  a  legal 
manner  grants  of  land  in  Texas.  The  first  American 
who  availed  himself  of  this  new  order  of  things  was 
Moses  Austin,  who  in  December  1820  made  an  ap- 
plication for  permission  to  introduce  a  colony  of  300 
families  into  the  province. 

Moses  Austin,  a  native  of  Durham,  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  about  the  year  17G4.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  he  married  Maria  Brown  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  soo.i  afterward  established  a  commercial 
house  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  in  partnership  with  his 
brother  Stephen,  who  was  at  the  head  of  a  large  im- 
porting business  at  Philadelphia.  The  two  brothers 
a  few  years  later  purchased  conjointly  the  Chissel 
lead  mines,  on  New  River,  Wji;he  county,  Virginia, 
where  they  established  smelting-worlis  and  factories 
for  the  manufacture  of  shot  and  sheet  lead.  Adven- 
turous speculation,  however,  brought  reverses  ujioii 
the  houses  in  Philadelphia  and  Virginia,  and  Moses 
Austin,  who  was  a  man  of  enterprise  and  perseverance, 
obtained,  in  1797,  a  grant  from  Baron  de  Carondelet, 
governor-general  of  Louisiana,  conferring  upon  him 
one  league  of  land,  including  the  Mine-a-Burton, 
afterward  called  Potosi,  situated  forty  miles  west  of 
St  Genivieve.  Having  closed  his  affairs  in  the  United 
States,  he  removed  thither  with  his  family  in  1799, 
and  laid  the  foundation  for  the  settlement  of  what  is 
now  Washington  county,  Missouri.  Austin  resided 
for  many  years  at  Mine-a-Burton,  where  he  won  tlie 
respect  of  the  early  settlers  by  his  iipriglit  conduct 
and  public  spirit.  But  tlie  very  qualities  which  gaine<  1 
for  him  the  aft'ection  of  all  who  knew  him  occasioned 


m 


<M. 


MOSES  AUSTIN. 


67 


At  the 
[  seeiuod 
3V()lut'u)n 

pacifica- 
It  was 

Spanish 
■ances  to 
in  a  legal 
/American 
liings  was 
le  an  ap- 
[ly  of  300 

e  state  of 
.     At  the 
Philadel- 
onmiercial 
p  with  his 
L  large  ini- 
0  brothers 
le  Chissel 
Virginia, 
factories 
Atlven- 
Tses  upon 
,nd  Moses 
severance, 
larondelct, 
upon  hini 
■a-Burton, 
s  west  of 
le  United 
Y  in  17 1)9, 
(f  what  is 
.n  resided 
e  won  the 
t  conduct 
ch  gaine<  I 
iccasioned 


to 


another  reverse  of  fortune.  He  had  become  a  large 
st(»ckholder  in  the  Bank  of  St  Louis,  and  when,  in 
1818,  that  institution  was  involved  in  ruin,  Austin 
surrendered  the  whole  of  his  property  for  tlic  henetit 
of  t'lc  creditors.  But  adversity  did  not  danij)  his 
ardor  or  depress  liis  enterprising  spirit,  and  although 
ii<nv  in  his  odth  year,  he  conceived  the  bold  idea  of 
r.ndei  taking  to  establish  an  extensive  colony  in  Texas, 
of  the  resources  and  feitility  of  which  country  he  had 
long  been  aware. 

in  tiu'uing  his  attention  to  the  settlement  of  the 
^\  ildernesses  of  Texas,  Austin  was  not  moved  by  the 
>j)irit  of  adventure  which  had  originated  })revious  at- 
t(  iiipts  to  occui)y  Texas,  His  intention  from  the  first 
v»as  to  })roceed  legally,  and  after  careful  inquiry  as  to 
till'  hest  niod(3  of  making  application  to  the  Si)anish 
government  for  a  grant  of  land,  having  been  advised 
ay  the  subject  before  the  Spanish  authorities  in 
New  S])ain,  he  undertook  the  long  and  dangerous 
journey  from  Missouri  to  San  Antonio  de  Bejar  with 
that  object.  Having  taken  into  council  and  concerted 
plans  with  his  son,  Stephen  Fuller — by  which  it  was 
i'.iranged  that  the  younger  Austin  should  proceed  to 
New  Orleans  to  make  preparatory  arrangements  for 
the  trans[)ortation  of  emigrants — Moses  Austin  pro- 
ceeded on  his  journey,  and  arrived  at  San  Antonio  at 
the  beginning  of  December  1820.  At  first  he  only 
met  with  reliufi'  and  disappointment.  Although  in 
17'J1)  he  had  become  a  naturalized  Spanish  subject  in 
upper  Louisiana,  he  had  failed  to  provide  himself  with 
the  necessary  passport  before  starting  on  his  journey, 
and  when  he  presented  himself  before  the  governor, 
lie  was  peremptorily  ordered  to  leave  the  province 
innnediatelv.  In  bitterness  of  heart  he  left  the  o-ov- 
eiiiors  house  to  make  preparations  for  his  departure, 
hut  on  crossing  the  })laza  he  met  Baron  de  Bastrop,^ 

■' l\'lipo  ]k';iri(|iio  Neri,  l'>iii'on  de  BiiHtrop,  was  a  native  of  Prussia,  and 
siTVi;(l  as  ii  MoliiJL'r  (if  tortune  iindtir  rrnderick  the  (iroat.  ](u  alttTWanl 
cntend  tli  ■  s.  r'ii'o  of  the  kii.g  (it  Spain,  wliii  sent  him  on  a  special  mission  to 
Mtxii.i).     \Vhilo  Louisiana  was  under  the  douiiuiou  of  Spain,  lie  obtained  a 


;  I 
>  Hill 


j|k,i|.!  j:„ 
i    l"    " 


!H 


iif 


III 


II  ! 


I 

I 


;!  i    i 


|:h;| 


:  ;.::ilP 


it 


I  ii'l 


88  COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMPRESARIO  SYSTEM. 

with  whom  he  had  been  acquainted  many  years  before. 
Bastrop  interested  himself  in  Austin's  undertaking, 
and  by  his  influence  a  second  interview  was  obtained 
with  Governor  Martinez,  who,  after  some  dehberation, 
forwarded  Austin's  memorial  to  Arredondo,  the  com- 
mandant general  of  the  eastern  internal  provinces, 
with  a  strong  recommendation  in  its  favor  from  the 
local  authorities  of  the  province. 

Leaving  the  matter  thus  pending,  Austin  started 
on  his  return  in  January  1821.  The  privations  and 
sufl'erings  which  he  underwent  on  this  journey  weru 
most  severe.  He  was  frequently  obliged  to  cross  tlic 
swollen  rivers  and  creeks  by  swimming  or  rafting, 
and  as  the  country  between  San  Antonio  and  tlu; 
Sabine  was  then  a  desolate  wilderness,  all  settlements 
having  been  destroyed  after  Long's  inroad  in  1811), 
he  was  pinched  with  hunger.  The  exposure,  hard- 
ships, and  fatigue  broke  down  his  health.  He  reached 
Natchitoches  in  an  exhausted  condition  and  afflicted 
witli  a  cold  which  had  settled  on  his  lungs.  After 
recruiting  his  strength  somewhat,  he  resumed  his 
journey  and  arrived  at  Missouri  in  the  spring.  But 
his  constitution  was  undermined;  the  cold  on  his 
lungs  terminated  in  iniiammation ;  and  on  June  10, 
1821,  he  breathed  his  last,  having  received  a  few  days 
before  information  that  liis  petition  had  met  with 
success.     He  was  in  his  57th  year  when  he  died.* 

In  order  better  to  understand  the  difficulties  and 

grant  of  .30  miles  square  between  the  Mississippi  and  Red  rivers,  400,000 
acres  of  which  he  ceded  to  Aaron  Burr,  on  which  the  latter  intended  to  plant 
a  colony  as  a  nucleus  for  his  meditated  expedition  against  Mexico.  Whuii 
Louisiana  was  re-ceded  to  France,  Bastrop  became  a  citizen  of  San  Antonio  ili; 
Biljar,  in  which  city  he  was  one  of  the  alcaldes  when  Austin  visited  it.  In 
1S24  he  became  land  commissioner,  and  in  that  year  as  well  as  in  1827  !»■ 
represented  'I'exas  in  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  ilu 
died  in  1828  or  1829.   T/irall's  Hid.  Tvx.,  498. 

*  This  sketch  of  the  life  of  Moses  Austin  is  mainly  derived  from  the  account 
given  by  his  son  Stephen  in  1820,  to  the  settlers  in  'Austin's  colony,'  copy  nt 
which  will  be  foun<l  in  WlnU'')>  Col.  Laws,  i.  550-Gl.  Kennedy,  having  liiul 
before  him  the  Bio(/rapfiir<il  Notice  q/  Monen  Amtin,  by  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar, 
supplies  some  few  i)articulars  not  noticed  by  the  son.  Texas,  i.  310-13,  31(i- 
18.  Mrs  Holley  and  subsecjuent  writers  acid  nothing  of  importance  to  the 
biography  of  Moaes  Austin  obtained  from  the  above  authorities. 


i  J 


AMERICANS  IX  TEXAS. 


delays  which  attondud  the  establishment  of  this  first 
Aiiji'lo- American  colony  in  Texas,  it  is  necessary  to 
f^dunco  at  the  internal  aft'airs  of  Mexico,  and  note  the 
vaiious  changes  of  government  ^vhich  occurred  dur- 
iiio-  the  next  three  years.  The  proclamation  of  the 
jilan  of  Iguala  by  Iturbide,  in  February  1821,  was 
responded  to  all  over  New  Spain  by  revolutionary 
])atriots  and  royalist  commanders  alike,  and  O'Don- 
(tju's  recognition  of  the  independence  of  Mexico  by 
tliL'  treaty  of  C6rdova,  in  August  of  the  same  year, 
triiiiinated  the  long  struggle,  and  freed  the  country 
i>  lover  from  the  Spanish  yoke.  On  the  occupation 
i>\'  the  capital,  September  27th,  by  the  army  of  the 
Three  guarantees,  a  provisional  government  was  im- 
mediately formed,  consisting  of  a  'junta  gubernativa,' 
ami  a  regency  which  represented  the  absent  monarch 
wlioever  he  might  be — who  was  expected  to  accept 
the  throne  of  Mexico.*^  In  five  months'  time  the 
junta  resigned  its  powers  to  the  national  congress, 
wliich  was  Installed  February  24,  1822,  and  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  regency  lasted  till  May  I'Jth  follow- 
in  u,-,  wlien  Iturbide  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  a 
])nj)ular  emcute,  which  compelled  the  congress  to  rat- 
ify the  wishes  of  tlie  rabble.  His  empire  only  lasted 
till  ]\[arch  18213,  when  he  in  turn  was  forced  to  abdi- 
(  ate  by  a  revolution  initiated  by  Santa  Anna.  Then 
t'ltl lowed  a  republic  under  a  supreme  executive  j)ower, 
which  in  1824  was  changed  to  a  federal  system  in 
imitation  of  the  government  of  the  United  States. 
Thus  in  the  space  of  four  years  there  were  no  less 
than  four  dift'erent  forms  of  govf  nment. 

When  Moses  Austin  died  he  le  t  an  injunction  that 
liis  sou  Stephen,  then  in  New  Oileans,  should  prose- 

■'  Accoriling  to  the  treaty  of  Cordova,  Mexico  was  declared  an  indepemiciit 
ciiiiiin',  and  jjriiicus  of  Spain  were  to  be  invited  to  reign  over  it  in  the  follow- 
iiij;  (ink'i':  In  tiie  tirst  place,  Fernando  VIl.,  catholic  king  of  Spain;  l)y  liis 
niiimeiLition  or  non-admission,  his  brother  Carlos;  for  tiie  same  reasons,  next 
attir  liiiii,  liis  other  brother,  Francisco  de  Paula;  next  Carlos  Luis,  a  prince 
(i!  S|iaiii;  and  in  case  of  his  renouncing  or  not  accepting,  then  sucli  person  as 
thu  iiiipLriul  cortes  may  designate.  Jlist.  Mcx.,  iv.  7'28,  note  40,  this  scries. 


60 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EAr^RESMUO  SYSTEM. 


II    II 


,iii'!: 


II!  ml: 


■  '!.''  "l 


cute  the  fiiterprise.  The  memorial  presented  1>y  tlio 
fatlier  was  jjfmntod  January  .17,  1821,  l)y  tlie  su})renu' 
jii^overninent  of  the  eastern  internal  })r()vin('es,  tlie 
^n-ant  .iifivinjjc  him  ])erniiHsi<)n  to  intnxhiee  ,'K)0  families 
into  Texas.  In  ener^^y  and  perseveranee  Stephen  Y. 
Austin  was  in  all  res[)eet8  his  father's  eounterpart. 
Ilavinijf  reeeived  information  of  the  a[)pointnient  of  a 
s})eeial  eonnnissioner  by  Governor  Martiiiez  to  eom- 
munieate  the  result  of  the  apj)!ieation  and  eonduet  ihe 
I'amilies  into  the  country,  Stephen  rej)aired  to  Natch- 
itoches, wliere  he  met  the  eonnnissioner,  Erasmo 
Sejjfuin.  He  then  proceeded  witli  seventeen  com})an- 
ions  and  Sejj^uin  to  San  Antonio  de  J-^ejar,  where  he 
arrived  August  10th.  He  was  officially  received  hy 
t!ie  tifovernor,  who  j^ave  him  permission  to  exj)l()r(' 
tlie  country  on  the  Colorado  River  and  select  an  ad- 
vantageous [)osition  for  the  settlement.  Accordingly 
he  j)r()cceded  to  J^a  Bahia,  and  thence  conuuenced  his 
explorations,  which  were  continued  as  far  as  practica- 
ble u})  the  Colorado  and  Brazos  rivers.  Being  con- 
vinced of  tlie  fertility  of  this  tract  of  country,  he 
returned  to  Louisiana,  and  pul)lished  in  the  pa[)ers 
particulars  of  the  scheme.  Austin  had  furnished  a 
plan  for  the  distribution  of  land  to  settlers,  which  tin' 
governor  had  approved.  It  was  to  the  elfect  tliat 
each  head  of  a  family  was  to  receive  (540  acres,  ;5i!U 
acres  in  addition  for  the  wife  should  there  be  one, 
100  acres  in  addition  for  each  child,  and  80  acres  in 
addition  for  each  slave.  Each  single  man  also  would 
obtain  a  grant  of  G40  acres.  The  conditions  im])()S(.'(l 
on  the  grantee,  as  set  forth  in  the  official  document 
of  January  17,  1821,  were:  that  the  colonists  hitro- 
duced  should  be  catholics,  or  agree  to  become  so, 
before  entering  the  Spanish  territory :  that  they  should 
be  ])rovitletl  with  credentials  of  good  character  and 
habits;  should  take  the  necessary  oath  to  be  obedient 
in  all  things  to  the  government;  to  take  up  arms  in 
its  defence  against  all  enemies;  to  be  faithful  to  the 


I   i    :  1 


4 
n 
& 


iilli 


III 


11 


t'liil 


TERMS  OF  SEITLEMENT. 


61 


kiiiLT;  nnd  to  observe  the  political  constitution  of  the 
S|»aiii.sii  iiionarcliy." 

As  a  IuirI  was  inclispciisaMe  tor  tlio  establisjmient 
of  the  colony,  it  was  advertised  tiiat  each  settler  woula 
liase  tt)  pay  twelve  and  a  halt'  cents  per  acre  for  his 
land,  Austin  takinj^  ui)on  himself  the  cost  of  survey- 
iiinr,  procurinj^  titles,  and  all  other  e.\[K'nses.  The 
money  was  to  be  paid  in  instalments  after  receipt  of 
title.  A  portion  of  it  was  also  designed  for  purposes 
of  n-overnment,  defence  against  hostile  Indians,  and  to 
t'uniish  sup])lies  for  j)oor  innnigrants.  He  moreover 
coiisidered  that  he  was  entitled  to  provide  means  of 
remunerating  himself  for  his  labors  and  expens(!s,  as 
well  as  })romote  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  the 
eoloiiy.  Indeed,  he  had  consulted  Governor  Martinez 
on  the  matter,  who  could  see  no  reason  to  sui)poso 
that  the  government  would  interfere  with  any  private 
arrangement  of  that  nature. 

The  i)roject  attracted  attention,  and  was  viewed 
with  favor  by  many  persons.  In  December  1821 
the  first  colonists  arrived,  and  the  new  settlement  was 
conunenced  on  the  Brazos  River  at  the  Bahi'a  cross- 
ing; but  ditticulties,  hardships,  and  much  suffering 
were  encountered.  During  the  first  few  years  un- 
yielding })crseverance  and  forbearance  had  to  be  put 
in  practice.  Supplies  of  food,  seed  corn,  and  imple- 
ments several  times  failed  to  reach  their  destination. 
The  schooner  Lively,  from  New  Orleans,  had  been 
lost  at  sea  in  November  1821,  and  the  heavy  expense 
which  her  fitting-out  had  caused  was  of  no  benefit  to 
the  settlement.  Another  cargo,  which  reached  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  was 
destro3'ed  by  the  Karankaways  in  the  autunm  of  1822, 
and  the  settlers  were  reduced  to  yfreat  distress,  havincf 
to  subsist  on  the  produce  of  the  chase,  to  provide 
which  was  difficult  and  dangerous,  owing  to  the  hostil- 
ity of  the  Indians.^ 

«  WhHvH  Col.  Laws,  i.  586-7. 

'  J  Uiriug  this  perioil  the  couditiou  of  Texas  was  so  deplorable,  owing  to 


t« '  ■ 


li 


iriii 


M  COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMrilESAIUO  SYSTEM. 

In  March  1822  Austin  repaired  to  San  Antonio 
to  report  proj^ress,  and  there  learned  for  the  first 
time  that  under  tlio  change  In  poHtical  affairs  hi; 
wouhl  liavo  to  obtain  from  the  Mexican  congre>^  i  a 
confirmation  of  the  grant  conceded  to  his  father  by  the 
Spanish  government,  and  receive  wp(H?ial  instructions 
relative  to  the  distribution  of  land,  and  other  details 
connecteu  with  the  grant.     This  was  a  sore  disap- 

f)()intment.  He  would  have  to  travel  1,200  miles  by 
and  on  roads  infested  by  banditti  and  deserters,  and 
he  was  ill  prepared  for  such  a  journey.  Nevertheless 
he  did  not  flinch  frona  the  undertaking,  but  disguised 
in  ragged  clothes  and  a  blanket,  passed  himself  off  as 
a  poor  traveller  going  to  Mexico  to  petition  for  com- 
pensation for  services  in  the  revolution.  He  reached 
the  capital  in  safety  on  Ai)ril  21),  1822.  A  long 
delay,  however,  occurred  before  Austin  could  obtain 
attention  to  his  business.  Iturbide  was  proclaimed 
emperor  soon  after  his  arrival;  tlien  followed  the  dis- 
solution of  congress,  and  the  establishment  of  a  'junta 
instituycnte ; '  such  political  changes  were  not  favorable 
to  despatch.  Moreover,  several  petitions  to  establisli 
colonies  had  been  presented  at  this  time,  and  tliough 
Austin  tried  to  procure  a  special  law  in  his  favor,  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  frame  a  general  coloniza- 
tion law,  which  when  drawn  up  was  slowly  discussed 
in  detail.  Then  when  the  congress  was  dissolved  a 
new  committee  was  nominated  by  the  junta  institu- 
ycnte, and  the  work  wan  begun  again.  Finally  a  law 
was  passed,  approved  by  the  emjieror,  and  promul- 
gated January  4,  1823.^  The  next  step  was  to  obtain 
a  recognition  of  his  claim ;  and  fortunately  the  minis- 
ter of  relations,  Josd  Manuel  Hcrrera.,  and  the  sul)- 
minister,  Andres  Quintana,  were  favorable  to  tlic 
innnigration  of  foreigners,  besides  other  influential 
persons,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned  Anastacio 

the  inroads  of  Indians,  that  all  imports,  native  or  foreign,  were  made  free  of 
duty  for  seven  years.  Mex.  Oiiia  de  llac,  iv.  21-2. 

*  It  was  suspended,  however,  a  few  months  later,  on  the  fall  of  Iturbitle. 


AUSTIN  IN  MKXICO. 


C3 


T^ustaninnto,  then  captain-goiicral  of  tho  internal  prov- 
iiict'H.  The  chiim,  moret)ver,  of  Austin  was  a  vaHd 
one,  and  he  wan  al)le  to  ploje  his  petition  before  the 
eounfil  of  state  in  such  strong  light  that  on  January 
the  lltii  that  body  reported  favorably,  and  on  Feb- 
ruary IH,  182;],  an  imperial  decree  was  pul)lished  eon- 
tinning  tlie  original  grant  made  in  favor  of  Moses 
Austin  by  Spanish  autliorities. 

Whrii  Austin  was  about  to  leave  the  capital,  Feb- 
ruiu y  2.'{<l,  he  was  still  furtlier  detained  by  the  [mliti- 
lal  convulsion  which  terminated  in  the  abdication  of 
Iturbide  on  the  l!)th  of  ]\ larch,  and  tho  congressional 
(li'cree  of  Ai)ril  8th  annulling  all  the  acts  of  his  gov- 
ernment. In  conseijuence  of  this  decree  Austin  was 
again  compelled  to  petition  congress  to  confirm  tlie 
concession  granted  by  Iturbide.  That  body  referred 
liis  memorial  to  the  supreme  executive  ])ower,  and  at 
the  same  i.nie — by  decree  of  April  llth— suspended 
the  cohmization  law  of  January  4,  1823.  On  April 
14tli  the  supreme  executive  confirmed  tJie  imperial 
decree  of  February  18,  1821].  Thus  after  a  year  of 
anxiety  Austin  was  enabled  to  return  with  his  grant 
contirmcd  by  the  Mexican  governments  which  had 
been  in  power  during  that  time. 

A\'itli  regard  to  the  government  of  the  new  colony, 
it  was  connnitted,  in  general  terms,  to  Austin,  by  the 
decree  of  February  18,  1823,"  and  on  his  arrival  at 
Monterey  he  applied  to  the  connnandant  general,  then 
Felipe  de  la  Garza,  for  special  instructions.  The  ap- 
])]ication  was  referred  to  the  provincial  de[)utati(Mi  of 
Nuevo  Leon,  Coahuila,  and  Texas,  whicli  passed  a 
resolution  to  the  effect  that  Austin's  powers  under  the 
above-mentioned  decree  were  full  and  amjjle  as  to  the 

'The  decree  translated  reads  thus:  'He  is  authorized  to  organize  tho  colo- 
nists iiitn  a  body  of  national  militia,  to  preserve  tnuKjuillitj',  riMidoiiiij;  an  ac- 
count to  the  governor  of  Texas,  and  autinir  under  lii;j  orders,  and  those  of  the 
captain-general  of  the  province;  also,  until  the  government  of  tiie  settlement 
is  (ii'j^anized,  he  is  charged  with  tho  administration  of  jnstice,  settling  all 
ditfertnues  which  may  arise  among  the  inhabitants,  an<l  perserving  good  order 
and  traiKiuillity;  rendering  an  account  to  the  government  of  any  rumurkuble 
event  that  may  occur. '   W/tUe'a  Vol.  Laws,  i.  593-4. 


64 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMPRESATJO  SYSTEM. 


I'ii'"     w 


Ifinr 


administration  of  justice,  and  the  civil  government  of 
the  colony ;  that  he  was  empowered  to  conmiand  tlio 
militia,  witli  the  rank,  as  a  militia  officer,  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  that  lie  could  make  war  on  the  Indian  tribes 
whicli  molested  the  settlement;  could  introduce  su])- 
plies  by  the  harbor  of  Galveston  for  the  colony  during- 
its  infancy — in  short,  govern  the  colony,  in  all  civil, 
judicial,  and  military  matters,  without  copies  of  laws, 
until  the  government  was  otherwise  organized  and 
co[)ies  of  the  laws  ])rovided.  He  was  to  rendei  an  ac- 
count of  his  acts  to  the  governor  of  Texas,  and  bt; 
subject  to  him  and  the  commandant  general.  The 
local  government  was  thus  conimitted  to  him  w4th  3X- 
tensi\e  ])owers,  without  specific  instructions  of  any 
kind,  or  the  guidance  of  written  laws.^" 

Austin  no>y  proceeded  on  his  way  to  Texas,  and 
Luciano  Garcia,  then  governor,  appointed,  July  ITcli. 
l^aron  de  Bastrop  connnissioner  to  survey  lands  for 
the  colonists,  and  extend,  in  concert  with  Austin, 
titles  to  them  in  the  name  of  the  government.  By 
an  official  act,  Garcia,  on  the  26th  of  the  same  month, 
gave  the  name  of  San  Felipe  de  Austin  to  the  fnluif 
capital  of  the  new  colony.  In  August  the  commis- 
sioner commcneed  his  duties;  the  town  was  iai'l  out, 
and  the  land-office  opened.  When  Austin  arrived,  in 
coin[)aiiy  with  Bastr()[),  he  found  the  settlement  ahno4 
abandoiu'd  in  conse(pience  of  his  long  detention  in 
jSIexico.  Many  of  the  settleis  had  retired  to  other 
1  icalitic's,  and  with  the  immigrants  who  kept  arriving 
had  S(,'ttled  around  Xacogdoches,  and  on  the  Trinity 
and  Ayist  l^ayou  rivors.  Immigration,  too,  had  al- 
most ceased,  while  those  who  abandoned  Austin's 
colony,  having  no  titles  to  the  lands  they  had  occu- 
pied,   were    liable   to    ejection    by   the    government. 

'".((/.s/Zw,  To  fJii'  Sifflrrx,  in  /</.,  i.  571-2.  The  particulars  in  tlie  above 
aeeomit  liavu  l)ut.'ii  obtained  t'roiu  V'c.r.  'J'rfiiinli'finn  o/' Aiucs,  etc.,  (>  li) — the 
iiitroihietion  to  wliicli  wius  written  by  Anstin,  ami  is  a  history  of  tlie  estfi!)- 
lisliment  of  iiis  colony.  Kv  lined  if  x  'J\:r.,  i.  318  '2'i ;  Yoiikitiii's  Ii'int.  7V.r.,  i.  211- 
L'7;  A'iirru,  Hist.  Juln-pn,  iii.  2");  Filisola,  Mem.  fji-.t.  (liier.  Tex.,  •■  123-6; 
Col.  Dec.  Sol).  CoiKj.  Me.r.,  1U)-11;  Me.i:  Col.  Ujie.*,  On/,  y  Dee.,  ii.  94 j  liolkijt 
Tex.,  284-7;  'I'cxaa  Almanac,  1859,  157-8;  Foote'n  I'extm,  i.  22i-j. 


in;. 


ili 


VI. 


LAND  (iRANTS. 


G5 


ment  of 
land  tlio 
Litenant- 
m  tribes 
uce  su])- 
y  duriu<.^ 
all  civil, 
i  of  laws, 
lized  and 
lei  an  ac- 
s,  and  be 
ral.     Tb^ 
a  with  3X- 
iB  of  aiiV 

Cexas,  and 
July  17tU. 
f  lands  fov 
■h  Austin, 
iiient.     By 
me  montli, 
the  fiiini'e 
le  coininis- 
as  lai'l  out, 
arrived,  in 
aentalnio.4  | 
etention   in 
^  to  other 
pt  arriving 
■he  Trinity 
oo,  had  al- 
d   Austin's 
had  occu- 
overnnient. 

lirH  in  the  above 

L-y  of  tlu-  .c«  a  .- 
Mt.  Tex.,  1. 'ill- 
1  Tex.,  T.  123^5; 


Xcvtrtheless,  in  spite  of  tliis  disheartening  state  of 
alfairs,  tiie  news  of  his  return  and  the  sueeess  of  his 
uu(l(  rtaldng  attracted  settlers  in  such  nund)ers  that 
in  18-4  the  stipulated  300  families  had  arrive(i.-' 
l)astro}t's  labors  having  been  interrupted  by  his  duties 
as  a  nieuiher  of  the  deputation  of  Texas,  and  a  second 
time  in  consequence  of  his  having  bct-n  ele.-ted  a 
iiuiuln'r  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  t)f  Coahuila  a. id 
Tcxus.^"  Gasper  Flores  was  specially  connnissicMied 
to  coiiiiiletc  the  work.  By  the  end  of  the  yciir  ilie 
land  titles  and  surveys  were  all  settled  and  the  colony 
foinuienced  its  prosperous  career. 

I  have  already  nientionci  that  the  colonization  law 
jironuilgated  January  4,  1823,  was  suspended  on  the 
fall  of  Uuihide.  Austin's  grant  had  been,  nevcrthc- 
K'ss,  rontirnied  in  conformity  with  that  law,  and  the 
in'W  settlers,  instead  of  receivhig  land  in  the  quanti- 
ties and  proportions  as  advertised  by  him,  had  much 
lai'gei'  allotments  assigned  to  them.  Heads  of  i'am- 
ilics  each  received  one  square  league,  or  sitio,  of  graz- 
ing- land,  and  one  labor  of  tillaije  laud,'^  in  all  4,()()5 
acres,  Avhile  an  unmarried  man  w'as  granted  one  quar- 
ter of  a  scpiare  league." 

Austin  saw  that  to  discharge  the  thities  connected 
with  tlie  c'wW  and  judicial  admiiiistrations,  and  at  the 
same  time  manage  the  colonial  land  business,  was  be- 
yond his  p  )wer.  During  his  absence  the  settlement 
had  hcen  u'vided  uito  two  alcalde  districts  by  Jose 
Felix  TT'es])a]acios,  then  governor  of  Texas.  These 
[Austin    contih'ied,    and    likewise    formed    additional 

"A  list  of  tlio  lull  es  of  the  original  .S(K)  colonists  introiluccd  hy  Austin  is 
jtiiijiphril  hy  Hakcr,  w  .o  obtained  it  from  the  reconls  of  tlic  hiud-otiicu.   Buk- 

'-t'oalniila  and  Te:  >■«  were  formed  in  one  state  in  18C4. 
'"The  i<(ju:in' lea;;!!    was  a  tract  A.IHK)  varus  s(niarc,  and  contained  4.4'J8 
acres.     The  hihor  was  .,()()0  vara.s  sijuare,  or  one  twenty-tifth  i)art   of  a  sitio. 
.;,!   iL'il  177  acres.      Kivo  sitioa  composed  one  hacieiiila.   Coloiiiz.  J.iuro/ 
^N.'.',  i„  l/oll,>/'.t  Tr.r.,  197-8. 

'^  Ihirrm'  /,rffir-<,  49.     Dowces,  however,  makes  tlie  si|nar('  h'ague  4,-144 
licixvs,  wliicli  is  incorrect,  the  vara  being  aj^ipi'oximately  33^  inches. 
UlST.  K,  ilEX.  ST.VIES,  Vol,.  II. 


I  iifciiiiiiii 


if  ,  li 


li:: 


i  (iii 


ll.ill'lliHi 
ill 


il  u 


;ili    1 


'^11' 


,1  :'    II!  l!|i':; 


'    ;:  ^  M 


C6 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMPRESARIO  SYSTEM. 


ones  as  occasion  required,  directing  that  in  such  cases; 
the  justice  should  be  chosen  by  popuhir  election.  To 
these  alcaldes  he  gave  jurisdiction  in  civil  matters  to 
the  extent  of  §200,  the  suitors  having  tlie  I'ight  ot 
ap})eal  to  himself  in  all  sums  over  twenty-five  dollars. 
He  also  drew  up  a  civil  and  judicial  code  of  pi'ovis- 
ional  regulations,  which  was  approved  bj^  the  gov- 
ernor. In  September  1824  he  nominated  Sanuiel  ^[. 
Williams  secretary  of  the  local  govermuent,  whicli 
a})pointnient  was  also  approved,  and  with  his  assist- 
tance  opened  a  book  of  record,  in  which  all  land  docu- 
ments and  title  deeds  were  registered.^^ 

But  it  mattered  not  how  deeply  he  had  at  heart 
the  welfare  of  his  colonists,  or  liow  drudgingly  and 
gratuitously  he  toiled  in  their  behalf;  it  mattered  not 
how  great  was  the  responsibility  under  which  he  lay, 
or  how  often  he  untied  his  })urse-strings  to  secure  to 
the  penniless  innnigrant  his  grant  of  land  and  supply 
his  wants — there  would  be  growlers.  When  the  time 
arrived  for  the  payment  of  the  twelve  and  a  half  cents 
per  acre,  charg(;d  upon  the  lands  by  agreement  i'or 
the  formation  of  a  fund,  partly  to  be  employed  in 
meeting  the  expenses  of  govei-muent,  and  partly  in 
reimbursing  Austin  for  outlays  made  by  him,  violent 
opjtosition  was  raised.  It  was  loudly  asserted  that  lie 
was  selling  the  lands  to  the  settlers;  that  he  was  ex- 
acting })ayn)ents  which  he  had  no  legal  right  to  claim  ; 
tb.at  in  fact  he  was  speculating  upon  the  inunigrants, 
Austin  considered  that  he  had  entered  into  an  e(jui- 
table  contract  with  them  in  a  public  and  open  mamur; 
but  from  the  temper  displayed,  he  saw  tliat  to  attempt 
to  enforce  his  claims  would  jeopardize  the  object  In 
had  in  view  of  colonizing  the  country.  Tlierefoio, 
although  many  were  willing  to  comply  with  their  en- 
gagements, lie  not  only  desisted  from  his  demantls,  but 
declined  to  accept  payment  from  any  unless  it  wvrv 
made  by  all.  The  result  was,  that  under  the  original 
contracts  he  never  received  a  dollar,  and  the  payments 

'■'  Tvx.  Traualation  of  Laws,  etc.,  21  '-*, 


I 


;S^ 


ch  cases 
on.  To 
liters  to 
rio'ht  <it 
3  dollars, 
f  jirovis- 
thc  gov- 
iiuuel  M. 
it,  wliit'U 
lis  assist- 
xnd  docu- 

at  heart 
ino-ly  and 
ttered  not 
3h  be  lay, 
secure  to 
iiid  supply 
(1  the  time 
half  cents 
eineut  lor 
loyed  in 
partly  in 
in,  violent 
d  that  1k' 
le  was  ex- 
to  claim; 
luni  grants. 
)  ail  e(ini- 
n  manner; 
bo  attempt 
ohjeet  lie 
Theretore, 
I  their  ou- 
uands,  Init 
ss  it  were 
lie  original 
)avuients 


LAWS  NEEDED. 


67 


on  land  titles  were  regulated  by  a  fee-bill  published 
liv  tlie  governor  of  Texas,  May  20,  1824,  covering 
(•(.niinissioners'  fees,    surveying    expenses,    and    other 

(■{JStS. 

Tlien,  again,  the  assist  mce  rendered  to  poor  iniini- 
i^rants  by  Austin,  wlio  [H'oeurod  for  theui  the  means 
uf  defraying    the    fees  on    their    lands,  and    settling 
tliricoii,  aroused  the  jc-alousy  of  othei's,  who  ciiai'ged 
liiiii  with  partiality,  and  with  making  unjust  distinc- 
tions.    His  extensive  and  discretionary  powers,  also, 
u  itli  regard  to  the  reception  of  settlers,  the  govern- 
iiieiit  of  the  eoloiw,  and  the  distribution  of  land  ex- 
jMisf'd    him  continually  to   abuse.      Every  act  of   his 
wiis  closely  watched    by   severely   scrutinizing   eyes. 
The  men  he  had  to  deal  with  were  a  mixed  multitude, 
i'4ii(irant    't  I'lu  language  and  laws  of  their  adopted 
(•(Mmtry,  and  many  of  them  turbulent  spirits.     With 
ho  inti'rpreters  among  them,  they  liad  no  means  of 
ii.iininu' anv  information  as  to  the  orders  of  the  o'ov- 
eiiiment  and  the  laws,  except  through  Austin  and  liis 
s.crrtarv;  and    though    tlie.se   indefatigid)le    workers, 
with  infinite  toil,  su[)plied  them  witli  translations  in  • 
ni;niuscript,  the  settlers  were  sus])icious,  captious,  and 
luironijiromising.      They  made   no    allowance  for    his 
luriiHar  position,   but  expected   to  find   in    an   infant 
coloiiv  tlie  regularity  and  or<>'anized  svstem  which  only 
tlie  experience  of  a  long-established  connnunity  can 
develop.     Austin    was    greatly   embarr'assed    by    tlie 
want  of  a   written   code   of   laws,  the   exhibition    of 
which  in  su{)port  of  liis  official  acts  was  incessantly 
ilriiianded  with  clamorous  emphasis.     A[or'eo>i'r,  while 
his  tliscretionaiy  [)owers  were  I'egarded   witJi  a\ersion 
I'll  the  one  iiand,  and  objected  to,  they  were  indorsed 
and  appeak^d  to  when  avarice  could   be  gi'atified   by 
tile  exercise  of  them.      Greedy  iimnigrants,  not  con- 
tent with  their  square  league  of  land,  tk;manded  more, 
and  when  it  was  refused,  conceived  themselves  treated 
with   injustice  by  one  who  could  comply  with   their 
wislies  if  he  chose.     The  greatest  ])atience  and  for- 


I'l^u 


^1 '  i 


■il'  i 
11' 


■:'|mIi 


.11  t^ 


68 


COT.OXIZATION'  AND  TlIK  H\1PRES.\III0  SYSTEM. 


btiarancc  were  necessary  to  deal  \\ith  such  scttler>\ 
and  ]ircvcnt  the  refractory  from  producing  a  state  <  I' 
anarcliy  whlcli  would  have  ruined  tlie  jvrospocts  of 
tlie  colony.  Yet  with  S(^  much  prudence  and  modi  r- 
ation,  so  much  of  temperate  compliance  and  firm  n  - 
fusal,  did  Austin  manaiio  tlie  afi'aii-s,  tliat  thouu'li  nn 
more  than  one  occasion  dissension  A\as  so  violent  and 
po])ular  excitement  rose  so  high  as  to  require  his  ut- 
most (,:nei"gy  to  allay  them,  no  hlood  was  ever  shed  in 
civil  stiite,  and  as  time  passed  on  he  gained  tlie  gen- 
eral confidence  and  estet^m  of  tlie  settlers.'" 

The  ixlea  prevailed  in  the  United  States  and  Europe 
that  the  early  colonists  of  Austin's  settlement  wi'iv 
compis'ed  of  fugitives  from  justice,  and  criminals  fidin 
all  countries.  This  erroneous  opinion  is  I'ehutted  hy 
Austin,  who,  in  IH'il),  says  that  naturally  some  fugi- 
tives Mould  find  their  way  into  the  country,  hut  nu'as- 
ures  were  taken  at  an  cai'ly  day,  both  by  the  govern- 
inent  and  himself,  to  shield  Texas  fnmi  that  evil. 
During  1H-J3  and  1824  he  banished  several  from  tln' 
colony,  uiuler  the  severest  threats  of  corjtoral  punisli- 
ment  if  they  returned,  and  in  one  instance  inflicted  it. 
The  fict  that  he  had  no  force  with  which  to  expel 
these  intruders,  except  the  militia  composed  of  the 
settlers  themselves,  proves  that  the  men  of  that  class 
wei'e  very  few  in  his  colony.  His  setth'ment,  he 
maintained,  as  regarded  morality  and  the  commissinii 
of  criiiK',  could  bear  favorable  comparison  with  any 
county  in  the  United  States,  however  celebrated  for 
its  exemption  from  criminal  offences.^^ 

"'■A/.,  '2{\-{).  Austin  to  Jvlwiirds,  IS-J.'),  ill  Fno/r's  Tr.r.,  i.  .SO'2-4.  Fdoto 
writes— A/.,  ;{()() — '  It  is  c<niti(lc'iitl_v  lu'liovuil  that  at  the  pt'rioil  of  the  dcat'i 
ol  this  uxti'cKinliiiary  iicrsonajiic! . .  . tht'iu  was  not  ii  man,  wonioii,  or  iliil  I 
in  all  lexas.  .  .  wlio  was  not  iiiiiliiii'il  to  do  licarty  lioniagu  to  thu  cxtraordiii  iiy 
wi.sd.iiii  and  niisurpasscd  virtues  of  this  ellicii'iit  and  truly  j)Iiilaiit]iiii|iio 
chaiijpion  of  frco  institutions."  Mrs  lloUcy  says:  '  Amidst  all  the  slandt'i"iw 
ini|iutatiipiis  that  have  hceu  uttcri'il  against  him,  ho  linds  suthcic-nt  consnla- 
tiori  in  tin:  ;;i'iu'ral  contiduiico  of  all  tlio  iiitclligint  and  wortliy  part  of  llio 
BL'ttlers.'  Tcmn,  '2'M. 

''  Tex.  '"  •.■\^l(i/io)i  o/  f.iiirs,  etc.,  'J'.t.  Yet  Filisola  goes  so  far  as  to  say 
that  ho  wa.s  robliod  of  all  the  fruits  of  liis  toil  and  hardshijis  hy  a  second  di  1- 
uj,fe  of  Hilventnrers  and  criminals;  'los  (juo  on  rcalidad  le  arrebatara  ilosjiiin 
el   nuevo   aliibioii   que   sobrevino   do   avontureros   y  criminales   ecu  iiiie   -u 


k  ■'! 


r  f 


f|i! 


INCOMING   FAMILIES. 


(i'J 


,cttloiv\ 
;tato  <(■ 
)ects  t'l 

tiriu  1'- 
)U_o;h  nil 
cut  and 
;  his  ut- 
shed  in 
the  gi'ii- 

l  Eurt)\'<' 
cut  wt'i'«' 
lals  from 
utted  l»,y 
niie  fuui- 
imt  lucas- 
0  govern- 
that  evil. 
from  till' 
il  piiiiisli- 
itlicted  it. 
to  exi>''l 

h\     of    tl:r 

that  ela-; 
nient,  li'' 
nuiiiissii'ii 
with  any 
)rato(l  1'ov 


of  the  iliatU 
ln(Mi,  or  (.'lull 
foxtr;i(>riliii:iiy 

pliiliuitlirni'io 
Jtho  kIhixUmous 
Icii'iit  consiilii- 
ly  part  of  the 

I  far  as  to  ;^:i.V 
a  secdiiil  'I'l- 
latara  ilosiiiK"* 
|»   cou  Hii>'   '•■'^ 


Austin's  colony  was  an  exceptional  one.  No  spec!- 
lied  limits  had  ever  ])een  assigned  to  his  grant,  and 
lii^  inunigrants,  heing  of  a  rambling  disposition,  had 
scattered  themselves  over  a  large  extent  of  country, 
vnv\\  settling  in  the  Lx-ality  wliich  mo.st  pleased  him. 
Although  this  dispersion  at  first  was  attentled  with 
inconvenience  and  additional  expense  in  tlie  Uiatters 
of  government  and  jirotection,  it  was  permitted  in  the 
liciicf  that,  if  the  settlers  could  sustain  theniscdves 
against  Indian  attacks,  the  expansion,  i>y  ali'ording 
facilities  to  new  immigrants,  would  be  of  more  ulti- 
mate benefit  to  the  country  than  a  cluster  of  cotiT- 
1 1,  i  nous  grants.  The  advantage  of  this  system  in  time 
lii'came  a])parent,  M'hen  })r()visioiis  could  be  procured 
In  all  directions,  without  the  necessity  of  tran.sporta- 
tion  from  places  far  di.stant.  As  all  the  intervening 
^acant  lands  were  public  domain,  Austin  now  turiu^l 
Lis  attention  to  settling  them,  and  in  1824  and  18:15 
made  .several  petitions  to  the  state  government  with 
tiiat  object.  The  result  was,  that  on  May  '20,  1825, 
pninission  was  granted  him  to  settle  500  families  ou 
t'no   imoccupied    lands    lying  within    his    coLniy,  the 


lits  of  which  were  still  undefined. 


18 


After  the  Mexican  })rovinces  had  declared  them- 
selves free,  and  pos.ses.sed  of  sovereign  rights,  and  the 
federal  sy-stem  had  been  established,  a  national  coloni- 


aiiiiu'nt<5  la  poblacion,  y  quo  se  apoduraron  de  sus  tiurras,'  Mi'in.  Jii.-i.  (liiirra 
'/•',/.,  i.  137. 

'■  7Vr.  TrtviKlaf!o»  nf  Liiirfi,  etc.,  2()-\.  Austin  sii;n(>il  tho  contract  .lime 
4tli,  t'lniii  wliicli  date  it  took  ftfcct.  lie  had  l)rl'vi<ul^ly  ainilud  for  a  c.Mitr.ict 
III  st'ttlc  .SOO  faiiiilifs,  wliiili  l>iii'L,f  urantod,  tlie  niinilK  i'  w:is  afti  rwaril  in- 
ci'ea.sLcl  to  ."tOO.  Seo  tlio  I'oiitract  in  II7,/V.'V  Col.  Liiir.t,  i.  (ild- 1;{.  Thu  limits 
(It  tlic  idlony  wi  re  thus  dL'linod  .Maivli  7.  1S"J7:  'I'oninii'iiciu^f  ou  thu  Wfst 
1'Hnk  of  th(;  rivtM'  Sau  .laciiito,  at  tlie  tcnniii.ition  of  tla:  tt'n-U'a;.;ui'  rest  rvti ' — 
art.  4  of  thu  national  colonization  law.  and  art.  7  of  that  of  Coalniila  aud 
TcNiLs — '  fidiii  thu  gulf  of  Mi'xi(_'o,  KViA  tlicuoc  loUowin^  thu  vx-^'at  hank  of  )<aid 
rivir  to  its  liuad,  thuncu  <hu'  nortk  to  the  mad  Icadin;,'  from  IJuxai-  to  -N.umij,'- 
(loulu's;  thuncu  foUowiuf^  ^<aid  rost-i  \vust>»HrdI>,  to  a  [loint  from  wlicnuu  a  line 
(liii-  sciitli  will  strike  thu  La  I'.a.  .ito  within  t.'U  luaniius  of  the  yulf  of  Mexico, 
and  tluiicu  uastwanlly  alonj;  thu  said  !K-ud<-^,^uu  linu,  jiarallul  with  tln^  coast, 
t>.  till  iilacc  of  bugiuuiug.'  ///.;  Ucport  ot'  tfew  gov.  of  C'(jah.,  iu  Tunul,  T'  '-.  y 
iW-!./.  CiitiL,  28. 


w^ 


:  iiJ 


I    ^  :^1 


'III 


I'J  ■!•  ' 


itili 


mm- 


!y 


■im 


70 


COLONIZATION  A2fiD  TUJi  EMPRESAEIO  SYSTEM. 


zatioii  law  was  enacted  Au<j^u.st  18,  1824/"  one  of  tlic 
items  of  wliidi  authorized  tlie  lej^islatures  of  the  dif- 
ferent  stat(js  to  form  coh)nization  laws  for  the  occu- 
])ancy  of  the  pul)lio  domains  within  their-  respective 
teiTitoiies,  on  terms  that  wer-e  not  at  variance  witli 
the  federal  constitution.  Accordir.gly,  tlio  newly 
formctl  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,""'  havinij:  orfTfanized 
its  government,  the  legislature,  c»n  March  24,  182,"). 
decreed  such  a  law.''^^  It  will  be  observed  by  referring 
to  this  law,  and  to  the  one  enacted  bj""  the  junta  insti- 
tutiva,  January  4,  182:},  that  the  j)olicy  pursued,  in 
order  to  i)rocure  the  settlement  of  unoccupied  teni- 
tory  by  foreigners,  was  to  confer  tracts  of  the  public 
do'>'ains  upon  persons  who  should  introduce  at  their 
o\s'n  exjiense  a  certain  number  of  innuigrant  families. 
This  plan  is  known  as  the  'onipresario  system.''^  Tlif 
I'egulations  with  rcsgard  to  this  system  of  colonization 
were  as  follow:  The  empresario  first  presented  a 
memorinl  to  the  state  goxernnient  asking  for  permis- 
sion to  colonize  certain  waste  lands  which  were  desig- 
nated, as  well  as  the  number  of  families  he  propost d 
to  introduce.  To  afi'ord  am])le  choice  to  the  settlers, 
tlie  ti'iict  designated  and  usuall}' C(mce(led  by  the  gov- 
ernment was  gi'eaily  in  <'xc<'ss  of  the  appropriation  ti» 
1k>  iinally  iii.-ule -,  but  after  the  establislnnent  of  ilw 
settlement  and  the  comi»l('tion  of  the  allotments  to  tlic 
colonists,  and  the  assignment  of  the  'premium  land 
to  the  em[)resario,  all  surplus  land  reverted  to  tlic 
state.  The  distribution  of  the  allotments  was  under 
the  control  of  a  commissit)ner,"''  appointed  by  the  st  tc 

''■'Trauslatioii.s  will  Itc  found  in  While's  Col.  Lawn,  i.  (iOl-'J;  JJoUet/'n  Te. 

•-'02-4. 

•■»»J5y  (looreo  o.  May  7,  18i.'-4.  JIi,st.  Mex.,  v.  22,  tliis  series;  Mex.  CoL  Liiiii 
Ord.  ji  l>cfirt,.,  iii.  4(i-7. 

■"  <^'"l'y  ill  Spanish  aud  Eugliiili  will  be  found  in  ( 'wih.  Lvijcsy  Di>.cretx)'<,  It 
•XX 

'■'■^ '  Kniprosario,'  moaning  '  coiitractoi'.' 

^^Tlio  uonniiissionor  was  an  inqioitaiit  fiinotionary.  Ifia  duties  wi'i'c  to 
I'Xaniino  cdloiiists'  ccrtilii'atts;  to  ailiiiiiiistfi'  the  oatli  of  allegiance  to  tli<  m; 
to  isHue  tlio  land  titles;  aud  appoint  the  mirvcyor.  He  .scleeted  die  sit^^■<  lur 
tlic  foiiTiding  of  tou  lis;  tstablislicd  ferrii's;  and  presiiled  a.t  tlie  po)mlar  elro- 
tioiis  lor  the  appoiiitiiii'iit  of  ayimtaiiiientos  of  new  towns,  and  inducted  the 
otiieeis)  chosen.     All   public  instruments,   titles,  or  documoiits  were  to  lie 


•U, 


i-jfl 


M. 


LAND  IlEOULtVTIONS. 


71 


3   of  tlu' 

the  dif- 
lio  occu- 
spcctivc 
ice  with 
3    ntnvly 

-  *  >       . 
rcfcrrin;j,' 

iita  iiiHti- 

rsuod,  ill 

Lcd  terri- 

le  public 

at  tlu'iv 

famili^'^. 

lonizatioh 
3seiitc!d  a 
)r  poriiiis- 

cre  doiivj:- 
propo!-'  1 
scttk'is, 
the  g>>v- 
iriatiou  i" 
it  of  Hi- 
nts to  tlu' 

UlU    lilllil 

:d      to      til- 

as  uiidn 
the  st  t- 

Mley's  Ti'-     , 

h'x.  CoL  X''//'f 


utios  won'  tn 

iiiuo  to  tlu  iii: 

ohe  sites  ii"' 

j)npular  oK''- 

I  iiKluotcl  the 

wci-c   to   I  Hi 


ffovornracnt,  but  lie  had  no  })ower  to  make  an  assi^ii- 
niiiit  witliout  the  apia'oval  of  the  contractor.  If  tlie 
cuutrac'tor  failed  to  introduce  the  stipulated  number 
of  families  Avithin  the  term  of  six  years,  he  lost  his 
lit^hts  and  privileges  in  proportion  to  the  deiicicncy, 
and  the  contract  was  totally  annulled  if  he  bad  not 
siuceedcd  in  settling  100  families.  The  premium 
y ranted  to  a  contractor  was  five  square  leagues  of 
grazing  land  and  five  labores  of  tillage  land  for  each 
liuiHbcd  families,  but  he  could  not  acquire  premium 
(III  more  than  800  families.-^ 

With  regard  to  the  settlers  comprehended  in  a  con- 
tract, eacli  family  whose  sole  occupation  was  farming 
received  177  acres — one  labor — of  agricultuial  land; 
and  if  it  engaged  in  stock-raising  also,  a  grazing  tract 
.suHicieiit  to  complete  a  square  league  wjis  added. 
Those  iamilies  whose  sole  occupation  was  cattle-raising 
received  each  a  square  league,  less  177  acres.  An 
iiiiiiiarried  man  received  one  fourth  of  the  al)ove 
(|',iantity.  The  goverimuint  of  the  st,'?te  alone  could 
iiiri'ease  tliese  (piantities  in  ])roportion  to  the  size  of  a 
rauiily  and  the  industry  and  activity  of  colonists, 
illeven  square  leagues  was  tlui  limit  of  land  that  could 
he  owned  ])y  the  same  Jiands  as  prescribed  by  tlu; 
national  colonization  law. 

J'\)r  each  square  league,  or  sitio  as  it  was  denomi- 
nated, the  colonist  paid  an  enq)tion  sum  of  '4'.\0  to  the 
state,  $-.50  for  each  labor  not  irrigable,  and  ^o.oO 
In)'  one  that  was  irrigable;  but  these  payments  were 
not  demanded  till  after  the  expiratit)n  of  six  years  from 
time  of  settlem'Mit,  and  then  oidy  in  three  instalments 
at  long  intervals.     Contractors  and  the  militaiy  were 

vrittiii  ill  tlu'  Spaiiisli  liinf^najjo,  aiul  ho  was  requircil  to  fonri  ami  fiirnisli  a 
liiHik  111  ivcoril  Inr  i:n'h  new  town.  Conli.  Iaii<'x  ij  hccritn-t,  70-3.  Ili.s  iVos,  liy 
ilccii'c  lit'  May  K"i,  IS'JS,  woro  fixiil  at  1?1")  for  t'ai'li  sitio  (li.stril)iiti.'il,  S-  lor 
each  laiior  not  irrinalile,  anil  .*'_'. ."i(»  for  each  ii-ni;al)le  one.  /«/.,  lOli.  lly  lie- 
eivr  oi  ,\jir.  J,  ]S;i(),  tile  Kurveyor's  fees  were  rateil  at  SS  and  -S'J  respeetively, 
for  the  survey  of  a  sjtio  'il  lalior,  ami  Sl.oO  foi-  tiiat  of  a  town  lot.  I'l.,  141). 
-'  lly  art.  12  of  the  nu..  iial  eolonizatioii  law,  no  one  emiM  o\\ii  more  than 
11  si|iiare  lia;,'iies,  while  it  wa.s  possihle  for  a  eontraetor  to  own  o\er  forty. 
He  was,  however,  requii'eil  to  alienate  the  e.\ce.sy  by  sale  or  otherwise  within 
1'-'  years.  Id,  17. 


ii    ,    ,  ;,i 


i'lij 


I    ! 


k  :'i 


I  IP 


72 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMPRESAIIIO  SYSTEM. 


excni}»t  from  this  quittance.  The  incoming  settlor  was, 
moreover,  subject  to  the  payment  of  the  commis- 
sioner's and  surveyor's  fees,  and  to  the  char<j^es  for  tlic 
sheets  of  stam])c(l  paper  on  whicli  the  order  for  the 
survey  was  granted  and  his  title  deed  issued.  With 
otiier  minor  items,  the  total  cost  of  a  sitio  was  about 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  terms  offered  to  for- 
eio-ners  as  an  inducement  to  settle  in  Texas  were  most 
liberal,  Tliere  are,  however,  two  points  noticeable  in 
this  famous  colonization  law  whicli  manifest  a  lack  of 
wis<lom  in  the  framers;  namely,  the  retpiirement  that 
the  foreijifn  settler-s  should  take  oath  to  observe  the 
relio'ion  ])rescribed  by  tlie  federal  constitution;  and 
the  j)reference  o'ivei."  to  Mexicans.  In  the;  hist  case, 
the  condition,  if  scrupulously  (;arried  out,  would  ex- 
clude all  but  Koman  catholics,  and  to  a  i^reat  extent 
defeat  the  olijeet  of  the  law.  No  em[)resario  could 
havt;  introduced  any  lar^'e  number  of  colonists  imdei' 
such  a  proviso  if  strictly  adhered  to,  and  few  would 
have    been   found    to  make  the    attem])t  in   face   of 

^■^Miiro  j,'('iifral  regulations  contained  in  tlio  colonization  law  cif  roaliuiia 
and  Texan,  npon  wliicli  I  have  drawn  for  the  aliove  details,  are  the  following;; 
All  foreigners  were  not  only  at  lilterty  to  settle  in  tlio  stati;,  hut  wei'' 
invited  to  do  so.  Settlers  were  required  to  jirofess  the  catholic  faith,  aiul 
prove  tht'ir  morality  and  good  hahits;  they  coul<l  then  iirojecL  the  forniatinii 
of  new  tow'iis  on  vacant  lands,  and  piirsui!  any  hrancli  of  nidustry  they  thought 
projier.  No  settlement  could  1)0  formed  witliiii  20  leagues  of  the  houndary 
line  hetwren  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  or  within  10  leagues  of  tlic  coast 
of  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  In  the  distrilnition  of  lands,  preference  was  to  he 
given  to  the  ndlitary  entitleil  to  tliem,  and  to  Mexican  citizens  not  nnlitary. 
Indians  were  to  l)e  r(^eeiv(!d  in  the  markets  of  coloiual  towns  with(uit  paying 
duty,  for  traffic  in  tlie  proilucts  of  tlie  country,  and  it  tliey  I'.oclareil  them- 
selves in  fa\  (ir  of  tlie  I'eligion  and  institutifnis  of  tlie  country,  were  to  he  ad- 
mitted as  settlers  on  the  same  terms  as  the  colonists.  Tlie  government  would 
sell  to  .Mexicans,  an<l  to  Mexicans  only,  such  lauds  as  they  mi;;ht  wisji  to 
purciiase,  to  the  c'.xtent  of  1 1  sitios.  Settlers  who  failed  to  cultivate  thi  ii' 
lands  witliiri  six  years  lost  their  riglit  of  possession.  .\  colonist  mii;ht  dis- 
pose iif  his  laud  liy  testamentary  will,  hut  no  such  laud  could  he  held  in 
inortm.iiii.  1'  ireigners  who  ae(iuired  land  by  this  law  liecame  natiiraliziil. 
Ihiring  tiie  lirst  ten  years,  counting  from  its  estahlishnient,  a  naw  settleiin  lit 
was  to  he  free  from  all  contriimtioiis,  exca-pt  in  war  time,  and  all  produ'.'e  of 
agriculture  and  industry  were  to  he  exempt  from  every  kind  of  ilnty.  Foity 
families  united  miglit  proceeil  to  found  a  town,  and  one  of  not  less  than  '-'HH 
inhaiiitants  was  to  elect  an  ayuntandeiito  provided  no  other  one  liad  Imm  u 
estahli  lu  d  witliin  S  h^agues  of  it.  Witli  regard  to  the  intiodiiction  of  slavi-;, 
new  settlers  Were  to  he  suhjuco  to  existing  laws  and  those  wl.'ich  might  iio 
later  enacted  on  tliu  matter 


$1 


IMMIGRATION. 


73 


almost  coT-tain  loss.  The  consequence  was,  that  in 
iiiacticc  neitliur  tlie  contractors  nor  tin;  settlers  were 
at  all  scrupulous  ahout  the  matter,  and  in  this  point 
the  third  article  of  the  decree  became  almost  a  dead 
letter.-'"  In  the  .second  case,  the  natural  ivsult  was 
the  ]»roniotion  of  jealousy  and  ill  fcelinj^^  hetween  the 
forcin'n  imniiii^rants  and  tlie  Mexican  settlci's,  when 
liainioiiious  coalescence  ought  to  have  been  the  object 
aimed  at. 


After  tlie  promulgation  of  the  state  colonization 
law,  a  tide  of  inunigration  into  Texas  set  in  from  the 
riiited  States,  which  in  a  few  years  converted  her 
wildernesses  and  wa.stes  into  thriving  farms  and  lucra- 
ti\c  cattle-ranges;  while  town  after  town,  busy  under 
tlic  impulse  of  ])rogress,  sjtrung  up  in  rapid  succession. 
l']mpi'csarios  Hocked  into  the  country,  bringing  settlei's 
ill  tlu'ir  wake,  and  eau'er  innuiuTants,  in  no  connection 
with  contractors,  moved  into  Texas  at  their  own  ex- 
pense and  obtained  land  grants.  On  the  15th  of 
April,  1825,  Robert  Leftwich  and  ilayden  Edwards 
olitained  contracts,  the  former  to  introduce  200  fami- 
lies,"' !uid  the  latter  800.  The  same  year  Green 
Dcwitt  and  ]\[artiu  do  Leon  obtained  contracts,  the 
foiiiK'r  to  settle  800  families  in  the  district  south- 
west of  Austin's  colonv,  and  the  latti'r  to  found  with 
1  .JU  fimilies  a  A'illa,  to  be  named  Victoi'ia,  on  the 
rriiadalupe."'* 

During  succeeding  years  numerous  other  contracts 
W(  re  made,  and  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  Texas 
was  parcelled  out  to  different  empresarios;  though 
none  of  these  fulfilled  their  conti-acts,  with  the  exce])- 
tion  of  Austin,  who  was  the  only  thoroughly  success- 

■'''I'lie  lift'i  iii'tioli;  calls  for  ;i  rertiticato  frnin  tlic  auUioritios  of  the  place 
\vh.  in'i'  tlu:  settle  r  migrated,  voucaiuy  for  his  morality  ami  j^ood  lialnts,  and 
fcir  \\u  lii'ing  a  catliolio. 

-'■  Lilt  wiili  s  contract  was  first  applied  for  in  18'2'2,  when  Austin  was  in  thu 
city  (if  .Mexico.  7'(,/-.  Trmislciii^n  (if  l.<iii:-t,  Yl,  note.  .Vl'tcr  niucli  conti'ovcrsy, 
it  liii.illy  f,  11  into  the  hands  of  tlie  Nashville  Co.  of  Tennessee,  Leftwich  hav- 
ing In  cii  their  agent,    /kircr.i'  Lcf./irx,  IKi. 

-//'.;  ywik'UM'.s  ni-tt.  Tu:,  i.  'JIM;  J>eire>j.i'  LetUr.-i,  Uo-lO,  118. 


li 


illl  ! 


mWU  f 


1 

! 

I  i 

lllhMhl 

74 


COLONIZATION  AN1>  THE  KMPRKSARIO  SV.STKM, 


fill  contractor,  wome  of  tliciii  })artially  roloiilztMl  tluir 
land  orants.  I  will  mention  the  principal  undti- 
takinj^'s  under  the  eniprosario  system. 

Benjamin  R.  Milam  contracted,  January  12,  18'2(;, 
to  settle  ;500  families  in  the  district  lyinj^  nortii-Ave>t 
of  the  San  Antonio  and  the  Nacogdoches  road,  hc- 
tween  the  Guadaluj)e  and  Colorado  rivers,  and  bounded 
on  the  north-west  by  a  line  parallel  with  the  road,  and 
fifteen  leagues  distant  from  it. 

James  i*owers,  June  11,  1820,  eiiij^aged  to  form  a 
settlement  of  200  familii-s  in  the  country  soutli  ot 
Leon's  orant,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  tin.' 
Nueces  Kiver. 

Mc^EuUen  and  McGloin  contracted,  AuL>'ust  17, 
lS2n,  to  settle,  with  200  families,  the  district  lyiiii; 
west  of  the  ten-league  reserve  as  exhibited  on  Steplun 
Austin's  map  of  Texas,  1835. 

Josejth  AY'hlein  contracted,  December  21,  182(5,  tn 
introduce  '^00  families  into  the  district  wliich  ncaily 
corresponded  with  the  grants  of  Zavala  and  AVhcliii 
as  shown  on  tlie  same  map.  Vehlein's  grant,  how- 
ever, was  limited  by  the  twenty-league  border  line  on 
the  east,  and  tlie  ten-league  coast  reserve  on  the 
soutli. 

David  G.  Burnett,  Docemlier  22,  1820,  engag(Hl  to 
colonize  witli  .'300  families  the  land  grant  shown  under 
his  name  on  the  map. 

John  Cameron  contracted.  May  21,  1827,  to  settle 
100  families  on  a  grant  of  land  located  north  of  ■'>'1° 
latitude  and  west  of  102°  longitude.  On  August  18, 
1828,  he  also  obtained  a  large  grant  south  of  l\ecl 
River. 

Ste])hcn  Austin  obtained  a  grant  of  land  to  tlie 
west  of  Dewitt's  colony,  November  20,  1827,  for  the 
settlement  of  100  families;  and  in  1828  ho  was  jht- 
mitted  by  the  federal  government  to  settle  the  ten- 
league  reserve  of  coasi  land  lying  between  his  colony 
and  the  sea.  In  February  1831  Austin,  in  partner- 
ship with   Samuel  Williams,  obtained  a  large  grant 


ATTITUIJH  OF  MEXICO. 


75 


witli  tlic  oni,^'l!j;omont  to  settle  tlicref)!!  800  ^rexicaii 
jiikI  otlur  taiiiilics. 

I^orciizo  dc  Zavulii  ac(]uired  his  i^raiit  ^rarcli  0, 
IS-JD.  cotiti'acting  to  <'<>l()iiizo  it  with  500  families. 

(itiH'fal  Vii'cntc  Filisola  coiitracti'd,  Octohci'  I'J, 
ls;ll,  to  colonize  with  GOO  foreign  families,  the  dis- 
tfict  dcsin'iiatcd  under  his  name  on  the  maii."" 


Austin's  Mat  of  1S35. 


AFany  other  contracts  were  made,  some  of  which 
wiiv  ii.vrr  carried  into  effect,  and  tho  grants  reverted 


****^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


l^|2£    |2.5 

|J0    ■^~       ■■■ 

■^  Bi2    12.2 


■"    lift 


1.8 


11.25  HI  1.4 


1.6 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTM.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •73-4503 


5^ 


76 


COLONIZATION  AND  THE  EMrRESARIO  SYSTEM. 


i'  ,   4 


m 


to  the  government,  while  others  were  merged  in  now 
concessions,  l^ut  tiiough  tlie  empresarios  were  only 
))urtially  succes^sfiil  in  their  enterprises,  Texas  was 
steadily  progressing.  Her  population  increased  so 
lapidly  that  whereas  in  1821  the  number  of  her  in- 
habitants, exclusive  of  Indians,  did  not  exceed  ;3,f)00, 
in  18.30  it  amounted  to  nearly  20,000  ;*"  and  the 
natural  rtjsources  of  the  country  were  already  greatly 
developed.  But  the  time  had  arrived  when  ^loxico, 
l)y  her  misrule  and  jealous  apprehensions,  alienated 
these  thriving  settlements  of  a  free-spirited  race,  and 
drove  them  to  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  their 
rights.-''' 

-'"The  aliovc  list  of  einpresari^s  and  their  grants  is  obtained  from  D<  in<n' 
f.i/frr.s,  1 1  "i-lS,  and  tlic  n.'jiort  <if  tlie  (^ovi'mor  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  to  the 
sn[in'ine  government,  in  Ttini'l,  Tcj.  ;/  E-thnl.  Until.,  27  38.  Tlie  lii'st  etli- 
tion  of  Au.stin's  map  was  pulilislu'd  in  \S.\\\. 

■^ Aii<lhi,  L-<}His.  Mohic  'I'li'i",  S,  ill  I'lty.  Var.,  1(>7,  no.  10;  Mi'.f.  Ajuiiit. 
Hill.  Vmrrii,  I(»;  llanisiii's  < )llii r  Side,  J)S;  Alinoiifi;  Xot.  I'J-'tiul.  'I'lj.,  '_'.">,  "lO, 
(i7,  and  tal)le  no.  4.  Jn  IS'_'7  the  iiopulatioii  was  estimatid  at  aliout  iO.UUO. 
y.((  0;„w,;„„,  I  Mil.,  l,s;!.-,,  -j;  ror.  l-',il.  Mi:i:.  !•_»  Mar.,  rs-J7,  3. 

^'  Oil  tlie  sulijeet  of  the  eolonization  of  Tex.i.-i  and  the  eiii])resario  .sj'steni, 
t!ie  aiUlioritits  that  have  heeii  eont^ulted  are:  Tonid,  Trj'ix  i/  1>m  A7i'.  L'U., 
i;.")  47;  /■/.,  llisl.  M:.i:,  147  .'iS;  Z,tr„lii,  Vin./r  a  /.,,<  AVa-Aw  r„iil»»,  14".>  .VJ; 
/</.,  lii'v.  ;.;  .r.,  ii.  I-_'8-'t;  M,.i:  Mnn.  l!.lm:,  IS'i.S,  JU;  A/.,  Mim.  Ildn,:, 
lM.il,  •_'();  /./.,  (\d.  L<!,,s,  18-Jlt  :((),  l()-_';  1,1.,  Col.  L"f  <.  Or,/.  ,/  JM:,  ii.  S»4, 
l.S:i;  F:ii-«,lt,  Mrm.  Hi"!.  (Iwrni  7V,;-.,  i.  Ill,  12"  •■  '1:1  41,  f)."):!  (w:  />,;nrs' 
l.rll,  i:\lrnni  yVnw,  o;j    -,()^   |  |._)    IJ)^   \\i\-A\;   K,  ,>  i,:v<lx,  i.  270  2,  :{10  41, 

Ci.")'.)  01,  .'177;   1 1 II  lit', H  Ail'lri.'oi  to  /'I'njile  of  Tcr..  .;  iSiri.s/i)'r'is  Aiiit:i:   iSl;  frh 

Bold;  vol.  iv.,  no.  2,  \>[>.  I'ti  .'i;  no.  4,  p.  2(H;  \  "1.  vi.,  no.  5,  pp.  ;i(J.">  7r); 
Ijiiiliriti,  Hi'isi,  oil  8;  Aiiil'iii,  A'v;i(w/c.  .v«///r  TiJuk,  8.  l.'l  14;  Arrillii'in,  JiWoji., 
IKH,  47  r.0;  l)i>,inmi-li,  J<iiir„:l  il'in,  ,)//'.s.<.,'  2:i  4;  /-/.,  Mixn.  .\<ln,d.,  20; 
J/'>llr,/'n  7W<ix,  Ulo  2:n,  28!  ;!II0,  :i()'.»  lO;  llimstnni  Ti.ihh,  i.  1<)0  201;  .l/c- 
Ciiln's  VoinyrihiiMri'  Vinr,  7o!'  HO;  /,.(  O^xw/V/V);*,  .Ian.  1,  KS.'J.);  Xilix'  S.  Am. 
mill  Me.:\,  1.  2."i2-0;  1,1.,  /,',/.,  xi.  207,  IJSO;  xxiii.  80;  xxvii.  112;  xxx.  242; 
xxxi.  .'1;  dinrra  tiitrr  Mi'.i\  //  lox  Est.  Uit.,  1(1;  tln'ut  ili-  line.  Ifep.  Mr;:,  iv. 
21  2;  Mij-ii-n  in  IS'/.',  (17;  .l/'.c.  Cim/i.  ,iii,l  Tcr.  ('nl'inkiilio)!  Liiir :  J'lijiilix 
I'tri'in,  no.  cxi.,  pt  2;  no.  elxvii.,  pt  10;  Xint/i  Am.  Hiviiir,  xliii.  244  5; 
T'X.,  AihlrixM  l.'iOiliiiij  to  <1  lb:  Jioi/  itml  Tir.  Lnnl  Co.,  pp.  1-37,  and  a[). 
1-08;  J,/.,  Ti;iii.-<liitiiui  of  l.-ii-A,  <h;'/rrs.  Hi:  (( 'dliimliia,  I8;i7),  p.  81;  Cmi/i.  ij 
Til-.,  I.i'jix,  1.5  2;i,  70  4;  Elhih.  hW,,,,',  no.  147,  ]•.  2."i7;  Ln  Mimmi.  Miiy  8, 
I'vl.'i;  /,',i,iw('ir.i  Svoii.  mill  .Mi.i:  Lm;  048-r)2;  El  Coiistitiii-iioiiil,  March  22, 
1841;  M,.i.,  Col.  Ihr.  x„f,.  C.mii:  Mix.,  110  II;  7V.,.  Al„i.,  I8.-.8,  14.")  7"); 
1  S.V.I,  l.VrOlt;  1S08,  171  7;  Il7/(7('.s'  ('-//.  A.^rv,  i.  rM'.»-022;  Mmlini  Tinnl- 
l,r  .M,,:  ,ii,<l  '•■lift.,  ii.  20  ."{l;  <:„:  F'<l.  M,,:,  M  iieh  12,  1827;  .V.-C/Vv-w) 
CiK,  Fell.  14,  1821;  Mi.r.,  /iijoru,,'  C,„i.i.'<ioii  /', s,/iii^iili,ri,  1874,  !•;  /./..  /,''■)'( 
Ml.,:  Ii-,r<l,r  Cuinni.,  244  ."; '(V,/7(.y,  A,/.  0,;l.,  |8i;i,  i.  404  ■");  /-/ ,  />!,i,io, 
xxii.,  .luiie  IS,  1821,  ]ip.  :{.")  (1;  /•',«.^'.v  7V',/VM,  i.  221  0;  Tliiall'x  lll.^t.  T,.,,is, 
117  70,  17."<-ll,  470  S2,  4'.IS;  WiUs;,,'.-,  Am,,:  Jli^l  .  (i:tl  :{;  Ubno-hmil  it 
J).iii~jUx,  Son  ,Iii;n  ill'  Llihi,  .■)2!»  MO;  Xoiii:  Aiiiintix  I'oi/.,  div.  .S."»7,  //mrit/'x 
llij>t.  U.  S.,  ii.  .'14;t;  lliii'i-'i.  Ilist.  ./,il,i],ii,  iii.  24  .V;  l',irins  fiiijir,",,.-,.  2, 
no.  vi.,  2't  I;  /ii,.i'.r„„i,/,;  (,:i',i„,/r  .]fi.,.,  ii.  1.")  21;  Sionr:.  ;/  Xnnin-o,  llixl. 
M,j.,  242-0,  :il.-)-l!»;  :«).>-4(M);  Ihitchhmn.'i  Hn,,.,  104-0;  Aimonte,  Xot.  Est. 
Ti'j;,.s,  14,  20-.">;  Lmrnomliire,  Mix.  ,t  <  I  tint.,  220. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE  STATE  OF  t'OAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 
18(H)-1839. 

OKSPOTISM    in    ('o.\IlfII.A — InTKU.NAI,    (loVKKXMENT — RESOrUrKS    ANT)    CoN- 
Hmo.N     OK     TlIK     I'ltoVI.NCK — (llAUAITKll     OK     THE     pEOPI.E — CoAHril.A 

HI  i;iN(i    THE  War   ok   Indei-endknce^Fohmation  ok  Tin;   Siaie  ok 

(oAMl  ll.A  AND  Texas — OuiJAMZAIIoN     ok   a   (iuVEltSMENT — 'lllK    Si  ATE 

( 'onshtition— KuEiTio\    Laws— Iiicst    Coxstitctional    < 'oMiHEss — 

\IESIA  EeECTED  (rOVEKSOi:  — I'OVEUTY  OK  THE  TllEASlHY — I'oMMEBflAL 

jMisriiEiis — Ofkkks  of  the  L'mikh  States  to  Pckchase  'Iexas— Iiie 
Slave  C^i  t.stion  in  Texas — The  ('oi.onisis  An(ii:v — Condition  ok  the 
Mkxican  1'eon — The  Emancii-ation  Law — Kxcektion  in  Kavok  ok 
'Iexas — I'EitsEnTioN  ok  Spasiahks — SiitsEUViENtv  ok  'I'iik  Siate  to 
the  National  (!ovekn.ment — Administiiation  ok  .Fi'stice — Ijkcation 

AND    ItEMOlON  —  MoNOI'OI.V    I'ltIV II.EC ES    (tllANTEl)   TO   t'oLONlST.S. 

l*Ki;vu)i:s  to  the  yoar  1 824  Texas  liail  no  jiolitieul 
coiuu'ctioii  M'itli  Coaliuila,  each  forming  a  separate 
provinci!  iiii(U;r  the  supreme  rule  of  the  commandant 
*i^eneral  of  the  j>rovineias  internas  de  oriente.'  As  the 
internal  administration  of  both  these  provinces  was 
identical  dui'intjf  the  Spanish  domination,  notliinj,'  fur- 
ther need  he  said  with  regard  to  that  of  Coahuila,  in 
adihtion  to  the  description  given  in  a  former  cjiapter 
of  the  govermnent  of  Texas,  except  that  (^>ahuila 
hcing  a  far  ridier  and  more  populous  country,  the 
tcnijitations  ])resented  to  a  practically  ahsolute  ruler 
wti'c  greater.  Thus  corruption  and  injustice  were 
jiractised,  and  tryanny  and  oi)pression  exercisetl,  on  a 
proportionately  larger  scale  in  Coahuila  than  in  Texas." 

'Under  tlio  Smnisli  dfniiination  tlio  iiroviiioe  of  Coahuila  was  called  Pro- 
viiu'ia  dc  Niii'va  Kstreinailiira.   /V/Wi,  in  Mai/n;  MS.,  no.  !!),  j).  'i'J. 

'^  '  Unfortuuute  proviufca  I " — ways  Ai'i.'>iii;  in  his  niununial  to  tlic  ri'^ency, 

'77) 


I  .!  i 
-      (  ■. 


78 


TllE  STATE  OF  COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


ii'    1 


The  c'oininandant  goiiurul  ruled  as  it  Huited  liini ;  and 
wliilc  posKC'Ssing  oven  superior  power  to  the  viceroy, 
tliere  was  really  no  semblance  of  a  check  ui)on  his 
authority,  except  the  presence  of  his  Icy^al  adviser,  tlie 
auditor  do  guerra,  .  lio  gi'nerally  did  notlnni;'  more 
than  ajjprove  and  sup[)ort  his  opinions.  Witli  regard 
to  internal  administration,  remoteni'ss  from  tlu>  ci-ntre 
of  supreme  j^oveniment  rendered  tlie  su[)rema('y  of  the 
local  ij^overnors  almost  as  absolute  as  that  of  the  i-om- 
mandant  ♦general,"''  and  reduced  tlieir  responsihility  to 
a  mere  ci[)h(!r.  Consequently,  in  the  administiation 
of  so-called  justice,  every  enormity  was  practised  tliat 
enmity  or  covetousness  suiry-ested,  and  venallv  J»nd 
corruptness  n)ade  easy  of  per})etratlon.  Liberty, 
honor,  and  property  were  alike  assai]e<l.^ 

As  in  tlie  case  of  Texas,  the  )unnl)er  of  tlie  inliabi- 
tants  of  Coahuila  can  only  be  a[)proximately  obtained. 
The  Tribunal  del  Consulado  assio'ned  to  it  a  po{)ulation 
of  40,000  hi  180;?,  while  ITumboldt  for  the  same  year 
places  the  figures  as  low  as  1(),000."  Pike,  four  years 
latei',  states  that  the  population  was  estimated  at 
7v),()()0  souls,  10,000  onl}'  of  whom  were  Spaniards; 
and  this  number  is  indorsed  both  by  Aris[)e  and 
(jrueri'a."  A<^ain,  Xavarro  y  Noriega  calculated  that 
the  total  nund)er  of  inhabitants  of  all  races  in  1810 
was  4'J,D;J7.^  With  such  varying  estimates  before  me, 
I  shall  leave  the  reader  to  draw  his  own  conclusion 
on  the  subject. 

At  this  time  there  were  in  Coahuila  no  less   than 

Nov,  1,  1811 — '1  wish  not  to  Im  personal,  Imfc  I  know  that  uvery  t'lionnity 
has  hiu'n  coiinnitti'il  tluTu.'  p.  'J(i.  'i'liia  nuMiiorial  was  printed  at  C;iili/.  in 
1812,  ami  a  tranislatiou  of  it  pulih.sheil  in  I'hiladelphia  in  1814. 

'  '  I  am  tliuretorc  not  at  all  axtonisliicl  at  the  txci'sses  of  many  goviTiiors, 
at  their  arbitrary  and  ik'spotiu  rule;  1  rather  wonder  that  they  have  not  all 
been  unifnrndy  despots  and  tyrants.'  Iif.,  '27. 

*  '  1  liave  juany  times  known  respectable  and  wseful  citizens  siifl'er  Hiich 
Hcainlaloim  vexations,  and  even  die  hroken-hearted,  at  finding  it  impossilile  to 
vindicate  tlieir  iionor,  and  recover  their  property  of  which  they  had  licen  de- 
frauded with  such  scandal  and  injustice.    /(/  ,  31. 

''Sor.  Mij;  (ifoij.,  ii.  'i;  I'Jiiai  Polit.,  155. 

*/V/y's  K.ip<'d.,  ap.  lii.  21>;  Aruqic,  Mem.  Coah.,  9;  Ouerra,  Hint.  Her.  N. 
Ksp.,  ii.  H70,  note. 

'Ihus  divided:  Spaniards,  13,285;  Indians,  12,437;  Ciistes,  17,215  Soc. 
Mij:.  Ihoj.,  2a  Op.,  i.  291. 


mjjf 


INTERNAL  GOVERNMENT. 


79 


twelve  Spanish  towns,  tlie  most  populous  and  thriv- 
ing of  which  were  Saltillo,  Monclova,  l*arra.s,  and 
Santa  Rosa.*  The  first  of  these  only  was  jj^ovemed 
l»y  a  cabildo ;  Monclova  had  two  alcaldes  and  a  syndic, 
and  Parras  a  subdelegado,  two  alcaldes,  and  a  syndic; 
all  other  towns  were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  lieuten- 
ants of  the  governor,  who  could  appoint  or  remove 
them  at  his  pleasure  by  a  simple  official  letter.  This 
wns  a  grievous  and  despotic  sy^^teii  of  government, 
and  it  was  not  likely  that  hnpartial  justice  would  be 
meted  out  in  Coahuila.  Arispe,  who  was  dejjuty  to 
Spain  for  this  province,  vehemently  pleaded  before  the 
c<)rtes  for  redress  of  these  grievances,  and  suggested 
the  establishment  of  a  superior  executive  council  for 
tlie  four  eastern  internal  provinces,  of  a  high  court  of 
;iji}»eal,  and  of  provincial  deputations  and  local  cabildos 
or  nuuiicipalities.* 

At  Monclova,  Santa  Rosa,  San  Fernando  de  Rosas, 
and  Rio  Grande  were  stationed  garrison  com];auies  of 
veteran  calvary,  whose  duties  were  to  protect  the 
Irontier,  furnish  detachments  ft)r  tlie  missions/"  oscoi-t 
tlieir  own  supplies  of  money  and  clothing  from  Sal- 

"  Pike  gives  tlie  estimated  population  of  Parras  as  7,0(K);  that  of  Monclova 
3.r)(M);  anil  that  of  Santa  Rosa,  40().  Utxiij).,  2cS.  Areonling  to  (Juerra,  Sal- 
tillo in  1811  \ui>\  alxiut  I'J.OOO  inhabitants.  ///V.  AVr.  A.  A'vj*.,  i.  .SC4.  Aiisiic, 
1J>11,  fjivfs  to  the  town  ami  district  of  Parras  10,000  inhabitants,  ami  to  those 
of  Monclova  0,000.  Mem.  Coit/i.,  29. 

"On  May  '2.%  1812,  the  Spanish  cdrtes  passed  a  decree  ordcrinj;  the  forma- 
tion of  cabildos.  In  fill  towns  with  a  population  not  exceeding; 2lKl  tiuTo  were 
to  be  elected  by  vote  of  the  citizens  one  alcalde,  two  rcjjiddrcs,  and  one  pro- 
curator syndic;  in  towns  with  not  more  than  r)00  inhabitants,  one  aicalilc, 
four  rcgidores,  and  one  procurator;  in  those  witii  nr)t  more  than  I, OiM)  inhabi- 
tants, but  exceeding  500,  one  alcalde,  six  regidores,  and  one  jirocuratur;  in 
towns  with  a  population  from  1,000  to  4,  (KM),  two  alcaldes,  (•i;;lit  r(i;idores, 
aud  two  procurators,  the  number  of  rejiidnres  to  be  augmented  to  twelve  in 
those  towns  which  had  more  than  4,0(K)  iuliabitants.  Tlie  capitals  di'  prov- 
iuccs  Were  to  have  at  least  twelve  regidores;  and  should  thev  jiossis  j  niore 
than  10,000  inhabitants,  their  number  was  to  bo  sJAteen.  W'liiti'.i  Citl.  J.nirs, 
i.  41t)-18.  Rules  for  the  guidiuice  of  alcaldes  were  decreed  ()<  t.  'M\\  of  the 
same  year.  Itl.,  410-20.  In  1813  the  cortt^s  ilecreed  the  establislmu  nt  of  an 
intendencia  at  Saltillo,  and  in  1814,  of  a  provincial  deputation,  reprisenting 
Coalmila,  Is'uevo  Leon,  Santander  or  'i'amanlipas,  antl  'lexas,  assigning  Sal- 
tillo iis  the  place  of  residence.  Cortvit  ])iar'>o,  181H,  xviii.  A'l'.V,  Cur/iM,  Act. 
Onl.,  1814,  ii.  2«G. 

'"  Arispe  mentions  5  Indian  missions;  namely,  Vissarron,  Ihdcc  Xoiubro  do 
•Teaus,  Peyotes,  Juau  Bautisto,  oud  Nueatra  Seflora  do  la  Victoria.  JJcin. 
Coiih.,  10. 


il 


I  i 


i  ,; 


I 


!  i       S  . 

kiit^m 

m 


i|i 


i^^ 


80 


THK  STAra  OF  COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


tillo,  and  conduct  tlio  bimonthly  mail  to  Texas  from 
Monclova,  wliich  town  was  tlio  principal  military 
depot  of  the  province  and  the  governor's  place  of  resi- 
dence. 

Under  a  less  oppressive  government,  the  })rovince 
of  Coaliuila,  with  its  fertile  soil,  its  genial  climate, 
and  |)iii(!  atmosphere,  would  have  been,  as  an  abiding 
place,  all  that  the  heart  of  man  could  desire.  There 
the  cultivator  could  produce  in  profuse  abundance 
corn  and  wheat  and  wine,  delicious  fruits  and  deli- 
cate vegtitables.  There,  too,  the  cotton-tree  thrived, 
and  on  the  rich  pasture  lands  flocks  of  sheep  and 
herds  of  cattle  and  horses  multi[)licd."  But  the 
incubus  of  commercial  and  agricultural  monopoly 
pressed  heavily  on  the  land.  The  avarici(ms  mer- 
chants of  San  Luis,  Queretaro,  and  other  manufactur- 
ing cities  smothered  development  in  the  })rovincias 
internas.  In  Coaliuila  no  factories  made  busy  the 
population  of  a  town;  the  hum  of  machinery  was 
not  heard;  and  the  industrious  women  plied  the 
prinntive  spindle  and  distaff  to  supply  their  houseliold 
wants,  and  produce  a  few  marketable  commodities. '-' 
Thus  the  people  had  to  depend  upon  the  exportation 
of  their  Hocks  and  mules, '^  and  raw  materials;  and 
their  wool  and  cotton,  their  hides  and  wheat,  were  re- 
turned to  them  in  manufactured  form,  charged  with 
the  expenses  of  transportation  and  alcabala  duties,  and 
with  the  profits  of  the  outside  nianufa<'turer,  the  mer- 
chant, and  the  retail  dealer.  Even  the  agricultural 
implements  of  iron  were  imported,  though  the  manu- 

"  Aris|)«  says — p.  20 — 'Tlio  most  intercBting  branch  is  the  breeding  of 
Hhcep,  to  wliich  so  much  attention  ia  paiil  that,  after  furniuliing  many  thou- 
gaml  head  to  the  market!)  of  SaltiUo,  I'arras,  ami  other  places  of  tlie  prov- 
inces, vast  numbers  fire  e.\porti;il  to  Zacatcciis,  San  Miguel,  Queretaro, 
Mi'xico,  anil  Puebla.'  Cotton  was  proiluced  in  such  quantity  that  after  sup- 
plying the  four  i)rovinces,  many  thousand  quintals  were  exported  to  furnish 
tlie  factories  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  San  Miguel,  Zelaya,  Silao,  Lcou,  and  places 
in  (iuadalajanu  Id.,  19. 

'^  With  these  simple  contrivances,  shawls  and  table-cloths  were  manufac- 
tured of  such  durability  and  fineness  that  they  never  soM  for  less  than  eight 
dollars,  and  frequently  as  high  as  forty  or  fifty  lUtUars.  A/.,  21-2. 

'^Hesides  keeping  up  a  stock  of  3,000  pack-umlus,  2,000  were  aiiuually 
exported.  /(/,,  20. 


RESOURCES  OF   THE  fOUXIRY. 


81 


facturc  of  tliat  metal  and  of  wood  was  tolerably  well 
advanced  in  Saltillo'*  and  Parras. 

One  of  the  most  productive  industries  of  Coaliuila 
was  tlie  cultivation  of  tlie  vine,  which,  despite  the  j)ro- 
hihitions  ajjfainst  it,  was  developed  to  a  considi'iahle 
extent  in  the  district  of  Parras.*''  Comhined  with 
this  ajj^ricultural  })ursuit  was  the  only  manufacturiniij 
business  that  can  be  rightly  claimed  for  the  j)rovince. 
Great  (juantities  of  excellent  brandies  and  delicicms 
wines  were  manufactured  yearly  and  exported  to  Mex- 
ico and  other  parts  of  New  Spain.  These  two  indus- 
tries all'orded  einj)loyment  to  the  whole  population  of 
the  district,  no  other  occupation  being  pursued.'" 

The  inhabitants  of  Coahuila  were  a  thoroui^hlv 
pastoral  and  agricultural  })eoj»le,  and  their  character 
was  formed  from  the  nature  of  their  occupations. 
Hi're  were  to  be  found  simplicitv  and  insensibiJitv  to 

•     ■•I  •  *^ 

intiigue,  untning  mdustr\'  and  patience  undei-  severe 
lal)<»i-.  tlie  enduran<'e  of  j)rivations  without  murmur, 
and  a  deep-rooted  love  of  lilxirty.  Both  the  social 
and  jiolitical  morals  of  this  rural  population  were  of  a 
lii^iiicr  standard  than  tho.se  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
manufacturing  and  mining  districts  of  New  Spain.'' 


During  the  war  of  independence,  Coahuila  was 
little  disturbed  by  the  battle-din  which  shook  the 
foundations  of  the  more  southern  provinces.  A  blooil- 
les-i  rev<)lution  and  <'ounter-revolution  at  first  caused 

"  At  Siiltillo  the  mamifiicture  of  cotton  was  also  soiin-wliat  ailvaiiccil,  and 
in  IHll  al)ove  40  looms  for  weaving  coarse  clotlii4  had  hin.'n  ereeted.  'I'lii' 
artisims,  however,  lahored  uiitler  the  want  of  protection,  and  were  couiiicUcd 
to  sill  at  low  prit^es  the  production  of  one  week's  work  in  order  to  procure 
raw  cotton  for  tlie  next,   lil.,  tl. 

'■'Tlie  meaning  of  Parnis  is  'grape-vines.'  Pike  calls  it  tlie  'vineyard  of 
Coahuila.'  At  the  liacienda  of  San  l.on'ii/o,  three  miles  to  tlie  north  of  tin' 
town,  he  saw  1.")  large  stills,  and  a  gnater  iiumlier  of  casks  than  he  hail  ever 
seen  in  any  hrewery  of  the  U.  S.   /'/  siiji.,  '2.S. 

"''//'.;  Arispe  states  tiiat  the  number  of  inhahiUints  of  this  district  was 
IO,()(M».   M,m.  Co,i/i.,  18. 

''.!/•/.■<;«',  ut  Hiip.,  1(5.  'As  we  diverged  from  these  parts  which  produced 
such  vast  ((uantitics  of  the  precious  metals,  the  iiihaliitants  hccaiiie  more  in- 
ihistrious  and  there  were  fewer  beggars.  Thus  the  morals  of  the  pcdplr  of 
Cog(|iiilla  (sic)  were  less  corrupt  than  those  of  Biscay  ur  New  Leon,  their 
iicighliors.'  /V/r,  lit  mip.,  'JiK 

HixT.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    6 


It  i: 


:t    ( 


li.l 


82 


Tin:   STATK  OF  COAHUll-A   AND  TKXAS. 


t<'imM)rary  {)<ifitati<m.  Ciovonior  (Nu'dt^ro,  (loHcrttMl  I>y 
liis  troops,  i'liWa  into  tlu;  hands  of  the  in(li'|n'n<lent 
leader  JinuMirz,  and  Aran<la    licconics   rovolutionarv 


ii* 


ivernor.      His  tuin  soon  arrive 


dl 


cs,  and  lie  is  Hcized  hy 


\h 


the  plotter  Eh/ondo.  Then  follows  the  eaptut'e  of 
Hildalj^o  and  tht!  other  leaders  at  l^a  Noria,  who  with 
Aranda  are  marched  off  to  ("hihualiua,  where  most  of 
them  suffer  death,  a  few  onlv  hein;j^  eoiulenuMMJ  to 
loiiLf  imprisonment.''^  From  this  time;  to  the  downfall 
of  till!  inonan'hieal  power  in  New  Spain,  Coahuila  re- 
mained in  <iuiet  possession  of  the  royalists,  unmolested 
except  l)y  tlu^  predatory  incursions  of  wild  Indians. 

But  the  peojtie  thirsted  none  the  less  for  freedom, 
and  when  tJie  newsairived  in  1H2I  of  tlie  proclama- 
tion of  the  plan  of  Iijfuala,  an  uncontrollahle  aj^itation 


I 


ierva( 


led  tl 


U! 


1 


)rovmce, 


Airedoiido,  the    command- 


ant general,  then  residin<jf  in  ^^onterey,  the  capital  of 
Nu(>vo  Tjcon,  in  vain  attempted  to  arrest  the  tide  of 
popular  feeling.  Jjieutenant  Nicolas  del  ^[(►ral  was 
si'iit  ai^ainst  Saltillo  in  conunand  of  a  company  of  the 
lin(!  'grenadiers  of  Vera  Cruz,  followed  hy  the  whole 
hattalion,  under  the  lieutenant  Pedro  Lenuis.  Moral, 
liowever,  on  his  arrival  jn'oclaimed,  July  1st,  the  in- 
dependence. The  authorities  did  likewise,  and  li(>mus 
entered  the  city,  after  havini,^  administered  to  his 
troops  the  oath  to  supp<nt  tiie  plan  of  Ijruala.      Arrt- 


doiulo,  thus  ahatidoned,  c(»nvoked  a  jjct^neral  assenddy 
of  the  authorities  of  Monti^rey,  at  whi«*h  it  was  unani- 
mously ri'solved  to  adopt  tlie  jilan.  The  commandant 
j^eneral  suhniitted  with  jjjood  u^race,  and  independence 
was  proclaimed  July  4th.  i^ut  he  could  not  win 
thend)y  the  jjcood-will  and  ohedienco  of  his  former 
Si)rely  pressed  suhjects.  Theautliorities  and  forces  at 
Saltillo  refused  to  nH'Oirnizt!  him,  and  in  disgust  lu' 
surrendered  his  command  t<»  (Jaspar  Lopez,  the  first 
otHcer  of  the  trigarante  army  who  aj>})roachcd.     Ar- 

'"  Among  the  latter  was  Aranda,  who  was  aentcnecd  with  four  others  to 
imprisonment  for  ten  years.  Alniiinn,  Hist.  M,j.,  ii.  UH);  Ih-rmiwlezy  Damlox, 
Vol.  Doc.,  i.  70.     Consult  Hist.  Me.i:,  iv.  '240,  272,  this  scries. 


roMTKAl,   1>J  VISIONS. 


88 


r»'(l(>n«lo  tlicM  retire*!  to  Sjiii  l^iiis  I'otosi,  wiieiH'e  lie 
|)i(M'ee(lo<l  to  Tampieo,   where   lie   einlMuke<l  lur  Ji 


u- 


KlMil 


I 

The  ]K»litieal  convulsions  which  urc'seiitly  o<'curre<l 
in  tlie  Mexican  i'apital  after  the  estahlislnnent  of  in- 
(|e|nn(l«'nce  were  hut  slii;;htly  i'elt  in  the  provincias 
inttiiias  <l<!  oriente,  which,  under  the  empire,  were 
•^otverned  as  previously.  I>y  a  ]><»litical  atnj  military 
cliiel".  In  l,S"J:{,  however,  after  the  fall  of  Iturhide,  a 
junta  was  convened  at  NfcMiteJ-ey.  eomposed  of  dele- 
gates representiui,''  Coahuila.  Nuevo  Leon,  'I'ainaulipas, 
and  Texas,  'i'his  junta  represented  to  the  provisional 
novrinmeiit  that  the  four  pi'ovinces  wished  to  he  sepa- 
rated, and  wer<'  desirous  that  theiederal  system  should 
he  adopte<l.'"     'I'hat  l'o!-m  of  iroveiinnent  havini^  Im-cii 


|troc|aimed     hy    the    constituent    conn'i-ess,    Coahuil 


X 


uevo   ijcon.  an< 


I   'I 


exas  Were    formei 


d   int 


a, 


o  oiM!  state 


l»y  the  acta  constitutiva.  ]>romul^at(Ml  .January  :\\, 
lS-24.  On  May  7tli,  however,  a  decree  was  passed 
wliicli  detach<'«l  Xuevo  licon  and  raised  it  to  the 
rank  of  an  indepen<lent  state,  while  ( 'oahuila  and  Texas 


Were  |n'ovisionaMv  un 


ited 


until  the  latter  s 


houhl 


»os- 


tlie  necessary  elements  to  form  a  state  of  itself  ' 
This  j)olitical  divisi(»n  was  contirmed  hy  the  federal 
constitution  puhlislied  Octolxr  4,   iHiM. 

The  new  state  at  once  ]»roceede«l  to  form  it^  JJf«»v- 
( iiMiient.  A  constituent  c«»niLji"ess  was  I'lected,  and 
assenihled  at  Saltillo  in  August  IH'li.     A  provisional 


!.;<ivernoi'  WJ 


as  aiinointed,"  and  an  executive    counci 


(Tea 


ted  t< 


o  assist  hini  in   his  administration 


•A') 


Jiy  dc 


".IA(«i<i».  If/if.  M<j.,  V.  2;iS-0. 

■"  /liiMfitiii'iiii);  Ciiiiii.  J/is/.,  MS.,  viii.  177;  A/.,  /AV.  Ihirhii1<\  lOO. 

'•'  '  I'lTii  t<in  lut'jioconiocstjuiltiiii.'i '  'I'lXiis  '  I'.stuvii'ii'  »ii  :i|itituil  do  ti^u- 
r;ir  i'diiio  cstoilo  )>i>r  hi  Hnhi,  lo  ]i:irti('ipiirii  at  ciiii^rcso  ^tiicriil  |><ir.'i  mu  rrsnlii- 
riiiii.'  Mix.  Col.  On/.  11  />»'(•.,  iii.  4(>,  «lu'it'  ii  coiiy  <it  the  ili-crct' will  Ih'  rniiiul. 

■■-'  KiifiU'l  Oiiii/.,-iIt'Z  wii.s  provisiiiiial  uovcrnor  in  LS'-T),  ami  Viotnr  lilaiico  in 
IS'.V.    1H'.'7.     Whilc'xCoi  LnwM,  i.  (ill',  til.">. 

-■'('tintjioseil  <if  a  vii'f-gdvurnor  ami  tmir  nu'iiilnTH.  '1  lie  roiincil  was  a])- 
IMiintcil  liy  congri'SH,  ami  tlit!  lirNt  one  created  wuh  liy  ilccrfc  of  Aug.  SI,  IS'J."). 
'llii'  nii^nilKTs  wore  .Juso  Ignaoitt  tli;  Arisix',  vii'ojiiivfrnor  ad  interim,  .hian 
ill'  (MtriUar,  .Font'  Ignacio  Saiiclu'z,  .lose  Ignauio  Alcoccr,  and  Jose  Iguacio  dc 
<  .ii(i(.iiaa.  t'oah.  y  Tex.  Lvytn  y  iJcc.,  'S'2, 


Tin;  sTAii:  ok  (oaihila  ani>  ti:\as. 


••ifc  (if  August  lis,  IS'JI,  tlic  riiiictlons  nf  the  politiral 


•iii.r 


iiKl  the  (lc|iiitatioii  (i|    I  ('\as  wcic  (Irilaicd  t«» 


.i  t< 


Iia\f  craxMl,  as  liail  already  ln'cii  the  ca.-e  with  I't'spi ct 
to  tlir  aiitlitritit's  of  tlie  same  class  ill  ('oalmila:  aii«l 
a  lew  iiiiiiitlis  later  a  |Mtiitieal  ailiniiiistratov,  stylitl 
'eliief  i»r  the  (leparl  liiellt  of  1\'\as.'  was  |i|(»\isioll- 
ally  1  >tal)lisjie(|. '  In  its  lirst  deeiee.  Aiin'iist  IJ. 
IS-JI.  the  ei»listitnellt  eoiiinress  Jiledu'ed  the  state  ef 
('itahiiila  and  Texas  to  sustain  at  all  hazards  the  su- 
preme tediial  |)o\ve»s,  and  declared  its  lorm  ol"  «;o\- 
e)-mneiit  tit  he  re|(i-eseMtati\ c,  |)<i|tu!ar,  and  ledeial, 
divided  into  the  thi'ee  |iowels.  lei^islatixi'.  executive, 
and  judicial. 

|)urinL;'  the  next  two  years  a  numln'i'  of  deciees 
weie  passed  reoiilatiun"  the  at  t  I'iluites,  rest  fictions,  and 
duties  dj'  the  executive  aixl  otiicials,  estahlishilli;'  eh c- 
tion  laws,  creating'  judges  »>r  responsihility,  and  relat- 
in]H'    ti»    other    matters    cdiniected    with    the    internal 


p)verninent   <»|    the  state 


It 


was  not   until 


M 


irch 


I  I.  IS-J7.  that  the  <'onstitution  of  the  state  was  puh- 
lished.  i'iveiy  otliceraud  citizen  was  retjuiit-il  in  take 
oath  to  sustain  it  a  regulation  which,  in  view  of  the 
tliii'd  aiticle.  must  have  heeii  accjuiesced  in  with  ^r.ui 
dissatisiaction  hy  the  cnliehteiu'd  C'oahuilau.      In  that 


.liisi^  I'Mix  Tnsii.-iliU'ioH  was  the  last  iMiliticiil  ami  military  jiovcriior  of 


Texas  uiiilir  tilt'  oM  ,s\>tiiii.   AtiiKuitv, 


Cofilrd  ill   |S-J,'{   hy    I  .Uiiaiiii  (I 


\\\\ 


SnI.     Kst,,,!.      T' 


14.      II 


".".»." 


Ill  siTM'il   iii(i\  isi(i:ially  as  su 


Ih 


!•  \\a<  .siic 
ih.     Wnih  '.- 


Itiii'lii.U 


Trisli:il,ii'iin,  ill  Aiiiil   \X'1'.\,   liail  iiiuiioiiiu'iil  i:i  favnr  <>!' 


li'isliumuili,   /I'"/,  l/iirl'iili;   Mil   •_'. 


-'.Idsr  Alltdiui)  SaiU'iili 
this   litlo.     H7//7,'.v  To/.   /.„ 


I'ct'iliiij,'  (larciaiii  I.S'J4,  wa.s  tlic  tiist  to  li.  .ir 


V.tT  it;  ( 'ifili.   I. 


I  lies  >l 


/' 


.s.  11.     T 


11'  clllcl 


of  ili[iiiitniciit  was  aiitliorizfil  to  iiiiiiosc  liiu'.s  from  one  to  oiio  liiiiniri'il  (loll,u> 
oil  tliosc  wild  iliil  not  oIh'v  or  I'l'sjuct  liiiii;  lu'  liailal.<o  powi  r  to  iiiaUc  arrests, 
hut  o.ily  on  till'  cNiinss  terms  that  w  itliiii  4S  hours  he  jilaeeil  the  ari'isteil 
pai't./  at  the  ilisiMisal  of  a  eomjieti'iit  trihiinal  or  juilui'.  lie  wa.s  not  to  alhiw 
any  i>  'i-son  to  ai'iuojiriate  lands,  ami  was  to  yive  cireunistaiitial  iiilormation 
to  t';.'  uoverioneiit  with  respect  to  tho.se  who  lia  I  ali-eady  done  no.  liejar  was 
to  1> '  Ills  jilaei;  of 


mniandeil  t^.e  loeal  militia,  and  was  ti 
.le  over  all  jiopular  junt.is,  as  well  as  over  the  ayuntamiento  of  Hejar,  or 


pr. 


otiu  r  lilaee  in 


At  i: 


sessions  o 


tht^  dejiartiueiit  where  eireumstanees  mieht  re(|uiro  his  j»r>  seiiei 
f  ayiiiitaiiiii'iitos,  luiwever,  he  had  no  vote,  except  a  eastiiii; 


one  1  1  e.'ise  o 


f  ati 


M. 


l)^t^ 


le  was   the 


.le  eh; 


,1  of 


eominunu'iition 


w   en  his  .siiiiori 


iiliates  aiul  the  government.    /</.,  II    14. 


•  111  ^.alrll  •_'",  |S'_'(»,  a  general  amnesty  was  proclaimed,  liy  which  all 
]ioli  .al  prisoners  were  released  from  eoiitiiienieiit,  and  those  lianislietl  wcie 
to  h     i-Moted  hv  the  i;o\ eiuuicnt  to  return  to  thcii'  huiucs,  /(/.,  .'M-li, 


TKKUinUtlAI-   l»KI'AUTMKNTS. 


M 


ri'u']o,  it  is  srt  <lt>NVM    that   "tlio  S(»vrr»'i»riitv   <»!'  tl 


IC 


stiiti'  n-suM'H  (H-itjinallv  and  cssni 


itiall 


V   111 


tl 


IC    <jrriirl':il 


mass   of  tlic    individuals   tliat   cuniiMt.M-    it;   Imt   tluv 
shall    not  <»t'   iht'iiisclvcs   t-xn-cisc   anv   other   acts   of 


sovcrciijiity  than  those  indicated 
and  in  the  t'oim  which  it  iM-escrilx- 


in  this  constitution, 
>."''     Such  a  restiic- 


tion  speaks  loudly  i^\'  the  timidity  with  which  the 
tVaiueis  of  the  constituti«)n  reminded  untiammelled 
iVcedom    of  the    people.      'I'l 


le   state    was  « 


livid 


ed    into 


three  departments — namely,  those  of  Saltilio,  Mon- 
clova,  and  Texas  which  nuinl»«'rwas  increasi-d  later  to 
four,  hy  di'tachini,'  I'arras  from  Saltilio.'-"'  'I'he  i-oiisti- 
tutional  coiiLjrt'ss  to  he  presently  «l»'ct«'d  wastoc«»nsist  of 
twelve  meml»ers,  two  of  whom  was  to  ri'pi'csent  Texas.''" 
'i'liese  representatives  Wi're  not  elected  directly  l»y  the 
|ieopl(>.  hut  hy  the  system  of  priinaiT  and  secondarv 


elections  adopted  elsewliere  in  thi-  Mexican  I'epuolic. 
Ill  a  district  which  s«'nt  up  only  one  deputy,  eleven 
elei'tors  were  popularly  chosen,  and  twenty-one  in 
those  whii'h  sent  up  two  or  inori'  repres«>ptatives. 
These  elei'tors  ap[)ointcd  hy  a  majority  of  votes  the 
deputies  for  their  resp«'ctive  <l«'partments.  The  mini- 
hei'  of  d«'puties  was  to  he  increased  in  propoilion  to 
the  increase  of  the  population  of  a  department.  Otliei* 
provisions  of  the  constitution  were  to  the  ett'ect  that 
the  profession  of  any  other  reliufion  than  the  Jioman 
as    forhiddt'ii;    freedom    of  tlu'    press    was 


ca 


thol 


IC     w 


declared,  hut  suhji'ct  to  existiu*:^  restrictions,  and  such 
future  ones  as  should  he  cstahlished  hylaw;  and  hy 
the  thirteenth  article  all  childnMi  horn  of  slavt>  parents 
oil  the  territory  of  the  state  were  pronounced  free,  tlu^ 
introtluotioii  of  slaves  six  months  after  the  puhlica- 
tioii  of  tho  constitution  hein*.^  strictly  ]»rohil»ited.      A 

•'  Mf.r.  Col.  lie  Coiintitiit.,  i, 


ltH'> 


timi  will  Ih'  touiiil. 


wliifh  volume  a  oijiy  of  tlio  coiistitii- 


'/'/.,  I'.IT.     The  sfcite  was  finally  diviili'il  into  scvfu  iK']iartiiieiits:  S.il- 


tillo,    I'arra.s,    Moiielova,   and    Uosa.-*   in   Coalniila,   ami    Hejii 
N,nii>»iloclii's  in  Texas.   Alinniifr,  Snf.  Extml.   T>J.,  14. 


Hi 


.1 


'  Hv   the  eonvocation  law  of  March  '2',\,    KS'JT,  the  distriet!*  of  Saltilln 


I'.irra.s,  and  Monelov.a  were  to  elect  tliret!   depiities  each.  Texas  i\ 


d  K 


*ii;iiide  one.     Saltilio  was  to  send  up  two  HUppluturies,  and  uaeh  ol  the  other 
districts  one.  Vixth.  Leycn  1/  Dec,  47. 


] 


'?  i  f  ! 


16  TlIK  HTATK  OF  ( OAlll'lLA  AXI>  TILVAS. 

('iiii<li«lato  for  tilt;  ^i)V('ni(ii-.slii|)  was  r(>(|uir(>(l  to  Ite  a 
native  of  till'  rt'imhlif,  :•()  rt-ais  of  n^r,  and  to  liavo 
Ih'cii  (loiniciliatc*!  in  tlir  stati;  fivi-  yrais.  Tlic  jiov- 
fiiior's  tt'iin  of  otlicc  Nv.is  four  vtars;  li«'  was  ilcttrd 
Ity  tin-  |H'o|tlr,  and  had  the  |u«ro«^ativi'  of  appointinj^ 
tlir  political  cliicfs  of  drpartnunts,  carli  appointid 
Immiim;  chosin  from  tliirc  candidatt-s  noniinatfd  l>y  tlic! 
rxrrutivi"  couni'il,  tlu'  nuinlur  of  \v'u>sc  ini-nilu  is  was 
n-durcd  from  four  to  tlnrr. 

On  March  l'.!,  1Si27,  the  convocation  law  for  the  elec- 
tion of  the  tirst  constituti«inal  conniess  was  puldished, 
an<l  on  tlulv  1st  f«>llowin«j;,  tin- assiinhlv  met  in  session. 
On  the  4th  the  numlxi'  ol"  the  votis  cast  for  the  elec- 
tit»ns  of  «;overin>r,  vice-oovernor,  and  the  executive 
council  was  made  known,  with  tiie  folhtwimj;  nsults: 


.lose    Maria    N'ii'sca    was    elected 


«'(»vi'nntr 


Vi.t 


or 


IManco.  vi<'e-«4over:ior ;  and  Santiat;o  di-  N'aiie,  Dioni- 
cio    Kii/.ondo,  and  Jose  J^nacio  tic  Cardenas  council- 


1 


ors. 

Tht!  ureatest  ditticuitv  with  whicli  the  new  K'tjisja- 
ture  had  t«»  contend  was  the  ((Uestion  of  finance. 
Texas,  if  not  an  actual  burden  t«>  the  stati-,  was  little 
less.  Thou*;h  yearly  increasin*;  in  population  and 
WH'alth,  she  contrihuted  iHtthini;'  to  the  revenue,  owiiii;' 
to  the  exi-mption  of  the  colonists  from  taxation,  and 
the  privilege  i^ranted  thi'in  f  intro«lucin^'  suj)plies  of 
all  kinds  free  of  imjjort  duiics.  To  such  straits  was 
the  government  retluceil  that  many  ottices  were  sus- 
p(!nded  for  want  »)f  iiumey  to  i)ay  the  salaries.'"  Every 
ri'source  was  resorted  to  in  (trder  to  increase  the  rev- 

*/'/.,  (in.  Josi- IgiiiU'in  Arisjic  liiiil  Ik'cii  aotiiij;  iw  iirovisioiiiil  gov«'riir)r. 
Mr.r.  Cnl.  CiiiiMfitiif.,  i.  lit"),  'IIX  111  To/m*  /'»</.  M,j:,  'Jl  .Jul.,  IS'21,  will  l)f 
fdiiiiil  ii  liMt  of  tliu  iiiiiiit.'»  t)t'  tliu  ilcputii'H  from  tiio  ditlci't'iit  <U'|).'ti'tiiioiit8. 

•"  ('  iiiLTt's.s,  ill  view  of  the  ttiii1>arriiM.siiiciit8  of  the  stiite  trcii,iiiry  from  want 
of  fuiitls  liy  (leeree  of  April  17,  l.V-VS,  «U8iieii»leil  the  otliee  of  couiu'illor  until 
the  Mtate  hIiouIiI  he  ahle  to  th'fray  the  exjielise  thereof,  the  governor  heihL; 
ilireeted  to  aet  hy  liimself.  The  viee-governor  WiW  only  to  reeeive  jiay  w  hi  ii 
ollieiatiug  <m  account  of  death,  sickness,  or  aliseiice  of  the  j;overiior.  Tlii^ 
ustahlishineiit  of  a  treasury  was  |iostiioited;  and  tiie  ilepartnient  and  dis- 
triet  chiefs,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  in  Texas,  were  temporarily  suspended 
in  the  exercise  of  their  functions,  the  ayuntiimientos  liein^  ordered  tocoiii- 
municate  directly  with  tlie  uxccutive  tliruugh  their  ulcadus.  C'uu/t.  y  Tkj. 
Iryvs,  101 


\n 


Ki:vi:xuK. 


•7 


ciiui'.  Tlio  rork-jMts  wcio  leased  at  am-tion  ti»  tln' 
lii-4lust  l»i<l<l«'r;  l>ilIianl-tal)K'S  w«  re  taxtd  at  J?J  I  |m  r 
aiiiiiiiii;  and  a  duty  of  two  |ur  ct'iituiu  wjis  cliar^^'d 
on  till!  circulation  of  money,  wlietiier  tlic  ilestination 
of  till!  coin  WHH  to  a  |ilace  within  »»i' without  the  teiii- 
toty  of  tlu^  state;  fni;ds  were  horn  »wed  fn>ni  the  church, 
and  all  jieisons,  f»  i;  •  lew  e\ce[>t<'d,  wheth«r  they  derived 
their  incoincH  from  .-  iits,  salaries,  «>r  waives,  fron» 
husiiu>ss  or  industrial  (»c(  upations,  wi-re  taxed  to  the 
amount  of  three  «lays'  income  jur  annum. 

What  added  to  the  pi'iiilexities  of  the  jrevernment 
durin'4  this  i»erio<l  was  the  alarmin*^  detline  .1'  the  in- 
teinal  trailo  of  the  state.  This  was  i-hielly  o\.  nijif  t«» 
the  inllux  of  foreiLcn  dealers,  who  introdu<  id  cotton 
and  Woollen  i^oods  with  ruinous  eil'ect  ui  i  the  native 
mercliants  and  retaih-rs.  1'he  native  husimss  was  so 
|)ara!y^'  I'  that  con<;ress  was  under  the  n<  -es  .ty  of 
1( 'i^islatmg  on  the  matter,  and  theri'hy  <>;ivi'  4rievous 
ellence  to  the  An<^lo-Anu'rican  c(»lonists  in  Texas. 
Ill  Ajiiil  and  ^lay  18*Jl),  decrees  were  passed  prohihit- 
uv^  foi"«'iirn  merchants,  of  whatever  nation,  iVom  n'tail- 
iiiy-  i;o(»ds  or  ini[>ortin«jf  c()arse  cotton  or  woollen  stulis 
not  manul'actured  in  the  repuhlic."''  The  ojienin*^  of 
tlie  j»ort  of  (iah'eston  hy  ilecree  of  Octoher  17,  Ihlii,*^' 
ali'oided  facilities  to  these  conunercial  intruders,  while 
the  exemption  law  in  favor  of  the  colonists  otJ'ered 
temi»tations  to  entrajjre  in  snm;j:<;lin<4  which  were  not 
verv  stoutly  resisted. 

A  hreach  Ix^twei'n  the  ^lexicans  and  the  An»ilo« 
American  settlers  had  indeed  already  been  ojuned. 
Apart  from  the  fact  that  the  innnigrants  brought  with 
them  tlie  princi})les  of  law,  liberty,  antl  nligion  which 
prevailed  in  the  country  of  their  birth,  and  which 
eould    not    be   conducive   to    amal<_r:»mation   with    the 

^-  Tlioy  were  only  nllowetl  to  si'll  at  wholesulf,  !iiiil  fur  i-.-isli.  /./.,  1 17,  12(5- 
7.  l»cw»'us  eiigagetl,  in  182(5-7,  in  one  oi  tlicso  trailing  eutorpriuoii.  LHtirs 
J  ram   'I'lr.,  .VM). 

^' ',•„,„  ,/,  Jf.ir.  n,j>.  Mr.,:,  iv.  »)S;  M<:r.  Mm  Mnir.^f.,  i:i,  nn.  iv.  The 
)>iirt  ot  MiiUigorda,  as  also  that  of  MaUinioru.s  in  Taii.uuli[>a.s  on  tliu  Hii> 
•  Mamie,  liuil  bceii  oitcncil  to  trade  ia  1S20.  Linlo  ilc  Tijtid^i,  C'cm/r.  h'tltiil., 
21. 


!  ,1 


li' 


*  '■ 


S8 


TIIK  l-iTATE  OF  C'OAHUILA  AND  TEXAS, 


natives,  tlicir  <j;rejit  influx  and  steady  success  not  only 
excited  jealousy,  l)ut  Itei^an  to  be  watched  with  appre- 
hension hy  both  the  state  and  federal  jrovernnunts. 
The  covetous  solicitude  to  i>'ain  possession  of  Texas 
evinced  hv  tJie  United  States  a'^uravateti  tlie  anxiety 
of  Mexico  and  tiie  disfavor  with  which  the  coloinsts 
W'jre  h(>inn'  ri'j^arded.  It  was  hard  for  tlie  suspitious 
Mexican  not  to  believe  that  the  Anj^lo-Aniericans 
witliin  his  Itorders  did  not  secretly  cherish  the  hope 
tliat  tlie  tei'ritorv  would  he  eventually  annexed  to  the 
northern  re}>ul)lic.  The  action  of  the  y;ovi'rinMent  at 
WasliinL;ton  certainly  ti'iided  to  foment  such  aspira- 
tion. Only  a  few  years  had  elapsed  after  tlu' treaty 
of  ISli)  with  Spain  when  the  United  States  ])reti'n(led 
to  foresee  future  trouhh',  and  he<j^au  to  express  dissat- 
isfaction at  the  ai^reenient  they  had  entered  into.  In 
March  IH'Jo  Heurv  ('lav,  in  a  letter  to  tlu'  envoy, 
Joel  H.  i*oinsett,  spoke  of  (htiicuities  that  mii^ht  arise 
from  the  hourulary  as-reed  upon.  He  considered  the 
line  of  the  Sahine  nearer  to  the  tj^i'eat  western  com- 
niercial  capital  of  the  U^ni^ru  States  than  was  desiraide, 
and  instructed  that  min'rster  to  sound  the  M(!xican 
L>(»vei'nment  as  to  its  inclination  to  the  adoption  of  a 
new  boundary,  su^'^estini;'  as  such  the  13razos,  the  liio 
Colorado,  or  tlie  Jiio  (Jrande."'*  Jn  March  1.S-J7  i'oin- 
sett  was  authori/A'd  to  make  a  specific  jiroposition  on  tlie 
matter,  by  which  the  United  States  would  aj^ree  to  jtay 
31,000,000  if  Mexico  would  consent  to  the  Kio  Grande 
beinn"  iinide  the  boundary  ;'*^^  if  this  were  unattainable, 
half  that  sum  was  to  be  oli'ered  for  the  Colorado  line. 
Neither  of  these  propo.sals  was  received  by  the  Mexican 
o-overnment,  nor  would  the  congress  take  into  consid- 
eration a  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  and  naviij^ation, 
on  the  point  of  being  concluded  between  tlu'  two 
nations,  unless  it  contained  an  article  which  renewed 
the  existence  of  the  treaty  celebrated  i>y  the  cabinets 

^'Coiii/ns.'t.  Di'hdfcM,  18;<7,  ii.  ap.  ]'.'.")-(». 

■'■''I'lii'  liituiidiiry  iiropo.siMl  wa»  to  ln'giii  at  tlio  ninuth  of  the  RioCiraiule, 
pass  n]i  that  riviT  to  tlu'  Hio  Pucn'o,  tlu'iicc  to  tin;  source  of  the  latter,  whcuce 
it  >vaa  to  run  due  north  to  the  Arkansas.   /(/.,  127. 


MEXICO  SUSPICIOUS. 


89 


of  Madrid  and  Wasliiiiutoii  nsju'ctiiii^  the  territorial 
limits,  '{"his  resolution  niidcrt'*!  it  iiu|)('rativo  to  settle 
that  <jU»'stioii  tirst,  and  on  January  I  "J,  ISi'H,  a  ])i-oto- 
ool  was  si'i,n('d  l>y  Poinsett  on  the  part  of  the  I  nited 
States,  and  S.  C'oinaeho  and  J.  V.  Ksteva  on  that  of 
Mexico,  by  wliich  it  was  agreed  that  the  dividing;"  line 
Itetween  tlie  two  countries  shouhl  i>e  that  Hxe<l  u|)on 
hy  tlie  ti'eaty  of  1  H  1 1)  with  S[)ain.  X»'Vertheless  the 
United  States  still  ])ersisted  in  their  ohject.  In  Au- 
i^ust  IHl'I)  in.structions  wei'c  sent  to  Poinsett  to  open 
ne<4()tiations  for  the  ])urchase  of  so  much  of  Texas 
as  Mexico  could  he  induced  to  cede.  Four  diti'^rent 
eessidns  were  suu,«j,i'sted,  the  corres))on(lin<i,-  l)oundary 
lines  lie<>-innin«i;  n-spectively  at  the  mouths  of  the  Hio 


(irande,   the    Baca,   the    Colorado, 


an< 


1    the    Hiazos. 


J*oinsett  was  authoi'i/i'd  to  otl'er  as  hijL'h  as  sf), ()()(), 000 
for  the  Hrst-named  line,  and  for  the  others,  amounts 
proportionate  to  the  extent  of  territory  that  would  he 


('('( 


led.      Hut   Poinsett   never  received   these    insti 


uc- 


tioiis.  His  otticious  meddlinuf  with  the  internal  affairs 
of  the  Afexican  ri'puhlic  had  yaini'd  for  him  theihslike 
of  the  u^oveTument.  His  iccall  was  <lemanded  and 
acceded  to,  and  his  successor,  Anthony  Butler  of 
Mississippi,  made  no  j)ro;j,ress  in  his  negotiations  for 


tl 


le 


im 


I'chasc!  o 


f  T 


exas. 


Another  cause  of  suspicion,  an<l  consecpient  want  of 
confidenc(>  hetween  the  Mexican  authorities  and  the 
settlers,  was  the  teini)orary  freedom  of  the  latter  from 
molestation  hv  the  Jndians.  J)urini;  the  fii'.st  thiee 
or  four  years  of  the  colonv's  existence  the  settlers 
had  heiMi  grievciusly  troubled  hy  these  savages,  and 
liad  engaged  in  nunu-rous  conflicts  with  them.'^  T\h 
signal  [»unishmeiit,  however,  which  they  inflicted  upon 


tl 


le  aggressors  won 


for  tl 


lem 


tl 


le  res 


pect 


ii'.d   awe  o 


t 


th(>  wild  tribes  around  them  ;  roid  while  in  the  Mexi<'an 
district  of  Hejar  the  Indians  even  carried  their  depi-e- 
dations  with  impunity  into  San  Antonio,  the  Aiiglo- 


'  For  jiartipulars  of  ti^lits  witli  Tmlians,  not'  />r»w,s'  LvttvrK,  'M- 


M 


54  .");  unci   YiHikiiiii's  Hill.   Ti.r. 


•."„M  0 


i 

i 

- 

1 

if 

1 

Im 

ij 

i 


Si' 


M 


fi . 


f!    .;     W 


J    ■  H 


90 


TlIK  .STATK  OF  LOAHUILA  AND  TKXAS. 


Anicncan  colony  was  left  iii  coiiiparative  jteaco.  ihis 
oxomjitioii,  <;aiiu'(l  eiitiivly  l>y  tlie  dotcrniination  and 
foinaiLi;u  of  tlie  scttU'is,  was  attriljuU'd  to  a  .sinister 
undcistai'diiijir  with  tlu'  Indians. 

Wliilc  tlie  jealous  fears  of  the  state  ju;-o\ernnient 
that  its  liheral  |)olicy  had  overshot  the  mark  beeanie 
nior(>  and  more  conHrnied,  certain  legislative  acts, 
which  it  was  i-xju'cte'd  would  he  corrective  of  past 
mistakes  and  ])iev<'ntive  of  fneshadowed  trouhle,  irri- 
tated the  settlers.  The  slave  laws  of  1827,  and  the 
]»rohiltit<HT  one  of  IH'JI),  res|)ectin<j;' fon'iij^n  merchants, 
caused  iLTitat  offence,  \^y  decree  of  SeptiMuber  1;3, 
1  827,  the  constituent  con^ii'ss  manifested  its  intention 
not  onlv  to  carrv  out  strictlv  the  thirteenth  article  of 
the  constitution,  hut  also  to  acc^uire  the  ^ijuhfal  eman- 
cipation of  slaves  alrea<ly  intnxhiced.  Ayuntamientos 
were  ordered  to  kei'p  a  list  of  all  slaves  in  their  re- 
spective municipalities,  desionatin^'  a^'e,  name,  and 
s(>x.  A  len'ister  of  the  deaths  of  slaves  and  the  hirths 
of  sla\('-hoi'n  children  was  also  to  he  rigidly  ke[tt. 
Sla\'es  wliose  owners  had  no  apparent  heii-s  were  t(> 
hecome  free  innnediately  on  the  decease  of  their  mas- 
ters; and  on  each  change  of  ownership,  even  in  the 
case  of  heirs  succeedinsjc,  one  tenth  of  the  numhrr  of 
slaves  inlu'rited  was  to  he  manumitted,  the  incUviduals 
heiniJ^  determined  by  lot.  \^y  another  decree,  of  Xo- 
vend)er  24tli  of  the  same  year,  it  was  piovided  that 
anv  slave  who  wislied  to  chanyfe  his  mastc^r  couhl  do 
so,  ])rovided  the  new  owner  indenmiHed  the  former 
one  for  the  cost  of  tlie  slave,  according  to  the  hill  of 
saK-.^'^ 

Although  the  colonists  k(>pt  themselves  aloof  and 
were  inditferent  to  ^lexicaii  legislation  so  long  as  their 
own  inunediate  interests  weie  not  attacketl,  their  anger 
rose  wlu'ti  a  direct  blow  was  struck  at  their  prosperity. 
Without  entering  into  the  moral  (juestion  of  right, 
there  can  be  little  dt»ubt  that  without"  slave;  labor  the 
cohmization  of  Texas  would  have  been  retarded   for 

^U\vil,.  ,/  yVr.  I.vi,<s,  78  '.),  !)1  'J. 


SLAVERY   AX1>  I'KDNAllE. 


91 


many  years.  Tlio  iumiigraiits  would  have  ht'oii  limited 
oxciusivelv  to  the  class  of  lahoiinj^  t'armeis  who,  by 
the  toil  of  their  hands  and  the  swi'at  of  tluir  lnows, 
would  have  reclaimed  some  small  ]>ortioiis  only  of 
the.  uncultivated  wastes.  Xo  capitalist  would  have; 
ennau'ed  in  a  venture  which  would  reduci'  him  and  his 
family  to  the  condition  (tf  laborers.  Jlowever  l(»udly 
the  ^[exicaii  people  and  outside  philanthropists  may 
claim  enlightenment  for  the  ^overnnmnt  of  that  re- 
puhlic  in  proclaimiiiij^  the  abolition  of  slavery  at  this 
early  date,  it  nmst  be  borne  in  mind  that  sucli  K  ij^isla- 
tion  in  no  wise  allected  the  int(;rests  of  the  landed 
pioprietors  of  Mexico.  vV  labor  system  had  been  de- 
velojied  which  was  far  less  ex[)ensive  than  that  of 
slavery,  but  which  })ractically  embi'aci^d  all  its  attri- 
butes. The  position  of  the  Mexican  laborer,  or  peon, 
was  one  of  perj)etual  servitude  and  subjection  to  a  task- 
master.     He  bound  himself  to  his  master  by  a  writti'ii 


contract  on  entermijc  his  service,  and  nnmediattly  bc- 
canu^  his  debtor  for  money  advanced,  sometimes  to 
the  amount  i>f  a  year's  waijfes 


3.S 


Hi 


kept 


IS  em[)loyer  kept  a 
debit  and  credit  account  with  him,  and  rari'lv  <lid  it 


sh 


bal 


low  a  l)alance  m  tlie  [>eon  s  tavor, 


th 


Ifl 


le  irave  oiti'iisi 


in 


committi'd  a  fiiult,  or  failed  in  the  fulfilment  of  his 
duties,  coiitinemeiit,  shackles,  or  the  lash  could  be 
legally  meted  out  to  him;  and  should  he  desi'it  his 


master's  service,  he  co 


)uld  I 


)e  reclaimed 


d  tl 


iroULHi 


tl 


le 


alcaldi',  who  had  the  authority  to  compel  him  to  re- 
turn, and  punish  him.  In  fact,  never  out  of  debt,  he 
was  ever  a  bondniaii,  with  but  little  more  liberty  than 
a  slave.  In  name  only  was  he  not  one.  As  the  j)eoirs 
wages  varied  from  one  to  three  nvilesa  day,  providing 
for  himself,  and  as  his  working  days  wi-re  reduce*]  by 
the  numerous  church  holidays  observed  in  Mexico  to 
about  two  hundred,  the  avt'iage  cost  of  a  ju'oii  was 
about  -SJO  a  year.      Thus  the  landed  })roprietors,  uiuler 

"'"Tlie  congress  of  tlie  ntatc  of  Coahuila  and  Ti'xas,  by  decree  of  Sept.  .30, 
IH'JS,  provided  tliiit  no  adviince  could  be  made  by  the  master  to  tlie  Hervant 
to  ail  r..'.iioiiiit  exceeding  ;)ne  year's  wages.    A/.,  1U8. 


m 


n-p 

II 

i 

ffi 

■■ 

')i 

'^*f 

,i  ,1- 

ii\ 

■ 

• 

1  i; 

?;  i  i 
''  I 


I' 

r 
i  H 


<■'■  111"- 


i  „ 


Mi.; 
.1'  J ' 


I 


^  f  'i 


92  Tin:  STATK  OF  COAHUILA  AND  TKXAS. 

this  system,  in  which  no  outlay  of  capital  was  required, 
nor  loss  l»y  death  incurred,  rea})ed  all  the  advuntajufes 
of  alts;)lutc  slavery  without  one  titlic  of  its  exiK'nse. 

Under  tlie  ahove-descrihed  system,  it  was  n«»t  ditli- 
cult  ioi-  the  Ani^lo- Americans  to  evade  the  law  pro- 
liihitiiii^^  the  1'urtlier  imjiortation  of  slaves;  and  under 
the  apixllation  of  indentured  servants,  they  continued 
to  introduci!  them  into  Texas.^^  But  in  IH-JJ)  more 
ilecisive  ])ressure  was  a|)[)lied,  hy  the  pronmli^ation  of 
Guerrei'o's  decree  of  Septenihe-r  lath,  orderinL?  the 
total  aholition  of  slaverv  throui^hout  the  ^Mexican 
repuhli."  Now,  at  this  time  there  were  very  few 
slaves  ill  ^[exico  outside  of  Texas,  and  these  few  were 
treat(!d  with  ijjreat  induliL^enco  hy  their  owners,  who 
rcLJ^arded  tlieni  as  favorite  S(>rvants  and  niemhers  of 
their  I'amilies."  Conse<juently  the  decree — which  in 
fact  was  dictated  hy  a  spirit  of  self-})rotection  against 
the  United  States  hy  the  estahlishnierit  of  a  political 
harrier  hetween  the  two  nations^" — met  with  no  oppo- 
sition elsewhere  in  ISIexico.  In  Texas,  however,  there 
were  no"  over  1,000  slaves,  whose  manumission  would 
have  crip})led  the  colony  to  a  ruinous  degree.  Strong 
remonstrances  were  made  to  the  federal  government, 
setting  forth  the  facts  that  if  the  slaves  were  freed 
they  would  hecome  a  nuisance,  and  a  hinderance  to 
prosperity;  that  the  traiujuillity  of  the  department 
would  he  eiidanirered,  as  the  colonists  would  reirard 
the  disjtossession  of  their  slaves  as  a  violation  of  the 
promises  and  guarantees  by  which  they  had  been  in- 
duced to  settle  in  the  countrv;  and  lastlv,  that  the 
indenmification  would  be  very  heavy,  and  in  the  ex- 
hausted condition  of  the  treasury  would  remain  unpaid 

"  Tlic  slave  law  was  evaded  by  introduciug  negroes  to  serve  as  apprentieea 
for  U!(  yuars.  Aili-s'  Hf<i.,  xxxiv.  3.H4. 

*"  J/<./-.  Col.  A(i/.w,"l8l.M>-:«),  14y-50;  Dublan  and  Lozaiio,  L<;jk.  ^fr.,■.,  ii. 
1G;{;  Arrill<i;/,t,  hWoj).,  18U1>,  'JI3. 

*' Titriii'l,  lirvir  Ji'rMi'iln  Jliif.,  8."),  says:  '  Nouiinalinento  eran  esclavos.  jior- 
que  sus  diii'i'ios  los  eonsideruhan  uoiiio  donit^sticos  I'avoritos,  y  aim  Icis  tratalKin 
eouio  a  liijos. ' 

^- '  Eu  la  a1)nlicion  de  la  csclavitud,' remarks  Tornel,  the  initiator  of  the 
decree,  '  se  envolvia  nna  iiiira  altanieuto  jKilitioa,  la  dc  establecer  una  barrera 
eutru  Mexico  y  los  Estados-Uui.los.'  10. 


DECREES   AND  LEdlSLATION. 


y;j 


for  many  years.  These  representations  were  of  sucli 
weiijflit  that  on  December  2d  of  the  same  year  an  ex- 
ception  was  made  hi  favor  of  Texas." 

An  examination  of  tlie  decrees  issued  durinjj  the 
first  five  years  of  the  state's  existence  shows  that  the 
conjxressional  assembhes  endeavored  to  h'i>ishite  with 
honesty  and  justice,  and  many  wise  kiws  were  enacted. 
But  inexperience,  combined  with  a  dim  i)erception  in 
reuard  to  civil  and  individual  riij;hts,  made  it  difficult 
])ro})erly  to  organize  a  state  with  free  institutions  out 
of  a  desi)otically  ruled  province.  Thus  a  curious  mix- 
ture of  libeial  princi})les  and  conservative  })rejudices  is 
observable,  TJie  restrictions  on  tlie  sovereignty  of 
the  people  laid  down  in  tiie  lk\  article  of  the  constitu- 
tion, tlie  intolerance  of  any  religion  but  the  Koman 
catholic,  and  the  excessive  power  vested  in  the  chief 
of  the  department  of  Texas,  were  incompatil)le  with 
free  republican  institutions.  In  strong  contrast  with 
the  liberality  manifested  in  the  state  colonization  law 
was  the  j)ersecution  to  which  resident  S})aniards  were 
snbmitted.  By  a  law  passed  June  2:},  1827,  they 
were  excluded  from  all  civil  and  ecclesiastical  offices 
until  Spain  sliould  acknowledge  the  independence  of 
Mexico,  and  in  November  of  the  same  year  all  Span- 
iards, excerpt  those  domiciliated  in  the  state  thirty 
vears,  were  banished:  travellers  of  that  natioiiidity 
could  not  remain  more  than  three  days  in  any  town 
except  in  case  of  sickness  or  other  recognized  imped- 
ini!  i»^ ;  those  who  remained  were  re(|uiretl  to  present 
t!u,ii.-e!ves  monthly  to  the  local  authorities,  and  were 
forbidden  to  carry  any  arms  exce[)t  those  customarily 
worn  for  personal  defence;  and  a  strict  surveillance 
was  kept  over  their  conduct.^*  When  in  1829  Mexico 
was  invaded  by  the  Spanish  forces  under  JWradas,*^ 
the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  displayed  its  patriot- 

*MAr.  /)/«•/.  Cnm.  Jiisf.,  1.  1;  \il,.,'  Uv.j.,  xxxviii.  '2*)1. 

*^(ihih.  If  Tvj:  Lrifi't,  t)2,  it4-.'>,  I (),•)(). 

*'l''(ii-  an  account  of  tlii.s  invasion,  sec  J/itt.  Mi's.,  v.  7--."),  tliis  tturica. 


'^1 


'i  S.I 


94 


TlIK  8TATK  OF  COAIIUILA  AND  TKXAS. 


m 


fii'       ! 


I     -t 


ism  by  (^xactininr  a  lu'avv  forced  loan  from  tlio  rcsitUnit 
Spaniards/"  while  the  property  still  remaiiiiiii;  in  the 
state,  of  those  who  had  left  for  other  countries,  was 
confiscated. 

It  must,  however,  he  horno  in  mind  that  the  stat«  s 
wore  under  a  kind  of  political  thraldom  to  the  federal 
<rovernment,  whose  (K'crees  they  were  compelled  to 
indorse,  and  which  dictated  their  lijj^hts  under  the  late 
constitution  to  a  degme  that  left  their  individual  indo- 
juMidence  decidedly  ecjuivocal.  In  the  case  of  Coa- 
huila  and  Texas,  it  is  noticeahle  that,  durinjjf  th(^ 
repeated  chan<jfes  of  administration  in  the  nati<»nal 
capital,  the  state  ij^overnment  was  ever  anxious  to 
keep  on  <j^ood  terms  with  the  dominant  party  and 
.adopt  its  j)olicy.  The  consi  quences  wertt  peiplexity, 
C()ntra(hctions,*^  and  an  absence  of  fixed  [xilitical 
principles 

In  the  administration  of  justice  the  h  <:^islatMi'(>  en- 
deavored to  insure  fair  trials.  Ir.  the  ci"iminal  courts 
the  accused  was  tried  before  the  presidinti^  judijfe, 
in  the  i)resence  of  two  assistant  judi^es,  one  chosen  l)V 
the  defendant  ami  the  other  by  the  plaintiff.  After 
all  the  evidence  had  been  taken,  the  three  jud»j^(>s  in 
consultation  decided  uj)on  the  case.  When  two  or 
more  defendants  were  on  trial  on  the  same  charge, 
each  could  nominate  two  assistant  judges,  and  out  of 
the  whole  numl)er  one  was  elected  by  a  majority  of 
votes.  Every  citizen  when  called  upon  to  sit  as  an 
assistant  judge  was  obligated  to  servi-,  mdess  some 
legal  im[)edin)ent  exonerated  him.'*^  Simjile  theft  of 
small   amounts   was   punishable    by  the    infliction  of 

♦'Unmarried  Siianianls  and  widowers  witlimit  children  wc^e  ealli'cl  ujion 
for  one  third  of  tlieir  eapital^<;  those  married  without  ehildreii,  and  w  iihiwiiv-* 
with  only  one  child,  for  one  fifth;  and  tiiose  of  liotli  classes  with  more  tiian 
one  child,  for  one  eighth.   A/.,  \',iii. 

^' When  (iuerrero  was  in  jiower,  tlie  congress  of  Coahuila  and  Texas 
ordered  his  Inist  to  he  net  nj)  in  their  hall,  Imt  when  adversity  came  ujion 
him,  they  repeahMl  the  order.  They  then  named  a  town  after  Bustamante, 
and  by  a  lat-'r  ileeree  stnick  ont  his  name.    Yoiikiiiii'x  Hist.   Tt.r.,  i.  270. 

*''Coii/i.  11  Tc.r.  Li'f/rK,  ()(>,  H'A,  l((*i-.'<.  F)ei)uti(^s  of  con;,'ress,  tile  governor, 
vice-governor,  couneillors,  the  secretaries  of  state,  militiiry  men,  and  ecclesi- 
astics could  not  bu  called  upon  to  act  us  assistant  jiulges. 


I'l'i 


EDLTATION   AN1>  (lOVKUXMKNT. 


05 


fines  varvini]^  from  $10  to  $.'50,  or  l»y  lahor  on  tlic  imlilic 
works  for  from  one  to  tliree  montli.s.  Wlu-n  the  value 
of  tlie  stolen  proi)erty  exceeded  $10  Imt  not  $100,  the 
])unis]iment  was  not  less  than  oiw  year's  nor  nioie 
than  two  years'  such  labor.  For  the  third  otfence  the 
(i.niinal  was  exposed  in  the  most  puhlie  place  with  a 
])lacard  on  his  head  hearinjjf  the  inscription  ' thief '^" 
In  case  of  the  impeachment  of  an  authority  as,  for 
instance,  the  jy^overnor,  a  deputy,  or  a  memher  of  the 
supreme  court — congress  appointed  foui'  of  its  own 
nund)er  to  sit  as  a  grand  jury,  one  of  whom  had  no 
vote,  Imt  acted  as  secretary.  This  jury  reported  its 
finding  to  congi-ess,  which  tluMi  discussed  the  evidence, 
and  tleclare<l  whether  or  not  tlu-re  was  just  cause  of 
action.  If  congress  lesolved  in  the  affirmative,  the 
case  was  transmitt<'d  to  the  corresponding  tribunal  for 
trial.''- 

Education  in  Coahuila  and  Texas  was  at  an  ex- 
.renu'ly  low  ebb.  Aris[)e,  in  his  memorial  of  Xovendter 
I,  ISll,  to  the  S})anish  cortes,  says  on  the  subject  (tf 
]>ublic  education:  "Only  in  the  town  of  Saltillo .  .  .  is 
there  a  scanty  fixed  aj>i>roj»riation  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  connnon  school-master." 


On  the  great  estates, 
{iiid  in  the  populous  districts,  where  many  servants  ai-e 
employed,  it  is  common  also  to  have  schools;  but  I 
have  observed  the  })ains  taken  to  prevent  the  children 
of  servants  from  learning  to  wi-iti^;  for  sonje  masters 
bi'lieve  that  if  they  arrive  at  that  important  ])oint  of 
education,  thev  mav  be  indui  cd  to  seek  some  other  less 


scrvue  mo( 


le  of 


gaining  their  living. 


Tl 


le  congress 


tried  to  remedy  this  evil,  and  by  <lecree  of  May  l;{, 
]S-_*;),  an  atte nipt  was  madi;  to  establish  in  each  tle- 
partment  a  school  of  nmtual  instruction  on  the  Ijan- 
ciisterian  system.  I^y  this  law  it  was  |)ro\ided  that 
the  teacher  should  instruct  the  pui)ils  in  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  the  dogmas  of  the  catholic  rt  ligion, 


I 


m 


■     1  ii   1 


U 


*'/'/.,  (50-8.     Rcocivcrs  of  stolen  goods,  ajfonts  aiul  in-otcctors  of  tliicvcs, 
suiriTi'il  tlie  siunu  ]iiiiii»ilunuiits  on  conviction  ius  tlic  litter. 
■"Mex.  Col.  VoimtUul.,  i.  Ll'D;  ('o.(/(.  y  Tex.  Leyc-s,  118. 


!]J 


if: 


M 


THE  STATE  OF  fOAHUII^V  AND  TEXAS 


Wl^ 


and  Arkcniiairs  catecliisius  of  arta  and  scicnri's,  each 
teaclR'i'.s  suhiry  Itviuif  fixed  at  §800  per  ainiuni,  l»ay- 
able  monthly  in  advance.'  J:{ut  legislation  in  the 
matter  was  more  easy  than  fulfilment,  and  the  project 
could  not  he  carried  into  I'ff'ect.  In  April  ls;50 
anotJK'r  law  was  passed  for  the  estaljlishnieiit  of  six 
primaiy  schools  on  the  same  j)lan,  hut  with  no  hetter 
result.  The  peo})le  were  indiH'erent  to  educational 
pntgi'fss.  Among  the  settlements  of  Au.stin's  colony 
a  few  ]>rivate  schools  were  established,  and  in  IH'ld 
the  first  protestant  sunday-school  in  Texas  was  opened 
at  San  Felii)e  de  Austin  hy  T.  J.  Pilgrim  of  the  bap- 
tist church.  It  soon,  however,  met  with  interruj»ti«)n. 
A  dirticultv  arose  between  s(»me  Mexican  litiuants, 
who  visited  San  Feli})e,  and  some  of  the  settlers;  and 
Austin,  aware  that  the  visitors  would  not  fail  to  notic  o 
the  violation  of  the  colonization  law,  deemed  it  jtrudent 
temporarily  to  close  the  school.  " 

With  regard  to  religion,  the  Texan  coloni.sts  at  this 
early  date  had  neither  o})portunity  nor  nmch  inelina- 
tion  to  practi.se  it.  Dewees,  writing  in  November 
I80I,  says:  "The  j)eople  of  this  country  seem  to  have 
f'orootten  that  there  is  such  a  connnandment  as  'Re- 
mend)er  the  sabbath  day  and  keep  it  holy.'  This  day 
is  generally  spent  in  visiting,  driving  .stock,  and  break- 
ing mu.stangs."  "I  have  not  heard  a  .sermon  since  I 
leif't  Kentucky,  except  at  a  camp-meeting  in  Arkan- 
sas.""'' Having  furnished  the  required  certificate  of 
his  catholic  faith,  the  Anglo-American  eased  his 
conscience  b}^  refraining  from  any  practical  expression 
of  it. 

Apart  fnmi  the  causes  mentioned  of  dissatisfaction 

"Tof//*.  //  Tr.r.  Lfyrx,  127-.S0. 

'''■' Jiiikrr\i  Ti'xitx,  74-5.  Untchhixnii'x  Rcniinif.,  213.  Another  sabbath- 
school  was  opeiuid  the  same  year  at  Matauorda. 

''■^  LcttvrxJ'i-mu  Tcr.,  137.  In  1824  the  Rev.  Henry  Stephenson,  of  the 
methoilist  denomination,  preaclied  tlie  Hrst  jjrotestant  sermon  west  of  the 
Brazos,  near  San  Felipe.  There  were  four  families  present  on  the  occasion. 
Tiie  first  ba])tist  preacher  was  .Joseph  Bays,  who  preached  on  Peach  Creek, 
west  of  the  Bi'azos,  in  1820.  He  presently  remove<l  to  San  Antonio,  where 
ht;  labored  till  ordered  away  by  the  Mexican  autliorities.  JJutchiimoii'ii  Rem- 
iiu.1.,  209,  212-13. 


s) 
th 
lUi 
I'l', 

ecj 
pri 
oht 
\v, 

iik, 

Jo 

and 
(hei 
Tile 
Sta  j 
year 
or  Ik 


,:-f 


«li')wed    itself 


^\*AR   Bl{K\vi\, 


«;n  the  stato  and  tl 


97 


til 


vm. 


HitI 


le 


ot] 

ItTto    t] 


'L'  colonists,  tl 


lev    « I      'y     <"-l'o.se,|     t.nv.nvl 


»oy  ^^■, 


:"^^'iWn,ent  of  their' i,;l^rr  .     I  ""'""'^-t-*! 


'  ^'xtond  hmd 


''wuhness  t( 

•^'<iual  wilJinirnes^t; 

l'ns.;S..f  .>tl,erJvin,lsr'l 


>I  affi 


UVH. 


m  tl 


10 


riants,  th 


>encoura,oeAnoIo-A 


«'hI  ixsides  its 
«'  «tato  (lis,,Iave,| 


'tallied    th 


y^ars,  to  sink  arie 
111' 


Usivi 


y  I'nvi|,.o-,,^  f,,r  ^ 


'^•>Iiii  L.  W 
and  coal 


>dl 


«ian  w-elJ 
^vcntv-thr 


'»  Octoher  JHlV  j 
J>rivileire,   f 


"HTIean  e/it 

II  Al 


cr- 


it'O 


and  in  h\.\ 


**'■  a  term   of 


<'niv 
six 


'U'T  and  John  ( 


<'f  ^'ear( 


"uary  1828  a 


^^a.s  .u-ranted  t( 


u 


tl 
Th 

St; 


""'"^'«  in  t),,>  state    ••rl''^'"'."^"^^'"'' 
Hw.  ;.,^.    .       . '^'^'^to,  facilities    .,.;,. n- 


'"  for  the  introd 


\i  iit»n 


f  same  year  John  I), 
'ph's  ohtaiiied 


uction  of  th 


('  nece 


'"',i^'  ali;,rde,| 


I  VIS 


I^iadl 


•^^arymachii 


-^-  ti,;;«;:  ^,:i;;'; !:  -V''^  * 


)ura 


and  Stepl 


or  horse 
But  tl 
•^idoratc 


I>o\\(^r, 
1^'  federal 


«-Kiewiti;'C",;:s'';';"-«^ 


icr\- 


icn 


proj-elled   l,y 


st 


ecu 
eam 


nitcrnal  nil 


and  with  'its 


S'ovornment 


cust 


^vas  not 


tciii  of 


urs  of  the  state 


oinary  mterft 


'quail 


}'  <-on- 


tli 
w 


encroachment 


0  settlers,  tlu-rel 


S     O 


«.  it  )»resentlv  I 


^''•ciice  ji,   tl 


II' 


'"■<-h    the   col 
>lood 


>y  estahlisi 


'1.^1*'  Jil>e^tv^„Hl 


•ei^an  a  sv 


'",i,''a  niine  ,,f 


'i.^-hts  ,,f 


.scttr 


}'  i'e\-olt. 


'  ■""/'■  //  7V ,,-.  /„ 


'^  «i''"<'«'  ^.-  t;;;:',;:c::::r;'r 


JUlst   of 


■>••     Hu  lu,| 


>/'■",  83-4,  98-9 


'J«f  to  distinct 


Joiiit'd  M 


lUl  .s 


^^;-,.':  X  --'  "L^,,.  .,,„,, 


fxreiiiti 


','^. '.  I0<U7.     B,,, 


"I, 


Hi.- 


>'i(l  afto 


r-  .V.  Ji 


)0(i. 


'"^^'K'  raak^.   J/;,f_  jy, 


"ini  M-.i.s  lu.t  .'i  T, 


•'"an I,  j,,i 


Ex.  States,  ^' 


<••'••,  IV.  0 


"I-  11. 


mill,'  ( 
'•J-li/tlii, 


MUTj 


''X;iu 
•>r.(. 


'^    SLTiCS. 


lit 


CHArTER  VI. 

MEXICAN  OiM'UKSSIOX   AND  TKXAX   RKVOLTS. 

18'J()-1H.'«. 

Hayokn  Ki>w.\iii>s' riiiANT— His  Dikfutltiks  and  Want  of  Poi.icv— Mkxi- 

CANS  VK.USI  s  Colon  ISIS  AnNII.MK.NT  ok  KliVVAKDs'  ('oNTUA«  T-  John 
DlNN   Hi  NIKIt       I>ISCONIKN|-   OK  HI  K  Cll  KKOK  KKS— Til  K    FltKIMtN  IAN    |{k.- 

voLT — l'o\  KNANT  WITH  Inkian  TiiiiiK.s- 1  >Ki,rsivK  HoPKs— Ukd  Mkn's 

pKllKinV — -MlHDEK    OK    HlNTKIl   ANI>    KiK.I.HS-    FaIMKK  (IK  TIIK  UkVOI.T 

— Pkookess  and  Condition  ok  tiik  Coi.oNiKs—MK.xint's  I-'kah.s  ok 
LosiNd  Tkxas     Ai,  vMANs  I'uoi'osriioNs     Law  ok  Aphii.  tJ,  IS.'W-MiM- 

TAItY  l>KsrollS.M       IvsTAlil.ISIIMKN  r  OK    (.'rsTOMllolSKS  -PoltTS  OK   TkXAS 

Ci.osKD — Dkmonsiuations  ok  tiik  Colonists  -Hkadihrn's  OiTUAciKs — 
MosTiLiTiKs  AT  Anaiiiai  —Tiik.  Tihtlk  Uavou  Uksolitions  Cai'tihk 
OK  I'oiii  N'klasco— Mutiny  at  Anaiiiac  and  Flkiut  ok  Hijadhi  kn — 

Kk„SOLITI!)NS    ok    the    AYrNTAMIENIOS  —  NACO0UOt;HE8     EVACIATED  — 

TiiANi/iiLLiTY  Restored  in  Texas. 


til 


In  tlio  latter  part  of  1S"2()  the  first  iiulication  ap- 
peared of  tlie  intention  on  the  part  of  Anglo-Anjeriean 
settlers  to  resist  oppression.  It  has  been  already  men- 
tioned that,  when  Austin  was  m  the  city  of  ^Texieo, 
one  of  the  eauses  of  the  di'lay  which  attended  his  en- 
tleavoi'sto  procure  a  confirmation  of  the  tyrant  eonecdeil 
to  his  father,  was  the  numerous  applications  that  were 
heiuix  made  at  that  time  for  similar  contraets.  A  mono- 
the  applicants  was  Hayden  Edwards,  who,  after  much 
trouhle,  (>ventuallv  succeedi'd  in  obtaininij:  from  tin- 
o^overnment  of  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  a  eon- 
tract  to  settle  800  families  on  lands  surround iniuf  Na- 
cogdoches.'    Edwards   thereupon    proceeded    to   tin 

'Thu  limits  of  liis  grant  were  as  follows:  heginniiig  at  the  angle  formed 
by  a  line  twenty  leagues  from  the  Sal>ine,  ami  one  ten  leagues  from  the  eoast 
of  the  gulf  of  Mexico;  thence  in  a  nortlierly  direction,  passint?  tlie  jiost  oi 
Nacogdoches,  aud  in  the  same  diructiou  tifteeu  leagues  above;  thence  wi.'sterly 

'98) 


EDWARDS'  PLANM. 


T'tiitcd  Statics,  n;ul  sjnircd  no  pains  or  ox|)(M1so  in  vu- 
ilcavoiini;  to  I'ultil  his  contract,  at  tlic  same  time  in- 
(luciiiijf  liis  Wrotlicr,  Major  l^cnjaniin  W.  Edwanls.  to 
im  to  Texas  and  aid  liiin  in  I'stablisliinu  Iiis  colony.' 

In  Octohcr  IS'Jf)  Haydcn  E^lwanls  returned  U\ 
Texas  and  took  uj)  liis  icsiiK-nce  at  Nacotrdoches.      He 

11    diseovei'ed    that   he    liad   ditHculties   to   contend 


,S(  t)  ) 


with  tliat  had  never  trouhled  Austin.  l*oiti()ns  of 
tlie  lands  conceded  to  him  weii'  alreadv  occupied  hv 
Mexican  settlers,  some  of  whom  had  heeii  <lriven  from 
tluir  homes  after  tluMJestruction  of  Lonj^^'s  i-xj  (edition, 
and  had  recently  returned.  Xacocirdoches  had  aj^ain 
ahout  100  iidiahitants,  and  certain  of  the  villanons  class, 
fniiiierly  of  tho  'neutral  ^rround,'  had  taken  u|t  lands. 
Tlies(!  latter,  without  rejjfai'dinjjf  Kdwards  with  anv 
particular  aversion,  were  wholly  averse  to  suhordina- 
tion;  while  the  ^Ti-xicans,  jealous  of  his  auth<»rity,  and 
auniyat  an  American  heiiiLj  j)laced  over  tlu-m,  showed 
niaiked  symptoms  of  unfrit-ndliness.  Theri-  were, 
moreover,  amoni.'-  them  manv  tui'huleiit  and  had  char- 


acters, and  not  a  few  fiiLjitivi's  froni   justice 


Tl 


le  re- 


^u]t  was,  that,  as   Kdwards'   innnitrraiits  arrive<l,   the 
lonv  was  (luicklv  divided   into  two  hostile  factions. 


(Ml 


•  pl 


Kdwards  ditl   what   ho   could   to   [)rescrve   onler  and 


.'it  liiilit  angles  with  tlic  first  lino  to  tlic  Navasoto  crook;  thoiico  ddwu  said 
(Tii'li  till  it  .strii<os  tlio  uiijiiT  roail  from  licjar  to  Nao<ii,'il<)oiios;  tiiciH'c  ta>t- 
WiUilly  aldiij;  tho  said  road  to  tiio  San  .laciiito;  thoiioo  down  said  ri\i  r  to 
«  itiiin  till  loaiiuos  of  tho  ooastf  tlii'iico  oastwardly  alonj,' a  lino  ton  la  alios 
tii'iii  tho  ooast  to  tin;  lio;.;inninj;.  Yind-inn'i  ///'.</.  'J't.r.,  i.  4iii.',  wiicio  a  tians- 
1  iticm  ot'  t!io  oontraot  will  iio  found.  Thi'  last  lino  is  lU'sorihoil  as  luini;  drawn 
«  ilhiii  only  ton  ndhs  of  tho  ooast.  Tiiis  is  i^vidi'iitly  an  orror,  ami  should  ho 
!  a;;iios.  Tho  stato  govtrninont  hail  ni>  power  to  anthorizo  tho  ostalilish.iiont 
111  sctllomi'nts  on  tho  ton  li'aguo  ooast  rosorvo.  Tho  fodoral  oongross  alono 
<-onl  1  j^'rant  that  jtrivilojio. 

■Kooto  Mtati's  that  lionjainiti  Kdwards  jiaid  a  lonj^  visit  to  Austin,  and  had 
many  oonviTsations  with  him  on  tho  suhjict  of  tho  ooloni/ation  of  'I'cxas. 
Aci'orilinj,'  to  this  autiior,  Austin  and  Kdwards  woro  of  ono  mind,  and  had  in 
view  '  tho  linn  ostalilishmont,  in  this  favorod  country,  of  tho  institutions  of 
oi\  il  and  roligious  froodoin,  and  tho  rodoiniition  of  a  region  from  foroi;,'n  rule, 
w  liioli  rightfully  holongod  to  tho  pooiile  of  the  United  States,  and  of  whioh 
tlii'v  had  hoen  notoriously  bereaved  l)y  fraudful  negotiations.'  Tlioy,  how- 
ever, agreed  that  many  grievances  would  have  to  l»e  liorne  In-foro  tho  colonion 
Were  strong  enough  to  throw  otl"  the  yoke.  Tcj\  nml  the  Ti.nins,  i.  '."J.  It  is 
ilillioult  to  believe  that  Austiu  expressed  aiiy  such  ideas  with  regard  to  tho 
truud  iiraetised  ou  the  U.  S. 


It 


l>, 


M: 


UN) 


Mi;\ir.\N    OI'PUKSSION    AM)  TKXAN    ItKVOI/lS. 


niuiiituiii  liis  authority,  Itiit  .several  ineasure.s  a(l<)]>ie(l 


l.v  1 


iiin  Wi'vv 


far  t 


I'niil   liolltle 


'I'lie  seeoml  JMticle  of  liis  eolitra«'t  jil'uv  i<le(l  tliat  Jiill 
[iKssessiuiis  IouikI  ill  Xac<)i;( Indies  and  its  vicinity,  >ii|i- 
|»ute(|  l)y  t.lie  cori'espondilijL;"  titles,  sliould  he  res[»e<-ted  ; 
iiiid  tliat  in  case  any  of  the  ancient  possi'ssors  should 
cliiiin  |i|-eseivatioii  of  their  lij^hts,  it  was  the  eni|H('s;i- 
lio's  dutv  to  coinplv  therewith.  This  aH'orded  a  wide 
lo()|»liol(!  throuyji  which  to  thrust  in  claims  to  the 
most  valuaiile  lands,  and  old  title  deeds  were  <lili;4eiitly 
searched  for  or  nianufacturcMl.*    In  order  to  ascertain 


tl 


n;   extent   of  these   claiiiiH 


E.I 


wards,   in 


N 


o\  cinoer 


IK'J."),  called  upon  all  persons  holding"  such  land  titles 
to  jirochae  them,  in  order  that  their  legality  niieht  he 
decided  upon  acconlin<.'  to  law.  In  tJiis  theic  was  no 
harm;  hut  he  t;'a^<'  luithei'  noti<'e  that  the  lands  ol 
thos(j  who  failed  t«t  present  their  titUs  would  he  .sold, 
and  that  claimants  whose  titles  weic  Just  would  have 
tt>  j»ay  lor  any  iniprovcineiits  that  had  heeii  made  on 


the   land.^' 


s    Wy  tin;    jire.seiit  occu[>lel'S. 


Tl 


lis  caused   in- 


dignation to  the  Mexicans,  and  ^ave  ereat  offence  t(» 
the  authorities,  who  could  hut  rej^ard  his  notification 
in  respect  to  the  .sale  of  lands  as  an  assumption  <if 
power  that  had  never  heeii  i^iM'ii  him. 

J^y  the  sixth  article  of  the  contract  Kdwards  was 
authoi'i/.ed  to  raise  the  national  militia  within  his 
<oloiiy,  and  was  ajipointed  its  chief  until  further  dis- 
position should  he  made.  ^Vccordiiij^^ly  he  <^ave  notice 
lor   the   election    of  militia  otHcers  to   take  jilace  on 


J)eceinlH'r  loth  of  the  saiiu;  ye 


Attl 


le  .same  tinu! 


he  projtosed  hat  the  jieople  should  elect  an  alcalde. 
With  the  ele  ion  of  this  niai^'istrato  the  more  serious 
trouhles  hejj^a  Each  l>arty  had  its  candidate  for  the 
office;  Cha])lii  Edwards' son-in-law,  being'  put  for- 
ward by  the  J^  nerican  colonists,  and  Samuel  Xorris, 
devoted  to  M  xicaii  interests,  by  their  opponents. 
The  election  decided  in  favor  of  the  former,  who  took 

'  A  Moxican  named  Antonio  .Seinilveda  was  engaged  in  this  uufarious  busi- 
uess.    Yoakum'.^  Hid.  Tew.,  i.  I'StJ. 


o; 


-vjl 


I""'  1"^  i'''rt>- ''Wh,.,.,i\„  ;';■;;  '""■-•""-'  "''-I'l-. 

' "    nist     ,VK,.til,„.  ',.■      '   ""•v.it,  ,  ..,H   r,.,vi„„ 

'■•'"••■"••^^'  «'-.t  t  :„;•:  ;;;.^.  ;>;■'-■.■;•  ti.  li,,';;;:"; . 
;,  '-f '"  iii".  i.y  fi.-^ ,  ;„    ;;;''"'•"■•'  ■'^.■•p'.iv...i,. 

"i-''V'-)nv.^;;;'t;;o':z;;rM:''"'''''' -■-"'!■-' 

^■"■k"'    l.y  tlu-so  ruffians      ,;■    "J'    ,^""''':  ""-I 

■;'j"''-'l'Ntl,o.Mexi,.a,,      rt        .,    n    "*';'"'  •^"''l""'  "'■ 
-   "'•'•";;..,■,  ;"T„s„tio,,.sJ,2, '■"'■'■?'  '■"'  ""T  'il<''l. 

"■  '"■'""■•■'I  '-hH  «l,o  JiHt  :;■'",  ■'■'■'■'-^  """!'■  t" 
'l«j,i'in|,r,-s,-,ri„.'  '  ""'  """-ral  lii»  Jiostility  t(, 

'■"""•■  '•^'■-'tiMs  .lifficuto      ''h  '"  ''.'«  ""^ioty  to  ovo 

-"Slit  ti,o  advice  of '^,;ei:;"  ;;?'""'  '■"""■'  """M  , 
.,,,1    ,  ^""'""' " '""■wo.nn.oiKlc.il  |,i,„ 


1':  I' 


102 


MEXICAN    OITKESHIUN  .\:NI>  lEXAN  KEVOLTS, 


Ifl 

m 


t 


h  1  rl 


II 


I-: 


to  send  to  Blanco,  the  provisional  governor  of  tlie 
state,  a  detailed  account  of  the  conduct  of  both  j)ar- 
ties.''  This  was  accordingly  done;  on  Se})teniljer  5th 
Benjamin  Edwards  despatched  his  letter,  in  wliich, 
alter  entering  into  full  particulars,  he  alluded  to  the 
charges  that  had  been  preferred  against  his  brother, 
and  recjuestevl  the  governor  to  abstain  from  taking 
action  until  the  empresario  had  an  o[)portunity  of 
defending  himself  Belbre  the  rccei})t  of  a  rejJy  to 
this  connnunication,  Hayden  Edwards  returned,  and 
was  soon  made  aware  of  the  reception  it  had  met 
with,  l)y  the  rumor  wliich  was  spread  that  his  contract 
was  going  to  be  annulled.  At  this  the  Mexican  pop- 
ulation was  jubilant.  It  was  confidently  anticipated 
that,  as  a  consequence,  titles  to  land  acquired  through 
him  would  be  revoked,  and  claims  were  at  once  set  u[) 
to  all  the  most  valuable  places  occu])ied  and  inq)roved 
by  Edwards'  colonists.  The  shamelessness  of  Xorris 
— who  was,  however,  controlled  by  Gaines — was  such 
that  these  abominable  claims  were  sanctioned  by  him. 
A  reign  of  terror  followed.  American  settlers  were 
dispossessed  of  their  homes ;  were  arrested  at  midniglit 
and  dragged  before  the  alcalde,  to  be  jamished  for  acts 
they  had  never  connnitted;  they  were  fined  and  im- 
prisoned; and  every  contumely  and  vexation  that 
envy  and  malice  couUl  suggest  were  hea})ed  upon 
tliem.  The  tyranny  exercised  was  so  glaringly  out- 
rageous and  intolerable  that  most  of  Norris'  Ameri- 
can sui)porters  abandoned  him. 

At  last  the  governor's  reply  to  Benjamin  Edwards' 
letter  arrived,  confirming  the  ])i'evailing  rumor.  It 
was  dated  Saltillo,  October  2,  182().  Blanco,  after 
stating  that  the  comnmnication  a<ldressed  to  him  was 
wanting  in  respect,  continues  as  follows:  "In  view  of 
sufh  proceedings,  by  whicli  Hayden  Edwards'  conduct 
is  well  attested,  I  have  decreed  the  annulment  of  his 

^'(iive  liiin  a  full  statoinont  of  facts,  anil  a  very  iiiimite  history  of  tlu' 
acts  of  your  [iriiicipal  enemies  ami  their  ojUHiiieuts,  ami  their  manner  of  doiuii 
business  in  every  particular,  both  iu  regunl  to  your  brother  aa  well  aa  ;ill 
others.    Foofe'n  Tec.,  i.  M'J. 


CHKllOKKE  IMMKiRANTS. 


103 


contract  and  liis  expulsion  from  the  territory  of  the 
rc})uhHc.  He  lias  lost  the  confidence  of  the  govern- 
ment, I  douht  his  fidelity;  and  it  is  imprudent  to  admit 
nun  who  heuin  by  dictatinir  laws  as  sovereiixng."  He 
concludes  hy  informing  the  two  brothers  that  if  these 
measures  were  unwelcome  or  prejudicial  to  them,  thty 
could  a]>ply  to  the  sui)reme  government,  but  not  until 
they  had  both  first  evacuated  the  country,  and  that 
111!  had  issued  orders  to  tlii^  authorities  of  the  de})art- 
mcnt  relative  to  their  expulsion."  It  was  an  arbitrary 
and  unjust  proceeding  thus  summarily  to  infiict  a 
]uav\'  pecuniary  loss'  on  the  empresario,  and  banish 
him  without  attbrding  him  a  chance  to  defi'nd  his  line 
of  conduct.  And  in  this  light  it  was  viewed  by  his 
colonists,  and  they  were  determined  to  remain  passive 
no  lonner. 

While  Harden  Edwards  was  in  the  city  of  Mexi?o 
a])})lying  for  his  contract,  certain  chiefs  of  a  tribe  of 
the  Cherokees,  which  had  lately  immigrated  into  Texas, 
wvw  petitioning  at  the  same  time  for  a  grant  of  land 
whereon  to  settle.  Amoniif  these  chiefs  was  one 
Fields,  a  lialf-breed,  who  possessed  great  infiuence  with 
the  Indiaibj.  Witliout  receiving  any  formal  assign- 
ment of  territory.  Fields,  confiding  in  promises  made  to 
him,  and  a  conditi(jnal  agreement  in  1822  with  Felix 
Trespalacios,**  tlu'n  governor  of  the  province,  on  his 
return  to  Texas  estal»lished  a  villuiie  about  fifty  miles 
north  of  Nacogdoches.  Several  j'ears  passed,  how- 
ever, and  still  no  legal  titles  to  the  lands  the  Indians 
had  st'ttled  U})()n  was  given  to  them.  About  the  year 
ly'Jf)  John  iJunn  Hunter,"  a  devoted  chami)ion  of  the 


1.  '2VA. 


'  Voiikuiii  .sujiplius  a  copy  of  iiU  tliis  jxirtiou  of  lUaiico'.s  luttur.   Ifl.sf.  T< 


Kilwiinls  liatl  exiioutlud  ^.W.OOt)  in  liis  t'lTort.-;  to  eataliliiili  his  colony.   A/., 

Tliis  agreement  wiis  eontirnieil  liy  Iturliiilo,  April  27,  1823.  A/.,  21(5. 
Tliis  reniarkal)lu  man  \va«  liroiiglit  up  l>y  Imlian.s  Irom  lii.f  earliest  eliild- 
1  till  he  wa.i  nineteen  or  twenty  year.s  of  age.  In  1S23  he  puhlished  a 
narrative  of  liis  captivity,  under  tlu' title:  Mniiiiir-i  <iiiil  ('ustiiiiit  a/  Si'rcnil 
/ill/!, Ill  7'rilif'x  Loviitiil  West  (if  till'  MlssUiipjii,  I'hiladelpliia,  \S'2'.\,  8v(),  pp. 
4U'J;  and  ia  the  same  year  u  reprint  the  wurk  ia  Luudon,  uatitled:  Jl<:iiioiraq/ 


244. 


)i< 


nA 


m  I 


1i:  ■'  H'i 


I 


ii    :  !■ 


104 


MEXICAN  01'1'IIESSIOX   ANli  TEXAN  KE\()1,TS. 


rij^lits  of  Indians,  and  an  earnest  laborer  for  tlie  pro- 
motion of  tlieir  welfare  and  civilization,  ai)iieared  in 
the  Cherokee  village.  He  soon  i)er('eivc-d  the  tlinisy 
tenure  by  whioli  the  Indians  held  their  lands,  and  did 
not  doubt  that  the  ^Mexican  ijfovernnient  v  ould  dis- 
pense  with  its  promises  and  i>rovisional  ajj^reements '" 
whenever  it  miij^ht  be  deemed  convenient  to  do  so. 
Hunter,  tlierefore,  with  the  consent  of  the  chiefs, 
undertook  a  journey  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  for  the 
purpose  of  representing  their  case  to  the  sujjrenie  gov- 
ernment, and  procuring  for  them  tlieir  long-])roniised 
title.  He  arrived  at  tlie  ^Mexican  capital  in  ^larcli 
1820,  but  his  endeavors  met  with  no  better  result 
than  those  of  preceding  representatives  of  the  tribe, 
and  vague  promises,  as  heretofore,  were  all  that  C(»ukl 

a  Ciip/iri/i/  innoiiif  the  /infidiis  of  Xi>r(li  AtiirrlritfJ'rnni  ('/i/l'//ii>nil  f<>  tin'  Ai/r  of 
Xiiicfcrii,  8v<>,  pp.  ix.,  447.  Ill  KS'24  a  tliinl  olitioii  was  issui'il  with  addi- 
tioiis,  8vo,  pp.  .\i.,  4')S,  Loiuloii,  ]8'24.  Hunter  Htatf.s  that  \u'  had  lui  ncnl- 
K'Ctioii  of  liis  pari'iits,  who,  lio  liuliuvod,  wito  killod  at  tin."  tiiiu!  of  liis  captiirc, 
Imt  wlii'ii  or  wliure  that  oceurrud  ho  couhl  not  tell.  Hi.s  .skill  in  hiintiny  wlien 
yet  a  hoy  f;ained  for  him  tlie  name  of  '  hunter' amonj,'  t!ie  ludian.s,  v'.iieh 
he  afterward  adojited  as  a  patronymic.  He  a.ssumed  his  other  names  out  of 
respect  to  John  l)unn  of  ^lissouri,  who  treated  him  with  fi'aternal  kindness 
after  his  as.soeiation  with  white  people.  Having  fornietl  aeijiiaintance  witii 
fnr-traders,  ho  ahandoned  his  Indian  life  in  181(5,  and  enj,'.!.  d  in  tradinf,'. 
I'urinu  tlie  intervals  hetweeii  the  trading  .seasons,  he  attemled  for  some  yeai's 
a  school  near  IVarl  Kiver,  Mississippi,  and  applied  himself  assiduously  to  the 
study  of  the  English  language,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  in  whicli  he  made 
grc  it  protieiency.  In  181.M  lie  crossed  the  AUeglianies,  went  to  New  York, 
and,  as  he  .says,  hegan  a  new  existence.  He  afterward  visited  England  and 
Europe.  During  )S'2H-4  ho  was  lionize<l  by  the  fashionahle  world  in  London, 
and  excited  the  deepest  interest  tif  philosophers  and  philantiiropists,  literati 
and  nolilemen,  not  only  on  account  of  his  romantic  life,  Imt  also  of  his  pioject 
of  civilizing  tlie  Indians.  This  couhl  only  he  eti'ected,  he  maintained,  hy  the 
.nti'oilnction  of  civilized  hahits  hy  a  slow  and  iiivisihle  pi'o;^ress,  and  his  jilan 
Mas  to  form  a  settlement  in  which  Indian  'iianners  ami  customs  would  at  lirst 
he  adopted,  hut  gradually  eliminated  with  'inie.  In  the  summer  of  18"J4  lie 
left  [.london  and  went  to  live  with  the  (.'herokees  in  Texas,  over  whom  lie 
imme(liately  at'ipiired  a  leading  inllnence.  Hunter  was  denounced  l)y  the 
pi>riodicals  of  the  U.  S.  as  an  ailventnrer  who  imposed  on  the  credulity  of 
the  British  jinlilit!,  iiud  the  Xor/h  Ami' rim ii  /'crlcir,  IS'Jti,  xxii.  101  7,  in  nu- 
(pialilieil  language  proclaims  him  a  hold  hut  ignorant  iniposti'r.  There  are 
many  writers,  however,  who  do  not  regard  him  in  tiiis  light,  !)ut  coii.siilcr 
that  he  hronght  down  upon  hiniself  the  enmity  of  many  persons  in  the  I'.  S. 
on  account  of  his  outsiioken  vindication  of  the  rights  ot  the  Indians.  Consult 
(,>i(itrt.  Uii:,  xxxi.  7ti-lll;  /l/'irkiri)i)i/'n  Miu/.,  xvi.,  GilSt,  xvii.  fiCi;  I./lrrarii 
(.iix,  \S-S.i,  p.  l'4l',  etc.;    Wnn/'s  Mr.,:,  ii.  u87-8;  Footex  7V.r.,  i.  '2:«M7. 

'"The  agreement  of  April  18'J.S  wiis  made  with  tho  understanding  tliat  tlir 
Indians  sluuild  retire  farther  into  the  interior,  and  that  no  additional  families 
shouhl  immigrate  till  tho  general  colouiziitiou  law  was  published.  YoitkiiuiH 
Ilixt.  TtjL.,  i.  I'lO. 


oe 
Hi 

p.. 

wl 

of 

p(»S 

in 

An 

oke 

will 

di>t 


:\i 


"TJeni 

•'mi.  111.  i 

till'  Coma 
ImHan  tri 


tiirkateni<:d  inpian  outbrkak. 


105 


1)0  (tl)t{iiiu'(l  from  the  cautious  trovornuu'iit.  When 
Hunter  on  his  iH'tuni  reported  liis  want  of  success,  liis 
people  wi're  terriMy  (exasperated  atii'ainst  tlie  Mi'xicaiis, 
who,  thev  coiisidei-i'd.  Were  inteiidiiii^  to  defraud  them 
of  lands  which  thev  now  regarded  as  their  rit;htful 
possessions.  J)riven  Irom  their  vast  huntinn'-nrounds 
in  the  Inited  States  hy  the  advance  of  the  Anj^'lo- 
Aniericans,  their  past  experience  had  macU;  the  Cher- 
okees  watchful  and  suspicious,  and  they  rejj^arded  the 
\vhit(5  race  with  no  friendly  feelino-s.  Without  niakinjjf 
distinction,  therefoi-e,  hetween  the  colonists  and  the 
^lexicans,  they  meditated  aven<i^ini:f  themselves  hy 
wan'iiiL;"  an  indiscriminate  war  against  the  settlements. 
^^'ith  tliis  ohiect  thev  associated  themselves  withotlu-r 
neiL;"hl»oi'inn'  trihes,  which  were  not  unwillin«;-  to  make 
reprisals  foi-  the  ])unishment  they  had  fitMjuently  re- 
(H'ived  at  tlu!  hands  of  the  Auijflo- Americans."  They 
wei'e,  iiowever,  diverted  from  their  purpose  hy  tlie 
iiithience  of  Hunter,  who  persuaded  them  to  postpone 
active  o])t'rations  for  a  time,  while  he  informed  hii 
self  of  the  ])osition  of  aflairs  at  Nacoi'^doch 


n- 


es. 


NTeanwhile    the  action  of    I'^dwards'  colonists    had 


assumetl    all    the     features    of 


revo 


It.      ¥ 


xas[)era, 


t(Ml 


heyond  endurance  hy  the  tyrannical  acts  of  Xori-is 
and  (Jaines,  tluy  liad  lately  de[)osed  the  former,  and 
installed  another  alcalde  in  his  place.  Apprehendinij; 
that  the  political  chief  would  send  a  force  to  restore 
the  former  order  of  thint»'s  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  tiiis 
pidceedinn",  Haydeii  Edwards  and  his  brother  husily 
occupied  tlu'mselves  in  visitini^'  the  settlements  in  ord(>r 
to  rouse  to  action  the  sjtirit  of  independence.  At  tliis 
juncture!  Hunter  paid  theni  a  visit,  and  representinL' 
to  tluMU  the  hostile  intentions  of  the  Indians  with 
nnieh  earnestness,  laid  before  them  a  })roposal  that 
tlie  colonists  and  C'lieroki'cs  should  enter  int'>a  lea;j,U(! 
and   alliance   for   nuitual    protection.     The    plan   was 

"  llcnjiimin  IvUvards  states  in  liis  ;iililrf.ss  to  tlu'  Hcttlfi-s  of  .Austin's  colony, 
.l:in.  Ill,  i.S'JT,  tliiit  no  less  tiiiin  '2'A  iliU'eicnt  trilx's  liiii!  iiUieil  tlii'iusflvcs  witii 


till'  ( 'oiiiiiiiclu!  nation.   Fontf'x  T> 


luilian  tribus  niusteroil  nearly  '20,tKM)  vvairiors,    i'l  aiqi. 


'JCi'J.     Ward  says  tliat  tliu  nuniurout) 


If:  \ 

ii 


lOfi 


MKXK'AN  Ol'l'UKSSION   AND  TEXAN  REVOI/rS. 


approved  by  the  brothers,  and  Hunter  returiud  to 
his  villauf(!  to  conununi(;ate  the  matter  to  tluj  Indian 
chit'f's,  who  were  easily  induced  to  follow  the  advice 
ot'tlieir  zealous  friend. 

A  report  that  the  enemy  was  ap])roachinj^  Xacou;- 
doches  caused  Benjamin  Edwanls  to  hasten  tliither 
with  all  speed.  Puttinj^  himself  at  tlie  head  of  only 
fifte(.'n  men,  he  prepared  a  suitable  Hag — insci'ibed 
with  the  names  of  the  individuals  wlu)  composed  his 
little  band,  and  with  a  solemn  j)ledy;e  to  stand  by  each 
other  in  the  cause  of  independence — and  on  Decend)er 
KJtli  entered  Nacogdoches,  where  he  jn'oclaimed  free- 
dom and  independence.  He  then  proceeded  to  fortify 
himself  in  a  large  stone  building  in  the  centre  of  the 
town;  the  settlers  Hocked  to  his  standard,  ai\d  his 
force  in  a  few  days  amounted  to  about  200  men.  A 
republic  under  the  name  of  Fredonia  was  ])roclaimed, 
and  a  temporary  govermnent  organized.  A  committee 
of  independence  was  inaugurated,  justices  of  the  peace 
wei'e  chosen  for  the  ditferent  settlements,  and  ^[artin 
Parmer  was  appointed  to  the  chief  connnand  of  the 
military. 

On  December  20th  Hunter,  Fields,  and  other  chiefs 
of  the  associated  tribes  repaired  to  Nacogdoches,  where 
on  the  following  day  a  solenm  league  and  confedera- 
tion was  agreed  uj)on  and  signed  by  the  rei»resentatives 
of  the  colonists  and  Indians  respectively.'"  Py  this 
covenant  it  was  agreed  to  divide  the  territory  of  Texas 
between  the  Indians  and  Anjilo- Americans,  and  waoe 
war  against  Mexico  until  their  indep(;ndeuce  was  con- 
sununated.  The  portion  assigned  to  the  red  men  was 
all  the  territory  lying  between  the  United  States  and 

'■'A  cnjiy  of  thia  treaty  in  Si)anisli  will  be  found  in  Cor.  Fiil.  Mix.,  IS  I\l)., 
18117,  p.  'A  4.  It  \V!us  made  liy  Benjamin  W.  EilwariLs  and  Haruion  IV  Mayo 
on  till'  j)ai't  of  the  Krodonians,  and  Kicliard  Fields  and  Jolni  I).  Hunter  oii 
tlio  pert  of  the  IntUan.s.  It  was  ratified  the  same  day  by  the  eonimittee  of 
liulependence  and  the  committee  of  Red  People.  The  signatures  are  as  fol- 
low: on  tlie  part  of  tlie  Indians,  Kichard  Fields,  .lohn  I*.  Hunter,  Ni!k<plake, 
Joliu  Biigs,  and  (Aiktokeli;  on  the  part  of  the  colonists,  Martin  Parmer, 
])resident,  Hayilen  Edwards,  W.  B.  Legon,  .lohu  Sprow,  B.  P.  Thomiisou, 
Jos.  A.  Hulier,  B.  W.  Edwards,  and  II.  li.  Mayo.  Foote  also  supplies  a  copy 
of  this  treaty,  vol.  i.  253-G. 


ali 
doc 
sou 
loiii 

T 


AUSTIN  OPPOSES  EDWARDS'  PLANS. 


107 


a  litio  drawn  due  west  from  Sandy  Sprinnr  near  Nacoiy- 
doches  to  the  Kio  Grande,  thence  u|>  that  river  to  its 
source;  all  the  territory  south  of  this  line  was  to  he- 
loiii;'  to  the  Americans, 

The  Fredonians  had  based  their  project  upon  the 
expectation  that  not  only  would  all  the  settlers  and 
Indians  in  Texas  support  the  movement,  but  also  that 
volunteers  from  the  United  Stati-s  would  join  tiie 
cause.  ^lesseiigers  were  accordini»;ly  sent  with  i)rocla- 
mations  to  Xatchitoc lies  and  Austin's  colony,  aj)pealin|L( 
for  aid  in  the  cause  of  freedom.  But  the  hopes  of  the 
iiisurntiits  were  soon  rudely  crushed.  Austin,  cautious 
and  politic,  was  not  lonuf  in  decidini;  that  the  An<;lo- 
Americans  in  Texas  were  quite  inca])able  of  success- 
fully ])rosecutin|^  a  war  with  Mexico.  Any  such 
attempt  would  inevitably  end  in  the  ruin  of  his  colony, 
and  the  frustration  of  his  cherished  })lans  to  people  a 
lovely  land  on  a  firm  basis  of  welfare  and  hupjiiness. 
AEoreover,  le  condemned  the  policy  of  the  Fredonians 
in  associatinff  themselves  with  barbarous  and  blood- 
thirsty  Indians,  at  whose  hands  his  settlers  had  suti'ered 
the  only  outraj^es  they  had  as  yet  experienced.  As  a 
counter-ettectto  Benjamin  Edwards' address,"  he  issued 
a  proclamation  January  22,  1827,  denouncing  in  strong 
terms  the  insurrection.  The  Fredonians,  whom  he 
calls  the  "Xacogdoches  madmen,"  were,  he  said,  incit- 
ing the  Indians  to  nmrder  and  plunder,  and  o[)enly 
threatening  the  colonists  with  massacre.  He  repudi- 
ated them,  pronouncing  them  base  and  degraded 
apostates  from  the  name  of  Americans,  to  which  they 
had  forfeited  all  title  by  their  unnatural  alliance  with 
Indians;  and  concluded  by  calling  the  [)eo[)le  of  the 
colony  to  arms  en  masse,  at  the  same  time  aimouncing 
that  100  men  already  called  out  would  march  against 
Xacogdoches  on  the  2()tli." 

E(}ually  unfavorable  was  the  reception  of  their  ap- 
peals to  the  United  States  for  aid.     Huber,  who  had 

'■'  Patu.l  Nacogdoches,  Jan.  10,  1827.     Copy  will  be  found  ia  Id.,  i.  200-3. 
'*L'opy  Austin's  proclamation  in  Id.,  i.  200-8. 


It 


1 


1 


i  r. 


,  1 


ll'ri' 


S"^ 


I  W' 


lOS 


MKXICAN   OFI'KKSSIOX   AND  TKXAX   KKVOLTS. 


boon  intrusted  witli  that  mission,  on  liis  arrival  at 
Natcliitoclics  ropr('sont<- 1,  through  the  nu'diuni  of  the 
])rt'ss,  the  Frcdonian  entrrprisr  not  only  as  a  hctpcK-ss 
one,  hut  also  <!isiv|)utai)lt',  and  the!  sucfor  tluit  was 
confidently  c'X]K'C'ti'd  from  that  source  was  withlu>ld. 
l^ut  tin;  dcatli-hlow  to  this  wild  scheme  was  the  deser- 
tion of  tiie  Indians.  Many  of  the  tj'ihes  would  not 
join  the  alliance  with  a  ])eo|>le  against  whom  they  were 
eml)ittered.  Mexican  t-missaiies,  too,  were  sent  anion*;' 
them,  who,  by  })romises  and  tiireats,  allurtid  or  alarmed 
tiiem.  When  the  time  i'ov  action  came  they  turned 
against  their  white  allies. 

The  rumor  of  the  enemy's  approach,  which  had  spread 
at  the  latter  part  of  ])ecember,  was  occasioned  by  the 
arrival  of  Colonel  Ellis  Bean ''  iii  the  vicinity  of  Na- 
co''(loches  with  thirty-five  men.  Findin*'  the  idace 
too  stronj^ly  defended,  J^ean  retired,  and  the  Fredo- 
nians,  seeini^  no  cause  for  immediate  alann,  dispersed 
to  their  homes,  leaving  Parmer  with  a  fi'W  men  on 
guard.  Saucedo  had,  however,  set  out  from  San 
Antonio  with  about  200  men,  under  the  connnand  of 
Colonel  Mateo  Ahumada,  and  reached  San  Felipe  de 
Austin  by  the  1st  of  January.  On  the  4th  he  issued 
a  conciliatory  proclamation,  offering  peace  and  secure 
possession  of  their  lands  to  the  subordinates,  but  his 
offers  were  received  with  contempt."*  On  that  same 
day  Norris,  with  about  eighty  men,  some  dozen  of 
whom  were. Americans,  entered  Nacogdoches  with  the 
avowed  intention  oi'  hanging  the  Fredonians.  Of  the 
latter  there  were  only  eleven,  with  eight  Cherokees, 
under  Hunter,  but  they  boklly  charged  the  invaders, 
and  (juickly  put  them  to  flight,  with  the  h)ss  of  one 
killed  and  ten  or  twelve  severely  wouniled.  The  Fre- 
donians had  only  one  man  slightly  hurt.     It  was  an 

**  Bciin  had  been  made  colmiel  for  hia  services  in  the  war  of  indepeiideiii't', 
and  also  ohtaiiiod  a  grant  of  land  in  Ti-'xaa.  He  was  one  of  tlie  settlers  on 
Ivlwanls'  colony.  Ho  had  lately  retnrned  from  tlie  Mexican  capital,  wliither 
lie  had  gone  in  18'J5.  Mvm.  0/ Cajj.  11'.  tS/i<tn',  MS.;  Yoakums  Jlisl.  Tcj:.  i. 
2.3l». 

'"/(/.,  249;  Austin's  address,  in  Foole,  tit  sup,,  200. 


WAR  INKVITAIJI.E. 


109 


insignificant  afi'air,  Imt  the  first  Mood  in  strife  luitwecn 
tli«'  Mexicans  and  Anglo-American  settlers  had  been 
slii'd. 

Active  measur(>s  we»*c  now  adopted  hy  Saucedo. 
The  Indians  wen;  entirely  <»'ained  over,  and  hreakin^* 
tlieir  covenant,  joined  the  Mexicans.  Ahumada  now 
marched  aj^ainst  NacoL>doc]ies  with  200  infantry,  100 
dra«;'oons,  and  Austin's  reiinforcenient  of  colonial  mili- 
tia.'' A  small  number  of  Fredonians  had  assend)led 
in  the  town,  hut  their  cause  was  irretrievably  lost. 
Jlordes  of  recreant  allies  were  within  a  few  leagues 
of  them,  ready  to  raise  the  war-cry  and  swoop 
down  U[)on  them.  Ifunter  and  Fic^lds,  who  remaineil 
stanchly  faithful,  endeavored  in  vain  to  hold  their 
)i  'ojile  to  their  pledge,  and  were  rutldessly  murdered 
for  tlieir  fidelity.'"*  No  ai<l  from  outside  arrived  ;  the 
settlers,  comj)letely  intimidated  by  the  presence  of 
the  Mexican  forces  and  the  unex])ected  action  (»f  Aus- 
tin's colonists,  submitted  without  strikin*;"  a  blow,  on 
the  promise  of  j)arilon  for  past  oH'ences;  and  a  band  of 
twenty  Fredonian  regulars  was  capture<l.  Undtir 
these  circumstances,  the  party  at  Nacogdoches  evacu- 
ated the  town  in  despair  on  the  a])pr()ach  of  Ahumada, 
January  'J7th,  and  sought  safety  in  the  territory  of 
the  United  States,  which  they  entered  on  the  31st.'' 
Ahumada,  yieldin*^  to  the  solicitations  of  Austin,  re- 
leased his  })risoners.  This  unusual  clemency  on  the 
part  of  a  victorious  ^Fexican  conunander  elicited  fi'om 
J^eiijamin  Edwards  a  warm  exi)ressi<)!i  of  his  thanks."" 

'•  'I'ltnicl,  /icsiilii  Hint.  Mf.r.,  l.")S;  Sm'n:  1/  \tir<irro,  1/is/.  Mix.,  8,"). 

'•'"  I'itlils  \v;i.s  first  iiiunlerud,  aiul  slioitly  aftcrw.inl  nuiitLT.  'Jlic  latter, 
« liilc  wat  ring  his  liorsi!  at  a  creek  near  tiu^  Anadagiia  village,  was  shut  I>y  an 
Indian.  He  was  going,  with  two  or  three  eomiianions  only-  one  ot  whom 
kiUrd  him— to  join  the  Fredonians  at  ISaeogdoehes,  having  lailiMl  to  indnee 
the  Indians  to  keep  their  [)roniises.  Fields  was  an  intelligent  man,  and  had 
joined  till!  ^'ork  loilgo  of  freemasons  widle  ill  Mexico,  i'luitc,  i.  'JSO;  Yonkiim, 
i.  !.'.".(•:  (or.  Frd.  M,:,-.,  :{1  Mar.,  l.S'.'T,  p.  :\. 

'■'ilaydeu  Edwards  retnrned  after  the  Ti^xau  revolution,  and  at  one  time 
rejiresenteil  his  district  in  the  congress.  His  hrotlier,  in  lS;?(i,  was  engaged 
in  raising  a  company  iu  .Mississipjii  in  aid  of  Texas,  Imt  di-icontinned  his 
ellorts  on  recei[it  of  the  news  of  the  hattle  of  San  .lacinto.  In  \S\Vl  he  was 
candidate  for  governor  of  Mississipiii,  hut  ilieil  iluring  the  canvass.    Tltrnll'.H 

Hist.    Tr.l-.,   iVil    '2. 

*" '  Vour  kind,  your  frioudly,  aud  generous  deportnieut  towards  iny  friends 


%;. 


k 


no 


MEXICAN   OPPRESSION   AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


Thus  terminated  an  insurrection  wliich,  as  far  as  active 
operations  were  concerned,  was  a  trivial  affair,  but  in 
its  significance  was  weighty  and  ominous. 

During  tlie  three  following  years  the  progress  and 
prospects  of  Austin's  colonies  were  all  that  could  he 
desired.  His  conduct  in  the  late  abortive  rebellion 
had  gained  for  hiu)  the  pronounced  confidenci;  and 
commendation  of  the  supreme  government,"'  and  he 
was  able  to  proceed  rapidly  with  the  settlement  of  the 
new  grants  he  obtained  in  1827  and  1828.  Other 
colonies  also  showed  ])rogress.  After  the  aimulmi'nt 
of  Edwards'  contract  the  territorv  included  in  his  t>i'ant 
was  divided  between  I)avid  (jr.  Burnett  and  Josepli 
Vehlein,"^"  and  inunigi-ants  continued  to  How  into  that 
portion  of  Texas.  J)ewitt,  although  his  first  settlei's 
were  temporarily  driven  off  by  Indians,  had  laid  t>ut 
the  town  of  Gonzalez'"'*  in  182."),  and  during  1827  and 
1828  he  succeeded  in  introducing  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  colonists.  In  ])e  Leon's  grant,  the  town  of 
Victoria  was  founded,  and  La  Bahi'a  del  Espiritu 
Santo  had  developed  into  a  town  of  such  appreciable 
dimensions,  that  by  the  decree  of  February  4,  182'.>, 
it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  villa,  and  the  hiiih- 
sounding  title  of  Goliad,  or  Gtdiath,  given  to  it.'"^  ( )ii 
the  Brazos  a  tlourishinu;  settlement  called  Brazoria  had 
also  sprung  up. 

and  fellow-soldiers  while  prisoners  of  yours,  entitles  you  and  tlie  oHieers 
under  your  coinniaud  to  the  expression  of  my  thaidis,  and  h;is  insured  to  you 
and  them  a  ilistinetion  in  mir  iiearts  tiuit  will  ever  se[)arate  yon  trom  tlie  rest 
of  your  countrymen  who  liavu  ojijiressed  us.  A.s  a  toe  to  yo\ir  country,  1  \  icw 
you  still  as  a  national  enemy;  liut  as  a  man  and  a  pliilantlu'oi)ist,  you  liu\ f 
powerful  claims  upon  my  heart.'  L'llwdvi/n  to  AliKinada,  March  •_';'),  IfS'JT: 
Footf,  i.  2X7. 

^'  Auastacio  Bustaiuiintc,  commandant  general  of  tlio  federal  forces  in  thi 
eastern  internal  states,  in  his  report  to  tlie  war  oliice,  Marcli  (ith,  says:  '  No 
pudiendo  menos  <iue  liacer  una  particular  rccomnu'udacion  del  gran  mi'iito 
'[Ue  han  coutraiilo  en  esta  xiltinui  Jornada.  .  .los  estiuiahles  cuidadanos  Felipe 
Austin  y  Juan  A.  Williams.'  Cor.  Fa/.  Mcr.,  'M  .\lar.,  18'J7,  p.  S. 

■■'■H'alleil  Whelin  on  Austin's  map.     Burni't,   Veldeiu,  anil  Zavala  aftir- 
ward  sold  out  to  a  New  York  company  called   'Tho  (ialveston  H;iy  Co. 
Almoiifc,  XoL  Estnd.  T<j.,  08. 

'■'•'  Naineil  after  Rafael  (Jouzalez,  tlio  governor  pro  tcr  .  of  the  state. 

'^*  Conli.  ji  Tex.  Lci/cs,  \1'2.  In  IS'JT  the  names  of  several  towns  in  Coa- 
huila  wore  changed.     San  Fernando  received  tho  name  ol  iSan  I'trnaiulo  lie 


MANIFEST   DKSTINY  OF  TEXAS. 


Ill 


Xovcrtlioless,  tho  attempt  of  the  Frcdonians  had 
ojH'iu'd  the  eyes  of  the  national  i^overnnient  to  the 
|)(>ssihility  that  the  infant  «»iant  it  had  adopted  niijjfht 
not  })rove  a  very  docile  nieniher  of  the  JSIexican  fam- 
ily, and  it  hegan  to  consider  that,  in  lieu  of  <r(  iitle 
treatment,  a  repressive  system  of  education,  hacked 
hy  coercion,  would  he  necessary  erelon*;'.  The  crump 
was  not  immediately  applied,  it  is  true.  Under 
the  liheral  and  non-aiiUTi'Ssive  policy  of  Gui'rrero 
the  colonists  were  left  pretty  mucii  to  theniselves, 
atul  redress  was  even  vouchsafed  to  them  in  the 
important  matter  of  the  aholition  of  slavery.  But 
when  lie  was  overthrown,  in  Decemher  1821),  and 
Jiustamante  seized  the  helm,  the  recumhent  tiger  rose 
and  showi'd  liis  ti^etli. 

Jt  caimot  he  urged  that  there  did  not  exist  very 
f'orcilile  reasons  for  apprehending  that  Texas  would 
attenijjt  to  slip  the  leash.  The  designs  of  the  Unitetl 
Stiites  were  too  apj)arent  to  admit  of  a  douht  as  to 
their  I'Xpectations,  and  the  territory  was  lu'coming 
tliicklv  settled  hv  emiijrants  from  them.  It  diil  not 
i(M|uii'e  nuich  penetration  to  foresee  that  this  new 
land  would  soon  he  overrun  by  these  aliens  if  the  tide 
of  immigration  were  not  stopped.  This  increasing 
|)opulation,  too,  was  not  only  alien  in  race,  hut  in 
jtolitieal  principles,  hal)its,  and  religion;  while  it  was 
Ixiiuid  to  the  people  it  had  migrated  irom  hy  the  ties 
of  consanguinity,  and  the  })restige  of  a  glorious  histor- 
ical record  of  a  vouuii"  nation  that  had  rent  asuncK'i' 
t\[v  honds  of  oppression.  It  was,  therefi>re,  natural 
that  Mexico  should  entertain  fears  as  to  tiie  future; 
ol»e(nence  of  the  Texan  colonists,  and  it  was  eijually 
natural  that  the  latter  would  not  tamely  suhmit  to 
the  imposition  of  fetters  similar  to  those  whicii   the 


I    1  I'  I  ) 


1 


lliisas;  Rio  firanilo  tliat  of  (iucrrcrn;  Saltillo  was  chaiigcil  ti)  TAH)iia  Vii'ario; 
ami  Kstfvaii  ilo  Tlascala  to  Villaloiigiii.  /(/.,  ().">,  JSo.  Kilisola  i.  III.")  to 
wiciicli  ,111  aiiagrain  out  of  Hidalgo'.s  name,  intro(liiou.s  //  into  (ioliaJ,  .spelling 
it  (Milliiail.  .1.  ('.  Hfali's,  in  noc.  IXIW,  (le.icrilH!s  (ioliad  a.s  a  wrutclicit  \illa!.',u 
containing  800  nonls.  Tin;  inhabitants,  almost  without  uxception,  wtru  gaui- 
bLis  uii.l  BmugyL■t■.^.   Z>t.(/r.i'  Juuriint,  iu  Kennedy's  Tee.,  ii.  30-0. 


112 


MKxit'AN  orriu:.ssioN  and  tkxax  ukvolt.s. 


I  ! 

II  ■ 


fatluis  of  most  of  tlu'in  luul  liclpcil  to  lucjik.      Yet 
its  slioit-siylitiMliicss  tlio  *;ov('nmu'nt,  uikK'I"  the  (1( 


in 


1 


)otic  adiniiiistrutioM  of  Bustiinuintc,  tliouulit  to  ol>\  i- 


ate  a  |ii'ol»al>K(,  Imt  not  iiiiavoi(lal>lo  roiitiii^ciuv  l>y 
adojitiiiiLf  tlio  Vfiy  iiieasuivs  which  wvw  most  «'alcu- 
latcd  to  |ir<»voko  a  sj)irit  of  antagonism.  A<lmittiniL;', 
as  ^[('xican  wi'itt'rs  ixm  viv^vv  to  assert,  tliat  a  j^i'cat 
mmihcr  of  settlers  were  adventurers  who  hehl  tlieir 
lands  i»y  no  hetter  titles  than  those  of  loaded  lilies,'-'' 
and  that  there  were  many  advoeg^tes  of  annexation  to 
the  United  Stati's,  it  nuist  not  be  fori;(>tten  that  Aus- 
tin's colonists — who  far  outnumbered  all  the  rest 
re  not  of  that  class.      Thev  were  an  in- 


lei' 


\V( 


toij^etl 

dustrious,  respectable  people,  who  had,  thi'ough  ilan- 
j:;ers,  trials,  and  privations,  built  foT'  themselves  homes 
in  the  wilderness,  anil  converted  wastes,  that  were 
valueless  to  Mexico  till  their  ariival,  into  thi'ivinij^ 
fai'ms  and  ])lantations.  They  had  formed  a  coimnu- 
nity  which  had  been  welded  toij^ether  in  the  lurnace  of 
hardship  and  toil,  and  which  had  neitlii'r  interfered 
nor  had  been  interferi'd  with  in  jxtlitical  matters. 
For  nearly  a  tlecade  they  had  been  left  alont;  and  had 
ruh'd  themselves.""  Xo  disposition  had  been  made  by 
either  the  national  or  state  le^'islature  ibr  theii'  <^"ov- 
ei'nnient  other  than  the  }m)visional  one  which  had 
vi'sted    the    ])olitical    and    military  administration    in 


Austii 


rune    anu 


)U<j:    thoin    was    rare, 


aiK 


1    tl 


leU" 


morality  and  other  virtues  were   far  above  the   ^lexi- 
cal!   standar<ls.      J^ut    they  had 


an  uncompronnsmg 
love  of  re[)ublican  freedom,  and  they  had  confidently 
expected  that  a  rei)ublic  which  had  based  its  constitu- 
tion on  that  of  the  United  States  woidd  ])ut  in  ])rac- 
tice  the  free  institutions  it  proclaimed.  They  could 
not  recoo'iiize  the  principles  of  centralism  in  face  ot 
the  constitution  of  1824. 

'■"'  Rivera,  for  instance,  speaks  of  '  aventiiroros  <le  todas  las  naciones  ((uo  so 
aprojiialiari  jior  si  niisinos  los  tenvnos  (jiie  mas  lati  uconuxlaban,  fiindandosu  en 
l'.i  nizon  del  ritle.'  /iisf.  Jiilnjin,  iii.  'J"). 

''"  'A(|iiellas  coliiiiias,  4110  so  guburuabau  a  su  autojo,  d  por  leyua  uurto- 
anioricaiias. '  Jd.,  '27. 


tiie 

Ol)|)lj 

IjUCJ 

o-ov 

rial 
atteii 
abso: 
11  ess 
and  ' 
coloui 
of  Ju 
that 


MEASURES  IN  MEXICO. 


113 


Tlic  evil  spirit  which  inspired  tlio  Mexican  legishi- 
ture  to  make  the  fatal  mistake  of  attemptiiiir  to  curh 
tiic  desijjfns  of  the  United  States,  by  the  exorcise  of 
<)j)pr('ssive  measures  against  the  Texan  colonists,  was 
Lucas  Alanuin,  the  minister  of  relations  uiuler  the  new 
(rovernment.     On  February  8,  1830,  he  laid  a  nuano- 
rial  before  congress,  in  which  with  just  reason  he  calls 
attention  to  the  danger  Texas  was  exposed  to  of  being 
absorbed  by  the  northern  republic,  and  to  the  careless- 
ness which  the  government  of  the  state  of  Coahuila 
and  Texas  had  shown  in  its  neglect  to  see  that  the 
colonization  laws  were  properly  carried  out.     Orders 
of  June  1827,  and  April  1828,  respectively,  providing 
that  no  more  than  the  number  of  families  designated 
in  a  contract  should  settle  on  the  corres[)onding  grant, 
and  that  colonies  near  the  boundary  line  should  be 
composed   of  settlers  who  were  not  natives  of  the 
United  States,  had,  he  said,  been  without  effect;  and 
he  expatiated  on  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of  in- 
truders had  taken  possession  of  lands,  especially  near 
the  frontier,  without  any  pretension  of  satisfying  the 
formalities  of  the  colonization  laws.     He  then  sug- 
gested measures  wliich  he  considered  would  be  ade- 
(|uate  to  preserve  Texas  to  Mexico,  and  which  ought 
to  be  innnediately  put  in  operation.     They  were,  firstly, 
to  increase  the  Mexican  population  by  making  Texas 
a  penal  settlement,  the  criminals  transported  thither 
to  be  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  ;"^  secondly, 
to  introduce  foreign  colonists  differing  from  North 
Americans  in  interests,  habits,  and  language;  tliirdly, 
to  establish  a  coasting  trade  between  Texas  and  other 
jmrts  of  the  republic,  which  would  tend  to  nationalize 
the  department;  fourtJdy,  to  suspend,  as  far  as  Texas 
was  concerned,  the  colonization  law  of  August  1824, 
and  place  the  settlement  of  that  department  under  the 
direction  of  the  general  government;  and  fifthly,  to 

"In  1833  a  mimber  of  laws  were  passed  with   the  object  of  eoh)wiziiig 
Texas  with  critniiials  and  deserters.     The  reader  can  consult  A  rrillai/d  liirop. , 
1832-3,  433;  1833,  Apr.  and  May,  89,  132-7;   Vail.  Doc.,  u.  151;  Mcx.  Jlem. 
Judiaii,  50-1;  /it.,  1833,  8-9,  in  Mex.  Mem.,  2,  doc.  7 
UisT,  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    8 


' 


1    ' 


H 


,1  1  '* 


6 


m 


c,  . 

'■  \ 


lU 


MEXICAN  OrrUlXSlON   AND  TEXAN   REVOLTS. 


ijl  i 


apiK)lnt  a  coinmissioiior  to  examine  ami  report  upon 
tlie  rondition  of  affuirs  in  the  Texan  colonies,  as  to  the 
nuuiher  of  contracts  entered  into  and  families  intro- 
duced, the  amount  of  land  occupied,  the  number  of 
slaves  in  each  settlement  aiv'  the  legality  of  their 
importation,  and  the  fulfilment  or  non-fultilment  of 
existinjjf  contracts.'""* 

Alaman's  views  were  responded  to  by  the  subservi- 
ent con<(ress,  and  on  April  (5,  IB.'JO,  a  law  was  passed 
which  i)rohibited  the  citizens  of  nati«)ns  bordenng  on 
Mexico  from  colonizing  any  of  her  states  or  territ(»ries 
immediately  adjacent  to  them.  It  also  declared  that 
colonization  contracts  not  yet  fulfilled,  or  such  as  were 
in  opposition  to  this  law,  were  forthwith  suspended ; 
that  no  foreigner  under  any  pretext  whatever  would 
be  allowed  to  enter  the  northern  frontier,  uidess  pro- 
vided with  a  passjiort  from  the  Mexican  consular 
agent  at  the  place  of  his  previous  residence.  With 
regard  to  colonies  already  established,  and  the  slav<j8 
introduced  into  them,  no  change  would  be  made,  but 
the  further  importation  of  slaves  was  strictly  forbid- 
den.*' These  provisions  were  tantamount  to  the  special 
exclusion,  for  the  future,  of  Anglo-American  settlers, 
and  of  them  only.  The  law  in  itself  was  obnoxious  to 
the  Texan  colonists,  and  this  invidious  distinction  made 
it  doubly  so.  It  was  received  with  out-spoken  dis- 
satisfaction. Grievances  of  an  oppressive  character 
immediately  followed.  The  despotic  government  of 
Bustamante  did  not  delay  matters.  With  the  year 
1830  the  exemption  from  duties  that  had  been  con- 
ceded to  the  colonists  en  articles  imported  for  tiieir 
own  use  ceased.  This  privilege  had  been  greatly 
abused,  and  it  cannot  i)f  denied  that  the  settlers  availed 
themselves  of  it  to  carry  on  smuggling  to  an  extent 
very  detrimental  to  the  revenue — a  practice  which  also 
had  to  be  suppressed. 

'*'/»!>.  (le  Ley.,  in  Alama)!,  Not.  Biog.,  47-56. 

'"Articles  9,  10,  and  11  of  the  decree,  copy  of  which  will  be  found  in  Du- 
bUiit  and  Lozu7io,  Leg.  Mex.,  ii.  238-40. 


niai 


MILITARY   I>KSI»OTISM. 


115 


Siiiniltaiioously  witli  tlio  proniulpition  of  tl»o  law, 
!^^alUU'l  Mi«'r  y  Teraii,  wlio  had  Ikhmi  anpoiiiU'd  coni- 
Miandaiit  <ti!iu'ral  of  the  national  forct^H  in  the  t-Htadon 
(If  OritMito,  waH  instructed  to  proceed  to  Texas  with  a 
sufficient  force  and  carry  its  provisions  into  eti'ect,  jih 
well  as  establish  inland  and  maritime  custom-houses. 
AccordinjLjfly,  he  entered  the  department  with  the  1 1th 
;i!id  lilth  hattalions  of  reticular  infantry,  the  Uth  reyi- 
nieiit  of  cavalry,  the  presidial  companies,  and  the 
iiiiHtia  of  the  three  estados  de  Oriente,  su|)ported  hy 
s(»ine  artillery.  A  military  dcjspotism  was  soon  in- 
aui,nirated.  Only  the  colonies  of  Austin,  Dewitt,  and 
Martin  ])e  Leon  were  reco<]^nize(l,  all  other  concessions 
hciiiijf  suspended  till  the  contracts  had  been  examined 
and  their  fulfilments  verified ;  titles  were  denied  to  a 
in reat  numher  of  settlers  already  domiciled,  and  incom- 
ing'' emi^ranis  from  the  United  States  were  ordered 
to  ([uit  the  country  on  their  arrival.  Military  posts 
were  established  at  the  mouths  of  La  Baca  and 
iirazos  rivers,  at  Matagorda,  Galveston,  and  Aiiiihuac, 
and  at  (ioliad,  Victoria,  San  Felipe  de  Austin,  Tenox- 
titlan,  Naco<rdoclies,  and  other  places;  custom-houses 
were  established,  and  a  war  vessel  stationed  on  the 
coast.'"'  The  soldiery  distributed  at  these  posts  was 
for  the  most  part  composed  of  convicts  and  the  worst 
class  of  men  in  Mexico,^'  c(mtact  with  whom  was 
contamination,  and  whose  bearing  was  insolent  and 
outra<jeous. 

Having  completed  his  dispositions,  Teran  went 
to  Matamoros,  leaving  Davis  Bradburn"''^  at  Andhuac, 

^"Smirrz  ;/  Nnmrro,  Hkt.  Mcr.,  244-(i;  Rhrra,  Ifixt.  Jalnpn,  iii.  2G-7; 
FUimlit,  Mem.  Hint.  Uuerra  Tej.,  i.  itil-"),  l(>!>-70;  JAex.  Mem.  Giicrra,  \S'M), 
]).  H;  Ki'uncdii's  T<:r.,  i.  375-7,  ii.  4-5;  Lufcuaiiilirre,  M''.r.  ft  Uuat.,  231;  Hunt's 
.\,/./rrs.i,24;    Wilkon's  Ani.  JJist.,  dli'y. 

•"  In  order  that  the  reader  may  form  some  idea  of  the  class  of  men  from 
wliioh  the  Mexican  troops  were  drawn,  and  the  means  employed  to  raise 
ri'uruits,  I  quote  the  provisions  on  these  points  laid  down  by  decree  of  the 
congress  of  L'oahuila  and  Texaa  dated  Scj)t.  29,  1820.  'The  ayuntamientos 
with  Jw  assistance  of  armed  force  will  proceed  to  make  levies;  vagabonds  and 
disorderly  persons  shall  be  taken  in  preference  for  military  service,  recruits 
may  be  obtained  by  entrapment  and  decoy.'  Articles  4,  5,  and  t),  iu  t'ouh.  y 
T(.r.   Lejiox,  42. 

■'-'  Bratliji.i-n  was  an  American  by  birth,  but  had  served  in  the  revolution- 
ary war,  and  had  obtaiued  the  rauk  of  colonel  iu  the  Mexican  army. 


t  ! 


116 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


at  the  head  of  Galveston  Bay,*'  T^ith  150  men ;  Colonel 
Piedras  at  Nacogdoches,  with  350  men ;  and  Colonel 
Ugartechea  at  Velasco,  the  post  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Brazos,  with  125  men.  Bamon  Miisquiz  at  this 
time  was  political  chief  at  San  Antonio  de  B^jar. 
Bradburn  was  by  nature  a  tyrant,  and  made  himself 
consipcuous  as  such.  A  series  of  outrages  was  soon 
commenced  by  him.  The  local  authoiities  were  set  at 
naught,  and  military  law  substituted  for  civil  jurisdic- 
tion; settlers  were  dispossessed  of  their  lands  and 
property,  many  of  them  were  imprisoned,  and  no  re- 
dress could  be  obtained  for  thefts  and  robberies  com- 
mitted by  the  rascally  troops. 

When  the  state  congress  assembled  in  January 
1831,  it  declared  that  Jose  Maria  Letona  had  been 
duly  elected  governor,  and  Juan  Martin  De  Veiamendi 
vice-governor.  Urgent  applications  had  been  made  by 
numerous  settlers  for  the  appointment  of  a  commis- 
sioner to  extend  titles  to  them,  and  Letona,  who  could 
do  no  otherwise  than  regard  the  law  of  April  G,  1S30, 
as  unconstitutional,  and  an  infringement  on  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  state,  sent  Francisco  Madero  in  that  ca- 
pacity, with  Jose  Maria  Carbajal,  as  surveyor,  to  put 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Trinity  River  in  possession  of 
their  lands.  The  commissioner,  in  accordance  with 
the  state  colonization  law,  granted  the  required  titles, 
established  the  town  of  Liberty,  and  appointed  an 
ayuntamiento.  Teran,  as  uncompromising  a  centralist 
and  as  aggressive  as  Bustamante  himself,  seized  this 
opportunity  to  exercise  his  despotic  power.  Declar- 
ing that  the  law  of  April  6th  was  being  contravened, 
he  ordered  Bradburn  to  arrest  Madero  and  Carbajal, 
who  were  accordingly  cast  into  prison  at  Andhuac. 
Bradburn  next  dissolved  the  ayuntamiento  at  Liberty, 
established  one  at  Andhuac,  and  assuming  the  appro- 
priation of  a  large  tract  of  country,  proceeded  to  dis- 
tribute lands.     All  these  acts  were  performed  without 

*'  An&huac  was  known  as  the  port  of  Galveston,  opened  in  1825.    The 
island  waa  uninhabited  at  this  time. 


COLLECTION  OF  REVENUE. 


117 


any  authority  from  the  state  government;  indeed, 
Bradburn  did  not  condescend  even  to  consult  or  ad- 
vise it  on  the  matter.  These  high-handed  measures 
we  re  complemented  by  various  tyrannical  proceedings 
affecting  tlie  welfare  of  the  community  at  large,  and 
the  personal  rights  of  individuals. 

In  the  collection  of  the  customs,  to  the  payment  of 
which  the  colonists  had  lately  been  made  subject, 
great  disgust  was  caused.  Not  that  they  were  op- 
posed to  paying  legitimate  duties,  but  the  offensive 
steps  taken  to  collect  them  provoked  their  ire.  The 
revenue  officers  were  avowedly  inimical  in  their  prin- 
ciples to  the  interests  of  the  Texans,  and  their  con- 
temptuous bearing  and  arbitrary  dealing,  supported 
by  bands  of  armed  soldiers,  were  doubly  galling.  The 
tariff,  moreover,  was  considered  unreasonable.  To 
facilitate  the  collection  of  the  custom  duties  and  pre- 
vent smuggling,^  all  ports  except  that  of  Anahuac, 
which  only  vessels  of  six  feet  draught  could  enter,  were 
ordered  to  be  closed.  But  the  indignation  aroused  at 
this  blow  at  the  commercial  interests  of  Texas,  and 
the  attendant  inconvenience  in  other  respects,  was 
such  that  on  December  16,  1831,  a  large  and  angry 
meeting  was  held  at  Brazoria  to  discuss  the  question. 
Commissioners  were  sent  to  Anilhuac  to  demand  the 
withdrawal  of  the  order.  Bradburn  grumbled  and 
asked  that  time  be  allow od  him  to  communicate  with 
Teran;  whereupon  threi.ts  of  an  attack  were  uttered, 
and  the  poit  of  Bruzos  was  reluctantly  allowed  to 
remain  open.^ 


It  is  not  surprising  that,  under  such  circumstances, 
some  proceedings  which  will  not  bear  scrutiny  were 
committed  or  conniA^ed  at  by  the  settlers.  Arms  and 
war  iii   erial  were  introduced  into  the  country  from 

'*It  ia  narrated  tliat  in  .July  or  Augiiat  18.S0,  a  Imiul  ot  amuRglt  rs,  in 
nrdiT  to  carry  on  their  operations  unojjposetl,  seized  the  adnunistrato^  oi  tue 
rt'vonuo  in  Matagorda,  and  placed  hnn  in  a  boat  uniler  the  ciii«tmly  of  teu 
men.  Piuart's  Col,  Print,  no.  214,  p.  2. 

'^^  Yotikum,  i.  281-2;  Filusola,  tU  8up.,  i.  180;  Tex.  Altn,,  18 "9.  103. 


118 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


! 


11    ! 


the  United  States  in  spite  of  the  custom-houses. 
SniuggHng  greatly  increased,  .nd  was  very  defiantly 
carried  on.  In  December  1831,  while  the  colonists 
at  Brazoria  were  under  great  excitement  at  the  clos- 
ing of  their  port,  the  schooners  Ticson  (sic),  Nelson, 
and  Sabine,  under  tlio  protection  of  an  armed  band  of 
colonists  on  shore,  sailed  out  of  the  harbor  without 
paying  the  custom  dues  they  owed;  and  when  an 
attempt  was  made  to  oppose  their  departure,  the 
Mexican  troops  were  fired  at  from  the  vessels  and  a 
soldier  wounded.^  The  administrator  of  customs  at 
Andhuac,  considering  it  convenient  to  remove  the  re- 
ceiver's office  at  the  mouth  of  the  Brazos  to  the  town 
of  Brazoria,  sent  thither,  in  January  1832,  the  col- 
lector Juan  Pacho  to  effect  the  change.  Pacho  arrived 
ofi*  Brazoria  on  the  night  of  the  2 2d,  and  remaining 
on  board,  sent  on  shore  a  soldier  to  deliver  a  copy 
of  the  ordinance  to  the  authorities.  The  unfortu- 
nate bearer  was  almost  beaten  to  death  by  the  colo- 
nists, and  such  hostile  demonstrations  were  made,  that 
Pacho,  deeming  it  unsafe  to  remain  on  board,  was 
glad  to  land  during  the  night  and  escape  to  a  place  of 
security.  On  the  21)th  of  the  same  month  the  Sabine, 
holding  in  contempt  Teran's  orders  to  detain  her  and 
put  her  crew  on  trial  if  she  returned,  boldly  came  to 
anchor  at  Brazoria,  with  a  full  cargo  from  New  Orleans, 
and  two  cannon  1  Nor  wore  the  Mexican  troops  in 
sufficient  force  to  interfere  with  her.  Thus  mutual 
aggravation  widened  the  breach.  Instances  of  wrongs 
infiicted  on  individuals,  and  invasions  of  their  personal 
libei*ties,  were  frequent.  Servants  were  inveigled  away 
by  Bradburn  from  their  masters,  and  made  to  work 
without  remuneration ;  tlie  surrender  of  fugitive  slaves 
was  refused,  and  settlers  were  arbitrarily  arrested  and 
thrown  into  dungeons."' 


t  ■.  *  ■ ' 


^^  Filiiiola,  ut  mp.,  184-5.  Teran's  letter  to  Auatin  dated  Matamoros, 
Jan.  27,  IS.SS,  in  hi,  188-9. 

"'  Tilt!  reader  ia  referred  to  tlio  following  authorities,  which  have  been  con- 
sulted as  to  the  condition  of  affairs  (hiring  tins  period;  Keimedii's  Tex.,  ii. 
6-7;  UoUey'H  Tex.,  322-3;  Yoakum,  i.  270-0,  281-2,  200-1;  Foote'a  Ttx.,  ii. 


MARTIAL  LAW. 


lur 


On  May  15, 1832,  Bradbum  proclaimed  all  the  coun- 
try lying  within  the  ten-league  coast  reserve  to  be 
under  martial  law.  In  the  same  month,  almost  imme- 
diately after  the  adoption  of  this  extreme  measure, 
some  soldiers  of  the  presidial  troops  perpetrated  a 
criminal  outrage  upon  a  woman  in  ihe  vicinity  of  Anil- 
huac.  The  enraged  settlers,  knowing  that  no  redress 
could  be  obtained,  seized  a  worthless  fellow  of  their 
community,  who,  if  not  an  actual  participator  in  the 
deed,  had  connived  at  it,'"  and  tarred  and  feathered 
him.  While  engaged  in  inflicting  this  punisliment,  a 
troop  of  soldiers  despatched  by  Bradbum  interfered. 
A  scrimmage  ensued,  in  which  some  shots  were  fired, 
and  several  of  the  colonists,  among  whom  was  William 
B.  Travis — who  at  a  later  date  gained  high  renown — 
were  made  prisoners.  The  captives  were  thrown  into 
dungeons,  and  treated  with  great  rigor. "*" 

This  event  and  Bradburn's  unwarrantable  declara- 
tion of  martial  law  having  been  duly  reported  to 
Teran,  who  was  residing  in  Matamoros,  the  latter,  on 
May  31st,  instructed  Piedras  to  proceed  to  Amliiuac 
and  take  such  measures  to  put  an  end  to  the  disturb- 
ances as  he  might  deem  opportune.  But  before  the 
receipt  of  this  order,  the  angry  colonists  had  takc^ii  the 
niatt*ir  into  their  own  hands.  Many  of  the  settlers 
on  Liinity  River  and  in  Austin's  colony  flew  to  arms 
and  iiarched  to  Andhuac,  Francis  W.  Johnson  being 
ehobon  their  chief  in  command.  The  colonies  were 
all:  ady  ablaze  with  the  spirit  of  resistance,  and  were 

8-Hi-.  Li.rimiHilUrc,  Mck.  et  O'uit.,  232;  Wilhoth's  Ani<r.  Hint..,  (>.35-();  Kit- 
v'<inl.t'  Hi.<  Tex.,  18l>;  Mnillard'x  IIM.  Tea:,  58-62;  Filmola,  vt»ii)>.,i.  l(i!(- 
74;  Tcnni'n  Letter  to  Aiinfiii,  in  /(/.,  185-0;  Rivern,  Hist.  Jalajia,  iii.  2(5-8,  81; 
Siiiiirz  11  Namirro,  J/iftt.  Mex.,  24(»-7. 

^''  Foote  states  tliat  tliis  American  coininitte<l  the  outrage  himself.  T<j\, 
ii.  1().  Filisola's  version  is  that  a  preHidial  solilier  iHjrpetrated  the  viiili'nce, 
ami  that  tliu  American,  who  lived  cluHu  by,  made  no  attempt  tn  succor  the 
wiiinan.    UtuKp.,  i.  ll);i-4. 

•'"  Yoakum,  with  reason,  remarks  that  th«!  <liffereiit  accountn  given  liy 
Foote,  Holley,  Kennedy,  and  l>ewecH  of  tlie  events  altout  to  be  narrat(>d  are 
"cry  C')ntlictmu.  But  these  writem,  with  the  exception  of  tlie  Knj;Iisiinian 
.'^Mmody,  are  Americans,  ami  all  ilerived  their  information  from  Texan  Hoiircfs. 
i.cj'orts  and  letters,  however,  of  Ugartechea,  Piedras,  and  Bradbum,  sup- 
;!  ed  i)j  I''ilisola,  i.  2()5-3(),  thrutw  imich  light  on  these  occurreucos,  and  en- 
ai)lu  mo  to  present  them  with  greater  clearness  and  correutnusa. 


190 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


ll^^ 


... 


ripe  for  rebellion.  A  certain  John  Austin*"  was  at  this 
time  one  of  the  alcaldes  of  Brazoria.  He  was  a  man 
of  groat  energy,  and  not  being  of  the  type  to  submit 
meekly  to  tyranny,  had  already  obtained  prominence 
by  his  decided  views  and  spirited  conduct.  On  the 
10th  of  June  he  joined  the  insurgents  with  about  100 
men,  having  captured  on  the  preceding  day  Lieutenant 
Miguel  Nieto,  and  a  troop  of  cavalry  sent  out  to  re- 
connoitre by  Bradburn,  who  was  aware  of  his  ap- 
proach. On  his  arrival,  a  demand  for  the  release  of 
the  pris<^7iers  was  made  and  refused,  whereupon  the 
settlers  v/'k^  ^^v\  entered  the  town  took  up  a  position 
in  the  buiiv  of  the  plazuela  de  Malinche,     During 

the  next  two  .  three  days  some  desultory  firing  took 
place,  but  before  any  effective  fighting  occurred  an 
adjustment  was  arranged,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that 
the  prisoners  should  be  released  if  the  assailants  would 
previously  surrender  their  captives,  and  retire  six 
miles  away  from  the  town.  The  colonists  were  will- 
ing to  keep  their  part  of  the  compact,  and  setting  at 
liberty  the  cavalrymen,  Austin  retired  with  a  portion 
of  liis  forces  to  Turtle  Bayou.*'  Bradburn,  however, 
having  secured  a  quantity  of  ammunition  that  had 
been  stored  in  one  of  the  houses,  and  had  escaped  dis- 
covery, threw  his  stipulation  to  the  winds,  opened  fire 
upon  the  insurgents  that  had  remained  in  Andhuac, 
and  drove  them  from  the  place. 


In   January  of  this  year  Santa   Anna   had    pro- 


m 


^'This  Austin  was  not  a  relative  of  Stephen  F.  Austin.  He  was  born  in 
Connecticut,  and  I)eing  of  an  adventurous  spirit,  went  to  sea  wlieii  (jiiite  a 
youtli  as  a  sailor  before  the  mast.  Having  joniod  Lang's  expedition  in  1819, 
he  was  sent  with  other  prisoners  to  Mexico,  where  he  fortunately  obtained 
his  rele:u<e  through  the  intercession  of  Poinsett.  During  his  stay  in  the 
Mexican  capital  lie  became  acquainted  with  Stephen  ¥.  Austin,  and  decided 
to  accompany  iuni  to  his  colony.  John  Austin  hail  great  strength  of  charac- 
ter, and  became  an  active  and  useful  citizen.  He  died  of  cholera  in  IM.SS. 
He  would  have  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  Texan  revolution  had  he  lived 
to  see  it.  J/olli'i/'/i  Tex.,  '248-50;  Thrall'n  Hist.  Tex.,  490-7;  EdwimW  //int. 
Ti:n.,  184;  Fili^ola,  titmip.,  195. 

*'  Keiiiiedji,  ii.  8;  /)eween'  Letters,  143;  Filisoln,  i.  200-1.  The  latter  author 
states  that  only  half  of  Austin's  force  was  witiidrawn.  Labodie's  and  Francis 
W.  .Johnson's  accounts,  iu  Tex.  Aim.,  1859,  30-40. 


UPRISING  OF  THE  SETTLER8. 


121 


rxunced  at  Vera  Cruz  against  the  government  of  Bua- 
taniante,  and  the  usual  war,  whicli  in  Mexico  follows 
such  revolutionary  appeals,  was  in  full  blast.  The 
colonists  were  heartily  «ick  of  Bustaniante's  method 
of  administering  the  laws  of  the  country,  and  the  in- 
surgents, on  their  arrival  at  Turtle  Bayou,  drew  up  a 
list  of  their  grievances  June  13th,  and  passed  resolu- 
tions adopting  Santa  Anna's  plan,  arid  pledging  their 
lives  and  fortunes  to  support  the  constitution,  and  the 
leaders  who  were  then  fighting  in  defence  of  civil 
liberty.  All  the  people  of  Texas  were  invited  to  co- 
operate with  tj:^m  in  support  of  these  principles.^ 


42 


When  Bradburn's  intention  not  to  fulfil  his  part  of 
the  agreement  was  no  h)nger  doubtful,  the  settlers  were 
determined  to  enforce  compliance.  Knowing  that  it 
would  be  impossible  to  take  the  fort  without  ai-tillery, 
John  Austin  went  to  Brazoria  to  fetch  by  sea  the 
cannon  brcught  by  the  Sabine,  leaving  the  main  force 
to  blockade  Amlhuac  during  his  absence.  On  his 
arrival  at  Brazoria  a  public  meeting  was  held,  at  which 
the  resolutions  of  June  13th  were  adopted,  and  Ugar- 
tt( hea  having  refused  to  allow  the  vessel  bearing  the 
cannon  to  pass  out  of  the  river,  it  was  decided  to  reduce 
fort  Velasco  before  making  the  attack  on  Andhuac." 
xVccordingly  John  Austin,  having  collected  1 12  men, 
caused  the  cannon  to  be  mounted  on  board  the  schooner 
Jirdzaria,  then  at  that  place,  and  marchetl  to  Velasco. 
At  first  some  negotiation^  were  carried  on.  Ugarte- 
eliea  was  apprised  of  the  adoption  of  the  jjlan  of  Vera 
Cruz,  and  invited  to  join  the  settlers  in  his  supiwrt. 
( )n  his  refusal  the  evacuation  of  the  fort  was  demanded. 
Tills  sunnnons  being  also  disregarded,  Austin  made 
his  dispositions  to  attack.  The  schooner,  which  had 
(Iroi)ped  down  the  river,  was  moored  on  the  night  of 

"llollen'a  Tex.,  32.3;  Edwnrih'  IImL  Tex.,  185-7.  In  tho  hist  autliority  a 
copy  of  the  rusolutioua  will  bo  found. 

*''()u  tlie  11th  of  May  iireco<ling  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Brazoria  was 
hold,  at  which  it  wiis  proposed  to  atttick  the  fort  at  Velatico.  The  proposition 
Wiis  lost  by  only  a  single  vote.  Foote,  Tex.,  ii.  lU. 


122 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


S   ]i 


'•     \t> 


the  2Gth  close  to  the  shore,  in  front  of  the  fort,  about 
200  yards  off;  and  forty  men,  armed  with  rifles,  were 
placed  on  board  of  her  and  protected  by  a  bulwark  of 
cotton  bales.  During  the  same  night  Austin  with  his 
remaining  force  in  two  divisions  approached  to  within 
fifty  yards  of  the  redoubt  on  the  land  side,  and  under 
cover  of  the  darkness,  and  the  diversion  caused  by  the 
fire  from  the  schooner,  threw  up  a  palisade.  Though 
firing  was  kept  up  during  the  night,  little  harm  was 
done  to  either  side ;  but  when  day  broke  the  affair  as- 
sumed another  aspect.  Austin's  breastworks  afforded 
him  little  protection,  the  fire  from  the  fort  was  galling ; 
and  a  violent  storm  of  rain  coming  on,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  withdraw  about  9  o'clock,  while  the  Mexicans, 
whose  only  gun  was  mounted  en  barbette,  suflored 
severely  from  the  rifles  of  the  besiegers.  The  schooner, 
however,  kept  up  the  engagement;  almost  every  man 
who  showed  himself  at  the  gun  or  above  the  enemy's 
parapets  was  struck  by  the  unerring  riflemen.  The 
besiegers'  artillery,  too,  did  good  service,  while  the 
Mexicans'  piece  was  so  ill-managed  in  its  exposed  posi- 
tion as  to  do  little  injury  to  the  Brazoria.  Due  credit 
must  bo  given  to  Ugartechea's  personal  bravery.  Over 
and  over  again,  as  the  artillerist  held  the  linstock  to 
to  fire  the  cannon,  his  exposed  hand  or  arm  was  shat- 
tered, and  when  at  last  his  men  flinched  from  serving 
the  gun,  their  commandant  mounted  the  bastion  and 
pointed  it  himself.  His  courage  was  appreciated. 
His  foes,  respecting  his  gallant  bearing,  had  the  mag- 
nanimity not  to  strike  him  down.  After  a  contest  of 
eleven  hours  the  Mexican  commander,  having  almost 
exhausted  his  ammunition,  hoisted  a  white  flag,  and 
terms  of  capitulation  were  signed  the  next  day,  by 
which  Ugartechea  was  allowed  to  evacuate  the  fort 
with  the  honors  of  war,  his  troops  retaining  their  arms, 
ammunition,    and   baggage."     They  were,    moreover, 

"Yoakum,  i.  295,  incorrectly,  and  without  authority,  states  that  'tlie 
enemy  were  deprived  of  their  arms.  See  Filisola's  statemeut,'  i.  215,  de- 
rived from  Ugartucliea'a  report  of  the  affair. 


SUCCESS  OF  THE  INSURGENTS. 


128 


supplied  with   provisions   for  their  march  to  Mata- 


iiioros, 


45 


According  to  American  authorities,  the  loss  of  the 
Texans  in  this  engagement  was  seven  killed  and 
twenty-seven  wounded;  that  of  the  Mexicans,  thirty- 
five  killed  and  fifteen  wounded.  Ugartechea,  how- 
ever, only  reports  seven  of  his  troops  killed  and 
nineteen  wounded,  ten  of  whom  were  shot  in  the 
hand  or  arm;  Kennedy  raises  the  numher  on  both 
sides,  assigning  to  the  Texans  eleven  killed  and  fifty- 
two  wounded,  twelve  of  them  mortally,  and  to  the 
Mexicans  about  one  half  killed  of  the  125  men  en- 
gaged, while  seventeen  "lost  their  hands  by  the  fear- 
ful drillinif  of  the  rifle." 


Meanwhile  the  forces  left  by  John  Austin  around 
Anahuac  maintained  a  steady  blockade  of  the  place, 
confining  themselves  to  cutting  off  supplies  and  com- 
nmnication,  without  engaging  in  any  active  operation. 
Piedras,  the  commandant  at  Nacogdoches,  having 
received  Teran's  instructions  of  May  31st,  proceeded 
thither,  about  the  end  of  June,  with  a  small  escort. 
On  his  approach  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  revolted 
settlers,  and  having  heard  their  statements,  promised 
that  the  imprisoned  citizens  should  be  released,  and 
Bradburn  removed.  Piedras  kept  his  word.  Whether 
lie  would  have  done  so  under  different  circumstances 
is  open  to  the  gravest  doubt  ;*^  but  he  saw  plainly 

*'' Consult  Ugartechea's  report  in  Id.,  i.  205-16;  Kennedy,  i.  8-9;  Foote, 
ii.  20-3;  Yoakum,  i.  293-5;  and  Tex.  Aim.,  1872,  1(50-70.  Dowees'  account 
is  not  only  false  in  most  particulars,  but  is  conspicuous  for  altsurd  exagger- 
ations. Ho  sfiys  that  Ugartechea's  force  at  Velasco  was  1,000  men,  Brailhurn's 
700,  and  Piedras'  1,300  men;  that  700  Mexicans  were  put  to  Higlit  at  Ana- 
huac by  100  colonists,  and  that  1,300  men  under  Picdraa  on  niarcli  to  support 
Bradburn  surrendered  to  17  'brave  Texan  lads  ' !  Ugartechea,  too,  was  cap- 
tured, according  to  this  veracious  letter-writer,  with  a  large  reenforceiiient  on 
(ialvcston  island  by  a  company  of  the  insurgents;  the  garrison  at  Anahuac 
then  surremlered  themselves  prisoners  of  war.  LvUvrs,  142-3.  The  partic- 
ular letter  containing  this  account  is  dated  Colorado  River,  Texiis,  Dec.  1, 
bS32,  and  was  consequently  written  only  live  months  after  the  occurrences  it 
professes  to  describe. 

'"In  an  official  letter  which  he  addressed  to  Bradburn,  July  4,  1832,  he 
re(|uested  him  to  continue  in  command  at  Anahuac  until  the  resolution  of  the 
conanandaut  general  waa  known.     At  the  same  time  he  counselled  Brailbura 


in'n 


124 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


•!fei. 


that  it  would  be  impossible  to  cope  successfully  with 
the  insurgents  Having  entered  Andhuac  July  Ist, 
he  assumed  command  on  the  following  day,  and  sur- 
rendered from  durance  Travis  and  his  companions, 
sending  them  to  Liberty  to  have  their  cases  decided 
by  the  judicial  authorities  at  that  place.  It  is  need- 
less to  add  that  they  were  immediately  released. 
Bradburn,  though  requested  by  Piedras  before  his 
departure  to  continue  in  command,  was  too  offended 
to  comply,  and  the  latter,  having  appointed  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel Cortina  to  succeed  him,  and  made  other 
dispositions,  returned  to  Nacogdoches.  He  had 
hardly  turned  his  back,  however,  before  the  garrison 
at  Andliuac  mutinied,  and  pronounced  in  favor  of 
Santa  Anna.  Bradburn,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
officers,  reassumed  command,  and  endeavored  to  keep 
the  troops  to  their  duty  at  the  post  by  recognizing 
their  pronunciamiento,  and  uemanded  that  Cortina 
should  remain  their  chief.  But  it  was  of  no  use. 
The  troops  were  determined  to  abandon  the  place. 
On  the  13th  most  of  them,  with  their  officers,  marched 
for  the  south ;  and  at  nightfall  of  the  same  day  Brad- 
burn— who  says,  doubtless  with  truth,  that  after  his 
surrender  of  the  command  his  life  was  in  constant 
danger — slunk  out  of  Andhuac,  and  in  disguise  made 
his  way  to  Louisiana,  with  a  guide  as  his  sole  com- 
panion. On  his  journey  he  escaped  molestation  by 
saying  that  he  was  going  to  the  United  States  to  seek 
for  aid  to  drive  the  Mexicans  out  of  Texas.*^ 


nu 
obi 


I  Oh 


i ' ' 


:f;''  * 


The  opinion  current  in  the  south  with  regard  to  the 
revolt  in  Texas  was  that  the  colonists  were  attempting 
to  separate  from  Mexido  and  annex  the  country  to  the 

to  exercise  prudence,  and  adopt  conciliatory  measures,  until  the  government 
could  send  a  suilicient  force  to  reiluce  the  colonists  to  implicit  obedience — 
'  obligar  &  los  colonos  al  cumpliniiento  de  las  leyes,  y  reducirlos  &  la  maa  ciega 
obediencia.'  FilinoUi,  utsap.,  222. 

^'Consult  the  letters  of  Piedras  and  Bradburn 's  account  in  Id.,  i.  218-30. 
Bradburn  went  from  New  Orleans  to  Matanioros  in  the  early  part  of  1883. 
He  entered  Texas  with  Santa  Anna  in  183(i,  and  being  in  command  in  Urreau 
rear  division,  escaped  death  or  capture  at  San  Jacinto. 


!: 


POUTICAL  ACTION. 


125 


United  States.  Colonel  Josd  Antonio  Mejfa  was, 
therefore,  sent  by  Montezuma,  the  couiandante  at 
Tampico,  and  who  had  declared  in  favor  of  Santa 
Anna,  with  a  squadron  of  six  ships,  having  400  troops 
on  board,  to  punish  the  Texan  insurgents.  Touching 
at  Brazos  de  Santiago,  Meji'a  entered  into  a  conven- 
tion with  Colonel  Guerra  Manzanares,  of  the  Busta- 
mante  party,  then  in  command  at  Matamoros,*^  the 
object  of  which  was  to  enable  him  to  prosecute  his 
designs  against  the  Texans  without  interruption.  On 
June  14th  he  sailed  for  the  mouth  of  the  Brazos 
River,  taking  with  him  Stephen  F.  Austin,  wlio  was 
on  his  return  from  the  state  legislature,  and  came  to 
anchor  on  the  IGth.  He  immediately  addressed  a 
letter  to  John  Austin,  enclosing  a  copy  of  the  conven- 
tion with  General  Guerra,  which,  he  said,  would  in- 
form him  of  the  motives  that  had  brought  him  to  that 
coast.  John  Austin's  reply,  however,  showed  matters 
in  a  different  light,  and  caused  Mejia  to  discard  his 
preconceptions.  The  alcalde  saiJ  that  the  enemies  of 
Texas  constantly  attributed  to  the  colonists  a  dispo- 
sition to  separate  from  Mexico.  So  far  from  such  be- 
ing the  case,  they  were  not  only  Mexicans  by  adoption, 
but  in  heart,  and  would  remain  so.  He  then  touched 
U})on  the  causes  which  had  driven  them  to  take  up 
arnis.*^  Meji'a  and  Stephen  F.  Austin  were  conducted 
to  Brazoria  by  a  deputation  of  citizens;  there  they 
were  received  by  the  committee  of  vigilance,  and  the 
resolutions  passed  at  Turtle  Bayou  on  June  1  nth  were 
presented  to  Mejia. 

In  order  to  impress  Mejia  with  a  right  cotiception 
of  tlie  sentiments  of  the  colonists,  the  ayuntamiento 
of  San  Felipe  de  Austin  instructed  the  subordinate 
otHcers  of  the  different  settlements  officially  to  con- 
vene the  citizens,  inform  themselves  of  their  political 

^''Tcran  had  engaged  Montezuma  at  Tampico  and  had  been  worsted.  His 
want  of  success  preyed  on  his  mind,  and  ne  committed  suicide  at  Padillu, 
Juno  3d  of  this  year,  by  falling  on  his  sword.  Hint.  Mm.,  v.  ill,  this  series. 
(.'opy  of  the  convention  will  Ikj  found  in  Filkola,  i.  250-9. 

** Edwards  HM.  Tex.,  184-5. 


Hiil^ 


ii 


m 


12G 


MEXICAN  OPPRESSION  AND  TEXAN  REVOLTS. 


i  i  I 


B  • 


I 


views,  and  forward  reports  thereon  to  the  ayuntanii- 
ento  witliout  delay.  Tliis  investigation  made  it  evi- 
dent tliat  under  no  circumstances  would  jurisdiction 
by  military  power  be  allowed  to  take  the  place  of  the 
civil  authority  guaranteed  by  the  constitution.  On 
July  27,  1832,  the  ayuntamientos  in  assembly  at 
Austin  embodied  the  sentiments  of  the  colonists  in 
a  series  of  resolutions.  Afte»'  calling  attention  to  the 
calunmies  against  Texas  circulated  by  her  enemies, 
and  attributing  the  late  outbreak  to  the  tyrannical 
and  illegal  acts  of  Colonel  Bradburn,  the  ayunta- 
mientos as  a  body,  expressing  themselves  in  accord 
with  the  people  of  the  BrazoH  district,  pledged  them- 
selves to  adhere  to  the  principles  of  the  republican 
party  headed  by  Santa  Anna,  with  no  other  object  in 
view  than  to  aid  in  sustaining  the  constitution,  and 
to  support  tlie  rights  and  ])rivileges  of  the  state  of 
Coahuila  and  Texas,  which  had  been  insulted  by  mili- 
tary encroachments  in  the  colonies  since  1830.  They 
moreover  declared  that  the  general  and  state  ct)n- 
stitutions  ought  to  be  religiously  observed,  and  de- 
nounced a  large  standing  army  as  a  burden  to  the 
people  and  a  continual  disturber  of  the  public  peace, 
by  aftording  the  means  of  committing  despotic  acts. 
Copies  of  these  resolutions  were  ordered  to  be  pre- 
sented to  Colonel  Mejia  and  the  political  chief 
liamon  Musquiz,  with  re(juests  that  they  would 
respectively  transmit  them  to  Santa  Anna  and  the 
governor  of  the  state."" 

Satisfied  with  these  expressions  of  loyalty,  Mejia, 
after  visiting  San  Felipe  and  several  neighboring  set- 
tlements, sailed  from  the  Brazos  for  Galveston  Bay. 
On  his  arrival  at  the  bar  he  met  two  or  three  small 
vessels  from  Andhuac,  havino-  on  board  a  detachment 
of  the  troops  that  had  been  stationed  there.  From 
Subardn,  the  officer  in  command,  he  heard  of  the  late 
pronunciamiento  in  favor  of  Santa  Anna  and  the  fligiit 
of  Bradburn ;  whereupon  he  turned  his  prows  toward 

'*Copy  of  these  resolutions  in  Id.,  188-90. 


i- 


REVOLUTION  (iAINS  STREN(;TH. 


127 


Tampico,  without  troubling  liimself  about  the  forces 
which  had  left  that  post  by  laud/^ 

While  Mcjfa  was  in  Texas  he  did  not  fail  to  advo- 
cate the  principles  of  the  revolutionary  party,  an«l 
invite  the  troops,  stationed  at  the  outlyiiij^^  p<jst8,  ^) 
sujtport  the  plan  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  hasten  to  the  seat 
of  war.  Having  no  time  to  waste  in  Texas,  he  ha«l 
liurried  his  own  departure,  but  the  seed  lie  sowed  bore 
fiuit.  The  revolutionary  infection  spread  rapiill}'. 
Of  the  garrison  at  San  Antonio,  the  greater  portion 
pronounced  and  marched  southward;  the  detachments 
at  Tenoxtitlan  and  other  stations  did  the  same;  and 
by  the  beginning  of  August,  a  general  exodus  of  the 
Mexican  forces  in  Texas  was  taking  place.  Piedras 
at  Nacogdoches  alone  remained  true  to  his  party  prin- 
(•i[>los  and  his  post.  But  he  was  not  to  be  left  umno- 
lested.  He  had  made  himself  obnoxious  to  the  mer- 
chants in  his  district,  by  monopolizing,  to  his  own 
interest,  the  more  lucrative  portion  of  tlie  trade  with 
New  Orleans,  and  his  officers  and  troops,  not  holding 
the  same  pronounced  opinions  as  himself       re  restive. 

As  Piedras'  opposition  to  Santa  Anna  was  well 
known,  it  was  determined  to  force  him  to  declare  for 
the  revolution,  or  dislodge  him.  Accordingly,  the  au- 
tliorities  at  Nacogdoches,  in  accord  with  those  at  Aes 
Bayou  and  other  places,  collected  about  300  men,  who, 
on  August  2d,  Piedras  having  refused  to  submit  to 
tlieir  demands,  invaded  the  town.  James  W.  Bullock 
was  in  ct)nunand.  When  the  colonists  had  advanced 
to  the  centre  of  the  town,  they  were  charged  by  the 
Mexican  cavalry,  which  delivered  its  fire  and  whef'l<'d, 
receiving  a  volley  in  return.  Encarnaci(m  C)  !■'>), 
tlie  alcalde  of  the  town,  was  killed  by  the  Mexicans  in 
tMs  skirmish.  The  Texans  now  took  up  positions  on 
tlio  north  and  east  sides  of  the  stone  building  occupied 
by  the  Mexicans  to  the  number  of  350,  and  so  galled 
the  latter  with  their  rifles,  that  Piedras  evacuated  the 

'-^FUisola,  tit  aiip.,  i.  231-G,  250-01,  265-8. 


I  ■  II 


.1    : 


'  1 


l'.      is 

1 1 


128 


MKXICAN  OITUKSSION  AND  TEXAN  UE VOLTS. 


i 


*.  :l 


in 


ri! 


place  (lurin*;  the  iiiglit.  As  tlie  retroatin*^  tr  i 
wore  eroHsing  tlie  Anglena  Htreain,  they  were  tired 
upon  hy  Colonel  James  Bowie  and  a  small  l)arty  of 
Texans  who  had  succeeded  in  getting  in  their  front. 
The  same  night  the  Mexicans  pronounced  in  favor  of 
the  })lan  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  delivered  Piedras  ui)  to 
the  colonists.  Viedras  was  conveyed  to  Brazoria,  awd 
thence  sent  to  New  Orleans,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Tampico.  The  troops  were  allowed  to  [mrsue  their 
march  to  Matanioros.  According  to  Texan  accounts 
the  loss  sustained  by  the  Mexicans  was  forty -one  killed 
and  as  many  wounded,  that  of  the  colonists  being  three 
killed  and  five  wounded.'^ 

By  the  end  of  August  not  a  Mexican  soldier  re- 
mained in  the  Texan  colonies,  the  only  force  left  in 
the  de})artment  being  a  presidial  troop  of  iibout  seventy 
men  stationed  at  San  Antonio,  und<'r  command  of 
Colonel  Antonio  Elozua.  This  hardly  sutticed  to 
hold  in  check  the  Indians  in  the  vicinity  of  that  town. 
Thus  was  a  brief  period  of  freedom  froiu  opp»  lion 
procured  by  the  settlers.'''^ 

'■'■'  This  accnunt  of  the  capture  of  Nacocdoches  is  taken  mainly  from  Yoakum, 
who  had  boforu  liim  a  atatemeut  of  Col  A.  Sterne,  who  was  in  the  engagement, 
Col  BuUoek's  official  report,  and  the  journal  oi  Asa  M.  Edwards,  in  whose 
cliarge  Piedras  was  placed.  JUmI.  Tex.,  i.  21)7-0.  Filisola's  aiv;ount — iit  mip., 
i.  200-74 — agrees  with  that  of  Yoakum  in  the  main  particulars.  Ho,  liow- 
ever,  asserts  that  the  Texans  were  repulsed  at  Nacogdoches,  and  resorted  to 
tampering  witli  the  Mexican  soldiers,  which  induced  Piedras  to  evacuate  tlie 
place.  The  loss  of  the  Mexicans  he  places  at  one  captain,  Ortega  hy  name, 
and  a  few  of  the  soldiers — '  algunos  individuos  do  tropa; '  Kennedy  gives  the 
loss  of  the  Texans  at  three  killed  and  seven  wounded,  that  of  the  Mexicans 
18  killed  an!  22  wounded.    Ttx.,  ii.  14. 

**  Herewitli  is  given  a  complete  list  of  authorities  for  the  foregoing  chapters. 
Siiarez  if  Namrro,  Hist.  Mej.,  85,  244-7,  314,  395-400;  Bo"  Bdrcena,  Recitvr- 
(hn,  643-53;  Mf.r.,  Col.  Dec.  Sob.  Cong.,  172;  /</.,  Col.  ComtUucione.i,  i.  195- 
273;  /(/.,  Col.  6rd.  y  Dec,  ii.  203;  iii.  40-7;  Id.,  Mem.  ReUic,  1827;  Id., 
Mem.  Ouerra,  1830,  p.  3;  Id.,  Mem.  Oiierni,  1833,  p.  8;  Id.,  Mem.  Juxticiu, 
1831,  ann-jx  8;  Texas,  Coll.  J)oct,  no.  50,  in  Pinarl,  Coll.;  Maillard's  Hist. 
Texiu,  54-00,  309-71;  Austin,  Esposic.  al  PiUdico,  4;  Hiitufioldt,  Essai  PoliL, 
ii.  155,  822;  /(/.,  A'eio  Spain,  ii.  247;  Meiulihil,  lieminen  Hist.,  45;  Torrmite, 
Revol.  Itisp.-Amer.,  i.  235-9;  Oaz.  Imp.  Mex.,  i.  129-32,  208-70,  282-0,  29:^-5; 
Filisola,  Mem.  Hist.  Ouerra  Tex.,  i.  127-35,  204-16;  Foote'a  Texas,  i.  221-92; 
ii.  8-20;  Duhlan  and  Lcaano,  Leg.  Mex.,  ii.  5;  Toniel,  Breve  Itesei'ia  Hist., 
145-6,  171-3;  Id.,  Hist.  Mez.,  158;  Bustamante,  I'oz  de  la  Patna,  ii.,  supl. 
no.  4;  Id.,  Hist.  Iturbide,  160-1;  Id.,  Cuml.  Hist.,  viii.  177-8;  AmlUvjn, 
Recap.,  1829,  73;  1834,  47-50;  Kennedy's  Texas,  i.  307,  361-4,  309-77;  ii.  4- 
10,  444-68;  Arrangoiz,  Mij.,  i.  125-8;  ii.  196;  Arizpe,  Idea  Gen.,  1-69;  /(/., 
Memorial;  Pike's  ExpL   Travels,  341,  3C2-3;   White's  Coll.  Laws,  i.  416-548; 


AUTHOUITIES. 


129 


Oaf.  rh  3f('j-.,  1811,  ii.  301-2,  .^lO-ai.  35a-0«],  740-2,  llM-1203;  1ftl2.  iii. 
:«-(');  m:i,  vi.  m-fl;  I81»,  x.  122»  :W;  JlitMMfl,  Mijt.  vmj  Hunt.,  20H^  12; 
Hitimcif^  Other  Side,  \&-\l;  Ln  Narion,  Oct.  14,  1850;  Jiii/'k  Me.r.  Witr,  12- 
1");  Uiiijh'  Life,  2;  lierue  Amdriaiiiie,  ii.  flSH  4;  Lenlo  i/e  Tejni/n,  Coiiieir. 
AV.,  21;  Lareiuuitlil're,  Mex.  et  UikU.,  203,  2110  3;  Dewerjt  I.Htfrnfroiii  Texan, 
Tm  72,  11J>  :U;  Homton'H  7Vx<m,  i.  2<J«;  Oiiia  tie  Ilnr.  lley.  Mex.,  iv.  ;W  1, 
.'U)iS;  vi.  207-8;  Lenter'n  //nuMtoii,  45-7;  Leitur,  A  tin.  hint.  univ.  jniiir  IS. '7, 
570  1;  Pemt,  in  Mai/er  MSS.,  no.  !S),  i..  22;  Id.,  Mex.  Az/.,  i.  327;  Id.,  IliM. 
Mix.  Win;  430;  liider'n  7V.irM,  24.14,  09-70;  MrVlellunn  Reinih.  in  Amer.. 
UU;  La  I'olnnen,  Apr.  23,  1827;  Mex.,  Ccxih.  and  Texan,  Colnnizafion  La..^; 
(Iiiemi,  Her.  A'.  Es}).,  i.  304;  ii.  370-2;  Cniy),  Ti-en  Siijliu,  viii.  327-8;  Mexieo 
in  IS.>,J,  150-1);  La  Minerm,  May  8,  1845;  Nileit'  S.  Am.  and  Mex.,  i.  2()l  3; 
Id.,  ffeijlntfr,  X.  402-4;  xxvii.  270,  .134;  xxxi.  157;  xxxiv.  .IJM;  xxxvi.  424; 
xxxvii.  40,  87,  137,  108,  21.1,  277,  3{)4;  xxxviii.  4,  201;  xxxix.  101;  MilW 
JliM.  Mix.,  177;  nollei/'it  Texas,  23.1-43,  310,  321-5;  Mo>leni  Tiaiiller,  Mex. 
and  (fiiat.,  ii.  28-9;  lierUmdier,  Diario  Vinje,  Ri-9;  Seinanario  Polit.,  ii.  30- 
42;  Motfit'it  Heft,  in  T/ioinpnon'a  Jiee.  i/  Me.r.,  174;  Mora,  liev.  Mix.,  iv.  10J>, 
145-9, 1(i9,  202-70;  Howittx  Ilint.  U.  S.,  ii.  343;  Cixdi.  y  Tex.,  Leyix,  inmaiin; 
(Imizalex,  Colereion  N.  Leon,  1.53,  228-:«);  Tex.  Aim.,  18.59,  30-40;  180O,  225; 
KSOl,  77-82;  iMS,  48-9;  1872,  100-70;  Pajmlen  Variox,  clxvii.,  pt  10;  Cor. 
fill.  Mex.,  Jan.  20,  Ful).  18,  Mch  4,  12,  10,  17,  18,  29,  July  21,  Au^.  18, 
Nov.  2.1,  Dec.  8,  1827;  Fob.  18,  May  2,  Juno  1,  1828;  GraUan'H  Ci  iUzril 
Amerira,  ii.  285-0;  tiUinclutrd  et  DauzAitn,  San  Jimn  de  Uliia,  531;  L'l'iiH'.  He- 
view,  no.  147,  p.  250,  259;  Pattie'n  Narrativf,  290-1;  Pinnrt'it  MSS.,  ni>  V  /iL, 
'\,l.  Doe.,  MSS.,  i.,  no.  248;  Id.,  Print,  no.  214,  p.  2;  El  Veraeruainu  ifire, 
Juno  14,  1828,  pp.  1-2;  Smit/iH Remin.  Te.ra.t,  27;  l>iec.  Univ.  Hint.  (V^.  .,  ap. 
i.  84;  T/iompHon'n  Recoil.  Mex.,  174-7;  Pino,  Nu,  i;t  Mixico,  pasHiin;  Aluman, 
Nntic.  liioif.,  47-50;  Id.,  Mem.  d  Aw  Cdmaras,  29  ;«);  Id.,  Ifint.  M<j.,  ii.  20-9, 
1)4-9,  105-89,  208,  245-0,  257-8,  ap.  34-5;  v.  238-9,  701-2;  Jlntr/iinon'x 
h'tmin.,  208-15;  C'drten,  AcUmOnl.,  1814,  ii.  20();  1812,  xiv.  177;  1813,  xviii. 
423;  1820,  xi.  29-31;  Almonte,  Not.  Eat.  Tejiw,  14;  Exmlera  y  Liana,  Mer. 
ImL-de-Hcripl.,  13;  EKplrilu  Pi'M.,  Nov.  24,  1828;  Jan.  22,  1829";  Mimeo  M-x., 
ii.  100;  Younijs  Hutt.  Mex..,  220;  WariVn  Mex.,  553,  588-9;  Nouv.  AnnaUn 
!'()</.,  lix.  372-5;  Diaz  Calvillo,  Sermon,  143-0;  Domeneeh'n  Minn.  Adtrnt.,  20; 
/(/.',  Journal  d'un  Minn.,  23;  Rieera,  Hint.  Jalapa,  23-8,  81,  202-3,  342;  Fourirl, 
Coup  d'leil  nur  Texan,  9-12;  Zamacoin,  Hint.  Me}.,  vii.  piisaim;  ix.  222;  Viiit 
to  Te.i-a.%  214-17,  201-2;  Bolet.  Oeoi).  Entail.  Mex.,  ii.  20;  J/iint'n  Addren.i,  23-5; 
Rochirll'n  Span,  and  Mex.  Law,  041-52;  ThraWn  Hint.  Texan,  158-202,  482  5; 
/(/.,  Hi.4.  Methodism;  Zerecero,  Rev.  Mex.,  301-2,  307-74,  38.1-90;  Atleta,  18:M), 
215-10,  225-8,  289;  Willnon'n  Amer.  Hint.,  031-7;  Bokt.  Soc  Mex.  Ueoy.,  ii. 
6,  20;  vii.  138;  ix.  207;  Id.,  2da.  epoca,  i.  291. 
Hist.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    9 


CHAPTEK  VII. 


PROrOSED  SEPARATION  OF  TEXAS  FROM  COAHUILA. 

1832-1835. 

ARorMKNTs  IN  Favor  of  Separation — Tiik  Te^an  Convkntion  —  A 
Seceshional  Constitution"  —  1'olitical  AfkiIks  in  the  Mexican 
Capita,. — Santa  Anna's  Crajtiness — Auhvin  Presents  a  Memorial 
to  the  Federal  Government— li.i  Reception — Austin'  iN.irmciots — 
His  Arrest  tor  Treason — DiiAtiOEU  from  Court  to  Court— His 
Letter  m  the  Texans — Maillard's  Book — Santa  Anna  Dictator 
— Affairs  in  Coaiiuila — Texas  Receives  Redress — Saltillo  versus 
AIonclova— Adjustment  of  Differences — Santa  Anna's  Decision 
on  the  Texan  Petition — Almonte's  Report — Population  of  Texas 
— Fraudulent  S^vles  of  Public  Lands — Separatists  and  Anti- 
separatists. 


»■ 


In  tlieir  first  general  attempt  at  resistance,  narrated 
in  tlio  previous  chapter,  the  Angh)- Americans  were 
favored  by  the  successful  progress  of  the  revolution  in 
Mexico.  Had  it  not  been  for  this,  their  triumph,  if 
indeed  they  had  gained  one,  would  have  been  of  a 
more  sanguinary  cliaraL-itJi.  As  it  was,  the  almost 
unanimous  defection  of  the  Mexican  troops  in  favor 
of  Santa  Amia  precluded  the  necessity  of  nmch  fight- 
ing, and  rendered  victory  easy.  On  the  ap})earance 
of  Mcjia,  the  colonists  w<>re  shrewd  enough  to  repre- 
sent their  late  action  as  the  practical  utterance  of 
political  principles  identical  with  those  expressed  in 
tlie  plan  of  Vera  Cruz;  and  that  commander,  appar- 
ently satisfied  as  to  their  loyalty,  left  the  field  to  tlieni. 
being  too  anxious  to  return  to  tiie  seat  of  the  moic 
important  struggle.  Thus  countenanced  l)y  a  power- 
ful faction  relieved  from  the  })ossibility  of  any  iimm - 
diate  attempt  on  the  pare  of  Bustamante's  government 

(lao) 


SEPARATION  DISCUSSED. 


131 


t<^  chastise  them,  and  hopefully  reliant  on  their  own 
physical  strength,  they  began  to  aim  at  the  acquire- 
ment of  an  independent  local  administration  ' 

Tlie  reader  will  recollect  that,  on  the  formation  of 
the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  there  was  a  |>roviso 
in  the  decree,  to  tlie  effect  that  when  Texas  possessed 
tlie  necessary  elements  to  form  a  separate  state,  notice 
should  be  uiven  to  the  o-eneral  conurcss  for  its  resolu- 
tion  on  the  matter.  This  was  virtually  an  admission 
that  the  union  of  the  two  provinces  was  only  provis- 
ional, and  tliat  the  erection  of  Texas  into  a  state  at 
some  futui'c  date  was  contemplated.  The  Texans 
considered  that  the  time  h.ad  arrived  when  the  fulfil- 
ment of  this  promise  might  be  expected.  This  aspi- 
latioii  was  based  on  the  extraordinary  progress  made 
in  Texas,  on  the  fact  that  her  interests  were  entirely 
(Hstinct  from  tliose  of  Coahuila,  and  were  Mcnerallv 
saciificed  or  lost  sii^ht  of  by  the  state  le*>islature,  and 
thnt  b(>neficial  legislation  could  only  be  obtained  by 
disunion.  In  tlie  state  congress  her  representation 
was  greatly  in  tlie  minority,  and  though  tlie  legislature 
in  some  instances  showed  a  disposition  to  be  liberal, 
its  acts  had  little  regard  tor  the  welfare  of  Texas 
wheneN'er  tlic^  interests  of  Coahuila  were  concerned. 
In  no  respect  was  the  want  of  eomnmnity  of  interests 
nioi'e  evident  than  in  connnercial  matters.  The  ^eo- 
graphical  position  of  Coahuila  excluded  it  from  mari- 
time trade,  and  its  connuerce  was  altogether  internal, 
whereas  Ti'xas  }>ossessed  great  natural  advantages  for 
the  development  of  an  extensive  connnercial  business 
with  fortign  countries.  In  climate  ;ind  industrial  pur- 
'  suits,  also,  tlie  contrast  was  ecpially  marki'd,  and  the 
liro(hi('tions  were  dissimili^r.  l*astoral  and  mining 
occupations  })revailed  in  C(.ahuila;  Texas  was  essen- 
tially an  agricultural  country,  and  ( otton,  sugar,  and 
cereals   were    being    cultivated    with    most    Mattering 


1  I 


'  At  a  public  dinnor  givim  to  Mojt.-i  one  of  the  toasts  was:  '  Coiilmila  ami 
Texas — tli(!y  an-  (Ussiiiiibi.r  iti  soil,  '.limatL',  ami  protliiotioiis;  thurcfore  thuy 
ouglit  to  be  iUhsoIvciI.  '  EUwurtla'  Jli.it.   'J'l.r.,  1S7. 


ii 

il 
I 


132 


PKOPOSEU  SEPARATION. 


]>n)spccts.  The  limit  of  the  production  of  those  com- 
mercial staples  depended  oidy  on  tlie  future  prosperity 
of  the  colonies,  which  was  a  matter  of  serious  doubt 
under  the  existhij^  political  arrangement.  In  other 
respects,  too,  Texas  labored  under  grievous  disadvan- 
tages. Tlie  remoteness  of  the  higher  judicial  courts 
practically  excluded  the  poorer  classes  from  aj)peal  in 
civil  cases,  and  gave  the  wealthy  opportunities  beyond 
the  reach  of  most  litigants;  while  in  criminal  cases, 
the  tedious  process  of  the  law,  and  consequent  long 
delays  in  pronouncing  and  executing  sentence,  tended 
to  defeat  the  ends  of  justice. 

On  the  28th  of  April,  1832,  a  state  law  was  enacted 
emboilying  the  spirit  of  the  obnoxious  decree  of  April 
(),  1830.  The  liberal  colonization  law  of  March  24, 
1825,  was  repealed;  ]\Iexicans  alone  were  allowed  to 
become  empresari<is  in  future,  and  to  Mexican  pur- 
chasers the  prices  of  lands  were  reduced;  natives  of 
the  United  States  were  excluded  from  becoming  set- 
tlers, while  at  the  same  time  the  rights  of  colonists 
were  extended.^  Existing  contracts,  however,  were 
recognized,  and  in  some  instances  the  time  for  fulfil- 
ment extended.  The  legislature,  also,  witli  some 
show  of  liberality,  passed  a  law  creating  new  nmnici- 
palities  in  Texas,  and  allowing  the  people  to  elect 
their  own  munici])al  officers. 

As  soon  as  the  colonists  saw  Texas  cleared  of  Mex- 
ican troops,  they  began  to  take  measures  to  address 
the  national  government  on  the  subject  of  their  aspi- 
rations. In  October  1832  a  preliminary  conveiitioii 
of  delegates  from  different  municipalities  was  held  at 
San  Felipe,  and  some  discussion  on  the  formation  of 
a  state  constitution  took  place.  Owing  to  the  shoit- 
ness  of  the  notice  given,  delegates  from  several  tlis- 
tricts  were  not  in  attendance,  and  the  contention, 
after  a  week's  deliberation,  atljourned.  Although 
the  labors  of  this  assembly  concluded  with  no  satis- 
factory  result,  the  convocation  of  it  had  neverthe- 

*Coafi.  y  Tcj:  Lvyes,  Due.  no.  I'JO. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION. 


133 


loss  brought  the  question  seriously  before  the  pubHc ; 
and  when  a  second  convention  assembled  April  1, 
1833,  it  was  prepared  to  accomplish  the  work  as- 
siij^ned  to  it.  The  number  and  names  of  the  dele- 
ii^ates  who  composed  this  memorable  convention  are 
not  known,  but  among  them  were  some  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  in  Texan  history.  Stephen  F. 
Austin,  Branch  T.  Archer,  David  G.  Burnett,  Sam 
Houston,  J.  B.  Miller,  and  William  H.  Wharton  may 
bo  mentioned,  the  last  named  being  elected  to  preside. 
Two  important  committees  were  appointed,  tlie  one 
to  frame  a  constitution,  and  the  other  to  draw  up  a 
inomorial  petiticming  the  general  government  to  grant 
the  separation  of  Texas  from  Coahuila.  Sam  Hous- 
ton was  a])pointed  chairman  of  the  first,  and  David  G. 
Burnett  of  the  second. 

Tlie  constitution  draughted  was  thoroughly  republi- 
can in  form.*  It  provided  for  freedom  of  elections  and 
uuivorsal  suftraoe,  secured  the  riuht  of  trial  bv  iurv, 
and  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  per- 
sonal security,  the  right  of  ])etition,  and  freedom  of 
the  jiress;  treason  against  the  state  was  to  consist 
only  in  levying  war  against  it  or  adhering  to  its  ene- 
mies; elections  were  to  be  held  by  ballot;  and  the 
advaticeniont  of  educaticm  was  left  in  the  solonm 
charge  of  the  legislature.  Generally  the  draught  was 
niodollod  on  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
cortaiu  modifications  being  introduced  so  as  to  ada})t 
it  to  tho  c<;nditi(m  of  the  Mexican  federation.  For 
instance,  silence  was  observed  on  the  subject  of  re- 
ligious liberty.  Much  discussion  occurred  on  the  sub- 
ject of  banking;  finally,  a  clause  was  inserted  to  tli(> 
t'trcct  that  no  bank  or  banking  institution,  no  office  of 
(hscount  or  deposit,  or  any  other  moneyed  cor})oration 
or  hanking  establishment,  should  exist  under  that  con- 
stitution. 

The  memorial  to  the  general  government  was 
ihawn  up  by  David  G.  Burnett,  and  ably  set  forth  tlie 

'  A  copy  of  it  will  be  found  in  Edwards'  11  iM.  Tex.,  11)0- 'J05. 


i- 


■■11 

li'i: 

;:■  , 
(  ' 

III 

<> 
> 

IH  1 

i 

j 

i 


It  > 


134 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


position  of  Texas.  The  disadvantages  it  was  laboring 
under,  which  I  have  already  mentioned,  and  the  dis- 
asters attendant  upon  its  union  with  Coahuila,  were 
forcibly  delineated,  and  the  authority  of  precedents  in 
the  formation  of  New  Leon,  Cliihuahua,  and  Durango 
into  states  was  appealed  to  in  support  of  the  petition.* 
Stephen  F.  Austin,  William  H.  Wharton,  and  J.  B. 
Miller  were  appointed  delegates  to  proceed  to  the  city 
of  Mexico  and  present  the  memorial  to  tlie  supreme 
government.  Austin  was  the  only  one  of  these  com- 
missioners who  went  to  Mexico.  On  his  arrival  at 
the  capital  he  found  it  the  scene  of  virulent  party  fac- 
tion and  political  confusion. 

Affairs  in  Mexico  had  been  undergoing  the  custom- 
ary vicissitudes  and  revulsions.  No  more  stability 
of  principle  is  observable  in  Santa  Anna  than  in  Bus- 
tamante.  Both  used  the  constitution  of  1824  as  a 
clap-trap  to  introduce  themselves  to  power,  and  then 
both  cast  it  to  the  winds.  At  the  end  of  1832  these 
two  generals,  after  nmcli  bloodshed,  came  to  terms, 
and  agreed  to  unite  v\  support  of  the  said  constitution. 
Pedraza,  who  had  been  legally  elected  in  1828,  was 
reinstated  and  recognized  as  president  till  April  1, 
1833,  the  date  on  which  his  term  of  office  would  ex- 
pire. Early  in  that  year  the  elections  were  held,  and 
on  March  30th  congress  declared  Santa  Anna  and 
(lomez  Farias  duly  elected  })i'esident  and  vice-presi- 
dent respectively.  From  this  time  Santa  Anna's  course 
is  remarkable  for  subtle  intrigue  and  political  crafti- 
ness, used  for  tlie  promotion  of  his  ambitious  schemes. 
Never  appearing  himself  as  the  principal  actor,  or  in- 
stigated in  the  strife  between  federalists  and  central- 
ists, he  nevertheless  manipulated  the  puppet-strings 
of  both  parties  to  serve  his  own  purpose,  and  ever 
made  use  of  some  cat's-paw  to  secure  the  prize  he  aimed 
at,  namely,  dictatorial  power.     Gomez  Farias  was  the 

♦Copy  of  this  excellent    memorial  will  he  found  in   Yoabini,  i.  4G9-82; 
Tex.  Aim.,  1809,  40-50. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 


135 


known  champion  of  reform,  and  Santa  Anna,  absenting 
himself  from  tlie  capital,  left  it  to  him  to  introduce 
innovations  which  he  well  knew  would  cause  great 
agitation,  while  he  secretly  intrigued  with  the  bishops 
and  religious  orders.  The  reform  measures  attacked 
the  interests  of  the  two  powerful  elements  of  the 
cliurch  and  army,  and  indications  of  the  approaching 
storm  were  soon  plainly  visible.  Santa  Anna  now 
assumed  his  office  as  president — May  16,  1833  —  but 
ill  less  than  three  weeks  he  again  surrendered  it,  June 
3d,  to  Farias,  in  order  to  march  against  an  insurgent 
force  that  had  appeared  near  Tlalpam  under  Duran. 
Ignacio  Escalada  had  proclaimed.  May  26th,  in  favor 
of  the  ecclesiastical  and  military  fueros,  and  called 
upon  Santa  Anna  to  protect  them.  The  wily  presi- 
dent, hoping  that  in  his  absence  a  similar  demonstra- 
tion would  be  successfully  made  in  the  capital",  went 
tlirough  the  farce  of  a  fictitious  capture  of  himself  by 
Ivis  own  troops  under  the  command  of  Arista,  who  j)ro- 
eeeded  to  proclaim  him  dictator.  But  an  attemi)t  at 
revolution  in  the  capital  on  June  7th  failed,  owing  to 
the  energy  of  Farias;  whereupon  this  versatile  in- 
triguer etfected  a  pretended  escape  from  his  captors,  re- 
assumed  his  presidential  authority,  and  for  a  time  lent 
his  support  to  the  liberal  party  in  order  to  reestablish 
himself  in  the  confidence  of  the  supporters  of  tlie  con- 
stitution. Then  he  took  the  field  again,  and  finally 
the  revolutionary  army  surrendered  to  him  October 
8th.  at  Guanajuato,  and  Arista  and  Daran  witli  other 
ofticers  were  sent  prisoners  to  Mexico,  As  the  only 
road,  however,  to  supreme  power  was  the  conserva- 
tive liigliway  occupied  by  the  military  and  ecclesias- 
tics, Santa  Anna  now  changed  his  opinions,  and 
sliowed  himself  disposed  to  favor  a  reaction.  Having 
thus  artfully  again  put  progressionists  and  retrogres- 
sionists  against  each  otlier,  under  the  pretext  of  ill 
health  he  retired,  December  16,  1833,  to  his  hacienda 
of  Manga  de  Clavo,  leaving  the  leaven  of  his  crafti- 
ness to  ferment.'^     Such  is  an  outline  of  the  political 

*  Consult  liuit.  Mex.,  v,  122-30,  tliis  series. 


13C 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


u : 


events  which  were  taking  place  when  Austm  arrived, 
July  18,  1833,  at  the  capital. 

The  Texan  commissioner  lost  no  time  in  presenting 
the  memorial  to  the  government,  laying  before  it  also 
other  matters  in  connection  with  his  mission,  such  as 
the  establishment  of  a  weekly  mail  between  Nacog- 
(l')ches  and  Monclova,  and  one  between  Goliad  and 
Matamoros,  the  modification  of  the  customs  tariff,^ 
and  the  payment  of  presidial  troops.  He  was  well 
received  by  Farias  and  the  ministers,  but  in  the  tur- 
moil of  contending  parties,  August  and  September 
passed  without  anything  being  done  with  respect  to 
Texan  affairs,  except  that  the  petition  was  referred  to 
a  committee  of  congress.  At  the  beuinning  of  Octo- 
ber  the  result  of  the  civil  war  then  raging  was  ex- 
tremely doubtful,  and  Austin  considered  it  his  duty 
to  represent  in  no  equivocal  language  the  true  position 
of  affairs  in  Texas,  and  the  stroll^:  feelinijs  entertained 
by  the  colonists.  He  therefore,  on  October  1st, 
expressed  the  opinion  to  Farias,  that  if  some  renu>dy 
for  their  grievances  were  not  quickly  applied,  the 
Texans  would  take  the  matter  into  their  own  hands, 
and  tranquillity  would  be  rudely  disturbed.^  This  in- 
timation, though  respectfully  made,  was  regarded  as  a 
threat,  and  the  government  took  offence.  At  the 
same  time  Austin  addressed  a  letter,  dated  October 
2d,  to  the  ayuntamiento  of  San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  in 
wliich,  after  expressing  his  hopelessness  of  obtaining 
any  relief  in  the  paralyzed  state  of  public  affairs,  he 
recommended  that  nmnicipality  to  lose  no  time  in  com- 


I  ,  ''\ 


*Tlio  petition  coacerning  the  tariflf  deservea  attention.  It  requested  the 
national  jrovcrnnient  to  grant  for  three  j'ears  the  privilege  of  intr(nlucin>;  free 
of  ihity  till)  following  articles:  'provisions,  iron  and  steel,  niaeliiiiery,  fann- 
ing utensils,  tools  of  various  mechanic  arts,  liardwaro  and  hollow-ware,  nails, 
wagons  and  carts,  cotton  bagging  and  halo  rope,  coarse  cotton  gfiods  and 
clotliiug,  shoes  and  hats,  houseliold  and  kitelien  furniture,  tohacco  for  chew- 
ing, in  small  quantities,  powder,  leail,  and  shot,  medicines,  books,  and  station- 
ery." Tliese  articles,  iutlispensable  to  the  prosperity  of  the  cohinists,  wito 
eitlier  prohibited,  or  subject  to  duties  so  high  aa  to  auiount  to  a  prohibition. 
£(lw,v</s  Jii'<t.  7V.r.,  209-10. 

'Austin's  corres.,  in  L'dwards'  Ulst,  Tvj.,  211. 


GOVERNMENT  MP:A.SURES. 


137 


inuiiicat'mpf  with  all  the  othor  corporations  of  Texas, 
aiul  exliortiuff  them  to  concur  in  the  orvcanization  of  a 
local  oovorDnient,  independent  of  Coahuila,  under  the 
provision  of  the  law  of  May  7,  1824,  even  if  the  gen- 
erj'l  novernnient  should  refuse  its  consent.** 

On  tlie  surrender  of  Arista  at  Guanajuato,  however, 
and  the  teiinination  of  the  civil  war,  the  goveinnient 
liad  more  leisure  to  attei»d  to  the  interests  of  Texas. 
Santa  Anna  convoked  a  special  meeting  of  the  min- 
isters Xovend)er  5th,  to  consider  the  question  of  its 
sei>aiation  from  Coahuila.  Austin  was  present  at  the 
deliheration,  representing  the  interests  of  the  Texans. 
TIhi  iiiatter  was  frankly  and  fairly  discussetl,  and 
thougli  the  govermnent  decided  that  the  time  had  not 
yet  airived  to  erect  Texas  into  an  independent  state, 
it  ixpi'essed  itself  disposed  to  fa\'or  the  pretensions  of 
the  colonists,  and  promote  the  welfare  of  the  ])rovince 
with  that  ultimate  ohject.  Xor  were  these  idle  prom- 
is(  s.  Several  dispositions  were  made  for  the  henefit 
of  Texas.  The  state  government  was  urged  to  adopt 
iiK  asur-c-s  of  reform  which  would  procure  for  the  colo- 
nists tlie  enjoyment  of  just  rights,  both  in  matters  civil 
and  criminal;  suggestions  were  made  as  to  the  means 
wliicli  ought  to  be  employed  for  the  more  convenient 
administration  of  justice,  and  even  the  establishment 
of  tlic  iurv  svstem  was  stronulv  reconnnended.  Fur- 
tlior  interference  did  not  belong  to  the  attributes  of 
tlu"  general  government,  but  it  showed  its  friendly 
inclination  by  abrogating  the  11th  article  of  tlie  law 
of  April  G,  1  H.'^O,  which  virtually  prohibited  the  coloni- 
zation of  Texas  by  Anglo-Americans,"  and  took  meas- 
ures to  meet  the  wishes  of  the  colonists  regarding 
other  matters  already  mentioned. 


". instill,  K-tpos.  AsHiit.  TcJ.,  IS-'JO.  Austin  etatos  tliat  his  olijcct  in  so 
iliiiii!,'  was  to  prevent  a  popular  outliri'ak,  '(pu'riendo  Austin  uoii  csta  uieiliila, 
tlr  pura  I  'uvencion,  evitiir  lag  fatales  y  tuncstaa  coiisc'cuunciaa(|Ui,'  rt'sultariaii 
ilr  uii  ilusunfreno  popular.'  Id.,  20.  Copy  of  Austin's  letter  ot  Oet.  2,  ISIW, 
in  /,!.,  m. 

"/'/.,  27-8.  The  decree  of  ahro>.'  >'on  was  issued  Nov.  25,  IHX\,  Init  was 
not  to  take  effect  till  six  niuutl.a  alter  its  publication.  Dublan  and  Loaano, 
Li, J.  Mvx.,  ii.  G37. 


I 


[  'hi 


If 


!i!i 


m 


W 


i|! 


Ilif! 


I  II  I  ": 


188 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


Austin,  well  satisfied  with  the  results  attained,  and 
the  manifest  friendliness  of  the  suj)renie  powers,  deemed 
it  politic  not  to  molest  the  j^overnment  by  over-zeal- 
ously  urging  the  more  particular  object  of  his  mission. 
On  tlie  10th  of  December,  therefore,  he  left  the  capital, 
and  arrived  Jaimary  3,  1834,  at  Saltillo,  where,  having 
presented  himself  to  the  commandant  general,  he  was 
arrested  by  order  of  the  vice-president,  Farias.  The 
cause  of  this  was,  that  the  ayuntamiento  of  San  An- 
tonio, liaving  received  his  letter  of  October  2d,  dis- 
appioved  of  Austin's  reconnnendations,  and  sent  the 
communication  to  the  central  government.  Farias 
had  not  forgotten  Austin's  out-spoken  utterances  at 
the  time  when  this  letter  was  despatched,  and  deeply 
exasperated  at  the  discovery  of  the  commissioner's 
treasonable  designs,  as  he  regarded  them,  he  sent  an 
express  to  the  different  governors  of  the  states  through 
which  Austin  would  have  to  pass,  with  orders  to  ar- 
rest him. 

From  Saltillo  the  unfortunate  conmiissioner  was 
sent  back  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  where  he  was  incar- 
cerated February  13,  1834,  in  a  dungeon  of  the  old 
inquisition  building.  Here  he  was  kept  in  close  con- 
finement and  treated  with  much  rigor  for  three  months, 
not  being  allowed  to  comnmnicate  with  any  one,  or 
permitted  the  use  of  books  or  writing  materials.^"  His 
case  having  been  referred  to  the  military  tribunal, 
that  court  decided  that  it  had  no  jurisdiction  in  the 
matter,  and  on  June  12th  Austin  was  removed  to  a 
more  commodious  prison,  where  his  treatment  was  less 
rigorous.  His  case  was  next  successively  submitted 
to  a  civil  tribunal,  and  to  the  federal  district  judge, 
but  with  the  same  result.  Finally,  about  the  middle 
of  August,  it  ^vas  carried  to  the  supreme  court  ot 
Mexico  to  decide  what  tribunal  was  competent  to  try 
him.     Thus  after  eight  months'  imprisonment  Austin 

'*  He  attrihutes  this  severity  to  the  personal  animosity  of  Farias,  which 
was  aroused  by  the  phiin  lauuuage  used  by  Austin  at  tlie  interview  lie  had 
with  hiin  Oct.  1,  1833.  Austins  corres.,  in  Edwards'  Hist.  Tex.,  UU. 


S 


AUSTIN'S  LKTTKRS. 


139 


was  still  unable  to  learn  by  what  court  his  case  would 
be  iiivestigatcil. 

Ill  a  letter  dated  Au*>ust  25,  1834,  Austin  states 
that  he  had  lon*^  ago  retju<'sted  to  be  delivered  to  the 
authorities  of  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  and 
that  Santa  Anna,  who  was  friendly  to  Texas  and  him- 
self, would  have  already  liberated  him,  had  it  not  been 
for  representations  forwarded  by  the  state  government. 
Tliese  rei)re8entatit)ns,  it  was  attirmed,  were  founded  on 
statements  hostile  to  him,  made  bv  influential  Aui^lo- 
Americans  residing  in  Texas,  It  appears  that  Aus- 
tin's a[)pointmeut  as  Texan  connnissioner  to  Mexico 
had  met  with  some  opposition,  on  the  ground,  as  as- 
serted by  his  antagonists,  that  he  was  "too  mild  and 
lukewarm"  on  the  subject  of  separation,  and  would  not 
iHsplay  sufficient  independence  and  firnmess  in  support- 
ing the  [)etition.  That  these  opponents  should  attack 
him,  after  the  course  that  had  been  followed  by  him, 
he  could  not  understand,  and  was  unwilling  to  believe. 
I[e  goes  on  to  state  that,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the 
I'vils  complained  of  by  Texas  had  been  remedied,  those 
wlio  had  previously  been  in  favor  of  separation  frt)m 
Coahuila  were  now  opposed  to  it,  inasmuch  as  the  rea- 
sons w'hich  made  separation  necessary  no  longer  existed. 
His  motto  had  always  been,  "Fidelity  to  Mexico, 
and  opposition  to  violent  men  or  measures."  Sum- 
Hiing  up  the  contradictory  views  taken  of  his  coiiduct, 
be  says  that  at  one  time  he  was  abused  for  being  t(io 
^[exiean,  and  at  another  was  vilified  for  yielding  to 
popular  opinion  and  firmly  and  fearlessly  representing 
it.  Alluding  to  a  letter  addressed  by  him  January 
17,  1834,  from  Monterey  to  the  ayuntamiento  of  San 
Felipe  de  Austin,  in  w'liich  he  earnestly  urged  sub- 
mission to  the  authorities  of  the  state  and  general 
governments,  and  that  a  public  act  of  gratitude  should 
lie  expressed  for  the  remedies  obtainc'  for  hNiny  evils 
wliich  threatened  Texas  with  ruin,  he  reiterates  the 
advice  then  given,  with  the  additional  reconnnendation 
to  discountenance  all  persons  "who  were  in  the  habit 


140 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


1,  if.i 


of  s])(uikln^  orwritinjjf  in  violent  or  disrespoctful  terms, 
or  ill  lanj^uage  of  contoiii|)t  or  (Icfiance,  of  tlio  Mexican 
people  or  authorities."  Austin  next  urges  the  Texans 
to  keej)  elear  of  all  j)olitic'al  quarrels  arisinj^  in  the 
!^^exican  icpublic,  and  hegs  them  to  recognize  Santa 
Anna,  of  whose  friendly  intentions  ho  again  makes 
mention,  until  he  should  be  constitutionally  dejtosed 
by  tlu!  legal  vote  of  the  ])eople.  Texas,  he  concludes, 
"had  been  so  nmch  jeopardized  in  its  true  and  ])erma- 
nent  interests  by  inflammatory  men — political  fanatics, 
l)()litical  adventurers,  would-bo  great  men,  vain  talkers, 
and  visionary  fools — that  he  began  to  lose  coniidence 
in  all  j)ersons  except  those  who  sought  their  living  be- 
tween tlu!  plough-handles."  He  advises  the  farmers 
to  adopt  the  motto  he  himself  had  always  followed: 
"The  balance  of  the  ])eople,  mere  demagogues  and 
j)olitical  fanatics,  would  disappear  before  sound  public 
opinion,"'^ 

I  have  drawn  scmiewhat  fully  upon  the  contents  of 
this  letter,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  pregnant  with 
suggestions.  From  the  statements  made  by  Austin, 
it  is  difficult  to  avoid  the  conclusion  that  Santa  Aima, 
under  tlie  mask  of  friendship  to  Texas  and  ostentatious 
consideration  for  the  commissioner,  was  practising  his 
usual  })lan  of  covei-t  and  non-compromising  action. 
The  referring  of  Austin's  case  from  couit  to  court  for 
trial,  the  charge  being  that  of  treason,  was  trans- 
parently a  trick  to  gain  time,  which,  supported  by  fair 
promises,  secured  temporary  quiet  in  Texas. ^"^  The 
dictator — for  such  Santa  Anna  was  at  this  time — 
could  w'ait,  with  his  customary  j)atience,  for  an  op})or- 
tunity  to  deal  with  the  Texan  cohmists  as  his  con- 
venience might  require.  That  Austin  was  shrewd 
enouo;h  to  understand  Santa  Anna's  secret  views  is 
nmch  to  be  doubted.  I  am  incUned  to  believe  that 
his  advice  to  the  Texans  was  given  in  all  sincerity,  and 

"The  reader  is  referred  to  a  copy  of  this  letter  in  Edwards'  J I  ijit,  Tix., 
210-20. 

'^  Yoakum  considers  that  Austin  was  held  as  a  sort  of  hostage  for  the  gimd 
behavior  of  Texas.  JJint.  Tex.,  i.  324. 


>l 


with 

It  is 

hens 

to  ol 

does,' 

the  o 

an  nil 

ceivlv 

pers( 

iiieiit 

|>eact 

that 

revei's« 

paiity 

pi'evioi 

"This 
"  jMiliticid 
talkers,"  \ 

.Mf.\ii;ui  ji 
J/iit.  /,'/;,. 

iliccdaiitlu 
iiiilclieate 
."ill,  1N4II.  a 

tilMU    fllitdl 

Ktiidiuil  tht 
imirli  tiiiK! 
]ii'(ciit,  trot 
im\>lu:  iiH'ii 
iii-ilu'd  aiTd 
liis  return  U 
(li>'  Jli.scori'r 

rulinil  J'loiil 

prctaou  .Mai 

toi-y  (if  tlio 

aj,'aiii.st  tlie  i 

Was  (iwinjr  t- 

Sim  when  j)r 

''•iiiii  .sliarinj 

■tlrcaily  cini^ 

111'  till'  Tu.xaii 

ill  their  fav( 

frequent  ahu 

lili.-^linient  of 

iitliie.i  are  no 

Vented  upon 

stilijeet  i.s  the 

•iiiil  w  hose  wi 

sueli  prejudic 

glaringly  fals 

'iii'ai;;n  Kenn 

a«i"gly  speak 

'*  Consult 


ATl'ITUDE  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


141 


with  perfect  confidence  in  Santa  Ainia's  professions. 
It  is  true  tliat  the  tone  of  his  letter  displays  an  appre- 
liension  of  foul  ])lay  at  home,  and  a  natural  anxiousness 
to  ol»tuin  his  release;  but  to  charge  him,  as  Maillard 
iloc's,"  with  having  written  what  he  did,  solely  with 
tlie  ohject  of  effecting  his  return  to  Texas,  would  be 
an  unwarrantable  condenuiation.  Austin  had  too  sin- 
(•(■icly  at  heart  the  welfare  of  his  colonies  to  allow 
personal  inconvenience  to  have  weight  in  his  judg- 
HKiit  when  the  question  to  be  decided  was  that  of 
peaceful  i)rosperity  or  danger  of  ruin,  lie  believed 
that  he  was  perfectly  justified  in  ottering  advice  the 
reverse  to  that  ex})ressed  in  his  letter  to  the  munici- 
jiality  of  Bejar,  and  his  having  given  utterance  to  it 
previous  to  his  arrest^*  is  conclusive  evidence  that  his 

'^Tliis  writer  says:  'Col  Austin,  w)io  w.is  liiinself  the  most  crafty  of  the 
"  IKiliticiil  fanatics,  political  adventurers,  would-lie  great  men,  and  vain 
talkers,"  wrote  in  this  hland  style,  solely  to  escape  from  the  clutclies  of  the 
Mexican  government,  and  not  with  a  view  to  restore  tranijuillity  to  Texiis.' 
///<^  1,'i'ji.  7V.;-.,  7U.  It  would  be  liard  to  iliscover  a  more  jirejuiliced  ami  jaun- 
iliciil  author  than  '  N.  Dorau  Maillard,  Ksc}.,  liarristerat  law,  of  Texas. '  Being 
iiiilrlicate  liealth,  he  left  his  native  England  forTexa-s,  where  he  arrived  Jan. 
;ill,  KS4it,  and  after  a  residence  there  of  six  montiis — during  which  lie  was  for  a 
tiiiic  cilitcir  of  the  Iliclnnoml  Ti'lencope,  hccaine  a  mend)er  of  the  Texan  bar, 
studied  the  cluiracter  of  the  Texan  government  and  inhabitants,  and  spent 
imikIi  time  in  visiting  diflfcrent  parts  of  the  country — he  deemed  liimself  com- 
]i(li'nt,  from  Iiis  personal  observations  and  some  information  gathered  from 
jpiiliHc  men  and  olKcial  records,  to  furnisli  the  British  public  with  an  unvar- 
nished aeootint  of  wliat  Texas  and  tlie  Texans  really  were.  Accordingly,  on 
Ills  ivturnto  England  he  published  T/ie  JUn/ori)  of  t/ie  /{t'piihlir  oj'  Ti\rii-<,J'roiii 
till'  l)U<i)ri'rii  of  the  Country  to  the  jiraxviit  Time;  aud  the  Cause  nj'  her  Seya- 
i-iili'iii  j'roiii  the  Ji'epulilic  of  Merien.  London,  184'2,  8vo,  pp.  Sil'2.  In  his 
luitace  Maillard  states  that  his  object  was  to  present  the  true  origin  ami  his- 
tcii  y  of  the  Texan  rebellion  against  Mexico,  to  warn  the  Briti.sh  government 
a^'ainst  the  ratification  of  a  treaty  with  a  people  whose  existence  a.s  a  nation 
was  owing  to  tlieir  own  base  treason,  and  a  political  juggle  of  Andrew  Jack- 
sou  when  presitlent  of  the  U.  S.,  and  to  prevent  more  of  his  own  countrymen 
from  sliarmg  in  the  ruin  and  wretchechiess  of  too  many  others  who  had 
ahcaily  emigrated  to  Texas.  If  a  virulent  exposure  of  all  the  shortcomings 
111  tile  Texans,  a  malicious  suppression  of  everything  tliat  he  might  have  saiil 
iu  their  favor,  a  wi]ful  omission  of  any  mention  of  tiieir  many  virtues,  and 
liei|\u>ut  abusive  epithets  applied  to  them,  could  gain  for  Maillard  the  accom- 
lili>luiieiit  of  liis  hopes,  he  must  have  been  eminently  successful.  His  antip- 
atliies  are  not  confined  to  the  Texans,  a  liberal  .share  of  his  displea.sure  being 
vented  upon  the  United  States.  In  keeping  with  his  unfair  treatment  of  the 
suhjeet  is  the  partiality  he  shows  to  the  Mexicans,  whom  he  labors  to  defend, 
aiiil  wliose  wrong-doings  he  hides.  In  a  work  written  under  the  iutUience  of 
sutli  prejudices,  it  is  natural  that  carelessness  as  to  accuracy  and  conelusi<m8 
glaringly  false  should  be  found.  Maillard,  however,  does  not  hesitate  to 
arraign  Kennedy  on  the  score  of  want  of  carefulness  as  to  facts,  and  dispar- 
ayiugly  speaks  of  his  excellent  work  as  'two  well -puffed  volumes.' 

"C'ousult.^ ««<»■«,  £spoa.  Amiiit.  TeJ.,  21. 


/^ 


ii 


ft;! 


mr 


!!! : ! 


It 


148 


PROPOSEI)  .SEPARATION. 


chan<jfo  of  opiiiion.s  was  duo  to  rlian*^c  «>f  circum- 
BtancoH,  aiul  not  to  porsonal  considt'ratioiiH.  In  otlier 
respects  Stephen  Austin's  letter  throws  li<rht  upon 
the  social  and  political  condition  of  the  colonies.  We 
can  already  realize  the  influx  of  a  disturhin*,'  element 
which  will  not  rest  till  the  aniu^xatiori  of  T(!xas  to 
the  United  States  has  hei'ii  consummated.  We  can 
recognize  the  fact  that  a  large  portion  of  the  popula- 
tion would  be  satisfied  with  receivinir  redress  from 
time  to  time  for  their  grievances,  and  was  content  to 
retain  possession  of  the  homes  they  had  made  for 
themselves,  and  peacefully  follow  tiieir  pursuits,  as 
citizens  of  the  Mexican  repulilic;  and  we  can  picture 
to  ourselves  the  Avork  of  political  agitators,  cngendci-- 
ing  a  s[)irit  of  antagonism  to  ^lexico,  and  mark  tlic 
development  of  a  differenct;  of  opinions  which  hefoic 
the  war  of  inde])endencc  divided  the  colonists  for  u 
time  into  two  parties. 

But  it  is  necessary  to  rcv(;rt  to  the  pc^litical  events 
which  took  place  in  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas 
during  this  term  of  Austin's  imprisonment,  as  well  a^ 
relate  other  suhsecjuent  occurrences  which  trans})ii('(l 
before  liia  release  and  return  to  Texas  in  September 
1835. 

While  Santa  Anna  was  pretending  to  be  recruitiiisji; 
his  health  at  Manga  de  Clavo,  the  reactionary  i)arty 
under  his  secret  mana'uvring  and  encouragement 
daily  gained  strength.  He  wa^  frecjucntly  invited  to 
become  its  leader,  with  the  promise  of  unlimited  power; 
and  considering  the  fruit  of  his  intrigues  at  last  ripe, 
lie  returned  to  the  capital  and  relieved  Farias  of  tli<' 
executive  power  April  12,  18'U.  On  May  23d  fol- 
lowing the  plan  of  Cuernavaca  was  adopted,  whicli 
denounced  religious  reform,  proclaimed  the  fueros, 
declared  that  the  deputies  who  had  passed  the  late 
obnoxious  reform  laws  had  lost  the  public  confidence 
and  had  forfeited  their  positions,  called  upon  Santa 
Anna   to   uphold   the  constitutional  safeguards,  and 


assu 
•lavi 
tion, 

(•(•UJ) 

ture.> 
Were 
place 
iiidcc 
lit 'an 
wliic 
had  t 
(••'cdc 
of  pai 
tciidc 
a('C('])t 
upon 
of.^[a 
(livers; 
In  . 
ti'lHiny 
Saltili. 
that  y( 
by  the 
tamieni 
111  ^hu 
.^'overrii 
great  oj 
further 
force  of 
of  Aprii 
liiMted  1 
tory  oft 
the  peo] 


AFFAIRS  IN   MEXICO. 


143 


assured  lilm  of  the  aid  of  the  military  force  at  Ciut- 
uavaca.  Acting  on  tlio  Ktron<^tli  of  this  deinonstra- 
tioii,  the  i>ro.si(k!nt  on  tli^  J31st  dis.solvcil  ('oiijjfrt'ss  l)y  a 
('(•ii{»-d't'tat.  ISut  he  did  not  rest  here;  state  Ici^nsla- 
tures  and  ayuntaniientos  were  disl)anded,  (^oviriiurs 
wcF'e  dejtosed,  and  adlicrents  to  tlie  phm  of  (^'ui-rnavaea 
|)hired  in  the  vacant  positions.  Santa  Anna  was  now 
indeed  dictator,  and  havin*.^  played  the  despot  to  his 
heart's  content,  at  the  end  of  18M4  convoked  aconufress 
wliicli  met  January  1,  18:55.  Tlie  priviK'«jfed  classes 
had  triuniplied  as  he  had  expected;  and  luivinL,^  siic- 
c(!ede(l  in  convertinjjf  the  country  into  a  chaotic  field 
of  party  strife,  thinkinjjj  it  now  convenient  to  retire, 
teiidcT'ed  1  is  resij^nation.  The  conji^ress  refused  to 
acci'pt  it,  lout  jjifranted  him  k'ave  of  ahsence;  where- 
upon he  withdrew  to  his  usual  retreat,  the  hacienda 
(if  Ma'j^na  de  (Mavo,  and  api)lied  himself  to  his  favorite 
(liversoiis  of  cock-fiLjlitinix  and  ])olitical  iu<j:<derv.'' 

In  Au'^ust  18;]2,  after  some  little  excitement  and 
tiifiiii!^  disturhance,  the  inhabitants  and  military  of 
Saltillo  had  declared  in  favor  of  Santa  Anna's  [)lan  of 
that  year,  and  their  pronunciamiento  was  a[>[trovi'd 
Ity  tlie  governor,  Jose  Maria  de  Letona,  and  the  ayun- 
tiiniieiito.'"  But  discord  soon  broke  out  in  C(»ahuila. 
In  ^larch  ]8;53  the  state  congress  removed  the  seat  of 
•government  to  Mondova'" — -a  proceeding  which  gave 
great  otfence  to  the  inhal)itants  of  Saltillo,  who  were 
further  exasperated  by  decrees  disbanding  the  civil 
force  of  the  latter  place  and  annulling  the  enactments 
of  Ajn-il  and  May  1829,  and  Ai)ril  1832,  which  pro- 
liihited  foreigners  from  retailin*;  o'oods  within  the  terri- 
tory  of  the  state.  Two  bitter  factions  were  develojied ; 
the  people  of  Saltillo  revolted,  and  the  legislature  at 
Mondova,  in  default  of  a  governor,  formally  invested 
Fraucisoo  Vidaurri  with  the  executive  })ower  by  de- 
cree t)f  January  8,  1834. 

''  lliit.  Mex.,  V.  l.%-43,  this  series. 
";fV„//,.,  lS,iJ,  Pimvt  Col.,  no.  248. 

''  A  ilucreu  hail  hi-en  pas.seil  as  uarly  a:^  Si'|)t.  25,  1828,  declaring  Monclova 
tlie  cupitiil  ol  the  state,   t'oalt.  y  Tc.i-.  Lejc-:,  1j7. 


*:i 


kI'M' 


nm 


m 


i  .1-'  3m 


i; 

■    ( 

■ 

: ,, 

!ll 


ijri 


I 


U  i 


144 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


■i(  ) 


1'^^  ■^^''■ 

r''  i 

H!  -i 

lln-^i 


Various  acts  beneficial  to  Texas  were  passed  by  this 
legislature.  The  muificipalities  of  Matagorda  and  San 
Augustin  were  created,  Texas  was  divided  into  three 
departments,  the  new  one  of  Brazos  with  San  Felipe 
as  its  ca})ital,  being  organized,  the  English  languuge 
was  permitted  to  be  used  in  public  affairs,  and  an  addi- 
tional representative  in  the  state  congress  allowed ; 
the  privilege  of  purchasing  vacant  lands  was  granted 
to  foreigners,  laws  were  passed  for  the  protection  of 
the  persons  and  property  of  all  settlers,  whatever  might 
be  their  religion,  and  freedom  from  molestation  for 
political  and  religious  opinions  was  guaranteed,  pro- 
vided public  tranquillity  was  not  disturbed.^**  During 
the  same  session  a  decree  was  passed  in  April  providing 
for  a  supreme  court  for  Texas,  which  was  constituted 
into  one  judicial  circuit  divided  into  three  districts; 
the  nmch  desired  system  of  trial  by  jury  was  also  es- 
tablished by  this  law.^" 

These  liberal  measures  had  great  effect  in  promot- 
ing temporary  quiet  in  Texas,  but  subsequent  events 
rendered  them  nugatory  to  prevent  the  revolt  of  the 
colonists.  On  the  last  day  of  April  the  legislature 
closed  its  sessions,  and  Coahuila  lapsed  into  a  miser- 
able state  of  confusion.  Intelligence  of  tiie  plan  of 
Cuernavaca  caused  increased  agitation,  and  an  extra 
session  was  convoked  for  August  11th.  In  July  Sal- 
tillo  pronounced  against  the  state  government,  formed 

'"See  decrees  of  March  1834.  Kennedy,  ii.  61,  note;  Yoakum,  i.  319-20; 
DnkerH  Tex.,  522. 

''Thomas  Jeiferson  Chambers  was  appointed  superior  judge  of  the  circuit. 
Cliainbors  was  a  native  ot'  Virginia,  a  hiwyer  by  profession,  and  highly  talented. 
In  182(5  lie  went  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  where  for  three  years  I'e  studied  the 
language,  laws,  and  institutions  of  the  country,  making  himself  a  master  of 
tliem,  and  obtaining  his  license  to  practise  law  in  the  Mexican  courts.  He 
removed  to  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  in  1829,  and  was  appointed  sur- 
veyor-general of  Texas  by  the  authorities  at  Saltillo.  Owing  to  the  conf;i.si(iii 
incident  to  the  approaching  revolution,  Chambers  was  unable  to  organize  tin; 
supreme  and  <bstrict  courts,  and  in  183(),  wlien  Texas  was  threatened  witli 
invasion,  he  went  to  the  U.  S.  to  obtain  money  and  men  to  aid  in  the  war  of 
indepei:dence.  In  June  1837  he  reported  to  tlio  Texan  coi?gres8  that  he  had 
sent  1,915  men,  and  pxpended  Si23,(i21  of  his  own  money,  besides  selling  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  $f'  035.  His  staoenient  was  approved  by  tlie  congress,  and 
tlie  auditor  directeu  io  settle  wif.h  him.  Chambers  was  murdered  in  his  own 
house  ill  1865,  no  clew  ever  being  obtained  aa  to  the  perpetrator  of  the  criiiie. 
Thntll'a  Hist.  Tvje.,  525-6, 


TWO  (iOVEKNMENTS. 


145 


(luo  of  its  own,  and  appointed  Josd  Maria  Goribar  as 
military  governor.  At  the  same  time  all  the  acts  of 
tliu  state  loi^islature  from  tlie  1st  of  January,  183.'3, 
wi'ro  declared  to  be  mdl  and  void.""  On  August  SOth 
a  dcciee  was  })assed  at  ^Slonclova  by  the  [>ermanent 
deputation,  and  such  nu.anbers  of  the  congress  as  could 
\)c  assembled,  setting  forth  the  imi)ossil)ility  of  unit- 
ing sufficient  deputies  to  hold  an  extra  session.  Juan 
Jose  Elguezabal  was  ap))ointod  governor  in  place  of 
A^idauni,  who  was  unable  to  act  on  account  of  ill 
health,  and  the  movement  directed  against  the  laws 
of  ecclesiastical  reform  recognized  as  nativ)nal,  or  in 
otlier  words,  the  ])ian  of  Cuernavaca  was  adopted,  and 
Siuita  Anna  acknowledged  in  his  new  robes  of  state- 
craft supremacy.^' 

The  period  designated  by  the  constitution  for  the 
elections  arrived,  and  they  were  held  under  the  dis- 
])uted  authority  of  the  two  rival  and  illegitimate  gov- 
crnnients,  aggravating  party  animosity,  and  involving 
the  state  in  anarchy.  Both  parties  prepared  for 
Muodshed;  but  before  any  serious  collision  took  place 
a  (•()m})romise  was  effected  at  the  beginning  of 
Xovcmber,  and  the  leaders  of  the  factions  agreed  to 
refer  the  question  of  tiieir  differences  to  Santa  Anna. 
The  dictator  willingly  acce})ted  the  position  of 
ail)iter,  and  on  Decend)er  2d  amiounced  the  follow- 
ing decisions:  1.  The  seat  of  gov(>rnment  should 
remain  at  Monclova;  2.  Elguezal)al  was  to  continue 
to  act  as  governor  until  a  new  election;  3.  A  new 
election  for  governor,  vice-governor,  and  members  of 
the  legislature  was  to  be  ordered  fur  the  entire  state. ^^ 


1      I.  id  J  BH 


,  1' 


'^ FAwnril'i  HU.  Tcr.,  220;  ArriU'tqt,  Ncrop.,  1835,  102. 

^'AV  Tictiijio,  U  Agostn,  and  18  Sit!,  1S:U,  172,  .'Wit,  where  will  lie  found 
ciijiy  iif  ilecree.  This  prueeediiig  was  based  on  the  *,H)th  artiele  of  the  state 
(.'iiiistitutioii,  which  says;  'Si  las  ciremistaiieias  d  los  negoeios  ijue  hau  iiioti- 
viiilii  la  eoiivocaeioii  estraordiuaria  del  eoiigreso  fuereii  tJiii  graves  y  iirgeiites, 
iiiitnitras  j)uedo  verifiearse  la  reunion,  la  diputaciou  pcrnianentc^  unida  eon  el 
ciiiiscio  y  Ids  d'-niiis  diputados  qi\e  se  halli'ii  en  la  eapital,  toniani  las  jirovi- 
ilcini.is  del  nioinento  que  seail  neeesarias,  y  dani  euenta  de  ellas  al  eon;4re.so 
hiiu'ci  que  se  liaya  reuiiido.'  J/c.r.  Col.  i/e  ('oiiKti/..,  i.  220-7.  Yoakum  con- 
Bidirs  that  Vidaurri  was  deposed,  i.  1123. 

■M'o])y  of  tlie  decree  in  Arrilhujd,  liccop.,  183"),  l'J2-5. 
Hist.  N.  Mex.  St.\tes,  Vol,  II.    10 


i.l.l.f"!  - 


.1    i 


;i; 


vfi 


m  ;!  ■  ^  ! 


11 

w 

146 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


This  arranjOfement  proved  satisfactory  and  new  elec- 
tions were  held,  Agustin  Viesca  was  elected  governor, 
Ramon  Musquiz  vice-governor,  and  the  requisite  num- 
ber of  deputies  chosen."^  But  the  legislature  did  not 
assemMe  until  March  1,  1835,  instead  of  January  1st, 
and  Yiesca  did  not  enter  office  before  April."* 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Austin's  case  was  sub- 
mitted in  August  1834  to  the  supreme  court  of  the 
nation.  That  tribunal,  however,  never  declared  any 
decision,  nor  was  Austin  ever  brought  to  trial.  This 
anomalous  course  of  proceeding,  favorable  certainly  to 
the  accused,  was  due  to  the  influence  of  Santa  Anna, 
who  deemed  it  politic  to  temporize  in  regard  to  settling 
definitely  Texan  affairs,  and  under  the  cloak  of  friend- 
ship secure  the  commissioner's  pronounced  ap})recia- 
tion  of  his  good-will.  The  dictator  gained  his  point, 
whether  Austin  was  hoodwinked  or  not,"^  but  his  con- 
cealed intentions  are  made  somewhat  apparent  by  the 
decision  he  arrived  at  in  October  1834. 

On  the  5th  of  that  month  he  convoked  a  meeting 
for  the  serious  discussion  of  the  Texan  question.  The 
council  was  C(-mposed  of  the  four  secretaries  of  state, 
three  confidential  generals,  three  representatives  to 
the  nati(mal  congress  from  Coahuila  and  Texas,  Lo- 
renzo de  Zavala,  and  Stephen  F.  Austin.  The  dcliK- 
eration  lasted  three  hours,  Austin  seriously  urging  the 
separation  of  Texas  from  Coahuila,  and  its  formation 
into  an  independent  state,  which  was  as  strongly  o[)- 

'^IiL,  i.  .S'23,  320;  Eifimnls,  220,231-2;  Ln  Onwlrhii,  1  and  11  Mayo,  IS:!.', 
10(5-7,  137-8;  Pitinrt  Vol.  Print,  no.  3iS(>.  Filisolastatus  that  Viesca  had  linii 
constitutionally  fk'ctod  Si'pt.  11,  1834,  and  tliat  this  election  was  ratitioil  by  tlir 
new  C(iiij;ros8  in  spitu  of  the  elections  ordered  by  Santa  Anna,  and  Viesta's 
ineligibility  nnder  the  convocation  issued  by  Elguezabal,  which  provided  tli;it 
no  one  could  bo  a  candidate  who  had  been,  as  Viesca  had,  a  deputy  to  tho 
genei'al  congress  witldu  the  last  two  years,   ii.  112-13. 

'-' Kl;,'uezab;d  resigned  March  12th,  and  Jose  Maria  Cantii  was  aiiiioindil 
govi'rnor  provisionally  until  the  votes  polled  in  the  departments  of  IJiazos  aul 
Nacogdoches  were  known.   Piiiart  Vol.,  Print,  no.  374. 

'■'■'In  a  l>arty  circular  aildresscd  to  the  Texaiia  in  November  1834  tlnse 
words  'iccur:  'Wo.  a  .sure  yoii  that  the  feelings  of  the  federal  governiiiciit, 
particularly  those  of  the  president,  are  of  the  most  favorable  chiuaitrr 
towards  Texas.  AVe  are  asuured  of  this  fact  by  our  reprcseutativo  (Coliiin.! 
AustuO  '  L'd'oanls,  2-7. 


pose^ 

HiiaJj 

tlio 

Apri 

\vouI( 

of  ea\ 

slioul 

il'H  C( 

coiiiin 

s]iou]( 

all  ohi; 

of  tlie 

est  res 

united 

w'lurau 

And  tl 

if  the  i 

of  a  SI 

would  1 

Tlie.s 

iioHev  V 

;;s  lie  n 

iiiuler   ( 

<'hange  ] 

ures' tei 

was  mad 

;ui(l  the 

<''»ntainii 

t<'ry  Won 

the  natio 

tegnil  sti 

tliey  wer 

their  inte 

-"  Vwihim, 
Oetdlier  (i,  i,s; 
J'iii'iit  Cii^  p 

"'Austin  ii 
•luesticu  is  do;i 
!"  'I  .--tate  ^.ovi 
'"■'II  niade  ui 
«wuad  the  pi 


THE  TEXAN  QUESTION. 


147 


posed  by  tlic  state  representatives,  Santa  Anna 
Huiilly  resolved:  1.  Tliat  he  would  meditate  maturely 
the  decree  repealing  the  11th  article  of  the  law  of 
April  C),  1830,  and,  if  no  objections  were  ])resented, 
would  give  it  his  sanction;  2.  That  a  corps,  coni])oscd 
of  cavalry,  infantry,  and  artillery,  four  tliousand  sti'ong, 
should  be  stationed  at  Bexar,  for  the  protection  of 
LI  0  coast  and  frontier  of  the  country,  to  be  under  the 
command  of  General  Meji'a;  3.  That  proi)er  steps 
shouhl  be  taken  to  have  regular  mails,  and  to  remove 
all  obstacles  to  the  agricultural  and  other  industries 
of  the  inhabitants,  "  who  are  viewed  with  the  great- 
est reii'ard;"  4.  That  Texas  nmst  necessarilv  remain 
united  with  Coahuila,  because  it  had  not  the  elements 
warranting  a  separation,  nor  would  it  be  convenient. 
And  though  it  might  be  allowed  to  form  a  territory, 
if  the  inhabitants  called  for  it,  yet  the  dismemberinn* 
of  a  state  was  unknown  to  Mexican  laws,  and  he 
would  be  at  a  loss  how  to  proceed."^ 

Those  decisions  make  it  evident  that  the  president's 
policy  was  to  occupy  Texas  with  such  a  military  force 
as  he  miijfht  consider  sufficient  to  hold  the  colonists 
under  control,  and  compel  subjection  to  whatever 
cliange  he  might  choose  to  make  in  the  liberal  meas- 
ures temporarily  ado})ted.  No  reference  whatever 
wa-;  made  to  the  petition  on  the  subject  of  the  tariff, 
and  the  oiler  t<3  form  Texas  into  a  territory  was  a  soj) 
containing  more  tjall  than  honev.  Texas  as  a  terri- 
tory  would  assuredly  be  more  subject  to  tlie  rule  of 
tlie  natit)nal  government  than  as  a  portion  of  an  in- 
tegral state.  Of  this  the  colonists  were  aware,  and 
they  were  o[)posed  to  a  change  which  would  leave 
tlieir  interests  in  a  more  (piestionable  position."'     With 

-''  Yoiihni),  i.  .S'2o-0.  Virtor  /llanm  to  (lie  (7oirriior  nf  ('(Vilmih  (im/  Ti-ri"*, 
Uutiilior  li,  l>s;U,  is  ({uoti^tl  by  this  writiT  ad  his  autliority.  Ti.ius  Col.  Doc, 
J'w'irfCul.,  I'niit,  11(1.  48. 

•' Au.stiii  ill  a  letter  dati'd  Mi'xico,  Mardi  10,  1S:C),  says:  'Tlio  territorial 
'|\U'sti()ii  is  (k'acl.  The  ailvocates  ol'  that  iiieasiiiv  are  now  strongly  in  tavop 
til  a  .-itato  govcTunient;  and  t!iat  sulijuct  is  now  liotore  i-ongress.  A  cill  has 
hi'iii  iiiado  u]ion  tiui  jirusideiit  tor  inl'onnation  on  the  sulijeet;  and  I  am 
as.siiiLd  tiiu  president  will  make  his  conmuiuicatiuii  in  a  few  days,  and  tliak 


!     !,i 


i:: 


11)  i 


J';  1 
i!  ■   1 


ifsi  ■ 


!..      ,  i 


liljf  i 


■i!!  :  I' 


■Mil 


148 


PROPOSED  SEPARATION. 


regard  to  the  decision  that  Texas  did  not  possess  the 
elements  to  warrant  its  formation  into  an  independent 
state,  it  is  undeniable  that  this  was  a  fact,  for  it  was 
wanting  in  the  most  inipoi'tant  reipiisite,  naniely,  pop- 
ulation. The  eleventh  article  of  the  constitution  of 
1824  provides  that  the  states  shall  send  to  the 
national  congress  one  deputy  for  each  80,000  inhab- 
itants, and  for  any  fraction  of  that  number  exceeding 
40,000."  How,  then,  could  the  Texans  claim  that 
they  were  properly  (jualified  to  constitute  a  state 
when  their  })o])ulation  did  not  amount  to  the  last- 
named  figures  ?  ■'''' 

it  will  1)0  (l(!oi(loilly  in  favor  of  Texas  ami  the  state.'  Tliis  waa  regarded  as 
'agri;i'al)li!  iiifoniiatiuii.'     EilnvinU,  241. 

'"Mcx.  Vol.  < 'oiiHitiir. ,  i.  3.S.  It  is  true  that  this  clause  is  added:  '  Kl 
fstadiKiuo  no  tiivioi'c  e.sta  i)ol)lacic)n  noinlirara  sia  einhargo  uii  diimtado; '  Imt 
thi.-i  had  n';j;ard  oidy  to  existing  states.  It  was  plaiidy  intended  that  a  tej'ii- 
tmy  or  ])i'()viii(o  el'jvatud,  in  the  future,  to  the  rank  of  .state  should  have  at 
least  SD.OOO  inhahitants. 

-'In  the  Sj.ring  of  1S.'!4  t'ol  Juan  M"i)oinufeno  Almonte  was  sent  l)y  tlie 
supremo  ^'overn'i'ent  to  Texas  to  report  ui»on  its  condition.  He  returned  in 
tlif  lirf^inniiig  ot  XovemhiT  of  tlic  same  year.  Almonte  places  tlie  civilized 
jioliulatiou  of  'i'exas  at  'Jl.OCKI,  estimated  as  follows:  the  dei)artnient  of  Hejar, 
4,()00;  tliat  of  Brazos,  8,000;  and  that  of  Nacogdoches,  '.),(V)0.  He  estimated 
tiie  iiuiiLliur  of  Indians  at  15,300,  of  whom  10,800  were  hostile.  His  tahulir 
form,  nil.  4,  is  interestir.g,  as  supplying  a  list  of  the  municipalities  and  pnclilos 
existing  at  tliat  date.  The  department  of  Bejar  contained  four  nninicipul 
towns,  namely,  San  Antonio,  (ioliad,  San  Patricio,  and  (iiuidalupe  Victoria; 
tliat  of  Brazos  contained  five,  to  wit.  Sail  Pelipc^,  t'olumhia,  Matagorda,  (ion 
zalc/,  Miuii,  and  the  pnelilos  Brazoria,  Velaseo,  Bolivar,  and  Hairishur:;; 
and  tliat  of  Xacogdoches  four  municipalities,  Nacogiloclies,  San  AiigustiiH', 
I.iherty,  and  .rohnshurg,  vitli  the  jmehlos  Anahiiae,  Beville,  Teran,  and 
Tanahii.  In  .January  \S'M)  Almonte  pul)lisiie<l  his  report,  or  such  portion  of 
it  as  was  expedient,  U!ider  the  title  of  \otiriii  Estm/inticti  mlire  Tcja.'i,  Mi^xiin, 
IvSI!"),  lOmo,  p.  !>(!,  4  t.iMes,  "J  11.  The  total  amount  of  the  export  and  iiiiiMnt 
trade  of  Texas  he  calculated  at  §1,400,000,  as  expres.sed  in  tlie  following  tal)l>: 

Iiiiliorts.  Kxports.  Totnls. 

Bi'jar S^IO.OOO  ^20,000  $(iO,(IOO 

Brazos :{-_',"),(XK)  l»7r),000  (iiMl.oiiO 

Nacogdoches 2(;.'),000  'iOo.OOO  47(),()Ui» 

Apiiroximato  value  of  coutrahand  tratle  witli  the  interior  tiirough 

the  ports  of  Brazoria,  Matagorda,  and  Copano 270,000 

§1,400,000 

Kiunedy,  ii.  81,  classifies  this  report  as  Mirief  and  superficial;'  hut  ln^ 
docs  justice  to  it  as  ati'ording  '  tiie  proudest  testimonial  to  the  fearless  and 
persevering  spirits  wlio  first  rendereii  tin;  goMen  glehe  of  Texas  tributary  to 
tiie  enjoyments  of  civilized  man.'  Tliis  fxutiior  considered  that  Almonte's  es- 
timate of  the  ])opulatiou  of  Texas  was  underrated,  and  that  the  nuniiiical 
strength  of  the  Auglo-Texaua  was  probably  30,000,  exclusive  of  2,000  uegroea. 
hi.,  70-80. 


LAND  FRAUDS. 


149 


ATlillo  the  colonists  were  thus  enrloavoriiiGf  to  i)r<»- 
curc  a  He})aration  from  Coahuila,  the  state  h'gislaturo, 
ffiiticipating  tlio  possiljility  of  sucli  a  result,  si^'iiis  to 
liave  jcsolved  to  make  wliat  profit  it  could  out  ol'  tlie 
\vaste  lauds  of  Texas.  In  order  to  realize  quickly,  it 
showed  its':!lf  alike  indifferent,  to  the  value  of  the  lands, 
the  prices  obtained  for  them,  and  to  wlioni  the  pur- 
chasers might  bo.  Numerous  sales  of  immense  tracts 
were  made  to  New  York  and  Coahuilan  sjx'culatois 
at  extremely  low  figures,  the  purchasers  having  no 
otlier  view  than  to  resell  at  a  profit.  Naturally  the 
Texans  regarded  such  S(|u;uidering  of  their  unoccu[)ie(l 
domains --which,  in  fact,  constituted  tiie  futui'e  capital 
of  Texas — as  an  alienation  that  was  simply  robbery, 
jind  redolent  of  legislative  corru[)tion.  But  the  clim.ix 
of  these  fraudulent  proceedings  was  the  sale,  in  March 
ls;}5,  of  400  square  leagues  for  the  insignificant  sum 
of  .-;;■.'? 0.0 00.""  This  ap|)ropriation  of  the  waste  lands 
of  Texas  was  most  distasteful  to  tlie  rsu^jreme  goverii- 
niont,  which  had  in  contem])lation  the  ])urchase  of  tlio 
ffoiitier  lands  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  thereon 
.^[exican  colonies,  especially  of  a  military  character.''' 
It  therefore  declared,  by  decree  of  Ajn'il  25,  1835,  the 
sale  of  those  lands,  except  to  the  general  government, 
to  l)e  null.^'" 

Wlicn  the  result  of  Austin's  mission  became  known, 
early  in  1834,  the  desire  for  immediate  separation  from 

^"Tlmt  is  at  the  rate  of  little  more  than  one  cent  and  a  lialf  per  acre.  This 
tnu't  of  land  wa.s  an  api)ro))i'iation  tliat  had  l)een  made  hy  deerej,  March  '2(itli 
ol  tlu'  i)revi(p\is  jear,  to  provide;  for  a  l)ody  of  militia  to  prevent  Indian  depri'- 
<!i!tions  on  the  trontiir.  Tlie  niilitianien  were  never  ealleil  out,  and  the  hi  mis 
fnniihilriitly  sold.  Con.sidt /v/tcu/v/.-', 'j:i'J;  I'm//////;,  i.  :{'_'()  1 ;  Kiiuik/i/,  n.  S'.\  I; 
(d'i/i.  1/  Ti\r.  J.ri/r.i,  Dee.  no.  '2~'2;  La  Oyom'loii,  1S;{5,  'J42;  Cor.  Alhint.,  May 

Jt,  !s:{.S,  «). 

■■'Ste  decree  of  Fel).  4,  1S:U,  in  ArritKni,'  Rernp.,  18.34,  47  :>(). 

■'-'('oiiy  of  the  deeree,  aa  Wi  11  as  that  of  tlio  legislatnre  of  C'oahnili  and 
Texas,  authorizing  the  wile,  will  lie  found  m  Arr'dlii(f<i,  I'icojk,  J8."{."i.  II.")  o; 
Ihililni)  and  Ld'unf),  Lcij.  Jli'.r..  iii.  4'J  I!;  M<  rrDrio  drl  p/,.  itc  Mti/iniinros  sii}i., 
ill  Ti:,:  r„i  /),„:,  I'iintftVol..  i'rint,  no.  0(1;  /V»<//7  To/.,  Print,  no.  :iS'.t.  Som  : 
wriler.s  reganl  these  land  frauds  and  land  ,  ilihing  as  tlu?  giciund-woik  nt  ,i|l 
tile  troiilil  s  which  hefdl  the  eoloiiists,  and  were  made  the'  lirst  excuse  for  re 
Volt.  See  Jaii'ii  Jlex.  War,  IT-lS;  (Jiuiit,  Jlce.,  Ixi.  33iJ-5,  340-1;  Muillnrtlii 
//'•-A  7'w.,  77. 


ISO 


I'Korosj ;i »  SKrAUATioN. 


■  I'l 


I  f 


C\»almilji  AViis  j^^ciu'rally  allayed,  but  tlio  annrclili'al 
jirostratioii  iMt<»  wlildi  ('oaiiuila  f<;ll  koom  struiiotliciiK  J 
IIh!  scjiaratints,  wliild  AuHtiii's  sul>so(jii«!iit-  lc!tti;rs  luul 
a  H()fl(!iiiii<jf  (•(»uiit<'f-(^fFt'ct.  Tlius  i\\v\'i'  wrvc  aiuoiiijf 
tlio  Anj^lo-Tiixans  two  ]»()liti('al  [tartics,  kik;  nf  which 
advocated  H(!j)aratioii  at  all  hazjud.s,  th(^  other  heiii^ 
i'avoralily  (nsj»ose<I  to  iiiaiiitaiii  tht;  union  under  a 
i'cdcral  system  of  n-overnincnt.  Wh»!n,  however,  tin; 
party  strife  in  Coahuila  left  the  statt;  absolutely  with- 
out a  t^overnnuuit,  a  uuimImt  of  influciutial  Coahuilans 
nust  in  council  with  tlu;  inhal)itants  of  Bejar,  Octtober 
i.'Jth.  The  ovei'throw  of  the  federal  constitution  and 
the  distracted  stati;  of  ( 'oaliuila  wei'«!  discussed,  anil  iiii 
adih'ess  issued  to  tlus  inhabitants  of  Texas,  exhortin;^' 
them  to  <leliberate  with  those  of  liejar  as  t<>  the  best 
nuians  of  resiruinjj^  the  country  fi-om  the  chaos  of  ct»ii- 
fusion  which  <)\'erw]iehned  it.  The  m.-ijoi-ity  of  tht; 
Texans  wert;  still  rt^adv  to  luiiti;  with  the  (Ioahui!;ui 
constitutionalists  in  th(!  reconstruction  of  the  state 
j^(>vermnent,  but  th<!  more  eaL^t^r  scjuiratists  thouj^iit 
the  time  projtitious  to  call  upon  the  peoph;  to  ad(»|it 
an  indejieiideiit  tjfovernm<;nt.  Acc(trdin_t;Iy,  undei'  tli<! 
auspices  of  the  jtolitical  chief  of  Jirazos,  an  address  was 
issued,  ( )clober  20th,  urii^iuLC  the  '^fexaiis  to  oi;L?ani/e 
not  without  a  hint  at  total  indepen<lenc(!  as  the  ulti 
mate  ol>j"(d  -to  avoid  tlu^  "thriiatiMUid  labyrinth  <il' 
anar'chy,  military  misrule,  an<l  final  I'uin,"  and  ha\«' 
"her  unnatural  sistei-"  to  "(piietly  eiij(>y  tin;  bhsssin^s 
of  anarchy."  Jict  tlu;  separation  caused  by  tlu^  "wil- 
ful an<l  uidawful"  acts  of  Coahuila  Ix;  |)er[»etual. 

The  ^I'and  c(!ntr'al  committee!  which  had  \)vvi\,  i(, 
aj»[)ears,  established  by  the  convtintion  fortlu!  jiui'posc 
of  jjcuardinijf  the  people  of  Ti^xas  from  daiijjfer  rephcd 
to  this  inllammatoty  appeal  by  issuing"  a  countei'-ad 
dress  early  in  November.  T\u'  answer  sets  forth  tli.it, 
the  ])ublicatiou  of  the  political  chief  of  J^ra/.os  was 
levolutionaiy  in  its  character,  by  j»roposin|L(  "a  s(^para- 
tion  in  a  maimer  contraiy  to  tlu^  letter  and  s|»irit  el 
the  state  and   federal  constitutions,"  and  would  (haw 


AUDUKSSKS. 


101 


down  upon  Texas  tlio  wrath  of  l»otli  <ifo\ "nnnciiiH. 
AiistiuH  Itittor,  already  ([uotcd,  liad  not  bicii  without 
illtMt,  and  Ills  exhortations  to  pt^act;  are  rejieate<l  witli 
a  lecital  of  tlu;  nuasurcss  that  had  \n'rn  adopted  hy 
both  the  national  and  state  le<^islatur(!s  for  tiie  tispiu-ial 
jitiicfit  of  Texas.  7\s  a  fui'ther  induei^nusnt  to  n.'frain 
IVoni  disturhinj^  the  piescnt  itiosperity  ami  conUMit- 
nient  of  the  mass  of  tlu!  ]»eo|»le,  Austin's  position  in 
Mexico  is  hron^ht  f(»r\vard,  an<l  his  constituents  an; 
rxhorted  not  to  thi'ow  (»hsta(;l(S   iit  the  way  of  tlu/ir 


fiN 


nut s  I'eicase  ironi  (hn'ance,  or  <'n<laii!f(!r  his 


life  I 


■r'i'atin«;   furlher  dillicidtie 


llcf 


errniii 


to  ol 


moxious 


1; 


ivvs,  "  when  havti  the  ]k'oj)1(^  of  Texas,"  it  is  aske<l, 
"(■.illc<l  upon  tlu;  i4(>verninent  for  any  law  to  their  ad- 
^aMtJttJJ(\  or  for  tiu;  rej)eal  of  any  law  hy  whidi  tlu-y 
Were  ;i,<jf<^iieved,  hut  what  thciir  reijuests  have  Imm'U 
<  (implied  with  !"'  Tardily,  it  isa<linitted,  hut  the  jjrreat 
distance  fi-oni  tluM-!i])ital,  tlu;  state  of  wai'  in  th(^  conn- 
try,  and  tlu!  uncertain  coininunication  exjdain  th<! 
causes  of  this  delay,''''  This  a.<ldress  counteractiMl  tin; 
olfect  of  the  iniluiinnatory  aj»p(!als  of  the  sepai'atists, 
and  th(!  dilferenc(!S  hetwe«n»  Saltillo  and  Monclova 
JiavitijUf  he(!n  adjusted  soon  after,  tlu^  ai^itatioii  suh- 
sided.      'I'ran(|uillity   followed,  an<l   for  a  hrief  jn-riod 


CO 


nli<lence  seemed  restored  in  Texas. 


83 


Copiub  (>[  tliotju  U(l(li'i;a.iu.i  in  Eilirnnlx,  'Z'l>i  'il. 


jr 


ill 


111    ^'^  I 


% 


ll 


\\ 


p  ' 


1" 


■*f  ■ 

■  i 

.  7 

:   i 

i 

1 

1 

: 

i 

i 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

F-VENTS  LEAWNCr  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXxVS. 

1836, 

COAHUILA  AND  TeXAH  PROTESTS — T»K  StaTK  LeOISLATUKE  DisBANPEP — OoV- 
ERNOU  VlESt'A  ArKESTEU — TeNOUIO  E.I  KITEK  KUOM  AnAUIAC — rDLITICAf, 

Fenoino  —  Zavala — ^A(iitatoks  fuom  the  Usited  States  —  rtiii.ic 
Meetings — Akrest  of  Zavala  and  Seitlers  Ordered  -Affair  of  the 
Corked  and  San  Felipe — ("ohmhia's  Call  for  a  (Jeneral  Consulta- 
tion— Austin's  Retirn — His  Speech  at  Brazoria— Preparations  for 
War — CiENERAL  Cos  Arrives  at  B^jar — A  Dispited  Cannon — Tin: 
Affair  at  (Ionzai.ez — War-like  Enthusiasm — A  Permanent  Councii, 
Establish  ED— Ai  ^tiN  Takes  the  Field — Caiture  of  (Joliad — United 
States  Sympathy — Land  Fraxds — The  Consultation  Assembles — Its 
Labors — Organization  of  a  Provisional  CJovernment. 

When  it  became  evident  that  tlie  party  now  in 
power  intended  to  establisli  a  central  form  of  govern- 
ment, attempts  at  opposition  were  made  by  the  feder- 
aUsts  in  several  of  the  states,  but  the  centralists 
triumphed  on  each  occasion.  Coahuila  and  Texas 
and  Zacatecas  alone  resolved  to  adhere  to  tlie  consti- 
tution of  1824.  In  April  1835,  the  legislature  of  the 
former  state  addressed  an  energetic  protest  to  the  gen- 
eral congress  against  the  course  that  was  being  pui- 
sued  by  it.  Citing  tlie  47th,  48th,  4t)th,  and  5()th 
articles  of  the  federal  constitution,  which  clearly  define 
the  powers  of  the  general  congress,^  the  state  "protests, 
in  the  most  solemn  manner,  that,  having  been  received 
into  the  confederation  by  virtue  of  the  fundamental 
compact,  and  on  the  principles  therein  estal)lis]»ed,  it 
does  not,  nor  ever  will,  acknowledge  the  acts  emanatinj;' 

^Mcj-.  Col.  ConstitiU.,  i.  48-53. 

(152) 


AFFAIRS   AT  SALTILLO. 


ir>3 


from  tho  ijfcnoral  congivss  which  arc  not  in  strirt  con- 
In'.iiiity  with  tlic  oxjnvss  tenor  of  tlio  above-citnl  arti- 


(jts ;  nor  will  it  admit  otlu'r  ri'forms  of  tlio  constitution 
than  those  made  in  the  manner  therein  pri'serihed  ;  on 
the  contrary,  it  will  view  as  an  attemi)t  ajj^ainst  its 
sovereiij^nty  every  measure  in  opi)osition  to  these 
legal  dispositions.'"" 

AEeanwhilc,  Zaeatecas  had  been  declared  to  he  in  a 
state  of  reht'llion,  ]  ler  attitude  was  sutheiently  de- 
liant.  On  Mareh  15 1st  a  decree  was  ])assed  hy  the 
i'cderal  contjfress,  orderinijf  tho  states  to  reduce  their 
militia  to  the  ratio  of  one  militiaman  to  each  500  in- 
liahitants  and  dishand  the  remainder.  The  national 
government  Nvould  take  possession  of  the  surplus  arms, 
l»avin<>:  the  owners  indemnitv  for  them.^  Such  a  law 
carried  into  efl'eet  would  place  the  states  entirely  at 
the  nu-rcy  of  the  government.  Zaeatecas  Hatly  re- 
i"usi>d  to  ohev,  and  imnu'diatelv  Hew  to  arms.  It  was 
iH'Ci'ssary  to  chastise  her,  and  in  Ai)ril  Santa  Anna, 
at  tlie  head  of  bi'twi'en  .'?,000  and  4,000  men,  marciied 
against  the  rebellious  state.  On  May  10th  a  sanguin- 
aiy  battle  was  fought  near  the  state  capital,  tuid  the 
Zaeatecans  comjiletely  crushed. 

At  this  time  General  Martin  Perf(>cto  de  Cos  was 
coumiandaiit  general  of  the  eastern  internal  jn'ovince-;, 
and  I'eceived  ordei's  to  take  action  about  the  late 
IVaiidulent  land  sales.  Coahuila  was  again  a  house 
divided  against  itself.  Saltillo,  in  February  or  early 
ill  ^Tarch,  had  resumed  the  old  quarrel  with  ^[onclova 
1  I't'volted,  ])etiti()ning  tlu^  general  government  to 
■lare  null  elections  wliieh  had  not  been  conducted 
confoi-mity  with  the  ]ilan  of  Cuernavaca.^  The 
'I'ce  of  ]\larch  i  th  autliorizing  the  saU^  of  the 
U  atfordiiig  a  pr;  cxt,  the  Saltillo  de])uties  retired 
HI  the  legislature,  protesting  against  the  pass;ig(>  of 
(iovenior  Cantu  called  out  the  militia,  and  pi'e- 


aiK 
(lr< 
ill 


(|C( 

laiK 


in. 
it. 


hCIIIK'll  >/. 


'I'y 


^i  lU'Oi 


ii.  85-7;  Foofc,  Ti:i\ 


Ihihl,, 


.1  L, 


11.  .)/. 


i.  38. 


Alliuit.,  .luiio  (),  IM}."),  4'^.      It  wdiil  I  iiiiin'fir  from  this  that  thu  dec- 
(lorcil  !)>•  iSuiiLa  Anna  hiul  not  boc.i  Li;all>'  coiuhictoil. 


'i    1 


!   i 


\m 


,   ! 


fiVf: 


n 


hi '   ■  I. 


1 

' 

• 

1    :      i    .           i 

[,        \ 

i    ■          J          - 

1 

::| 

i    1 

I  ■   ; 

!       j 

M 

IM 


KVENT8  LKADING  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


])ared  to  enforce  oLedunce.  Cos,  being  ajipealed  to, 
supported  Saltillo,  and  <lec'laring  that  city  provision- 
ally the  capital,  ordered  a  company  of  presidial  trooj's 
stationed  at  Saltillo  to  enforce  his  decision  and  dii  - 
hand  the  militia  at  Moncl(»va.  When  the  legislature 
heard  of  this,  it  issued  a  decree,  April  7th,  authoriz- 
ing tlie  governor  to  oppose  the  entry  of  the  j)residials 
into  the  city.  jVIatters  were  assuming  a  serious  as- 
l)ec-t,  but  on  the  14th  Viesca  enter-ed  office  as  gov- 
ernor, and  recognizing  tlie  gravity  of  the  situation — 
which  now  involvcnl  a  <  cutest  with  federal  troops — he 
induced  the  legislature  to  revoke  the  decree,  and  dis- 
banding the  militia,  allowed  the  company  from  Sal- 
tillo to  enter  ^lOnclova.^ 

The  action  of  the  letj^islature  had  roused  the  anj^c  r 
of  (leneral  Cos,  and  he  issued  an  address  denouncing 
it  for  alienating  the  public  lands,  and  refusing  quar- 
ters to  government  troojjs;  he  regarded  the  maintain- 
ing a  permanent  local  militia  as  an  indication  of  a 
meditated  insurrection,  and  threatened  to  put  down 
by  force  the  'revolutionists,'  as  he  called  them,  ii' 
they  did  not  specnlil}  reform  their  'criminal  acts,'" 
Viesca's  action  precluded  the  necessity  of  carrying 
his  threat  into  execution.  The  legislature,  after  de- 
creeing that  the  seat  of  governnu>nt  might  be  changed 
to  such  })lace  as  the  governor  might  select,  adjourned 
April  21st,  but  not  before  it  had  framed  the  above- 
mentioned  protest.  "Thus  closed  forever,"  says  Yo;i- 
kum,  "on  the  2 1st  of  April,  18;55,  the  legislature  of 
Ct)ahuila  and  Texas." ^ 

Mesca,  disregarding  the  threats  of  General  Cos, 
with  the  o))ject  of  reducing  Saltillo  to  obedience, 
again  called  out  the  militia,  but  was  innnediately 
ordered  in  peremptory  terms  not  only  to  disband  them, 
but  to  disar-m  them.  He  decided  to  move  the  sc^at  of 
government  to  Bejar,  and  instead  of  obeying  orders, 

<>  FHhnh,  Mem.  HiM.  Giirr.  Tfj.,  ii.  111-1.3. 

''  Kenned II,  ii.  8!(;   Te.r.  Vol.  Dor.,  Pinart  Vol.,  Print,  no.  64 

'  Jlist.  Mcjl:,  i.  335-G,  this  series. 


lia 


THK  (K)VKUN.MENT  QUKSTION. 


]■^5 


loft  Monclova  May  25th,  witli  tlio  arcliivoa,  osrortud 
1)V  1 .")()  iiiilitiaiiR'ti  and  about  twenty  A ii<^l()-Ti'xans. 
Having  proceeded  as  far  aa  the  liaeienchi  de  Her- 
iiuinas,  lie  was  ahirnied  at  hearin<jf  that  oi'ders  had 
lueu  sent  to  the  military  connnander  at  tlu-  jiresidio 
of  Hio  (Jrande  to  oj>i)ose  his  crossing  tlie  river;  and 
thoroughly  disheartened,  he  returned  to  ^[onclova, 
disbanded  the  militia,  and  decided  to  await  events. 
]iut  his  fears  got  the  better  of  him,  and  iii  coni[)any 
witli  ( 'olont'l  Milam,  Doctor  John  Cameron,  and  some 
ollicers  of  the  state  government,  he  attemj)ted  a  secret 
i\  treat  to  Texas.  The  party  was  ca^jtured  in  a  moun- 
tain pass  by  the  forces  under  Cos,  and  sent  prisoners 
I  I  Monterey.  Here  Milam  escaped.  Oi'deis  having 
arrivi'd  to  transfer  the  captives  to  the  ilungeous  of 
San  Juan  de  Ulila,  they  were  foi'tunate  enough  to 
(•ni'ct  their  escape  on  their  ti'ansit  to  Saltillo,  and 
(■\tnitually  reached  Texas.  The  state  authorities 
were  deposed  l)y  the  general  government,  and  all  the 
decrees  of  the  late  session  annulled.  Those  members 
of  tlie  h'gislature  who  remained  in  Coahuila  were 
arri'sted    and    banished.'^     Jose    A[i<ruel    Falcon    was 


apliom 


ted 


governor 


but  Mas   remove! 


1  Au 


<>"ust  8th. 


aiK 


I  succeeded  by  Kafael  Eca  y  Muz((uiz. 


The  questions  which  the  Texans  had  to  decide, 
now  that  the  legislature  had  been  deposetl,  was 
w  hether  to  submit  to  Santa  Anna  and  the  rule  of  a 
guvcinor  a})})ointed  by  him,  or  establish  a  govern- 
iiu'iit  of  their  own.  Opinions  on  the  subject  were 
(h\  ided,  and  at  first  the  peace  party  dominated.  In 
difi'ivnt  numicipalities  conunittees  t)f  vigilance  and 
sarctv  were  established,  and  meetinjis  held  to  (lis- 
<ii.ss  tlie  position  of  att'airs.  But  these  steps  were 
<Mi]y  of  a  })reliminary  chai-acter.  Ii^  June  an  event 
occurred  which  complicated  matters,  and  by  alfording 

'' Filisoln,  lit  Slip.,  ii.   115-17;  Kenned)/,  ii.  80,  00;   Yo'ihiw,  i.  330;  Hoa 
Jliirrrmi,  Reriienlo.i,  12;   Tornd,  Tij.  //  E'^trid.  UnkL,  55;  Edininit,  'IWl-'A. 
'■'  JWd.-i,  Vol.  Doc,  Piiinrt  Vol.,  .\1S.,  no.  43. 


» 


■S'ii 


llii 

li  11 

i '1 

i 

nH 

J 

f         ' 

Mil 
Will 

t 

m  I  1 

' 

,     1 

Hi'  p''''  1 

!•; 

Hfiifflii'f 

1 1 

9 

IP 

. 

1 

!  ! 
> 

1 

i' 

! 

1             , 

l.i    I 

<u    .1 


!|< 


I    li' 


I 


ISO 


E\K\T8  i,i:ai>iX(;  to  Tin:  mkvolt  or  ti:xas, 


tlu'  Mrxii'iiii  n-()V(«riiiiU'nt  just  i^i'our.d  f'l  i-  tskiiii^'  div 
c'itk'd  nu'asuit's,  liastcin*!  tlu'  ajtproiU'liiiijjf  crisis. 

(^a|ttuiii  ToiH)ii()  with  twenty  Mexican  soldicis  Iwid 
lu'i'n  statitmcd  for  Sdinc  time  at  Aiiiilinac  t()  jjfuard 
the  ])(ti't  against  smii<;<;liiii^r,  and  allord  i)rt»ti'cti»»M  to 
i\\v  colK'i-tois  of  the  elistoill^.  lie  liad  often  heeii 
annoyed  and  liai'assi-d  hy  the  opposition  olfeied  l»y 
tlio  ineivhants  of  that  plaet;  to  the  payment  of  the 
hi^h  (hities  upon  imports,  and  riotous  demonstratio||^; 
had  lati'lv  occurred.      To   sucli    an    extent  hatl  thoi' 


disturl 


>ances 


ari'ived,  that  on  June    1st  thi'   avunta- 


miento  of  Jiiherty  issui'd  an  ordei'  enjoinin«j^  oh,erv 


f  th 


»e  iieac 


e,  ami  caliiuir  ujion  all  officers,  civil 


10 


ance  o 

and  militaiy,  to  aid  in  sustaining"  the  revenue  olhcial 
at  Aniihuac  and  (lalveston.  Hut  this  order  had  id 
effect.  Shortly  afterward  William  H.  Travis  and 
ahout  fifty  ai'ined  Texaus  attacked  and  disainn  d 
Tenorio  and  his  men,  >vho  ht-intj^  driven  fiom  the 
town  retired  to  San  Feli])e.  Th"S  hi«jfh-handed  ]»rn- 
ceeding  was  condemned  l)y  the  municij)ality  of  Lih 
erty  and  the  central  committee 

Cos  meantime  had  adihessed  from  ]\ratamoros  a 
conciliatory  circular,  dated  Juno  12th,  in  which  he 
maintained  that  the  ii'overnnient  in  its  views  with 
respect  to  Texas  was  «i^uided  hy  justice  and  jtateiiial 
regard;  hut  at  the  same  time  a  courier  was  despatched 
to  the  couunandant  at  Aniihuac,  informin*^'  him  tli.it 
a  sti'onif  force  would  shortly  he  sent  to  Texas.  1'I;c 
despatch  was  intercej)ted,"  and  its  contents  excited 
})ul)lic  feeling  to  a  hio-h  (K>gree. 

On  June  '2'2d  a  meetinji;-  of  the  war  party  was  hcM 
at  San  Felij)e.  The  news  of  \'iesca's  ca})ture  had 
lately  arrived,  and  it  was  j.roDosed  to  efl'ect  his  rescue 
and  ex2)el  the  Mexicans  from  Bejar.      This  bold  pio;'- 


'  Edinii-i/x'  ]lUt.    Ti 


l>:{,')-8,   '.'40:   '/'(■./■.  Cul.    l)o<:,   I'imu-t  Cnl.,  iios 


21,  'J8.  iiud  4'J,  MS.     KiKvarils,  jiajif  '.'liS.  stiiU's  tliat  Tciio 


wt'rt^  (ii'iiiTi'il 


to  1 


W  SCI' II  III  Sun 


I'll 


Mil'  as  Sdoli  as  v  iim 


Wiililil  let  llii'iii.'    TI 


wui'L!  woU  tivati'd  at  Sail  l'\'li[n!  and  asiistud  on  thtir  way  to  IJOjar,  tliuir  uiins 
bi'iii^  I'l'.stoi'cd  to  tlieiii.    Yonkitiii,  WXi,  '.\A\. 

"  '/'(,/•.  Vol.  Dor.,  Phiiirt  Col.,  now  S7,  38,  44,  and  I'.'-',  MS.;  Eilward",  'Jl''; 
FilUolii,  Mem.  IJist.  Uucrra  'fcj.,  ii.  1-7. 


WAR  TIIUKAIKNKI). 


1.-7 


ositlon  not  nuH'tinjif  with  tlio  favor  ot'tho  pciKv  i>iiity, 
iiiiotiUT,  iMjually  audacioUH,  was  made,     Kaiiioii   M  Uis- 
(liiiz,  tlio  t'X-vic'o-«r()vonu)i',  was  at  l^cjar,  ami  e\|)irs.M(l 
liiniscir  »ra«ly  t<»  act  as  ^owiiior  it' tlio  colonists  woiihl 
sustain  him.      It  wa.s  pioposi'd  to  tako  jiosscssion  of 
that  town  an<i   install   Miusqiiiz,  who  wa.s  to  appoint 
hind  coinniissiontTs  to  extend    tith  .s  to   the  .settleis. 
Several  nuinieijialitii-s  siippoited    these  views,   \»hile 
others  diMiouneed  the  proceed injj^s  of  the  nieetini''  as 
ti'iidiii<;   to   phin«jje   the   pi'ople    into   a   hopeless  civil 
war.'"      When  this  ri>voliitionai'V  step  hecanu>   known 
to(teneral   Cos,  he  i.ssued  a  pi'odaniation,  duly  oth, 
(leclariniT  that  the  inevitahle  conse(juences  (»f  tlu'  war, 
which  would  residt  from  any  attempt  to  disturh  the 
pultlic  pi-ace  in   favor  of  the  state  authorities  lately 
tlcpos(.'(l,  would  he  visited  upon  the  peisons  and  pidji- 
citv  of  the  (listurhers  of  traiKiuillitv.''     Ahout  the 
s.iine  time,  July  loth,  an  address  of  a  soothinin'  tenor 
ajipeared  from  Colonel  Cj^artechea,  then  in  command 
at  Hcjar  with  500  men."      L^jj^artechea  ])osse.s.sed  many 
H(t(»d  (pialities,  was  not  unpopular  anion^-  the  An^lo- 
Tcxans,  and  would  have  averted  the  coming'  storm. 
l\'eferi'iniL(  to  false  information  which  had  heen  sj>read, 
to  the  elK'ct  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  o-overn- 
incnt  to  send  troops  to  dispossess  the  colonists  of  their 
lands,  he  states  that  the  ohjc'ct  of  the  authoi's  of  the 
reports  was  no  other  than  "to  ])rospcr  hy  means  of  a 
Involution;"  antl  he  assures  the  settlers  that  "they 
lia\  e  nothing  to  fear  from  the  introduction  of  tr()oj)S  ; 
as  this  measure  would  liave  no  other  ohject  than  that 
of  placing  them  as  detachments  at  the  ports,  to  pre- 
vent  the  smuggling   trade  which   is  carried  on  with 
iinpunity  hy  adventurers,  and  likewise  to  pi'event  the 
incursions  of  the  Indians." ^'^ 

'-  Viyikinn,  i.  .I.W-tO;   Tex.  Col.  Do,:,  nos  18,  .11,  MS.,  and  no.  47,  print. 
"A/.,  no.  17,  MS.;  Kihninls,  24.'>. 

"  lit'  hail  l)L'i'ii  .sent  to  Bfjar  with  this  force  hy  Cos,  ostensibly  to  collect 
till'  rc'vcuuf,  Itiit  Tin'ull,  pago  '200,  is  in  error  in  stating  that  he  arrived  in  July. 

St'e   Ynak-iliil,  .S.'W. 

'■' rrochunation  m  Edwards,  2-4(>-7. 


1 1 


* !  ff'S 


I 


!      Ml  1 


vM 


'5' I 


Ml 

I 


1      ! 


i"  ! 


I  ^ 


tl 


158 


EVENTS  LEAI)IX(t  TO  TlIK   KKVOT.T  OF  TEXAS. 


Nor  can  it  be  denied  tliat  any  means  were  omitted 
by  tlie  war  party  to  fan  tlie  flame  of"  rebellion.  The 
majority  of  the  settlers  were  still  })eaeeably  inelined, 
and  would  have  remained  so  but  for  the  excltenu'iit 
aroused  by  iniianunatory  addresses  and  exagj^erated 
representations,  liaixl  to  eontrovert,  of  the  dire  eiunity 
of  the  government.  The  finger  of  warning  was  pointed 
to  tlu!  spectre  of  despotism  and  oppret-sion,  not  only 
by  their  own  countrymen,  but  by  promin^'iit  M(!xieans. 
Many  of  the  fugitive  authorities  fiom  Coahuila  were 
amonjjf  tliem:  Lonnizo  do  Zavala,  late  iif  )venior  of  the 
state  of  jMexieo,  had  fled  from  the  tyranny  of  Santa 
Anna  and  sought  ai\  asvlum  in  Texas:'*'  and  Vi>!sea, 
just  bef  )re  his  fall,  had  addressed  the  Te/ans  in  such 
words  as  these :  "  Citizens  of  Texas,  arouse  yourse.  ves, 
or  sleep  forever !  Your  dearest  interests,  your  liberty, 
your  property — nay,  your  very  existence— de[)end 
upon  the  fickle  will  of  your  direst  enemies.  Your  de- 
struction is  resolved  uj)t)n,  and  nothing  but  that  firm- 
ness and  energy  peculiar  to  true  republicans  can  save 
you."  ^'  The  war  l)arty  was  not  slow  t(>  take  advan- 
tage of  such  language  and  the  imprecision  it  made. 
Agitators  preached  about  liberty  and  patriotism,  op- 
pression and  ruin,  spreading  alarm  with  one  breatli, 
and  rousing  th.  s[)irit  ot  resistance  with  the  next. 
Now,  these  agitators    represented    outside  interests, 

"'Zavala  iirri veil  in  Toxas  early  in  July.  Huwas  born  in  Merida,  Yucatan, 
17S1,  v.-iiiTO  he  was  tilucatcd  iiThl  practiseil  as  a  physician  till  IS'iO,  wli.'a  hr 
was  (^Icctiil  (li'jiuty  to  the  Spanish  ciirtcs.  On  liis  return  he  was  first  lua  1  ■ 
deputy,  and  then  senator,  in  the  Mi^xican  congress.  In  March  1S"27  lie 
governor  of  tin    -tate  of   Mexico,  which  ollice   1  e  hcM  till   the  re\olntio 


ion  III 


ilapa  in  ]S',H),  wnich  forced  him  to  Icavt^  the  country.     In  18.'W  he  was  ai;aii 


elected  ti 


()  coniiress 


dal 


so  tiovtM'Uiir  o 


f  th- 
h 


state 


)f  Ml 


tlie  i 


uiuse  pass- 


ing a  nnannnons  resolution  perinittin 

was  appointed  inini-ter  to  France  in  the  ioUowing  year,  Imt  ri^sij,'ne(l  his  | 


to  hold  hdth   positions.      Z. 


tion  as  soon  as 
in  power  was 


s  he  perc.'ive<l  tlie  direction  toward   ci'iitrali.-'ii  winch 


th 


taking.      He  vas  too  liberal  a  ri'publican  and  too  honest  in 


J'arty 


Jirinciples  to  take  part  in  the  ovt^rtlirow  of  the  federal  constitution,     lit 


lis  country  faithfiilh 


)Ut  on  his  retireineii 


t  to  T. 


a  traitor  and  vagabond.     Zavala  wa^  the  autlior  of  tv 


exas  lie  was  stiginati/i 


d 


rks,  A 


/i,iin/i) 


/.'!s/„ 


riro  iti' lux  Ifcmliirioiiix  ifc  Mr.iico,  and    ViiuifU   lox  Extddox  Ciiii/ox,  mention  of 


which  has  been  mad 


n  another  volunic — //i.^f.  Mi:i\,  v.  HS,  tl 


lis  seru  ■(. 


fixed  to  the  latter  work  will  be  found  his  biography,  wr''*-  in  by  Jus  o  Sicrri 
of  Merida.     Zav.ila  ilicd  at  Lynchburg,  Texas,  >(0v.  1"),  1S3G. 
"  Edwards,  '2M. 


th( 

Sta 

aiK 

clas 

the 

ico- 

Am 

hctv 

tria 
fiivl 
tlie 
all    tj 
fai',  i 
ahjw 


PARTY  MEASURES. 


im 


tlio-^o  of  laml  speculators  in  the  north  of  the  United 
States,  and  those  of  the  slave-holders  in  the  soutli;'^ 
and  wlien  it  is  borne  in  mind  how  tenaeiously  hoth 
classes  pursued  their  ()l)jv"'t,  and  \\]-'t  powerful  allies 
they  had  in  their  work  of  wresting'  Texas  from  ^Tex- 
ico — the  antipathy  of  race,  the  contempt  of  the  Ant^'lo- 
American  for  the  Mexican,  ai;d  the  jarrinjj^  relations 
hctwcen  the  two  races  in  the  sec'd,  civic,  and  indus- 
trial phases  of  life — it  is  not  to  he  wondered  that  the 
fircl)rands  thrown  broadcast  !)y  tl^eir  agents  lighted 
the  blaze  of  rebellion.  And  so  it  was.  Before  long 
all  the  Colonists  deeply  com])romised  ther.>selves;  so 
far,  indeed,  that  the  only  alternative  was  war  or  an 
abject  sub'uission  to  an  offended  ])ower.  The  lil)erty- 
loviiiiT  Anixlo-Texans  were  not  likely  to  choose  the 
latter. 

The  war  party  naturally  expected  that  any  insub- 
ordinate act  would  be  regarded  by  the  government  in 
the  light  of  a  general  expression  of  feeling;  but  both 
thi*  j)eace  party  and  the  Mexican  commanders  rec- 
oijfnized  the  fact  that  if  a  revolt  occurred!  it  would 
be  more  the  result  of  operations  diret'ted  from  the 
United  States  than  actual  inclination  on  the  }»art  of 
the  mass  of  the  colonists.'^     Yet  the  loss  of  Texas, 

'*^The  reader  is  rof'T^.i  '  o  a  iiamplilot  of  .'V2  jiages,  eiititli5(l,  The  Orhi'm 
nitil  'I'mi'  <  'iii(Kc-'<  of  the  T'wim  J  rxiirrir/inii,  ('DuniKurid  in  tin'  Ymr  /,s'->'.7,  rcpuli- 
lislu'il  ill  I'liil.  in  183t".  from  tin;  I'liil.  Xntioinil  (I'n-j/t''.  The  autlmi',  vv'no 
writ-'s  iiiulcr  tlio  uoin  de  iiluini!  of  ('oliiiiihiis,  states  that  the  easy  ti^rms  o.i 
which  hinds  were  o:itailie<l  iu  Texas,  and  the  IiIkiuI  exeiinitioii  from  diitLis 
gra.ited  to  the  cohiiiists,  weve  ahnsed  and  niaihi  avail  of  as  a  means  of  smni,'- 
gliuH.  Many  foreigners  tooic  \i[)  hinds  exclusively  fur  the  piu'iiose  of  >*Hii|il  ,- 
iny  the  natives  with  eontrahand  goods.  When  the  time  ai^iripaelnd  for  thosi; 
who  hail  taki  n  np  large  grants  to  fullil  the  condition  of  colonizing  them  or 
gi\inj;  thi'in  tip,  great  eti'oits  were  mad  j  to  throw  any  kincl  of  i>oi>nlation  into 
the  ili.-itricts.  The  estalilishmeiit  of  an  indepemlent  "overnnieiit  for  Te\as 
WDidd  he  an  effectual  V\ay  of  leguli/ing  .dl  gr.ints,  ami  Htreiiiioiis  efforts  weriA 
niade  to  obtain  it.  When  this  failed,  the  colonist <,  feeling  themsidves  too 
Weak  to  conniete  with  the  power  of  the  repnhlic,  deelareil  f(n'  the  constitution 
if  ISl'4,  in  the  expectation  that  ("oahuila  and  this  contiuuons  states  woidd 
unite  with  them.  Tin,'  writer  goes  on  at  some  length  to  show  that  a  iiundur 
of  the  grievances  set  forth  in  the  Texan  deeliratioa  of  independenee  iliil  nufc 
exist,  liut  liis  main  ohiect  is  to  ]n(ive  that  the  reveU  was  not  so  intieli  tho 
deed  of  tho  actual  settlers  as  of  the  lasid  speculators  anil  slave  holders  in  tho 
U.S. 

'"(Icn.  Cos,  iu  a  letter  to  the  gef(^  iiolitico  of  the  clepartmetit  of  Naeog- 
doclies,  July  I'Jth,  attribute. 1  the  (Ustiiioa.ie.'s  in  T'exaa  to  the  acts  of  aliens 


'     \ 


)   'M 


100 


e\'i;>;t.s  li:ai;in(;  to  the  revolt  oi'  tex.-S. 


!: 


ft:  ' 


! 


f:!!j!-      I 


m 


Vll! 


i : 


alroady  forcshadowod,  was  feared  by  the  Mexican 
govermiient,  and  in  it->  anxiety  it  took  tlic  very  steps 
to  alienate  the  peace  [)arty  and  liasten  the  crisis. 

During  the  month  of  July  the  aj^itation  increased. 
Tiie  inhabitants  could  no  Ioniser  doubt  that  Santa 
Anna's  intention  was  to  establish  a  military  yoke  in 
Texas,  and  numerous  meetings  were  held,  both  of  a 
conciliatory  and  contniry  spirit.  Committees  of  safety 
were  organized  in  all  the  municipalities  during  this 
and  the  previous  month,  and  these  now  applied  tiicm- 
selvcs  with  ardor  to  the  discharge  of  their  duties. 
On  July  17th  representatives  from  the  jurisdictions 
of  Austin,  Columbia,  and  Mina  met  in  council  at  San 
Felipe  to  discuss  the  condition  of  affairs.'""  The  in- 
clination of  this  convention  was  pacific;  and  a  concili- 
atory l<'tt(!r,  denouncing  the  late  outrage  at  vViuihuac, 
was  addressed  to  Ugartechea;  but  at  the  same  time 
the  opinion  was  expressed  that,  if  troops  were  sent 
into  Texas  in  any  great  number,  a  union  of  all  parties 
would  be  the  ct)iise(|uence,  and  a  fierce  civil  war  fol- 
low. Very  different  Wfire  the  meetings  held  on  the 
l!)th  at  liio  Navidad  and  (jruadalupe  Victoria,  at 
whicli  warlike  resolutions  were  passed,  and  Santa 
Anna's  arbitrary  acts  condenmed."' 

Thus  at  this  time  the  balance  was  still  somewhat 
equally  i)oised;  but  the  scale  soon  turned.  When  the 
Mexican  authorities  heartl  of  Zavala's  arrival  in  Texas 
an  order  was  issued  for  his  arrest. ■^■"  But  it  was  not 
the  intention  of  the  authorities  to  stop  here :  they 

an  I  political  intrigants.  7V.r.  Col.  Dnc,  MS.,  no.  .%.  See  also  the  proda- 
luation  of  Wyliu  Martin,  tlio  political  chief  of  Brazos,  connscUing  niotleration 
ami  peace,   hi.,  no.  3"),  and  .lrrill<ti/<i  A'ico;).,  liS.S"),  r)74  ti. 

'^"Tlie  (Iclcgati^s  fj'oni  L'oluinliia  were  John  A.  Wiiarton,  James  F.  T'crry, 
Stirling  McNeil,  James  Knight,  ami  Josiah  H.  Bell;  from  Anstin:  A.  Somer- 
villi^,  Joim  R.  Jones,  Wylie  Martin,  Jesse  liartlett,  ami  ('.  H.  Stewart;  from 
Mina:  l).  V.  Barrett.  Wylie  Martin  was  chosen  president,  and  Stewart 
secretary.    Y(}iiki(iii,  i.  34(). 

'^ 'J'l.i:  Col.  Doc,  nos  10  and  17.  Tiiesc  resolutions  were  sent  to  the 
political  chief  of  Brazos. 

^H'ap.  Tenorio  presented  it  July  '24tli  to  Wylie  Martin,  political  cliief  of 
Brazos,  who  refused  to  comply  witli  it,  on  tlie  ground  that  having  received  no 
order  from  the  government,  his  civil  capacity  did  not  admit  of  his  doing  si\ 
Yoakum,  i,  344. 


wai 

tlie 
ing 
Ug{ 
the 


Cleni 

to  v: 

bein< 

for  t 

dciiia 

know: 

peace 

Event 

vated 


Jh. — 


COS-  PROCEEDINGS. 


wanted  also  to  Uv  +i.  •    i.      ,  ^^^ 

tl.o  hostile  part;:Ld  ™  fct  wT  'j'V"f"''>"^^  "f 
i"K  part   i„  the  affair  •>*   A^T      '"""  '"'"•'•'  «  leacl- 
Ugartochea  issued  a  ^„ ,  i  ^"'"''""'c-     On  July  y , ,. 

the  munieipaiitic.  ,rStoTvV'V''" '''-^''- ' 
persons  of  Joln.son,  Wiufanison  'i^v  •  *  t-'^''"-"  "'e 
Baker;  .,t  the  „an,o  thneZZ'lT'^^'^''''"'''- '"«' 
eient  foree  to  efteet  tlieir  raotunWf  ,,'"'  *"  ■'*'""'  «  «"*- 
to  e;:ecute  the  order.  Yet  M  tl  'rf  '*™'-«  «'i'ed 
.<e>"g  spread  of  the  doparturt^  th"^  ''"' '  ^l"^  "  '■ef'Tt 
"'■  tlie  United  States,'  the  m-,  P^'f 'I'd  persons 

;l™.and  for  the  arres    of  J:"?*:  T'^f    .  ^l/en  tin's 
f ""«n,  a  fkr  n.ore  bittt.r  fe'eC"«       f'T'"  ''ee^'^e 
peace  party,  and  the  war  party  |,    T  <'e™'"J'ed  in  the 
Events  were  oecurrin..  at  40.1^  "'"'"ff'^-'-eenforeed. 
vated  the  spirit  „f  war.       '^"•"'"='«-  too,  ivhich  aggra- 

When  Cos  became  aware  of  T„„    •  . 
t  lat  port,  he  sent  thithir  in  tJT'"'  '"""^'°"  f""« 
<^apfc.n,  Thompson,  to  fr.  "ef  t fe       "'''"""^■'-  «'^<^<'. 
«Mi  ;vas  somewhat  of  t  at  l.„         ™""''"-     "nnnp- 
;';l"eh  Galveston  Bay  had  nreWon"  l"?""*-'  "*•■""!'  >'- 
"-  >"an,  object  was  to  nrnt^a  ;  ^t^  r" '^'""»».  and 
I'e  proceeded  in  a  high-handeV  l*"'"'-       Accordingly, 
"'  o'dors.     He  buTlied  the  /?'""■'■■•  '*'"'  "'  violati.m 
A.rfhuac,  threatened  S^hu™  tj!™"  "'"'    t'''""™  at 
'fl'tured  the  American  S  7  "     *"'  "'"'  "'  August 
lexan  trade.     Such  arti  nl,,!!!"'?''  ""^"^'^'^  "'the 
«;tt!ers.     He  now  kei,tT^h  •''  e^a-sperated  the 

(;''.«.;«  Captain  11^^0  30  ,";"'«*  '"'  ''"^  '^  « 

"-"'- evening  t:-:,?;viit:r:i-- 

.    ,He  WM  an   En(/l.«I,^„..  ...    .  "^ 


i) 


,.  ,     >  "iikmn,   .  35(j  „.„/:  ,.,,,.  •^      •  '.  "J.     MiIi.h  wiw  one 


1.1 .:. 

I  ..Hi 


'■'.n 


i        ? 

'  ,1, 

'■        :^        'I 


I  :! 


162  EVENTS  LEADING  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 

fired  into  the  San  Felipe.  An  engagement  followed, 
which  lasted  for  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  when 
Thonij)Son  drew  off.  In  the  morning  the  San  Felipe, 
taken  in  tow  l)y  a  small  steamboat,  the  Laura,  went  in 
pursuit  of  the  Correo,  which  was  almost  hecahned 
about  six  miles  off.  The  Mexican  captain  suneiidcrcd 
without  further  fiu'htinjjf.  The  vessel  was  sent  to  New 
Orleans,  where  Thompson  was  tried  for  piracy.'"' 

At  the  convention  held  at  San  Felipe,  July  17tli, 
Wharton  had  proposed  to  call  a  general  council  of  the 
people  of  Texas;  but  the  motion  had  been  voted  down, 
inasmuch  as  such  a  step  could  not  fail  to  l)e  regai-ded 
by  the  Mexican  government  in  a  rebellious  light.  ( )n 
August  loth  a  ufreat  meetinijf  was  held  at  the  town  oi" 
Columbia, and  a  connnittee  of  fifteen  })ersons  aj)})ointed 
to  prepare  an  address  to  all  the  municipalities  of  Texas, 
urging  them  to  cooperate  in  the  call  for  a  consultation 
of  all  Texas.  The  address  was  drawn  u[)  and  sent  to 
every  jurisdiction.  It  requested  that  each  (me  would 
elect  live  delegates,  and  that  the  consultation  should 
convene  October  loth  at  the  town  of  Wasliingtoii, 
situated  on  the  Brazos  River  some  miles  above  San 
Felipe.     But  stirring  events  occurred  before  that  date. 

Early  in  September  Austin,  .so  long  absent  from 
the  colonies,  returned  to  find  them,  as  he  describes  it, 
"all  disorii'anized,  all  in  anarchv,  and  threatened  with 
innnediate  hostilities.'""*'  He  had  been  released  through 
the  intervention  of  Santa  Anna,"^  who,  after  his  vic- 

'■'^Tlus  accimiit  of  the  affair  between  the  Sun  Felipe  and  the  Correo  is 
mainly  ilerivud  from  J'<]>orf  of  (he  TrhUof  T/w/ikik  M.  T/iovipxoiiyJhr  a  Pirnii' 
enl  Altiiek  ii]ioii  /.lie  A iiieririni  Sr/iooiier  Sun.  Felipe.  By  John  Wiiitlimi),  A.  M., 
counsi'llur  at  law.  N.  Orkaii.s,  IS.'JiJ.  8vo,  pp.  44.  The  jury  could  not  agrtu, 
and  Tliompsou  was  remanded  to  prison,  but  finally  releasecl.  He  liad  lii'cu 
in  till'  Mexican  service  some  years.  Hd wards,  pages  '248-1),  states  that  'rhoiiip- 
Hon  was  sent  to  N.  0.  as  a  pirate,  because  he  could  show  no  document  to  su[i- 
port  the  oliicial  ehaivietei'  he  i>ad  assumed.  He  certainly  \^as  unalilc  to 
produce  his  commission  at  tlie  trial,  tliough  he  was  sustained  by  his  goNcrn- 
II  lent. 

•"'  See  hi.s  speech  in  Foofe'x  Te.r. ,  ii,  CO. 

■  After  l)eing  liberated  from  pri.son  under  bonils,  amnesty  wa.'i  granted  him, 
and  he  was  allowed  to  return  to  Texas  through  the  friendship  of  Santa  Aniiiu 


AUSTIN'S  SPEECH. 


163 


tory  over  the  Zacatecaiios,  had  returnofl  to  Moxioo, 
ami  v.'ho  doubtless  beheved  that  Austin  would  be  in- 
strumental in  restoring  order  in  Texas.  On  Septem- 
ber 8th  lie  was  entertained  at  a  public  dinner  i^iven 
ill  his  Jionor  at  I^Tazoria,  where  a  (jfieat  concourse  of 
settlers  liad  conorei'.ited  to  sjfreet  liim.  On  tliis  occn- 
sion  lie  deliNi'red  a  ,s[)eech  to  a  lai'^v  assembly,-''  ex- 
[ilaining  his  conduct  while  in  Mexico,  an<l  (bseussing 
the  ])osition  of  Texas.  He  recognized  the  critical 
state  of  atl'airs,  and  the  almost  ini;vitable  result. 
While  informing  his  hearers  tiiat  the  fedei'al  constitu- 
tion would  bo  overthrown  and  a  central  govermneiit 
established,  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to  relate  the 
friendly  messages  of  Santa  Anna,  his  wish.es  for  the 
])rosj)erity  of  Texas,  and  his  intention  to  use  his  in- 
ihieiico  to  give  to  its  people  a  special  organization 
suited  to  tlieir  education,  habits,  and  situation.  Aus- 
tin liad  advised  tlie  president  n«>t  to  send  troops  to 
Texas,  expressing  his  decided  opinion  that  war  would 
he  the  inevitable  consequence,  and  concluded  his  speech 
\\ith  those  words  :  "The  crisis  is  such  as  to  bring  it 
home  to  the  judgment  t)f  every  uian  that  something 
must  be  done,  and  that  without  delay.  The  question 
will  perhaps  be  asked.  What  are  we  to  do  ?  I  ha\'e 
already  indicated  my  opinion.  I^et  all  })ersonalities, 
or  divisions,  or  excitements,  (jr  ])assion,  or  violence,  be 
hanished  from  among  us.  Let  there  be  a  general 
<  oiisultation  of  the  people  of  Texas  as  speedily  as 
possible,  to  be  convened  of  the  best,  and  most  calm, 
and  intelligent,  and  firm  men  in  tlu*  country,  and  let 
them  decide  what  representation  ought  to  be  made  to 
the  general  government,  and  what  ouglit  to  be  done 
ill  the  future."  He  then  gave  tliis  toast :  '*  The  con- 
stitutional rights  and  the  security  and  peace  of  Texas 


4 

i      I 
I 


I 


1     iff 


■'Ml 


TriDid,  Trj.  1/  E-itnil.  Uitiil.,  l'^^.  Filisiil.i,  t(t  sii]).,  ii.  140-1,  stati;s  that  Aus- 
tin I'liiliarkeil  at  X'ora  Cniz,  prncuiMlcil  to  Nuw  Orleans,  aii.i  tliero  provnlccl 
liiiiiNclf  with  »rtn»  ami  iiiunitious  of  w  ar,  with  which  ho  returned  to  Texas  in 
^uptfiiihiT. 

-'"  FiHpfrt  ^ays,  ii,  tW),  more  than  a  thousand  Anglo- Americans  listened  to  him 
for  iieiu'l^  iin  hour  with  unbroken  delight. 


164 


EVENTS  LEADING  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


I  .  ij 


•m:  '     I  f 


lil  .' 


m-  \ 


i  ^' 

mf    •       :         '     '■' 

1  ^  ^    i' 

Im'    '             ' 

j 

1   :            • 

f.        ! 

;    ' 

^  1     !■ 

i 

— tlioy  ought  to  bo  maintained  ;  and,  joopardizod  as 
they  now  are,  tliey  demand  a  general  consultation  of 
tlu^  peo}»le."'"'  It  is  evident  that  Austin  regarded  the 
jD'oseivation  of  j)ea('e  as  hardly  i)ossil)le,  and  anxiously 
though  ho  hoped  for  it,  and  deeply  distressed  though 
ho  was  at  the  critical  situation  of  his  colony,  he  would 
not  see  the  settlers'  rights  invaded  or  their  future 
welfare  imj)crilled  without  a  struggle.  The  ett'ect  of 
his  discourse  was  beneficial.  The  liigh  opinion  in 
which  he  was  held  caused  his  views  to  be  generally 
adopted,  and  henceforth  more  harmony  of  spirit  and 
unity  of  pur|)ose  prevailed  among  the  colonists. 

Indeed,  at  this  time  war  was  no  longer  doubtful. 
In  the  latter  j)ai't  of  August  a  furtlier  demand  had 
been  made  f.-i'  tiie  surrender  of  Zavala  and  the  pro- 
scribed settlers,*'  the  list  of  the  latter  being  greatly 
enlarged,^Wmd  positive  information  had  been  received 
that  Cos,  with  a  large  reinforcement,  was  on  his  march 
to  Bejar,  with  the  intention  of  breaking  up  the  foreign 
settlements  in  Texas.  Preparations  for  the  impend- 
ing struggle  were  at  once  commenced.  Austin,  who 
had  been  a})])ointed  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
safety  of  the  jurisdiction  which  bore  his  name,  issued 
a  circular,^'^  Se[)tember  IDth,  in  which  that  cimimitteo 
recommended  that  the  peoi)le  should  insist  on  theii' 
rights  under  the  federal  constitution  of  1824,  and  that 
ever}'  district  should  send  mend)ers  to  the  general 
consultation,  with  full  powers  to  do  whatever  might 
be  necessary  for  the  good  of  the  country,  organize  its 

'*See  copy  of  speech  in  Foofe,  ii.  (jO-(w,  and  in  Kenned;/,  ii.  97-102. 

'"  Letter  of  Uyartucliea  to  E<lwar(l  Orittou,  dated  August  17th,  in  Tr.r. 
Col.  Doc,  no.  14. 

"  Yoakum  sui)[)licis  a  copy  ni  Spanish  of  Ugartocliea's  list.  The  nanu'^ 
appearing  in  it  are  John.-ion,  Williamson,  Travis,  Williams,  IJaker,  .John  11. 
Moore,  J.  .Mc( 'arvajal,  and  .fiiim  Zainl)rano,  besides  those  who  opened  t\w 
ot!'  .al  correspondence,  the  names  of  whom  are  not  given,  /ii/it.  Te.r.,  i.  IttiO. 
The  list  hears  the  date  of  Sept.  3,  IS.So. 

'-'At  San  Felipe  there  was  a  printing-press  whidi  greatly  facilitated  the 
rapid  and  extensive  cirenlation  of  addresses  to  the  colonists  The  Texas  Tele- 
iji-fjih,  the  first  permanent  ni'Wspaper  in  Texas,  and  devoted  to  the  revolu- 
tionary cause,  as  it  was  consiilered,  hegan  to  he  puhlislied  weekly  at  San 
l''eli[)e;  the  editors  were  (iad  Borden  and  Mos<'ly  Baker.  Foole,  ii.  (ili  7; 
T/iniH,  iHl'J.  Ivhvards  states  that  the  public  press  was  in  Brazoria,  the  only 
one  then  in  Texas.  Jii-it.   'l\.i .,  '1\K).     Baker  was  one  of  the  proscribed. 


milit 

tee  c 

tliat 

at  Bi 

Then 

rig]  its 

'Til, 

Avere  , 

and  a 

teiitio: 

hut  a 

uninte 

500  m< 

he  ar-ri 

tlie  oti 

Cos 

deiiuuK 

been  gj 

on  the  ( 

defence 

P'y,  and 

heen  im 

and  plui 

inittee  o 

<»nly  inn 

tion  of  • 

t^'t»iiimitt( 

As  s()( 

liver  up  i 

<'isco    Ca 

troops,  tc 

^I'e  West 

tliat  the 

been  reuK 


^ 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  WAR. 


166 


militia,  and  raise  volunteer  companies.  The  commit- 
tee concluded  by  stating  that  it  was  their  duty  to  say 
that  conciliatory  measures  witli  Cos  and  the  military 
at  Bejar  were  hopeless.  "War  is  our  only  resource. 
There  is  no  other  remedy.  We  must  defend  our 
rigiits,  ourselves,  and  our  country  by  force  of  arms." 

The  country  was  now  all  astir ;  committees  of  safety 
were  active ;  volunteers  hastened  to  enroll  themselves ; 
and  a  marked  enthusiasm  displayed  itself.  The  in- 
tention was  to  oppose  the  entrance  of  Cos  into  Texas; 
hut  a  diversion  occurred  which  left  his  movements 
uninterrupted;  and  having  landed  at  Matagorda  with 
,^)00  men,  he  proceeded  to  La  Bahia,  or  Goliad,  where 
ho  arrived  October  2d,  and  continuing  his  march  on 
the  5th,  reached  Bejar  on  the  9th.^^ 

Cos  was  allowed  free  passage  to  Bejar,  owing  to  a 
di-niand  made  by  Ugartechea  for  a  cannon  which  had 
been  given  four  years  beibre  to  the  town  of  Gonzalez, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  (xuadalupe,  for  the  purpose  of 
defence  against  Indians.  The  alcalde  refused  to  com- 
ply, and  the  inhabitants,  satisfied  that  the  demand  had 
been  made  only  to  get  a  pretext  to  attack  the  place 
and  plunder  the  district,  made  application  to  the  com- 
iiiittee  of  safetv  at  Mina  for  assistance.  This  was  not 
oisly  innnediately  responded  to,  but  the  communica- 
tinu  of  the  j.eople  of  Gonzalez  was  also  sent  to  the 
connnittee  at  San  Felipe.'''* 

As  soon  as  Ugartechea  received  tlie  refusal  to  de- 
liver up  the  cannon,  he  despatched  Lieutenant  Fran- 
cisi'o  Castaneda,  with  about  100^^  of  the  presidial 
trtH)})8,  to  take  possession  of  it.  Having  arrived  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Guadalupe  Castaneda,  fintling 
that  the  ferry-boat  and  every  means  of  crossing  had 
been  removed  to  the  other  side,  encamped  about  half 


'3f  i( 

SI!  If 

■  if  r 

f  t 

iifeMisK 

jtiwi. 

Uiiiliffi 

HI 

Mil 

!  I 


41 


1! 


I  S 


\<t 


!        i 


1-  <1 


^^Filkoln,  iitmip.,  ii.  144-5,  IT)!,  loO. 

='  ( 'oiisult  Auatm'a  letter  of  Sept.  'iltth,  in  Foote,  ii.  00-70. 

^'  Kilisola,  ii.  145,  uays  80,  Aiiglo-Texaii  accounts  exaggerate  the  nunilier 
of  tlic  'ixieans,  Macomb  placing  it  at  '2W.  Foofc,  ii.  1)8.  Kenneiiy,  ii.  I(t7, 
givt's  tiic  oanie  nunil)er.  Yoakum  i-s  moii  impartial,  and  states  that  tkf  Mexi- 
can forco  was  100  cavalry,  i.  IlOl.     Thrall,  p.  207,  says  'with  about  150  men.' 


HI  11  )l 

IMI8  1      >  if 

Ml]  1 '  ;  ' 

lUli'    i^ 

■ih  P 

1  rJ'-^ 

iii' 

II"  I 


ll  : 


i     I,  I 


166 


EVENTS  LEADINd  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


a  mile  from  tlie  ferry.  This  was  on  Septeiiiher  29th. 
Moantimo  vohuitecrs  from  tho  Ct)l<)rado  and  Braz(».s 
rivers  were  hastening  to  the  point  of  danger,  and  hy 
October  1st  numbered  l()8  men,  50  of  wliom  were 
mounted.  They  now  decided  to  attack  the  enemv, 
who  ]ia<l  moved  liis  camj)  about  si.\  miles  away ;  and 
havinu"  on>'aiiized,  Jolin  H.  Moore  beinjif  elected  colo- 
nel,  and  J.  W.  E.  Wallac'e  lieutenant-colonel,  cro.;sed 
the  (iruadalupe  that  evening,  taking  with  them  the 
disputetl  piece,  a  brass  si.\-])oun(Ier.  Having  formed 
line,  thev  silentlv  connnen<-ed  tlieir  march  about  eleven 
o'clock,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  enemy 
next  day. 

Day  broke  with  a  dense  fog,  under  cover  of  whicli 
the  Texans  ladvanced  to  within  350  yards  of  the 
enemy.  The  Texan  scouts,  having  approached,  deliv- 
ered tlieir  fire  and  fell  back,  pursued  by  a  small  body 
of  Mexicans.  Fire  was  now  opened  with  the  six- 
])oundei',  whereui)on  Castaheda  sounded  a  pai'ley.  A 
confei'ence  took  place,  but  no  adjustment  was  arrived 
at.  The  Texans  would  not  deliver  up  the  piece,  nor 
would  Casteheda  surrender.  He  was  evidently  pro- 
crastinating in  tbe  expectation  of  reenforcements. 
When  the  leaders  retired  to  their  res})ective  lines,  the 
Texans  fired  their  gun,  which  was  loaded  with  grape, 
and  charged;  upon  which  the  Mexicans  ignominiously 
fied,  and  iiurr'ied  at  full  speed  to  Bejar,  the  Texans 
returning  to  (:lonzalez.''*' 

In  this  trivial  engagement  the  Mexicans  lost  a  few 
men,  wliile  tlie  Texans  had  not  a  single  man  killed: 
but  insignificant  thougli  it  was  in  the  matter  of  blood 
shed,  it  was  to  the  Anglo-Texans  what  the  affair  at 
Lexington  was  to  the  American  colonists. 

^''Consult  till;  account  nivcn  ]>y  '  an  olil  soldier,'  who  was  personally  |iri  s- 
ent  ill  7V.r.  Aim.,  lS(il,  (iO  '2;  Macomb's  account  in  Foolr,  ii.  i)!S-10'J;  h'l'iiiiri/i/. 
ii.  K*;")-!!;  Yodhnii,  i.  ;}(il  4;  Filisola,  ii.  145  (i.  Tliis  last  author  stigiuati/.'S 
('a.stafu;ila"s  conduct.  He  says,  '  rcjfri.sd  a  Bcjar  tray  eniio  consigo  una  Diaii- 
clia  <|ni!  laliar,  una  nucva  ofciisa  a  In.-:  arnias  nacionalcs  (juo  vengar,  y  un 
crimen  ((iie  jierseguir  y  escarmentai',  .  .cii  vez  <lc  halter  vuelto  con  el  cafieii. 
Linn  states  that  Castaucda  had  only  '.'5  viilii,  and  that  not  a  man  was  kill' d 
on  cither  side'  Jiciiihiiii.  Tix.,  107-S. 


COMMITTEES   FORMED. 


167 


The  (lie  was  cast;  tliorc  was  no  loiiijfcr  room  for 
licsitation;  all  must  now  be  up  ami  doinj;',  for  all 
would  1)0  held  to  account.  To  the  fjirthest  settlements 
news  of  the  afl'air  at  (ionzalez  was  speedily  borne, 
awakeninijf  a  warlike  enthusiasm.  The  ayuntamiento 
of  Xacoo'doches  had  already,  Septend)er  iHh,  j)asscd  a 
resolution  to  obey  no  orders  but  those  emanatinijf  from 
tlie  h'jj^itimate  authorities  of  the  state ;  and  on  the  2  I  st 
of  the  same  month  a  great  public  meeting  had  been 
held  on  the  nnid  between  the  Xeches  anil  Trinity 
livers,  at  which  changes  in  tlu^  Mexican  constitution 
had  been  vehemently  denounced.  Thus  the  [)eo[)le  of 
that  department  were  not  disposed  to  lag  behind  in 
tlie  coming  contest.  On  October  10th  the  committee 
of  sai'ety  of  the  town  of  Nacogdoches  called  on  the 
ayuntamiento  to  adopt  at  once  an  active  coui'se,"*'  and 
pi'ivate  individuals  dis[)layed  their  earnestness  in  the 
cause  by  pecuniary  contributions.*'*'  At  San  Augus- 
tine a  s[)irited  meeting  was  held  Oct()l)er  5th,  and  a 
(•iinij)any  of  volunteers  raised  then  and  there  to  march 
to  the  south-west.  Sam  Houston,  Thomas  Jefferson 
Kusk,''^  and  the  proscribed  Johnson  were  }»resL'nt,  and 
hastened  without  loss  of  time  to  the  scene  of  action. 
Zavala  also  left  his  retreat  on  the  San  Jacinto^"  and 


'"  T,:.:  Col  Dor.,  MS.,  nos  24,  30,  41. 

^•■A.  Mi'LiuiLjliliu  &  Ill-OS  giivo  tilt:  committee  of  safety  $.500,  Oct.  lltli. 
A/.,  MS.,  no.  LH). 

''Kiisk  wiw  born  l>ec.  ."),  ISO;?,  in  Soiitli  Cai'oliiia,  liis  fatlur  luiiij,'  an  eiiii- 
fjraiit  from  Irelainl,  and  follow  iiig  tlic  occiiiiation  of  a  .stoiie-iiia.soii.  Tliiduj,'h 
tlic  interest  of  John  ('.  C'allioun,  on  whose  land  the  family  lived,  yoiiiij.'  KiiBk 
was  placed  in  the  otiicc  of  William  Orishani,  clerk  for  I'eiidletou  district, 
\vlu:re  he  made  himself  familiar  with  the  law,  to  the  practice  of  wliicli  hi;  wa.s 
soon  ailmitted.  He  afterward  reiiiove<l  to  Clarksville,  (leoriiia,  where  hi; 
niairii'd  the  ilaughter  of  (Jen.  Cleveland.  Here  he  ohtaiiied  a  lucrative  prac- 
tice, hut  niifortnnately  enjiaging  in  minim;  speculations,  w.is  swindled  out  of 
iieaily  all  his  earnings.  The  agents  of  the  coini)any  in  whose  stock  he  had 
invested  absconded,  and  he  pursuecl  some  of  them  t<i  'i'e.xas.  He  overtook 
tlii'iu  West  of  the  Sibine,  only  to  tiiid  tliat  tliey  had  squandereil  and  gambliMl 
away  his  money.  This  was  in  l.s;{4.  Rusk  proceeded  to  Nacogiloches.  where 
lie  located  himself,  being  determined  to  in.ike  Tixas  his  home.  At  the  meet- 
iui;  mentioned  in  the  text  he  delivered  an  eloipieiit  addriJSH  to  tlie  people,  ap- 
pealing to  their  [latriotisni,  and  volunteered  to  be  one  of  a  company  to  march 
at  nnco  to  the  seat  of  war.    Tcr.  Mm.    IS.'iS,  lO,");    TliroU''<  HiM.  7V./.,  (i07. 

"Zavala  possessed  a  grant  of  lahd  in  Tex;is — consult  Austin's  map — 
and  had  taken  \x]t  hid  residence  (Ui  the  Suu  Jaciuto  River. 


if: 


tti-it 


Ml" 
1    '.ft 


1 1, 


)|  tf!:;i 


WW 

ml 


i  m 


'    I! 


ili 

f  r  i; 


* 


168 


EVENTS  LEADING  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


repaired  to  San  Felipe,  where  ho  was  warmly  received 
by  Austin." 

In  a  circular  addressed  by  Austin,  October  4th, 
to  the  connnittees  of  safety  of  Nacogdoches  and  San 
Augustine,  it  is  boldly  pn)clainied  that  war  was  de- 
clared against  military  despotism,  and  that  one  com- 
mon purpose  animated  every  one  in  the  department 
of  Brazos;  namely,  to  take  Bejar  and  drive  the  Mex- 
ican troops  from  Texas,  On  the  8th  a  general  appeal 
was  issued  by  him  and  distributed  broadcast  through 
the  land,  calling  for  volunteers,  and  appointing  (Um- 
zalez  as  the  present  headquarters  of  the  army  of  the 
people/"  Nor  were  these  appeals  slowly  responded 
to.  The  people  were  aroused,  and  in  a  few  days  such 
numbers  of  volunteers  flocked  to  Gonzalez  that  Ugar- 
techea,  who  after  Castaneda's  disgrace  had  pnjpared 
to  march  against  the  rebels  with  500  men  of  all  arms, 
desisted  from  his  purpose.  There  were  more  men, 
indeed,  than  arms.  A  leader  was  required  for  the 
assembled  forces,  and  the  wishes  of  all  pointed  to 
Austin.  In  order,  therefore,  to  relieve  him  from  his 
position  at  San  Felipe,  a  permanent  council,  composed 
of  one  member  from  each  committee,  was  appointed, 
R.  H.  Koyall  being  elected  president.  Austin  no^v 
proceeded  to  Gonzalez,  where  he  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief On  October  13th  the  army,  about 
350  strong,"  commenced  its  march,  and  advancing 
to  the  San  Antonio  River,  took  up  a  temporary  posi- 
tion about  eight  miles  below  the  town.  Here  Austin 
waited  for  reenforcements. 

While  these  movements  were  being  made,  a  bold 

♦'Austin's  circular  of  Oct.  4,  183.5,  in  Foote,  ii.  84. 

*'^/il.,  ii.  84-90;  Tex.  Col.  JJoc.,  Print,  no.  59. 

♦^  The  intention  had  been  to  march  again  at  B6jar  with  500  men,  but  a 
datachment  under  captains  Benjamin  Fort  Smith  and  Allen  had  been  sent  to 
protect  Victoria  on  the  Guadalupe,  where  a  body  of  Mexicans  had  been  com- 
mitting acts  of  violence.  Foote,  ii.  108-11.  Austin  wrote  to  the  committee  of 
safety  at  San  Felipe,  Oct.  11th,  urging  it  to  press  on  volunteers,  begging  tlieiii 
'  to  hurry  on  by  forced  marches,  and  not  to  stay  for  caunou  or  for  anything  ' 
Id.,  ii.  119. 


CAPTURE  OF  OOLIAD 


169 


(It'sijjjn  to  capture  Goliad  was  sueeeHsfully  carried  out 
bv  (  ajttaiu  Goorge  Collingsworth.  With  about  forty 
plaiitcis  tVoin  the  neighborhood  of  Matagt)r(la  and  the 
hanks  of  the  Caney,  he  had  gone  in  pursuit  of  the 
.Mtxicans  marauding  at  Victoria,  and  deterniined  to 
attiinpt  the  capture  of  Goliad.  The  company  arrived 
below  the  town  at  midniglit  on  the  9th  of  October, 
and  sent  two  or  three  of  their  number  to  reconnoitre 
tlu"  j)lace.  While  these  scouts  were  thus  engaged 
Colonel  Milam  was  discovered  in  a  thicket  by  a 
party  who  had  got  separated  from  their  comrades. 
The  way\vt)rn  man,  after  his  escape  from  prison  at 
Monterey,  had  made  his  way  alon(?  through  the 
country,  riding  night  and  day  to  reach  Texas.  He 
heartily  volunteered  to  assist  in  the  enterprise. 
AN'hen  all  were  reunited,  their  number,  including 
]\Iilani  and  one  or  two  others  who  had  joined  them, 
was  forty-eight.  Guided  by  settlers  acquainted  with 
the  town,  they  attacked  the  quarters  of  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Sandoval.  The  sentinel  discharged  his  piece, 
and  was  instantly  struck  dead  with  a  ritie-ball.  The 
door  was  battered  in  with  axes,  and  Sandoval  taken 
{)i  isoner.  The  garrison,  summoned  to  surrender,  laid 
down  its  arms  after  a  slight  resistance.  One  Mexican 
soldier  was  killed  and  three  wounded.  The  Texans 
had  one  man  slightly  wounded.  This  was  an  impor- 
tant capture,  $10,000,  two  pieces  of  artillery,  and  300 
stands  of  aru^s  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  victors. 


44 


Preliminary  meetings  of  some  of  the  members  of 
tlie  consultation  had  been  held  at  San  Felipe  and 
Washington,  and  on  October  IGth  thirty-two  members 
assembled  at  the  former  place.  As  this  number  did 
not  form  a  quorum,  the  consultation  was  adjourned 
till  November  1st,  and  a  letter  having  been  received 
fre  ii  Austin,  inviting  the  members  to  assist  person- 
ally in  the  capture  of  Bejar,  a  large  portion  of  them 
repaired  to  the  army.     It  was,  however,  necessary  to 

"/(/.,  ii.  112-18;  Kennedy,  ii.  117;  Yoakum,  i.  368-9 


% 


'      Hi 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IIM    12.5 


1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


d 


^ 


\ 


\\ 


^^% 


^. 


A' 


O^ 


'<>''' ^^u 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


vl% 


2'^ 


170 


P:VENTS  leading  to  the  revolt  op  TEXAS. 


H'Y! 


organize  a  govcniiiient,  as  well  as  provide  ways  and 
means  for  carrying  on  the  Avar;  and  after  sonus  delib- 
eration tliev  returned  to  San  Felii)e  to  take  their 
places  in  the  coming  consultation. 

There  was  no  longer  any  want  of  unanimity  amonL( 
the  cohinists.  Even  the  jurisdiction  of  liherty,  op- 
})osed  though  it  was  to  a  rupture  with  Mexico,*' and 
the  last  to  cast  peace  aside,  on  the  news  of  the  fall  of 
Goliad  joined  the  revolution  with  a  corresponding 
firmness,  and  sent  assistance  to  the  army.  Every- 
where tlie  committees  of  safety  were  tireless  in  theii- 
exertions  to  send  men  and  provisions  to  the  front,  and 
raise  subscrii)tion8.  At  Nacogdoches  and  San  Au- 
gustine, the  committees,  aided  by  the  central  council, 
took  measures  to  conciliate  the  civilized  Indians,  wii(» 
were  in  no  amiable  mood  on  account  of  the  nciilect 
with  which  their  claims  had  been  treated,  A  depu- 
tation was  sent  to  c(mfer  with  them,  and  arrangements 
made  that  they  should  have  a  representative  at  the 
consultatiini.  To  keep  the  wild  trilu-s  in  check, 
njounted  rangers  were  sent  to  the  confines  of  the 
disti'icts  which  they  occupied,  Sam  Tfouston  was  a|)- 
jxmited  to  command  the  eastern  .iiteers.  As  re- 
ceivers of  contributions  and  publit  i  »neys,  committees 
were  apjiointed  by  the  central  council;  J,  L,  Mood, 
Jacob  (iarrett,  and  Peter  J,  Menard  composed  tiwit 
for  the  jurisdictions  of  the  department  of  Naeog<i<)- 
ches,  and  R,  R.  Royall  and  Gail  Borden  that  for  other 
jurisdictions.  Appeals,  too,  were  made  to  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  and  not  in  vain.  On  October 
7th  a  public  meeting  had  already  been  held  at  Xatciii- 
toclies,  at  whiirh  the  warmest  syjnpathy  was  t!X[»resse(l, 
and  a  resolution  enthusiastically  carried  tosui)port  tlio 
j)eople  of  TexavS,*"     This  friendly  disposition  was  dis- 

f)layed  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,     In  New  Or- 
eans  two  companies  were  quickly  fonned,  tiie  (irays, 

•''Soe  the  aiMrt'Ns  of  tlie  coinmittt'f-  of  siift'ty  of  Oot  24,  183;'),  in  T<.i\  Aim., 
18(»S,  ,T.I-4<).  Till'  ilocunieiit  is  Hi^fiiud  liy  Edward  Tanner,  havid  O.  HiuiK'i.t, 
William  Hardin,  Jtjsae  Devone,  H.  M.  Spinkti,  and  Henry  W.  Farley. 

*"Tcx.  Col.  Doc.,  MS.,  uo.  U. 


LAND  FRAUDS. 


171 


one  of  which  left  October  17th  by  way  of  Xatchito- 
clics,  and  the  other  on  the  19th  by  the  gulf  route. 

It  was  not  until  November  rjd  tliat  the  general 
consultation  assenibled.  Hitherto  the  council,  coni- 
jioscd  of  one  member  from  each  committee,  liad  acted 
and  been  recognized  as  a  temporary  kind  of  govern- 
ment. An  important  measure  taken  by  this  council 
was  one  touchinj;  the  extension  of  land  titles.  Uijar- 
tcchea  had  addressed,  September  3d,  an  order  to 
tiie  political  chief  at  Nacogdoches  to  suspend  tlie 
iuiictions  of  the  land  connnissioner,  so  that  no  more 
titles  should  be  granted  till  the  receipt  of  instructions 
from  the  supreme  government.  The  committee  of 
safety,  however,  decided  that  Ugartechea  had  no  con- 
tiol  over  the  civil  authorities,  and  his  order  was  disre- 
garded. Unfortunately,  this  action  afforded  opportu- 
nity for  the  perpetration  of  outrageous  land  frauds  by 
the  connnissioner,  and  extensive  tracts  were  alienated 
by  titles  in  tiie  names  of  fictitious  persons  and  those 
who  had  left  the  ccmntry.  The  central  council,  to 
prevent  further  robberies  of  this  nature,  ordered  all 
land-otfices  to  be  closed,  and  prohibited  surveying.*^ 
The  labors  of  this  council,  during  its  brief  existence, 
were  extremely  arduous,  but  were  rendered  less  irk- 
some l)y  the  general  harmony  of  feeling  and  the  will- 
ing s[)irit  of  cooperation  everywhere  displayed.  On 
October  3d  the  central  system  of  government  was 
t  stablished  in  Mexico  by  decree. 


4d 


When  the  consultation  met  at  San  Felipe  on  the 
flay  above  mentioned,  fifty-five  members  were  jtrescnt, 
whose  names  I  give  below.^"     Bi'anch  T.  Archer  liav- 

'■  Yoiikiiiii,  i.  359,  377. 

'-  I'ldilnii  and  Licniio,  Lv<j.  Mcx.,  iii.  7')-8. 

''■*  Accoiiliiig  to  tliu  convocation,  a  meeting  liad  taken  jilaeo  Nov.  l^t,  luit 
suliiciiiit  iiienincrs  were  not  present  to  form  a  i|i)orum,  Tlie  names  ot  tlio 
ilrlciiiilfs  are  the  following:  For  the  numieipality  of  ,\nstin:  Wylie  Martin, 
R.  .rciiit'.s,  .Ti'sse  Btirnaiii,  Willia'n  Menifee.  Nai'o^iloches:  Sun  Houston, 
.1 1'lirs  W.  Ro))inNon,  William  Whitaker,  Daniel  Parker,  William  N.  Si;:ler. 
\V  i-liltii;ton:  riiilipCoe,  Iv  t'oUant,  ilesse  (irimes,  .\j.a  .Mitchell,  .-X-ia  Ui'\ey. 
lla.ji-tiurg:  Lorenzo  <le  Zavala,  C  C.  Dyer,  John  W.  Moore,  M.  \V.  Smith, 


172 


EVENTS  LEADING  TO  THE  REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


I    *  ■ 


u 


if; .  J 


iiig  been  duly  elected  president,  and  P.  B.  Dexter 
secretary,  the  former  delivered  an  address,  in  which 
he  sketched  out  the  duties  to  be  performed  by  the 
consultation  and  the  me  sures  which  it  would  be  ad- 
visable to  adoj)t.'^  The  first  matter  attended  to  was 
the  pre])aration  of  a  declaration,  or  bill  of  rights,  set- 
ting forth  the  causes  which  luu .  driven  the  Texans  to 
take  up  arms.  John  A.  Wharton  was  commissioned 
to  draught  the  bill,  and  a  committee  of  five — Harris, 
Barret,  Martin,  Barnell,  and  Wharton — was  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  and  submit  a  plan  of  a  provisional 
government.  On  November  7th  Wharton  laid  his 
draught  of  the  declaration  before  the  consultation. 
It  caused  a  lengthy  discussion ;  a  large  number  of  the 
delegates  were  in  favor  of  a  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, whereas  the  one  submitted  to  them  announced 
adherence  to  the  constitution  of  1824."  Policy,  how- 
ever, overruled;  none  doubted  that  independence 
would  be  the  ultimate  outcome,  and  the  declaration 
was  adopted. 

The  ordinance  establishing  the  plan  and  powers  of 

David  B.  Macomb.  Lilierty:  (leorge  M.  Patrick,  William  P.  Harris,  Henry 
Millard,  J.  B.  Woods,  A.  B.  Hardin.  Gonzalez:  W.  S.  Fisher,  J.  D.  (  lu 
meats,  (ien.  W.  Davis,  James  Hmlges,  William  W.  Arriiigton,  Beiijaiuiii 
Faqiia.  Tonchaw:  Martin  Parmer.  Columbia:  Henry  Smith,  John  A.  Whar- 
ton, Edwin  Waller,  John  S.  D.  Byrom.  San  Augustine:  A.  Houston,  Williiiin 
N.  Sigler,  A.  E.  V.  Johnson,  A.  Horton,  A.  G.  Kellog.  Mina:  D.  C.  Baritt, 
J.  8.  Lester,  R.  M.  Williamson.  Matagorda:  R.  R.  Royall,  C'has  Wilson. 
Bevil:  S.  H.  Everitt,  John  Bevil,  Wyatt  Hanks.  Viesca:  Saml  T.  Allen,  A. 
G.  Perry,  J.  (J.  W.  Pierson,  Alexander  Thomi)8on,  Jas  W.  Parker.  Jetfer- 
son:  Clailwme  West.  Joiirnnln  0/ the  Congnllntion,  50. 

**Copy  of  Archer's  speech  will  be  found  in  Id.,  6-9,  and  Foote,  ii.  144-7. 

*'  The  declaration  set  forth  that  the  federal  constitution  having  Iwen  over- 
thrown by  Santa  Anna,  the  social  compact  which  existed  between  Texas  atnl 
the  other  mem\)er8  of  the  Mexican  confederacy  was  dissolved;  that  the  Texatm 
ha<l  taken  up  arms  in  defence  of  their  rights  and  lilierties,  which  were  tlireat- 
ened;  that  tney  offered  their  assistance  to  such  states  as  woul<l  take  up  arms 
against  military  despotism;  that  they  did  not  acknowledge  the  right  of  tiiu 
proHctit  Mexican  authorities  to  govern  in  Texas,  and  would  not  cease  to  carry 
on  war  against  them  as  long  as  their  troops  remained  within  its  limits;  tliat 
tturing  the  disorganization  of  the  federal  system  they  withdrew  from  tin- 
union,  but  would  continue  faithful  to  the  Mexican  government  as  long  as  the 
nation  was  governed  by  the  constitution  of  1824;  Texas  would  be  responsihie 
for  the  expenses  of  the  armies  in  the  field,  and  was  pledged  for  the  payment 
of  debts  contracted  by  her  agents;  she  would  reward  by  donations  of  laml 
volunteers  who  offered  their  services  in  the  struggle,  and  would  receive  them 
as  citizens.  Joiirmth  0/  the  CoimiU.,  18-19,  21-2.  Copy  of  the  declaratiuri 
also  in  Holley'a  Tex.,  235-0,  and  Kennedy,  ii.  488-9. 


PROVISIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


173 


tlio  provisional  government  was  j)a8sed  November 
l.itli.  It  comprised  twenty-«)ne  articles,  and  pro- 
vided for  the  creatii)n  of  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  general  council,  to  be  elected  from  the 
consultation — one  meud)er  from  each  municipality. 
The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  were  ap- 
])ointed  l)y  the  consultation.  The  former  in  con- 
junction with  the  council  was  authorized  to  contract 
loans  not  exceednig  $1,000,000,  hypothecating  the 
j)ul»]ic  lands  if  necessary;  to  treat  with  the  Indian 
trilx's  concerning  their  land  claims,  and  secure  their 
fiicndship;  to  establish  a  postal  service,  and  exercise 
tlie  functions  of  a  high  court  of  admiralty.  They 
were  invested  witli  the  power  to  create  and  fill  the 
necessary  offices  of  government,  and  organize  the 
rcguhir  forces  according  to  emergencies.  A  provis- 
ional judiciary  was  to  be  constituted  in  each  juris- 
diction ;  all  land  commissioners,  empresarios,  and 
surveyors  were  to  be  ordered  to  cease  their  opera- 
tions during  hostilities,  and  all  grants  and  sales  of 
lands  in  Texas  fraudulently  made  by  the  state  of 
Coalmila  and  Texas  were  declared  imll.  All  per 
sons,  widows  and  minors  excepted,  who  sh.)uld  leave 
the  country  during  the  existing  crisis  would  forfeit 
their  lands.  An  army  ordinance  was  also  passed, 
providing  for  the  creati«m  of  a  regular  army  of  1,120 
nun,  rank  and  file,  to  be  g*)verned  by  the  rules,  regu- 
lations, and  discipline  observed  in  the  army  of  the 
lliiited  States  during  time  of  war,  the  commander- 
in-chief,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  being  ap- 
}H)inted  by  the  consultation.'''^ 

Henry  Smith  was  appointed  governor,  and  James 
W.  llobinson  lieutenant-gov(  rnor.  Sam  Houston  was 
elected  commander-in-chief,'^  a  commission  of  three 
pel  sons,  Austin,  Branch  T.  Archer,  and  William  H. 

■'•  Jimnwl,  stit  sup.,  43-9.  A  full  copy  of  these  ordinances  will  be  found  in 
Ki,n„,hi,  ii.  4mMJ7. 

'  Austin  had  previously  expressed  his  wish  to  resign  the  command,  its  his 
iitti'Mt  1(111  hail  never  been  directed  to  military  matters,  aud  had  urged  Hous- 
ton t(i  assume  it.    Yoakum,  i.  371-2. 


'i>i\ 


<|'t 


■111- 


174 


KVKNIS   LKAI)1N<J   TO  THE   REVOLT  OF  TEXAS. 


Wharton,  was  appointed  to  proccu'd  to  the  United 
States  and  pronuite  the  interests  of  Texas  in  that 
eountrv,  and  the  t^enoral  council  elected.  The  nu'in- 
hers  oltliis  council,  whose  duties  were  to  devise  ways 
and  nmans,  and  advise;  and  assist  the  j^overnor  in  tJie 
dischartje  of  his  functions,  were:  A.  Houston,  J)ani«l 
l^arker,  Jesse  (Iriines,  A.  (1.  Perry,  Claihorne  West. 
D.  C.  Barret,  Charles  Wilson,  Henry  Millard,  Mai 
tin  Pctrnier,  J.  A.  Padilla,  J.  1).  Clements,  Wylii' 
Martin,  W.  P.  Harris,  John  A.  Wharton,  and  \V. 
Hanks/'*  On  November  Uth  the  consultation,  Jiav 
injT  completed  its  labors,  adjourned  to  nieet  on  the 
1st  of  March  following.  It  never  reassend)led,  how- 
ever, as  on  that  date  a  convention  was  held  of  dele- 
gates chosen  at  the  general  election  of  February  18^(). 

"*  Journal  o/  the  (Jen.  Council,  3. 


m 


CHAPTER   IX. 


SIEGE  AND  CAITURE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BKIAR. 

1835. 

BAITI.Kdl-  CONCF.I'CION — TlIK  OnASS  FldHT— PKOTRAfTEn  SlEflK — DlSSATIS- 
1  \<  lUiN  (»K  IIIK  VoMNTKKKS  -IJlKLKSOS  SUCCKKHS  AlSTIN— OUKKUS 
AMI  rolNTKU-tlKKKKS— MiI.AM's  CaI.L — DEWnMI'I  ION    OK  SaN  AnTUMO — 

Tim;   Fikst  Assaii.t — Sikahy   Aovance  of  tiif.  Tk.xans  -  Dkatii   of 
Milam— His  Bio<!Kapiiy— Confision  at  tiik  Xi.a.mo  -Cos  Sihuendkrs 

-  Tk1!MS    of    CaITIILATION — TlIK    VoUNTEKKS     DiSHANIl-   AfFAIK     AT 

Lii'ANirTi.AN— Tiik  Tami-ko  TiiAiiKDv — Discouk  in  tiik  (Jovkissmknt — 

FlNAN(  lAI,  MaTIKKS — HoI'STON's  rucM'LAMATIOS — (JoVEKNOH  SmITII  AND 

TIIK  ('<»rN»:ii, — (Ikant'sSciikmk — Dkscknt  on  Matamokos  Mkuitatki) — 
Smith  SusrENDKU — The  Effect  of  Discukd. 


ArsTiN  havinjif  readied  tlie  Salado  creek,  some 
skiniiisliiujr  took  place,  in  which  the  Texans  were  iii- 
viuiahly  victorious.  On  (Jctol)er  27th  lie  sent  for- 
ward Colonel  James  Bowie'  and  Captain  James  W. 
Faimiii,  with  a  detachment  of  ninety-two  rank  ami 
tile,  to  reconnoitre  the  old  missions  above  Esjiada, 
and  select  a  suitahle  position  for  the  army,  ilaviiii^ 
reached  the  mission  of  J^a  Purisima  Concepcion,  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  from   San   Antonio,  Bowie  en- 

'. lames  Bowie  was  a  native  of  (Jcorgia.  His  brother  Reziii  was  the  iiiven- 
tiir  (il  tlie  knife  wliieh  hears  the  family  name.  While  l^titte  <>cuui»ie(l  (iiil- 
\istiiii,  tlie  three  brothers,  James,  Ke/in  I'.,  ami  .loiiii,  eiigageil  in  Imyiiig 
AiriiMii  negroes  of  l^atitte's  men,  ciniihu'ting  them  thningh  the  swaiii]is  of 
l,oiii>i:iiia  for  sale.  They  are  said  to  have  made  a««>r),(MK)  liy  tliis  traliic. 
.Iiiiiir.s  Howie  wiis  connected  with  Long's  expedition  in  \tiV.).  In  Oetoher 
I"s:i0  ln'  heuaine  a  naturalized  citizen  of  Saltillo,  and  soon  after  married  a 
il.iiiL;liter  of  Vice-governor  Veraiiiendi,  of  San  Antonio  ile  Itejar.  Nov.  '2d, 
\K\\,  111!  fought  a  reinarkalile  i)atth!  with  Indians  on  the  San  Salta  Uiver,  in 
wiiiili,  with  his  brotiier  Keziii,  nine  other  Americivns,  and  two  negroes,  he 
)1i  Icated  1(>4  Tehuacanas  and  Caddos,  the  Indians  losing  nearly  half  their  mim- 
l"r,  while  the  Anglo-Texans  had  only  one  man  killed  and  three  wounded. 
\\'lit'ii  hostilities  broke  out,  lie  attached  himself  to  the  Texan  cause.  Thrall, 
'M-2-'). 

(175) 


^1 


I 


m 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BfiJAIL 


camped  in  a  bend  of  tlie  river  pointing  southward,  and 
wlien  morning  broke,  found  himself  ahnost  jsurroundtnl 
by  about  400  Mexicans.  Perceiving  that  tiiero  was 
no  chance  of  escape,  he  withdrew  his  men  into  the 
river  bottom,  nearly  100  yards  wide,  and  protected 
by  a  blurt'  from  six  to  ten  feet  high,  affording  an  ex- 
cellent position  for  defence,  since  the  men  could  fire 
from  a  natural  covert  without  being  nmch  exposed. 
The  position  was  further  strengthened  by  a  skirt  of 
timber  around  the  bend  and  below  the  bluff,  to  which 
retreat  could  be  made  if  necessary.  Bowie  divided 
the  command  into  two  parties,  which  respectively  (k;- 
cupied  the  upper  and  lower  arms  of  the  bend,  Fannin 
being  in  charge  of  the  latter.  Before  them  stretched 
an  open  plain. 

A  heavy  fog  for  some  time  prevented  the  opponents 
from  seeing  each  other,  but  when  it  rose,  the  Mexiciiiis 
advanced  to  within  200  yards  of  Fannin's  right,  antl 
poured  in  a  heavy  fire,  every  volley  being  marked  in 
the  yet  gloomy  light  by  a  blaze  all  alt)ng  their  line. 
It  was  ineft'ective,  however;  while  the  rirtes  of  tlio 
Texans,  more  deliljerately  discharged,  and  with  deadly 
aim,  wrought  havoc.  In  order  to  avoid  striking  I'licli 
other,  Bowie  now  wheeled  his  detachment  round  the 
bend  and  stationed  himself  on  Fannin's  left.  Pres- 
ently the  Mexicans  pushed  forward  a  brass  six-poundcr 
to  within  about  eighty  yards,  and  opened  with  grape, 
at  the  same  time  sounding  the  charge.  The  atti  nij»t 
was  attended  with  disaster.  The  fire  of  the  Texans 
was  more  fatal  than  ever;  each  man  after  discharging 
his  rirte  dropped  out  of  sight  to  reload  while  another 
took  his  place.  Three  times  the  piece  was  cleared  of 
the  gunners,  and  three  times  the  charge  repulsed.  ( )n 
the  last  occasion  the  Mexicans  fled  in  disorder,  leav- 
ing the  cannon  in  the  hands  of  the  victorious  Texans. 
It  had  only  been  fired  five  times.  According  to  Colonel 
Bowie,  the  Mexicans  lost  nearly  100  men,  of  whom  (17 
were  killed.     The  Texans  had  one  killed  and  no  one 


ItA'lTLK  OF  fONlKrClUN. 


177 


wounded."  About  au  hour  ai'tar  the  enji^agemcnt  the 
iiiiiiii  l)ody  of  the  army  came  up,  and  the  camp  was 
(stahhshcd  near  the  city. 

The  extraordinary  success  whicli  attended  this  en- 
na.nciiicnt,  called  the  hattle  of  Concepcion,  in<hu'ed  a 
•genera!  (h'sire  in  the  Texan  forces  to  assault  the  town 
at  oMce;  hut  Austin,  anxious  to  avoid  the  loss  of  valu- 
ahle  lives,  deemed  tiu;  enterprise  too  ha/ar(l(»ua,  though 
his  army  now  numhered  over  1,()()0  nu-n.  Moreover, 
he  was  entirely  without  sieu^e  cannon,  his  artillery 
rniisistiny  of  only  five  small  tield-pieci's.  He  therc- 
Inic  held  u  council  of  war,  at  which  it  was  decided 
that  in  view  of  the'  fortifications  <>f  San  Antonio,  it 
was  too  stronjj^  to  stoiiii  without  hattt'rinu^  <>^uns.  At 
the  same  time  Austin  was  douhtful  of  hein*^  ahlt;  to 
k('e|)  tlie  army  tojrether  lon<;"  eiioULjh  to  await  the 
iiii'i\al  of  such  aid.' 

(\»s  meanwhile,  little  anxious  to  risk  a  tjfeneral  en- 
L;aL>'ement,  c(»nfined  himself  to  strcni^thenini;'  his  j»osi- 
tinii,  hy  harricadint^'  the  stri'ets,  erectiiiLC  hatteries,  and 
adoptinjj^  othei"  means  of  defence.  Unartechea,  more- 
over, was  despatched  with  100  ]>residials  to  hrin;^'  U]) 
iVoni  i^aiedo  400  or  500  convict  soldiers.* 

The  <)jK'rations  of  the  l>esiei»;ing  army  were  now 
very  tedious  to  brave  and  ea_t(er  volunteers  ready  to 
take  desperate  hazards,  and  many  be^an  to  leave  for 
lioiiie.  ()n  Novend)er  '2d  Austin  lu'okt;  camp,  and 
liassini»"  by  the  »j^arita,''  took  up  a  position  on  the  east 
Itaiik  «>f  the  rivei-,  near  its  source,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  town,  a  constant  patrol  bt'ino-  kept  up,  which  was 
wry  effective  in  cuttiiiLj  off  supi)lies.  A  demand  for 
tiu!  surrender  f)f  the  |>laee  was  made  a  fV>w  days  latei- 
iuid  piomptly  re-fused;  whereu[)on  the  besiegers  ad- 
vanced nearer  to  the  town  and  occupii'd  an  eminence 

^Howie's  account  in  Kvniieiti/,  ii.  lill--,  and  Foofc,  ii.  llM-.").  Dewces,  wlio 
froi|iiiiitly  t'xaj5j;orates,  says:  '  Over  104  of  tlic  MexiciuiM  lay  stn'tched  in  duatli 
oil  tin;  hliKxly  Held.'  LfUtrx,  l.'>7. 

■'Austin  toCapt.  Diniit,  Nov.  2d,  in  Footr,  ii.  l'i.5:  A/.,  to conimittoo at  Sun 
Filipi!(orig.),  in  Tex.  Col.  Doc.,  no.  lf>;   Morjihix,  Hint.  Tex.,  108. 

'  I'iUmUi,  lit  mip.,  ii.  18(3. 

■'  Sfo  plan  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 
Hist.  N.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  II.    12 


178 


SlWiK  OF  SAX    ANTOXH)   UK  IIWAU. 


iininodiately  almvo  tlic  old  mill,  which  was  Bituatcd 
ahout  lialf  a  iiiilo  from  the  encmyH  pickets.  Skir 
mislios  o*'  slij^ht  im|>(ntan(c  (u'casionally  took  place, 
and  att<'m|»ts  were  made  to  draw  the  Mexicans  tVom 
their  fortifications;  hut  ( 'os,  thouoh  straijjfhtcned  foi 
])rovisions,  |>eitinaciously  declined  an  enu^aijfenient. 
and  waited  lor  his  reenforcements.  Ho  had  at  this 
time  ahout  HOO  men. 

On  Xovemher  'Joth  Austin,  havinir  hcen  inft)rme(l 
of  his  appointment  as  commissioner  to  the  United 
States,  resi;4^ned  his  command  and  returned  to  San 
Felipe,  wheie  he  arrived  on  the  'JDth.  He  was  su<- 
ceeiled  hy  Colonel  Hdward  l^urleson,  who  was  elected 
witiiout  o[»position  to  fill  his  jdact!  on  the  field. 

On  the  lollowiniLj  day  a  si'vere  skirmish  took  plati  . 
It  has  heen  called  the  'j^rass  fiu^ht,'  and  ayain  jnovcd 
the    superiority    of  the    Texans    in    the    field.     Tlir 
arrival  of"  Uij;artechea  was  now  daily  looked  for,  and 
it  was  expected  that  he  would  hriny  with  hun  a  lar^v 
sum  of  money.      Scouts  were  accordin*;"ly  sent  out  to 
watch  for  his  ap])roach.      On  the  2()th  Cos  dcspati'lied 
a   l>(»dv  of  100  n»en  on  the  old  presidio  road  t(t  cut 
UTass  for  his  famishiid  horses.     On  theii-  returji  with 
their  pack-mules  loaded  they  were  <lisco\ere<l  l»y  tli< 
scout  Deaf  Smith,"  who,  sujjposinin'  tlicni  to  he  Cyartc 
chea's  advance  jjfuard  with  the  silvei-,  ie|)orted  tluiii 
as  such  at   hcad(]uarters.     This   news   caused   oicut 
excitement  in  cam]).     Bowie  with  100  mounted  nun 
<i^alloj)e<l  off  at  once,  and  the  rest  of  the  army  Ji.is 
tened  to  follow.      Ahout  a  mile  from  the  town  Howie 
intercepteil  the  forai^ers,  who  took  up  a  ])osition  in  ;" 
ravine.     Bowie    prepared    to   attack    them,   hut    lii> 

"Erasmua  .Smith,  known  as  Deaf  Smith  on  account  of  his  defective  1m  ii 
in^',  Wii8  a  celrl)rato(l  guide  and  scout.  He  was  Ixirn  in  New  York  .Aju'il  I'.', 
1787,  visited  Texas  in  1817,  and  became  a  permanent  citizen  in  iS'il.  A  b  " 
years  later  lie  married  a  Mexican  woman  of  San  Antonio,  by  wliom  In-  lia'i 
several  children.  His  coolness  in  danger  was  unsurpassed,  and  during;  tin 
war  he  did  eminent  service  on  tiie  Texan  side.  Smith  was  uiucli  givni  to 
solitude,  was  remarkable  for  his  gravity,  and  seldom  spoke  except  in  niiiiici 
syllabic  answers  to  questions.  He  was  severely  wounded  in  the  shouMi  r  at 
the  storming  of  San  Antonio,  presently  to  be  narrated.  He  died  at  Kichniomi, 
Fort  Bend,  Nov.  30,  1S37.   Thrall,  G20-1;  Yoakum,  i.  251-2. 


DlSCJUSTKh    VOIXNTKKIIS. 


17'.' 


!ii<i\t'iiu'iits  luiviii*^  luM'ii  (»l>st'i'V('(l  from  San  Antonio. 
;i  >ii(>Mij  \\)vvv  was  snit  out  in  aid  ol'tlir  |Lr»">s.s-cutti'i'.s, 
wiiirli  conqKHfd  Itiin  to  rlian«,'o  liis  tVont.  Almost 
>iiimltanoouslv  the  main  ImmIv  of  the  Trxans  taimo  ujt. 
.111(1  a  I'Uiinin*^^  ti<rlit  was  maintained  till  the  Mexican.s 
ivaclifd  the  town.  Tiieir  loss  was  ahont  tit'tv  killed 
and  ,>^ome  wounded,  while  the  Texans  had  <»nly  one 
wounded  and  one  mi.ssinjjf.  The  nnde-|>aeks  which 
tlif  enemy  left  hehind,  on  examination,  wet-e  i'ound 
to  l»r  filled,  not  with  silver  as  was  hojied,  hut  u^rass, 
ulicnet;  the  name  yiven  to  the  eiiLfaice merit.' 

liut  these  oeeasional  eonfliet.s  were  not  suffieient  to 
a\i  it  the  impatien*!!  which  the  i^eneral  inactivity  |»fo- 
\nke(l,  and  the  dis.satisficd  volunteers  kejit  retuiiiinn' 
111  thcii-  homes.  For  in«»ri'  than  a  month  they  had 
lui'ii  jianiijin!;'  around  San  Antonio,  and  its  capture 
xrmetl  no  neaicr  accomplishment  than  at  first.  H\ 
tile  niiddK;  «»f"  Xovemher  tlu;  l)esit!!>in<:'  lor-cc;  was  re 
iliiccd  to  les.s  than  (100  men.  Foi'tunateiy  ahout  tiii.-^ 
time  t]\v  two  com|>anies  of"  Xc^w  Orleans  (Jrays  ar- 
ii\r(h  under  the  connnan<l  lespoctively  of  Cajitain 
i\iil»cit  C.  A[orris  and  Captain  Breece  ;  jdso  a  coni|«iny 
tiniii  Mississijipi,  Captain  Peacock,  and  one  from  east- 
<  111  Texas,  Captain  Kn«;lish.  Yet  the  army  dwindled 
(lav  l)vtlav,  so  that  even  with  these  icenforcements  it 
liiiivly  nund>ered  800  men  at  the  end  of  the  month. 

It  is  not  to  he  womlered  that  the  United  Stiites  vol- 
uiitreis  hfcame  disu^usted,  and  affairs  htoked  .serious 
wiicM  -JOO  of  them  declared  theii'  deteiinination  to 
lta\i'  Bejar  on  the  last  day  of  Xovend)er  and  march 
;iuiinst  Matamoros,  where  they  ixpt'cted  to  he  joined 
I'.v  iVom  r),000  to  8,000  men  fr(>m  the  Tnited  States. 
Their  ultimate  intention,  they  said,  was  to  [)rocetd 
into  the  interior  of  Mexico.     A  rumor  that  an  attack 

'  /'/.,  ii.  17-18;  7V.r.  Aim.,  IWM),  'M;  'J'li.yli.r's  iioci.uiit,  in  /ialrrt  IW.,  !»•_'; 
Tlifiill,  210;  Sii'M/iern  Am.  Skwtch  Itook;  vi.,  no.  v.  ;178.  Mrs  HoUey,  \t\\. 
■>-ltl-l,  fdlldwed  l>y  Kennedy,  ii.  VA'A,  uiveH  a  ditfereiit  account  of  this  tight, 
' mifusing  it  with  an  atfair  which  ttMik  place  on  the  8th,  occasioned  by  the 
'iiMtli  iif  one  House,  who  broke  his  neck  by  a  fall  from  his  horse.  A  party 
wi'iit  (lilt  to  bring  in  the  Ixidy,  and  was  att.ockeil  by  a  superior  bo<ly  of  5lcxi- 
ciiii  (.iivalry,  which  was  driven  off  with  some  small  loss. 


\l 


Mi 

i  ,1  1 

f 

1 

.  ti 

'^'f. 

.    V, 

y 

■   :    '?; 

\ 

,    A% 


!80 


.SIM;K  ok  SAN  ant()n;o  i»k  hwak. 


waH  hcifjjjf  |>laiiTR>(l   jirovcnU'd  tlitnn,   liowever,  t'roni 
<*arryiii«(  <»ut  their  purpose. 

On   l)e('eni!>er   .'Ul   three  Texans,    Hohiu's,  Sinitli. 
and   Maverick,  apjM'an'd   in   camp.      They  Itad   hecii 
detained  l)y  Cos  in  San  Antonio  as  suspt-cted  personv 
after    the    attair    iit    (Jonzale/,    and    liavin<j^    escajied. 
hrou'dit  eiicourairiny:  information  relative  to  tlie  unr 
rlson  and   defences  of  the   town.      It  was  deciduil   tu 
assault  it  just  before  davhreak  <»n  the  followini;  niuMi 
iiijL^.     All  was  now  husth;  an<l  jneparation ;   hut  dui 
'\u^  the  nijj^ht  one  of  the  scouts,  Arnold  hy  name,  w.i-- 
missed,  and  it  was  supp<»scd  that  he  luul  ufone  over  h> 
the  enemy  and  informed  him  of  the  nu'ditated  attnck. 
After  a  serious  delihi-ratioii   in    Hurleson's  headipi.it 
ters  he  c(»untermandi'd   the  order-   foi-   assault.     Tin 
volunteers  weie  n(»w  furious  and  insuhordinate;  miui\ 
companies  refusctl  to  turn  out  at  the  mornini;-  jtaradt  : 
and  when  Hiuleson,  later  in  the  djiy,  issued  orders  tu 
raise  tin;  sie<r(',  it  was  feared  l>y  some  that  hlood  woiiM 
he  shed.      At  this  junctui'e  Aiiiold  return»'d,  and   Ik  t 
ter  still,  a  tleserter,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  aiiii\ , 
arrivin*^  in  camp,  stated  that  the  Lfarrison  was  in  con 
fusion,  that  the  enemy  ha<'   no  kr  >wledye  of  the  in 
tended  attack,  and  that  the  strenc  ji  of  the  place  wa- 
j^^'catly  exaj^ircmted.      Knthusiasm  wasajLjain  arous(<|, 
and  Colon«;l  Milam,  who  after  the  captuic  of  (Joliail 
had  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Texan  armv,  enlistini: 
in  the  ranks,  ur«>ed  l^urleson  to  seize  the  opportunitv 
and  storm  the  place.      Burleson  assented,  and  author 
ized  Milam  to  pioceed  with  the  entei'prise.      Steppin.; 
in  front  of  the  commander's  tent,  the  intrepid  ohl  soi 
dier,  wavin^jf  his  hat,  cried  out,  "Who  will  go  with  in' 
into  San  Antonio  ?""    A  rin«j^in<^  shout  was  the  repiv  ; 
volunteers  for  the  assault  fell  promptly  into  line,  and 
Milam  was  elected  their  leader  on  the  spot.     The  in<  n 
were  ordered  to  rendezvous  that  niffht  soon  after  daik 
at  the  old  mill. 

*The  words  as  reported  by  Foote,  ii.  165,  were:  '  VVho  will  join  olil  Hi  ii 
Milam  in  storming  the  Alamo  ?  According  to  Yoakum,  ii.  25,  who  doii)itl<  -s 
quoted  from  the  SUili'  itiizette,  1840,  Sept.  1,  8  15,  they  were:  '  Who  will  g" 
witli  old  Ben  Milam  into  San  Antonio  ? 


THE  BATTLEFIKM*. 


181 


San  Antonio  do  Bdjar — called  indiscriniinatoly  San 
Antonio  and  Bujar — i«  Kituutod  on  the  San  Antonio 
liivor.  the  San  Pedro  Creek  lyinj?  on  itn  Houthcrn 


San  Antonio  and  Environs. 

A.  0I<1  Mill.  (i.  Kfiloiibt. 

)t.  UniiNL"  of  Vprnmeinli.  H.  (<iiititii. 

<'.  IIoii.se  (if  <iHr/.u.  1.    I'rio.sfs  Ilonso. 

II.  Main  Sqiiaro,  or  I'lazade  laConatltucion.  J.    House  of  Antnuin  Navarro. 

K.  Military  I'laza.  K.  /.ainliratio  Knw. 

1".  I'o\viler-hou.<ie,  or  Uarita.  L.   Mf.xican  Ki-doiM. 

sido.  To  the  north-east,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
liver,  was  the  foi-tified  mission  of  the  Alamo.  The 
,i,'K>und  is  generally  level  in  the  neighborhood,  some- 


3,' 


rli 


:lii 


182 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BEJAR. 


<»I 


what  more  undulating  on  the  west,  and  a  number 
irrigating  ditches  afforded  some  defence  to  the  town, 
the  principal  buildings  of  which  were  of  thick  wtoiu 
walls,  and  strong.  The  town  proper  is  of  oblong  foiin. 
hut  on  its  eastern  side  it  extends  into  a  curious  bond 
of  the  river.  It  contains  two  squares,  one  the  (tld 
military  plaza,  and  the  other  the  plaza  do  la  Constitu- 
cion,  laid  off  in  1731.  These  are  se})arated  by  tlic 
church  and  other  buildings.  On  the  north  side  ot 
these  S(juares  runs  the  main  street.  The  accompan\ 
ing  plan  will  enable  the  reader  to  understand  the  rela- 
tive positions  and  o})erations  of  the  combatants. 

At  the  ai)pointed  time  and  place  300  volunteeis 
apj)earcd  with  two  field-pieces,  a  twelve-pounder  and 
a  six-pounder,  and  provided  with  crow-bars  to  break 
tlirough  the  walls  of  the  houses.  Burleson  retained  t!i« 
remainder  of  the  forces  as  a  reserve,  a  portion  of  tlicni 
under  Colonel  Neill  being  despatched  at  three  o'clock  in 
the  morning  across  the  river,  with  a  piece  of  ai-tilleiy. 
to  create  a  diversion  by  a  feigned  attack  on  the  Alanic 
The  plan  of  operations  meantime  was  ai'ranged  by  tin 
storming  party.  Two  divisions  were  formed,  one  un- 
der Milam,  assisted  by  Colonel  Nidland  Franks  of  tin 
artillery,  and  Major  Morris"^  of  the  Grays,  Maveiic  k. 
Cook,  and  Arnold  serving  as  guides.  Tlie  sectiid 
command  was  led  by  Colonel  Frank  W.  Johnson.  ;i> 
sisted  by  colonels  James  Grant  and  William  J.  An- 
tin,  and  Adjutant  Bristow.  Deaf  Smith  and  Joim 
W.  Smith  acted  as  guides.^" 

A  little  before  dawn,  on  the  morning  of  Decendit  i 
oth,  tlie  storming  colunms  moved  rapidly  but  silently 
forward,  Milam  directing  his  course  to  Acequia  strctt. 
and  Johnson  to  that  of  Soledad,  both  of  wliidi  Kil 
directly  to  the  main  plaza,  where,  at  the  entrance  nt 


*  Morris  waa  naiscd  to  the  rank  of  major  on  his  arrival  on  tiio  field. 

'"The  Ist  division  consisted  of  portions  of  the  companies  of  captains  Yuri;, 
Patton,  Llewellyn,  Crane,  English,  and  T^ndram,  witli  the  two  pieces  -n  m- 
tillery  and  1.5  artillerymen.  Tlie  2d  division  was  drawn  from  tlie  coiiip'itii'  -^ 
of  Cook,  Swisher,  Edwanls,  Alley,  Ihincan,  Peacock,  Breece,  mil  I'liuut ' 
Venavidcs.  Johnson's  report,  in  Tcj:.  Aim.,  18U1,  .')2. 


THK  MEXICANS  SURPRISED. 


188 


tlicse  streets  into  it,  breastworks  hacl  been  erected  and 
Ijatteries  planted.  As  they  advance,  Neill  is  heard 
I  i.ttiei  inj^  at  the  Alamo.  The  Mexicans  are  taken  by 
surprise,  and  without  trouble  Milam  gains  possession 
of  Garza's  house,  and  Johnson  that  of*  Veramendi, 
each  about  100  yards  from  the  square.  A  sentinel 
luiviiig  fired  his  piece,  the  alarm  is  given,  and  a  tre- 
mendous cannonade  opened.  But  the  assailants  are 
already  under  cover,  and  it  produces  no  eftect  more 
^eiiousthan  preventing  a  connnuuication  between  the 
two  divisions.  The  twelve-pounder  was,  however, 
dismounted,  and  the  smaller  piece  was  of  little  or  no 
serviee  for  want  of  a  cover.  But  when  the  liglit  came, 
the  ririe  did  its  usual  deadly  work,  and  during  the  day 
the  enemy's  guns  within  range  were  several  times 
abandoned.  On  this  day  the  Texans  had  one  killed, 
and  two  colonels,  one  first  lieutenant,  and  twelve 
l>rivates  wounded. 

All  through  the  night  the  volunteers,  though  a 
leaseless  fire  was  kept  up  Against  tliem,  laboied  at 
strengthening  their  position,  by  opening  trenehes  to 
secure  a  safe  connnuuication.  Nor  liad  the  besieged 
heen  idle.  At  dawn  the  assailants  discovered  that 
the  roofs  of  the  houses  in  their  front  were  occu))ied 
hy  sharp-shooters,  who  during  tlu  day  ke[)t  up  a 
hiisk  fire  of  small-arms.  The  Gth  ])assed,  however, 
with  few  casualties,  only  five  men  being  wounded, 
wliile  a  detachment  of  Captain  Crane's  company, 
under  Lieutenant  William  McDt)nald,  gallantly  took 
[tossession  of  a  house  in  front  and  to  the  right  of 
(larza's  dwelling,  thus  extending  the  line  toward  the 
military  plaza. 

At  daylight  on  the  "tli  the  Mexicans  opened  a 
hiisk  fire  of  small-arms  from  a  trench  whicli  they  had 
made  durin<»'  the  nitjht  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
and  a  heavy  cannonade  from  a  Imttery  ])lanted  on  the 
floss-street  leading  to  the  Alamo.  But  these  new 
jHisitions  were  of  no  avail;  by  eleven  o'clock  the  fire 
t'rom  them    was    silenced.     About    mid-day   anotli' 


184 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DK  BWAR. 


•(';i.  ■ 


building,  situated  directly  in  front  of  the  first  division, 
was  captured  by  the  Texans.  This  feat  was  accom- 
plished by  Henry  Cams,  of  York's  company,  wlio 
effected  an  entrance  witli  a  crow-bar,  under  a  heavy 
fire.  The  company  followed  and  held  the  j)ositi()n. 
Keeping  well  under  cover,  the  casualties  of  the 
Texans  were  extremely  few;  but  this  day  was  marked 
by  the  fall  of  one  whose  memory  will  ever  be  grate- 
fully cherished.  Milam,  while  crossing  from  his  own 
position  to  the  Veramendi  house,  was  struck  by  a 
rifle-ball  in  the  head  and  instantly  killed.  Ho  fell  in 
the  gateway  of  tlie  building,  and  was  bur'cd  by  liis 
comrades  in  arms  within  a  fi'W  feet  of  the  s[)ot.  His 
remains  were  subsequently  removed  to  tlie  jHotestant 
burial  ground  at  San  Antonio,  where  they  still  rest. 
His  loss  wjis  deeply  deplored." 

On  the  death  of  Milam  a  meeting  of  tlie  officers 
was  held,  and  the  chief  connnand  conferreil  upon 
Johnson.  At  ten  o'clock  that  night  ca))tains  Jjlewel- 
lyn,  English,  (Vane,  and  Landram,  with  their  (-((m- 
panies,  gained  j)ossession  of  the  house  of  Antonio 
Navari'o,  situated  close  to  the  square.  Connected 
with  it  was  a  row  of  buildings  known  as  the  Zambraiio 
Row.     The  Mexicans  endeavored  to  expel  the  volun- 

"AVrtHCf/f/,  ii.  14fl;  Thrnll,  'tiY2.  Bcnijainin  R.  Miliim  Wiw  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, Ixirii  (if  )iiiiiil)lc  jiiu'uiit.s,  audhaviiig  little  education,  lie  distinj^uislu  li 
liinmelf  in  the  war  hetween  the  U.  S.  anil  Knglaml  in  I8I'2-1.">,  ami  afterw.iril 
engag(!cl  in  trading  with  the  Indians  at  the  liead  waters  of  tiie  'IVixan  livn^. 
Ijater  he  joini'il  Mina  in  his  disastrous  expedition  in  aid  of  tlie  rcvoliitioii.iiy 
cause  in  ^lexico,  and  being  one  of  tliosi;  who  escaped  death,  rendered  v.diiaM' 
Hervices.  When  Iturliide  proelainied  hiniselt  emperor,  Milam  was  anion;.'  tin 
first  to  join  tin;  party  that  opposed  him.  l''or  tliis  he  was  cast  into  prisnn, 
where  he  languisheti  till  Iturhide's  dethronement,  wluiii  lie  was  releasi.l. 
For  his  servicL's  in  tlio  repuiilieau  cause  he  received  in  1828  a  grant  of  eliv<ii 
square  leaguet'  of  lan<l  in  Texas.  It  setMiis,  however,  that  lie  located  it  \<\ 
mistake  in  Arkansas,  and  ap[ilied  to  the  governineiit  of  tlie  state  of  Coalniili 
and  Texas  for  .lud  obtained  an  empresario  grant.  He  Wiis  in  .Monclova  at  thr 
time  of  Viesca's  depo.sal,  anil  Ids  capture  in  company  with  him  has  alrcailv 
been  narrated  in  the  text.  -Milam  escaped  from  his  prison  at  Monterey  I'V 
winning  the  contideiice  of  his  jailer;  and  being  Hupplied  <■  ith  a  tleet  horse  aii<l 
a  little  iooi]  by  a  friend,  he  travelled  ahmelMH)  miles,  journeying  liy  night. iimI 
and  concealing  himself  l.iy  day,  till  he  reached  the  vicinity  of  Goliad  aliim^t 
exhausted.  After  the  capture  of  that  place  ho  enlisted  in  the  ranks.  .Milam 
WM  about  4i)  years  of  age  when  ho  fell,  //o/fcy'a  7V.j;.,  244-8;  Tex,  Alw.,  isiil, 
84-5;  Thrall,  5<H)-2;  miea'  H.  Am.  ct  Mex'.,  283-4;  Cordova's  Tex.,  144-5; 
Ward'a  Mex.,  L  ouU. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  THE  TEXAN 


185 


teors  from  Navarro's  house  by  firing  through  loop- 
liolos  made  in  the  roof,  but  they  were  socm  dishxlged; 
tln'  Texan  rifles  were  pointed  at  the  same  loop-holes 
l)y  quicker  hands  than  theirs,  and  with  more  certain 
aim. 

The  morning  of  the  8th  was  cold  and  wet,  and  op- 
erations on  both  sides  flagged;  but  at  I)  o'clock,  the 
partition  wall  being  i)ierced,  an  attack  was  made  on 
the  Zambrano  Row.  As  wall  after  wall  was  broken 
through,  the  Mexicans  were  successively  driven  out 
dl  their  several  rooms,  till  the  Texaiis  lield  possession 
(if  the  entire  row.  That  evening  certain  information 
was  received  that  Ugartechea  during  the  attack  liad 
succeeded  in  entering  the  town  with  a  strong  reiin- 
turccmeiit,'""  but  the  news  did  not  daunt  the  stormers. 
The  companies  of  Swisher,  Alley,  Edwards,  and  J)uii- 
( Mil  were  sent  to  reenforce  the  liolders  of  Zamlirano 
!l(t\\,  and  sliortly  after  ten  o'clock,  under  cover  of  the 
darkness,  (\)()k  and  Patton,  with  a  company  (»f  the 
(hays  and  one  of  the  Brazoria  companies,  by  a  <piick 
rush  made  their  way  up  to  the  priest's  house.  Hreak- 
iiiu'  through  the  surnmnding  wall  of  the  yard,  tluy 
Midii  dislodged  the  Mexicans,  gained  ])ossession  of  the 
hiiusc,  and  barricad<>d  and  loop-holed  it,  ready  for 
litlc  practice  in  the  morning.  But  the  capture  of  this 
strong  building,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the 
main  s(|uare,  and  conunanding  every  jtart  of  it,  was 
tlic  ci'owninu'  work. 

For  some  hours  after,  on  every  house  held  by  the 
Tcxans  and  all  along  the  line  of  their  intrenchments, 
a  turious  cam»onade  was  kei)t  u}),  while  tin;  fire-Hashes 
tVdiii  volley  after  volley  of  small-arnis  illumined  tin- 
darkness  and  the  smoke.  But  this  dis]>lay  of  gunnery 
was  (»nly  a  ruse.     Cos,  during  the  night,  retired  to 

'  This  force  consistod  of  .TOO  convicts,  j^uardcd  Iiy  1(K)  regulars.  Yodlcuii), 
ii.  ;{|.  Filisr)la,  ii.  1!M),  particularizes  it  thus:  47  Morclos  infantry,  I4artil- 
li  rviiii'ii,  150  presiilial  cavalry,  and  400  subatitutes,  that  is,  convicts.  H<; 
stilt  IS  that  a  large  convoy  of  provisions  was  expected  witli  these  troops,  ami 
tliat  wlien  they  arrived  without  any,  the  discontent  was  genertvl.  They  hail 
li<  ttrr  liave  not  come  at  all  than  by  their  arrival  hasten  the  consumption  of 
till.'  little  food  that  was  left. 


186 


SIEGE  OP  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BEJAR. 


ill  it 


1    r 

1    ! 


:5jr 


I  M 


the  Alamo  with  the  intention  of  making  a  general 
assault  upon  Burleson's  camp,  and  the  garrison  and 
guns  were  gradually  withdrawn  from  the  plaza,  witli 
the  exception  of  one  piece  and  a  company  of  tlh 
Morelos  battalion.  But  desertion  began  to  manifest 
itself,'"  and  insubordination  was  abroad.  Cries  ot 
"Treachery!  treachery!"  were  raised, the  impression 
being  that  the  deserters  had  gone  over  to  the  enemy. 
Tlie  scene  of  confusion  at  the  Alamo,  whither  half 
starved  women  and  children  had  Hocked  by  hundreds. 
is  indescribable.  There  was  a  perfect  panic;  it  w;i- 
believed  that  the  soldiers  withdrawn  from  San  An 
tonio  had  been  utterly  routed.  Soldiers  and  citiztii> 
hustled  each  other  in  one  common  crowd,  while  many 
of  the  former  were  seen  making  hurried  pre))aratioii> 
for  a  speedy  Higlit.  Cos  in  vain  attempted  to  allay 
the  commotion  ;  his  voice  was  unheard  in  the  din,  and 
his  }H;rson  maltreated  in  the  darkness.'*  Nothing 
was  left  f  r  him  to  do  but  surrender.  Accordingly. 
Adjutant-inspector  Jose  Juan  Sanchez  was  sent  at 
(lawn  with  a  Hag  of  truce. 


During  the  period  of  the  attack  on  San  Anton'n  . 
Burleson  had  kept  vigilant  watch  over  the  operation- 
ready  to  aid  with  reiinforcements,  or  frustrate  any 
stratcijical  movement  of  the  enemy.  On  the  8tli. 
about  fifty  men  from  the  Alamo  attempted  to  creati 
a  diversion  by  a|)proachi»ng  the  camj)  and  opening  tiiv 
u[)on  it ;  but  a  six-pounder  being  brought  to  bear  up- hi 
them,  they  were  soon  made  to  retire.  The  same  day 
captains  Cheshire,  Lewes,  and  Sutherland,  with  thcii 
<'om[)anies,  were  sent  as  reenforcements  to  the  assail- 
ants.    When  advice  was  received  from  Johnson  that 


^^CapUiiis  Juan  Cralaii  and  Manuel  Barragan  niarchetl  oflf  with  their  I'ln- 
paiiiea  to  tlio  llio  (Jraiule,  fciking  with  them  18  of  the  company  of  La  Balii.i; 
and  Juan  Jose  Elguezabal,  inspector  of  Coiilmila,  left  with  'i.T  soldiers  «t  tin 
1st  company  of  lamaulipas;  in  all  17")  niounted  men,  six  being  officers.  /"'.. 
ii.  l»01;  Tex.  Aim.,  18(>0,  41. 

'*'Los  intempestivos  gritos  de  traieion. ,  .no  solo  apagarau  la  voz  <li'l 
atlijido  general,  sino  (pie  confuudido  entre  la  nndtitud  por  la  osouridad  '!>■  J^i 
noche. .  .fu6  atropellado  y  maltratado  tie  una  nianera  brutal.'  Fduola,  ii.  -"•>• 


kSUUEENDER. 


187 


a  flag  of  tru(te  had  been  sent  in,  Burleson  proceeded 
to  the  town. 


After  a  long  discussion  regarding  the  terms  of  sur- 
render, the  conunissioners  that  had  been  appointed  ' 
on  each  side  agreed  upon  a  treaty,  M'hich  was  signed 
on  the  1  Ith.  The  conditions  were  as  favorable  as  Cos 
could  possibly  have  expected.  He  and  his  officers 
were  allowed  to  retire  with  their  arms  and  perscmal 
oftects,  under  parole  of  honor  not  to  oppose  the  rees- 
tablishment  of  the  constitution  of  1824;  the  convict 
soldiers  were  to  be  conveyed  by  General  Cos  with  100 
regular  infantry,  and  the  cavalry  beyond  the  Rio 
Grande;  the  troops  might  follow  their  general,  remain 
in  Texas,  or  go  elsewhere  as  they  niiglit  deem  proper, 
in  any  case,  however,  retaining  their  arms  and  eflects; 
[)ublic  property  and  war  material  were  to  be  dcli\ered 
to  General  Burleson;  (General  Cos  was  to  depart 
within  six  days  after  the  signing  of  the  capitulation, 
and  was  to  be  provided  with  provisions  sufficient  for 
his  journey  as  far  as  the  Rio  (irande,  at  the  ordinary 
pri(;e.     The  sick  and  wounded  were  permitted  to  ic- 


luam. 


18 


On  December  1 4th  Cos,  with  1,105  men  and  a  four- 
pounder,  according  to  stipulation,  moved  from  the 
Alamo  to  the  mission  of  San  Jose,  and  on  tlie  fol- 
lowing day  contitmed  his  march  to  the  Rio  (Grande 
What  his  losses  were  has  never  been  ascertained;'" 
tliose  of  tl   '  Tcxans,  according  to  Johnson's  repoit, 

'■'Thosu  appointed  by  Gen.  Cos  were  .To8<i  Juan  Sancht-z,  Uanuni  Miisiiuiz. 
mil  Ijiuut  Fraiifisco  Rada.  (Jon.  Burk'son  uoniinateil  Col  Johnson,  .Major 
Morris,  and  C'apt.  Swisher.    Ti'.r.  Aim.,  IcStil,  ."i-l^"). 

'"<'o[iy  of  capitulation  in  7V.c.  Aim.,  18(il,  .>i-."). 

"Thonipson,  ii.  151,  considers  the  estimate  '2iM  killed  and  .ItH)  woniulcil 
as  ail  e.xaggeration.  YoaUuni,  ii.  .SI,  thinks  tliat  the  nund)er  of  killed  did 
not  fxceed  \M.  Filisola  states  that  he  does  not  know  the  niindier,  hut  ),'ive.> 
tliut  of  tlie  men  who  left  with  I'os  as  more  tliau  8(M),  including  the  convicts, 
ii.  "JOH.  Burleson  estimated  the  nuniher  of  etl'ectivo  nn'n  at  the  time  of  thi 
surri'iiiler  at  not  less  than  1,.'UK),  1,105  of  whom  left  with  •  is.  If  these  n\iiii- 
licrs  are  correct,  it  would  only  leave  KM)  as  the  tobil  of  kdlcd  and  woumled, 
for  Cos  had  only  alwut  8()0  men  before  the  arrival  of  Ugartechea  with  iVM)  from 
IjHrcdo.  If  Filisola's  figures  are  correct,  and  Cos  left  with  no  more  than  be- 
tween 800  and  UOO  men,  the  loss  iu  killeil  and  wounded  woulil  be  between  IKX) 
and  400. 


h 


188 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BtJAR. 


were  two  killed  and  twenty-six  wounded,  one  half  of 
them  severely,  Twcnty-ono  pieces  of  artillery,  500 
muskets,  with  ammunition  and  other  appurtenances, 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors.'^  On  the  15th  Bur 
leson  returned  to  his  home,  leaving  Johnson  with  a 
sufficient  force  stationed  at  the  Alamo,  destined  ere- 
long to  become  the  scene  of  tragical  events.  The 
citizen  volunteers  of  the  army  dispersed. 

With  the  departure  of  Cos  no  Mexican  soldici 
remained  in  Texas.  What  troops  were  stationed 
elsewhere  had  been  compelled  to  retire  during  tht 
siege.  After  tlie  capture  of  Goliad,  Captain  Phili[) 
Dimit  was  placed  in  command  there,  and  reiinforoo- 
meuts  having  been  sent  from  Bay  Prairie  and  tlic 
Nueces,  his  force  was  presently  raised  to  nearly  lOd 
men.  Dnnit  thereupon  detailed,  November  4th  or 
5th,  about  forty  of  them,  under  Cajjtain  Westover,  on 
an  expedition  against  tlie  town  of  Lipantitlan  on  tlif 
Nueces  River.  ^^  Lieutenant  Nicolas  Rodriguez  was 
in  command  of  the  place,  and  was  causing  nmch  an 
noyance  by  detaining  traders  and  travellers  on  tlicii' 
way  eastward.  While  Westover's  force  was  on  the 
marcli,  Rodriguez,  leaving  a  few  soldiers  at  Lipanti- 
tlan, proceeded,  according  to  orders  from  Cos,  against 
Goliad.  Tlie  Texans,  avoiding  liim,  crossed  the  river 
a  few  miles  below  San  Patricio,  and  advanced  to 
Lipantitlan,  wliicli  surrendered  at  the  first  sum- 
mons.""    Rodriguez,  meantime,  aware  of  the   situa- 


**The  alif'Vo  account  of  the  capture  of  Sail  Antonio  is  mainly  derived  from 
the  reports  oi  <len.  Burleson  and  Col  Johnson,  in  Tex.  Aim.,  1801,  50-4,  iiti'l 
Foote,  ii.  105-73,  and  the  authors  quoted.  Other  authorities  that  have  ln'iu 
consulted  are:  Xeweirn  Her.  in  Tcr.,  07-71;  T/iom}moii'h  Mex.,  170-7;  /hni'- 
neclix  MiH.H.  Adi'ent.,  21;  M:<iiUariVs  llixt.  Tex.,  {(S-S;  Youiujh  llhl.  .)/''., 
230;  Greifon/'s  Hint.  J/r.i;.,  5.3-4;  JIoW-ii'h  Tix.,'XMAA;  Dewven'  Lettvrx,  Uu  ^i 
(Jroel-ett,  Life,  309-70;  uVjVm'  I}e<j.,  xlix.  313,  ."lOa,  3%;  Id.,  S.  Am.  .0  Mi:<.,  i. 
287-90;  Tex.  Aim.,  1800,  38-41;  HirLt/ier,  Am.  Sketch  Hook,  vi.,  no.  v.,  37'.l  s:); 
Biutamnnte,  Vozde  la  Put.,  MS.,  x.  ISOetseq. ;  Toniel,  Trj.  y  Extnd.  Uiiid., 
63. 

'•  Linn  was  one  of  the  party,  and  duo  weight  has  been  given  to  his  account 
on  pp.  119-23  of  his  Remiimcencey  as  also  to  those  o\  FilisoUi,  ii.  187-^'; 
Yoakum,  ii.  19-20;  Kennedy,  ii.  132-;^,  and  other  authorities. 

"Two  four-pounder  canuou,  eight  old  Sxtanish  nniskets,  and  a  few  poutuU 


THE  TAMPICO  TRAGEDY. 


189 


tion  of  affairs,  retraced  his  steps  and  took  up  a  posi- 
tion a  few  miles  to  the  north  of  the  Texans,  wiio 
having  remained  a  day  at  Lipantithin  were  on  their 
return  to  Gohad.  Wliile  Westover  was  erossinir  the 
Nueces  in  tiie  afterni>on,  Rodriguez  advanced  against 
him.  Throwing  the  captured  cannon  into  the  river, 
the  Texans  prepared  for  action,  and  a  sliarj)  engage- 
ment of  lialf  an  hour  ensued,  from  wliich  the  Mexi- 
cans retired  witli  a  loss  of  about  twenty  men  in  killed 
and  wounded.  The  Texans  had  only  one  man 
wounded.  Tlie  captives  taken  at  Li[)antitlan  had 
heen  released  under  the  condition  that  they  would 
not  bear  arms  against  Texas.  Rodriguez  retired  to 
Matanioros. 

On  the  day  that  Cos  moved  his  troops  from  the 
Alamo,  a  terrible  tragedy  was  being  enacted  at  Tani- 
pico.  On  November  (ith  a  schooner  named  the  Mori/ 
./(///r;  cleared  the  custom-house  at  New  Orleans  for 
Matagorda.  There  were  about  130  emigrants  on 
board,  most  of  whom,  confidently  believing  in  the  as- 
surances that  had  been  made  them,  expected  that  they 
were  ))ound  for  Texas.  They  were  deceived,  however, 
and  entrapped.  A  vile  scheme  had  been  got  up  by 
General  Meji'a  to  make  a  descent  upon  Tampico,  and 
inihice  the  passengers,  inveigled  on  board  by  fair 
promises,  either  by  persuasion  or  compulsion  to  take 
piiit  in  the  enterprise.  He  sailed  in  the  same  vessi-l 
with  tliem,  but  it  was  not  until  the  sixth  day  out  that 
the  majority  of  them  was  aware  that  a  Mexican  gen- 
oral  was  on  board,  and  that  Tampico  was  their  desti- 
nation. When  the  Mary  Jane  arrived  off  the  bai-  »»f 
tliat  port,  the  whole  matter  was  explained,  and  about 
Htty  of  the  emigrants,  supposed  to  have  had  a  ])revi<)us 
undListanding  about  the  expedition,  joinetl  Mejia's 
standard.  The  rest  were  driven  below,  and  the  ves 
st'l  })iesently  struck  on  the  bar  and  was  wrecked.     A 

•if  jiniipowder  composed,  the  spoil.  The  fort  was  a  simplu  cinlmukiiieiit  ini.s- 
frailly  couatructed. 


,jt 


11  ' 


1  i'3-!) 

Ill 


'  ;^Ji1 


190 


aiBiE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BJiJAIi. 


liiiicliiig  having  boon  eti'ected  at  great  risk,  the  fort  at 
the  north  of  the  haibor  surrendered  through  tht> 
treacliery  of  the  officer  in  conunand.  On  Sunday 
tlie  lotii  arms  were  put  in  tlie  hands  of  those  wlio  had 
previously  refused  to  serve,  and  an  attack  directed 
against  the  town.  Mejia  had  expected  that  the  Mex- 
icans would  rally  to  his  standard;  but  he  was  soon 
undeceived  by  the  unanimous  cries  of  "Viva  Santa 
Anna!  Death  to  foreigners!"  which  greeted  him  in 
the  streets.  The  attack  on  the  jjlaza  was  a  wretched 
failure :  but  Meji'a  and  most  of  his  force  escaped  in 
a  small  merchant  vessel  to  the  Brazos.  Thirty-one 
unfortunate  victims,  however,  were  captured,  of  whom 
three  died  of  their  wounds  in  the  hospital;  the  re- 
maining twenty-eight  were  shot  December  14th."^^ 

While  the  events  above  narrated  were  taking  [)lace. 
the  provisional  govermnent  was  far  from  adequately 
active.  The  position  was  a  difficult  one,  but  alas! 
dissension  between  the  governor  and  the  council  pro- 
ducetl  embarrassments  which  imperilled  the  probabili 
ties  of  success  for  the  Texan  cause.  Money  was  badl  v 
wanted.  Little  coin  had  the  colonists  at  this  period: 
their  wealth  consisted  in  their  lands,  their  cattle,  and 
the  ])roduce  of  their  toil — proi)erty  not  readily  convert- 
ible into  specie,  and  in  most  instances  only  sufficient 
to  su^iply  their  w  ants.  The  richer  settlers,  it  is  true, 
contributed  freely,  but  they  were  few  in  comparison 


'^^  FLiher':<  Mciiiorliils,  \>assim.  Edwardii  Hist.  Tvx.,  2(50-9.  Among  the 
tloeuiiients  supplied  !)••  the  writer  is  the  hist  petition  of  the  victims,  with 
a  list  of  their  names,  .^irge  sums  of  money  were  oflFered  for  the  lives  of  tin' 
sufferers  l>y  sympathizers;  even  $5,000  for  any  individual,  and  §100,000  iis  ,i 
ransom  for  all.  These  offers  were  sternly  refused.  Consult  Filisoln,  ii.  IN^*^ 
ih!.  Mejia  on  his  return  to  Texas  endeavored  to  interest  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment in  an  expedition  which  he  meditated  into  the  interior  of  Mi'xii'n. 
Tlie  council,  contrary  to  Gov.  Smith's  advice,  were  disposed  to  help  liiiii,  Imt 
reiiuested  him  to  operate  with  the  forces  besieging  B^jar.  Mcjfa  declinud 
and  the  council  withdrew  its  aid,  whereupon  he  toofe  his  departure.  Mujia's 
account  of  the  expedition  against  Tampico  will  lie  found  in  I<%lier'.'<  MtttmrhiU. 
praying  the  Texan  congress  for  relief  in  favor  of  those  who  took  part  in  tl.i^ 
expedition.  These  memorials,  which  furnish  a  large  number  of  documents  <iii 
the  subject,  were  printed  in  pamphlet  form  at  Houston  in  1840.  Fisher  wiis 
secretary  to  the  expedition. 


m 


POUTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


\<J\ 


with  tlu).se  who  had  nothhig  to  otter  but  their  servici-.s 
ill  tlie  field.  These  latter  enthusiastically  resj)onde<l 
to  thci  call  for  volunteers,  but  a  long  ninipaign  would 
luci'ssarily  disperse  them.  During  their  absenee  tiieir 
titlds  and  workshops  were  abandoned,  and  their  f'anii 
lies  in  many  cases  reduced  to  distress.  Such  trooj)s, 
liowever  brave  and  patriotic  they  might  be,  could  not 
!>(•  depended  on  as  a  standing  army  in  a  ])rotracted 
wai".  ^forcover,  they  had  to  be  provide<l  with  f(KHl 
and  clothing,  arms  and  munitions  of  war.  The  first 
necessity,  therefore,  was  money,  and  only  in  the 
Tnited  States  could  the  government  hope  to  raistf 
t'unds. 

Immediately  after  its  inauguration  the  council "' 
)iroc('eded  to  apj)oint  special  comnuttecs  to  attend  to 
tlic  innnediate  work  required  to  be  done  in  connection 
,\itli  the  difierent  branches  of  government.  Accord- 
ingly, the  army  and  navy,  financial,  Indian,  and  stato 
affairs,  weie  assigned  to  respective  committees  for 
their  reports  thereon."'^  The  first  symptoms  of  dis- 
agreement between  Governor  Smith  and  the  council 
nccurred  November  24th,  occasioned  bv  the  latter  hav- 
iiig  appointed  Thomas  V.  McKinncy  special  agent  to 
negotiate  a  loan  of  ,$100,000.  The  governor  con- 
■^lflered  that  this  appointment  was  an  interference 
M  itii  the  duties  assigned  to  the  connnissioners  already 
a|»|iointed,  and  who  were  about  to  jtroceed  to  the 
I  iiited  States.  He  therefore  vetoed  the  bill;  but 
it  was  passed  nevertheless  by  a  constitutional  majority 
in  the  council. 

On  November  27tli  the  financial  committee  pre- 
>(Mited  its  report.  The  domains  of  Texas  were  esti- 
mated at  250,000  square  miles,  10,000,000  acres  only 
|»f  which,  or  15,(525  square  miles,  were  considered  as 
Jijipropriated,  and  on  these  it  was  suggested  that  a 
liix  of  one  cent  per  acre  be  levied.     The  population 

■-  The  members  of  the  council  were  l)eing  continually  changed,  and  some 
iiit'u  of  doubtful  capacity  and  integrity  were  installed  during  these  cliauges. 
T'.r  Mm.,  1860,  43. 

"  Journal  q/  Gen.  Council,  17-18. 


I  ) 


If 


n 


198 


8IEUE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DK  BI^UAK. 


was  fiilculatud  at  50,000.  A  tax  of  ono  dolla)'  |m  r 
caput  on  slaves  was  also  ruaniiiiieiHlod,  as  well  as  .1 
duty  on  foreign  tonnage,  one  of  one  quarter  of  a  <•«  nt 
per  pound  011  the  exportation  of  eotton,  and  anotii*  1 
of  from  15  to  MO  j)er  centun»  on  imports. ■"*  Hut  iv 
ci'ipts  derived  from  such  sources  woul<l  be  slow  in 
coming  in,  and  the  negotiati«ui  of  a  l«)aii  was  evidcntlv 
the  only  means  of  spctjdy  relief  from  tiic  pressinL; 
wants  of  the  govermnent. 

When  Austin  arrived  at  San  Feliju^,  XovcimIm  1 
•2'Jth,  he  found  that  his  instructions  had  not  even  yi  t 
been  jnepared  l>y  the  council,  and  it  was  not  until 
December  Oth  that  (ioveinor  Smith  was  autliori/rd 
to  give  them.  Shortly  after  that  <lat«',  the  coniini-- 
sii)ners,  Austin,  Wharton,  and  Archer,  left  for  tin 
United  States,  accompanied  by  A.  Huston  and  .Jnlm 
A.  Wharton,  aj>pointed  by  (it-neral  Houston,  at  tin 
suggestion  of  the  connnissioners,  as  agtMits  to  proctnv 
arms,  anununition,  anil  })rovisions  at  New  Orleans. 

(^rcneral  Houston,  as  commander-in-chief,  liad  iv 
mained  at  San  Felipe  to  aid  in  tlit;  organization  of  tli- 
army.  Under  his  guidanct;  a  number  of  measMr-  . 
were  framed  antl  j)asscd  ]»roviding  for  thti  estaliii>ii- 
Tuent  of  a  regular  army  of  1,120  men,  of  hwal  militi.i 
companies,  and  a  corps  of  rangers.  On  J)ecemi"i 
12th  he  issued  a  proclamation,"'  ajijujaling  to  tin' 
patriotism  of  the  people,  and  setting  before  them  th«' 
condition  of  aiiairs.  Santa  Anna's  letteis  had  Ixmh 
intercepted,  he  said,  and  his  plans  for  their  (k'structi«iii 
were  known.  An  invading  army  of  10,000  men  li.ii! 
been  alreadv  ordered  to  Texas  to  exteiminate  tin- 
Anglo-Americans,  or  drive  them  from  the  land.  \ 
force  of  5,000  volunteers  was  wanted  to  oppose  tin 
invasion.  To  all  who  would  enlist  in  the  reijfular  aniiv 
a  bounty  of  $24  and  800  acres  of  land  would  be  gi\  .11 ; 

'^*  Gonne'n  Fisc.  HiM.  Tex.,  32-3;  Journal  of  the  Council,  03  et  sen. 
'^Copy  of  wliicli  will  be  found  in  MorphtH,  Jhtt.  Tex.,  120-31,  antl  I'ok/,  /'., 
ii.  450-2. 


OOVKRNtm   AM>  COUNCIL. 


103 


If'- 

i-ii- 

lllirl 
til'' 

hi'cll 
It  I'll  I 

k 

.\ 

,(  ' 

•i;iv 

i-.'ii  ; 

ItLill'iy 


•it)(l  to  tlio8(!  wlio  toudorod  their  Horvires  for  a  toriii 
nf"  t\V(»  yt'ars,  or  for  the  war,  as  soldiers  in  the  auxiliary 
Noluiitt'i'r  I'orps  which  it  was  the  design  oi'  the  govern- 
iiitiit  to  raise,  (140  a<'reH  wouhl  he  given.  But  ilous- 
tuii's  ctlorts  were  fettered  hy  the  rupture  hetween  the 
ndvcnior  and  the  council,  and  the  unfriendly  spirit 
shown  hy  the  latter  and  their  sui)porters  toward  hini- 
M'lr.  He  hitterly  coni|>lained  Deceinher  17th  that 
iiKue  than  a  month  had  elapsed  since  the  adjournnient 
ot'  the  consultation,  and  yet  the  anny  was  not  organ- 
ized. He  even  expressed  his  helief  that  the  chairman 
(if  the  corresponjling  committee  was  interposing  every 
dltstach'  in  his  way.  Nor  did  the  evil  rest  here;  its 
haiiet'ul  influence  att'ected  the  foreign  volunti'ers. 
Houston,  hy  order  of  tlu^  governor,  removed  his  head- 
(piarters,  December  2r>th,  to  Washington,  on  tlu; 
Hra/os;  and  on  reporting  his  arrival,  mentions  that  he 
toiuid  there  two  companies,  lately  from  Alabama  and 
Kentucky,  who  did  not  conceal  their  mortiflcnition  at 
the  duhious  ]»osition  in  whicii  they  fouml  themselves, 
and  showed  a  disposition  to  abandon  the  cause.^ 

The  breach  between  the  governor  an<l  coun<'il  wid 
( iK'd  daily.  Incessant  changes  in  the  latter  caused 
its  MU'mbers  to  be  carelessly  indifferent  as  to  tlieir 
(hities  and  resi)onsibilities,  and  their  action  was  guided 
iiinic  by  the  spirit  of  oi)position  than  by  that  of  pa- 
triotism. Th<!  proi'eedings  of  this  provisional  govt'rn- 
mnit  })resent  a  J)age  in  the  history  of  Texas  j)ainful 
to  read.  At  a  time  when  her  vitality  depended  upon 
the  liainionious  working  of  all  her  members,  tlu^y  were 
at  variance.  Recriminations,  ribald  abuse,  and  mutual 
iipioaches  were  bandied  between  the  o}>ponents,  and 
as  each  side  had  its  supj)orters,  two  strong  factions 
Were  developed,  (rovernor  Smith  t)n  divers  occasions 
considered  it  necessary  to  exercise  the  veto;  but  it 
mattered  not,  his  vetoes  were  always  overruled. 
Tlu;  office  of  judge-advocate-general  was  (Teated  by 
the  council,  and    1).    C.   Barret,  a  member  of  that 

^"Houston  to  Gov.  Smith,  in  Id.,  ii.  448-60,  453-5. 
llisT.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    13 


104 


SIEfSE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  RfcJAK. 


bo<ly,  was  elected  to  fill  the  position.     E<Iwar(l  Grit 
ton  was  at  the  same  time  ai)iM)inted  collector  of  nv 
ciiue  at  the  port  of  C\'»pano.     Smith  refust^d  to  ratify 
the  appointments,  and  in  his  messajije  of  iWemKer 
1 7th,  f^ave  his  reasons,     (xritton's  past  record,  he  said. 
was  not  satisfactory;   he  had  been  the  secretary  of 
Almonte,  who  had  been  sent  by  Santa  Amia  to  repoi  t 
on  the  cotxlition  of  Texas,  and  the  governor  regarded 
(iritton  as  a  spy.      Barret,  he  asserted,  had    forged 
an  attorney's  license  in  North  C^arolina,  and  he  de 
nounced  him  as  a  passer  of  counterfeit  money,  and  fur 
having  embezzled  funds  that  had  been  furnished  tn 
him  and  (iritton  when  sent  a  few  months  before  on 
an  cnibassy  to  General  Cos.     The     -uncil  neverthe- 
less sustained  their  mend)er.'"' 

A  j)hin  for  the  capture  of  Matamoros  brought  ni.it 
ters  to  a  climax.  The  scheme  oi-iginated  with  a  cei- 
tain  Doctor  (irant,  a  man  of  wealth,  and  possessiiio- 
large  estates  at  Parras  in  Coahuila.  (irant  Ii.kI 
assisted  at  the  capture  of  San  Antonio,  had  fought 
bravely  there,  and  was  severely  wounded.  But  his  gal- 
lantry was  disj)layed  for  the  promotion  of  his  personal 
interests,  and  not  in  support  of  the  Texan  cause,  lie 
was  an  active  federalist,  and  having  been  a  member  of 
the  dispersed  legislature  at  Monclova,  had  taken  refuge 
in  Texas.  His  object  now  was  to  restore  tiie  old 
order  of  things,  and  regain  [)os8ession  of  his  estates. 
It  was  he  who,  by  his  highly  colored  descriptions  of 
the  interior  of  Mex  co,  had  excited  among  the  foreiuii 
volunteers  before  ,  an  Antonio  a  desire  to  niaivli 
against  Matamoros  and  after  the  fall  of  the  foinier 
place  the  ardent  \  ;tors,  elated  at  their  triumitli, 
listened  still  more  c,  ;erly  to  his  representations,  and 
were  ready  to  engag'  in  any  adventurous  undertakiiiij: 
Besides,  he  assurer?  them  that  the  inhabitants  of 
Matamoros  and  the  interior  were  opposed  to  Santa 


"  Yoakum  in  narrating  this  quarrel  had  before  him  the  original  mrssacp, 
which  waa  read  in  secret  session,  and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  tile,  aixl  not 
entered  on  the  journals  of  the  house,  ii.  44-5. 


RKSTLESSNI'I.SS  OF  THK  VOLUNTKKHS. 


i»r. 


Anna  nrid  the  central  Rvatc^in,  and  would  rally  rounr 
tlicir  standard  on  their  approaeh.  Ap)ilu'ation  wan, 
th<  ri'fore,  made  t<>  the  jjfovernnient  for  its  approval  of 
the  scJK'ine.  The  council  readily  j^rante<l  it;  hut  the 
jL^overnor  and  Houston  were  already  proceedinj^  in  the 
same  direction,  and  makin<]f  preparaticms  for  the  com- 
iiiLf  canipaijjfn. 

After  the  fall  of  San  Antonio,  the  forei^j^n  volunteers 
there,  in  numher  over  400,  showed  a  restlessness  at 
the  inaction  which  followed,  whiL  at  the  same  time 
(ithers  kept  arrivinj^  from  the  United  Stjites;'"  in 
order  to  retain  th«un,  it  was  necessary  to  engajije  in 
some;  enterprise.  Early  in  Decemher  Captain  Dimit, 
ill  command  at  (Joliad,  had  warmlv  ur«fed  the  j^overn- 
nicnt  to  make  a  descent  on  Matamoros,  and  it  was 
(loiihtless  in  consequence  of  his  representations  that 
Houston,  in  ohedience  to  instructions  from  (lovernor 
Smith,  on  Decemher  17th,  directed  James  Bowie,  then 
iit  (ioliad,  to  organize  an  expedition  ajj^ainst  that  place. 
If  the  reduction  of  Matamoros  was  not  })racticahle,  he 
was  to  secure  the  most  elijjjihle  point  on  the  frontier 
and  hold  it.  Under  any  circumstances,  the  port  of 
('«'»[)ano  was  to  he  secured.'"^  At  the  same  time  Hous- 
ton issued  orders  that  volunteers  who  should  arrive 
at  tlie  Brazos  should  proceed  to  C6pano,  and  ordered 
several  detachments  to  repair  to  Goliad  and  Refujifio, 
which  he  designated  as  [)laces  of  rendezvous.  Jn- 
stiuctions  were  sent  to  the  agents  at  New  Orleans 
iroarding  the  shipment  of  provisions  and  muniticms  of 
war,  with  directions  to  store  them  at  Matagorda  and 
('•'•pano,  and  colonels  William  B.  Travis  and  J.  W. 
Fainun  were  stationed  at  San  Felipe  and  Velasco, 
res])ectively,  on  recruiting  service.  Thus  Governor 
Smith  and  the  c(mimander-in-chief  had  already  formed 
their  plan  and  discountenanced  any  other. 

''"  On  Dec.  20th  there  were  alwut  400  meu  at  Bejar,  70  at  Washington,  80 
atdoliad,  and  200  at  VehMeo,  TtV)  in  all,  l>esi(le8  several  coinpaniuH  on  tht- 
iiiiu'cli  to  (tifierent  places  of  rendezvous.  Id.,  ii.  46.  These  nuirlxsrs  doubtleHs 
include  the  few  citizen  volunteers  who  still  remained  in  service.  Consult 
K.  il.  Brown's  account,  in  Tex.  A  Im.,  1859,  134.  He  estimates  the  number  of 
I'.  S.  volunteers  at  San  Antonio  at  about  400  men. 

'^Houston  to  Bowie,  in  Id.,  454;  MorphU,  Hint,  Tex.,  133. 


fl«   -1 


1<J6 


SIEGE  or  SaN  ANTONIO  DE  B^AR. 


Colonel  Johnson  was  in  favor  of  the  plan  proposed 
l»y  Grant,  and  repaired  to  San  Felipe,  where  he 
readily  obtained  the  approval  of  the  government 
and  tiie  necessary  order  for  the  expedition.  Grant 
left  San  Antonio  de  Bejar  soon  after,  in  the  latter 
part  of  December,  with  about  400  volunteers,  leaving 
(yolonel  James  C.  Neill  in  command  of  the  Alamo 
with  a  force  of  little  over  sixty  men.^"  Grant  appro- 
priated the  clothing,  ammunition,  and  provisions  in- 
tended for  the  garrison  as  its  winter  sup[)lies. 

Colonel  Xeill  at  once  informed  the  connnander-iii- 
chief  of  the  destitute  and  defenceless  condition  in 
which  San  Antonio  had  been  left.  Houston,  by 
despatch  of  January  6th,^*  transmitted  tlie  report  to 
the  governor,  who  on  tlie  perusal  of  it  lost  all  control 
of  his  temj)er.  On  January  9th  he  sent  in  to  the 
council  a  message  couched  in  most  intemperate  lan- 
guage. He  stigmatized  Grant's  expedition  as  preda- 
tory and  j)iratical,  and  charged  the  council  with 
conniving  at  it.  "  Instead  of  acting,"  he  said,  "  as 
hecomes  the  counsellors  and  guardians  of  a  free  peo- 
ple, you  resolve  yourselves  into  low,  intriguing,  cau- 
cusing parties."  He  applied  tlie  terms  "  Judas," 
"scoundrels,"  "parricides,"  and  "wolves"  to  a  jxtr- 
tion  of  the  members;''^  and  having  heaped  all  tin- 
abuse  upon  them  that  his  power  of  language  was  capa- 
ble of,  he  declared  the  council  adjourned  till  March  1st, 

'"R.  R.   Brown's  account  in  Tex.  Aim.,    1859,    134;  F.  W.  Johiimi,  in 
linkf'r'x  Tc.r.,  80-1. 

•"  (-'ojiy  in  Yoiikinii,  ii.  457-8. 

'-  Full  text  of  this  extraordinary  tlocument  will  be  found  in  Jniininl  of  'In' 
dfii.  Council, '■MO-3.  I  qiiote  the  following  extracts:  'I  know  you  liavi^  limi 
I'.Ht  men  there,  anil  of  sterling  worth  and  integrity;  but  you  have  Judas  in  tlie 
t'aini)--C()rruption,  Iwise  corruption,  has  crept  into  your  councils — men  \y\u\ 
if  possible,  would  deceive  their  (lod.'  '  I  am  »unv  tired  of  watching  .scunn 
drels  abroad  and  scoundrels  at  home.'  '  Look  around  upon  your  Hock;  ycinr 
discernment  will  ciiaily  detect  the  scoundrels.  The  complaint:  contrin'ticii 
«>f  the  eyes;  the  ga])e  of  the  mouth;  the  vacant  stiirc;  the  hung  licad;  tlio 
restless,  fidgety  disposition;  the  sneaking,  sycophantic  look;  a  natural  incan- 
iioss  of  countenance;  an  unguarded  shrug  of  tiie  shoulders;  a  sympatlnih' 
tickling  and  contraction  of  tlie  muscles  of  the  neck,  anticipating  the  Vi>\>r:  ,i 
restless  uneasiness  to  adjourn,  dreading  to  face  the  storm  themselves  li.ive 
raised.'  'L  *■  the  honest  and  indignant  part  of  your  council  drive  tlie  woho.s 
o'lt  of  the  fold.'  'They  are  parricides,  piercing  their  devoted  country,  al- 
ready bloc  Jiug  at  every  pore. ' 


GOVERNOR  SMITH  DENOUNCED. 


197 


unless  it  immediately  "made  the  necessary  acknowl- 
((lirments  to  the  world  of  its  error,  f'urnishintr  ex- 
presses  to  give  circulation  and  publicity  in  a  manner 
calculated  to  counteract  its  baleful  effects." 

The  council  considered  itself  grossly  insulted,  and 
was  pr(t})ortionately  exasperated.  The  message  was 
nt'erred  to  a  committee,  which  reported  on  it  January 
1 1  th.  Smith  was  denounced  as  a  man  whose  language 
and  conduct  proved  *'his  early  habits  of  association  to 
have  been  vulgar  and  d  jpraved."  His  charges  against 
tlie  council  were  indignantly  repelled,  and  his  style 
and  language  condemned  as  "  low,  blackguardly,  and 
vindictive."  The  committee,  therefore,  advised  the 
return  of  the  paper,  and  that  resolutions  be  passed 
declaring  that  the  council  was  the  representative  of 
the  pcojtle;  that  it  would  sustain  the  dignity  of  the 
government;  and  that  Governor  Henry  Smith  be 
suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his  functions.  The 
report,  having  been  read,  was  unanimously  a(lo])ted.'^^ 
rjioutenant-governor  Robinson  was  called  to  fill  the 
office  of  acting  governor,  and  the  secretaiy  of  the 
executive  was  notified  that  he  would  be  held  rosponsi- 
l)le  for  all  records,  documents,  and  archives  of  his 
office.  A  proclamation  t(X{)laining  their  action  to  the 
people  of  Texas  was  also  issued. 

This  resolute  attitude  astonished  Smith,  and  he  made 
a  half'-apologctic  attc;ni)t  at  reconciliation.  Wiiile 
still  recjuiring  the  council  to  acknowledge  its  error,  he 
says:  " Believing  the  rules  of  christian  charity  retjuire 
us  to  bear  and  forbear,  and  as  far  as  possible  to  over- 
look the  errors  and  fcnbh's  of  each  other,  in  this  cast'  1 
may  not  have  exercised  towards  your  body  that  do- 
|j,rt't'  of  forbearance  which  was  probal)ly  your  dui';" 
iiud  lie  expresses  the  ho})e  that  the  "two  branches  of 
^iivernnient  wovdd  again  harmonize,  to  the  promotion 

"/'/.,  '2'.)4-().  Copy  of  it  will  he  foi.i.l  in  /V»w.y'  f.vftn-M,  nil  K.  Tht- 
I'lMMinittw'  W!us  coiiiitosuil  of  R.  R.  Royall,  ehairiiiiiii,  AloxaiuliT  'riiniiison, 
('lailiiPi'iK'  Wost,  J.  D.  Clements,  and  .John  MeMullin.  One  of  tlie  eliarj,'cs  of 
S  iiitli  a<;ainHt  the  conncil  was  that  it  paused  '  i'u»ulution!)  without  a  quuriiin, 
luviliciited  on  false  premises.' 


.,1..., 


^  <  ■■■ 


198 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  B^AR. 


i     J'lit-  :;l 


& 


of  the  true  interests  of  the  country."  ^*  But  the  coun- 
cil was  not  in  a  mood  to  practise  christian  forbearance : 
it  refused  to  revoke  its  resolutions;  Robinson  became 
acting  governor;  while  Smith  resisted  all  effort.j  to 
obtain  from  him  the  executive  records.  He  retained 
his  seal  of  office  and  the  archives,  threatening,  wluii 
they  were  demanded  of  him,  to  defend  them  by  force, 
and  in  retaliation  called  for  certain  papers,  with  the 
menace  that  unless  his  demand  was  promptly  conijJied 
with,  he  would  order  the  arrest  of  the  members  of  tlie 
council  and  send  them  to  Bejar  for  trial  by  court- 
martial.^^  And  thus  tliis  miserable  contention  went 
on,  at  a  time  when  Santa  Anna  was  making  prepara- 
tions to  invade  Texas  with  an  overwhelming  force. 
The  two  parties  surfeited  the  public  with  explanations 
of  their  conduct,  and  caused  no  small  disgust  and 
lukewarmness.  One  conclusion  only  was  arrived  at, 
namely,  that  the  council  and  executive  having  been 
created  by  the  consultation,  neither  had  the  power  to 
suspend  the  functions  of  the  other.  From  January 
18th  the  council  never  had  a  quorum,  and  the  shadow 
of  its  existence  disappeared  shortly  after  the  meetiuL:; 
of  the  convention  on  March  1,  1836.^^ 

But  this  lamentable  discord  was  productive  of  con- 
fusion and  its  subsequent  evils.  A  lethargy  seeiiitd 
to  settle  upon  the  Texans.  At  the  time  when  tiny 
ought  to  have  been  in  the  field  by  thousands,  citizen 
volunteers  were  wanting,  and  ihe  brunt  of  the  first 
onsets  was  borne  by  hundreds  of  brave  men  wlio  hud 
left  their  homes  in  the  United  States  to  fight  tor 
Texas,  and  whose  blood  was  poured  upon  lier  soil.'' 
The  efforts  of  the  commander-in-chief  were  paralyzed. 
At    a   most    momentous   crisis    he    found    that    the 


^*Joiiriinl,  lit  mip.,  308. 

'•'A  full  account  of  these  quarrels  will  be  found  in  Id.,  290-300,  31  "J 
319-U8,  3:«-»,  3r.l-2. 

^See  the  entries  in  the  Journnl,  .S47-(i3. 

"'  'Los  soldados  dc  Travis  on  el  Alaini),  los  do  Fannin  en  I'l  IVrdiilc 
rifleros  del  Dr  (Jrant  y  I'l  mis  mo  Houston  y  sus  tropas  do  San  .luciiitn 

iiocas  es  ccpcioncs  os  notorio  que  vinioro  ile  Nueva  Orleans,  y  otros  |)uiiti 
a  republica  veciuo.'  Santa  Anna  Monif.,  in  Pa]^.  Vai:,  140,  no.  1 J,  p.  I"- 


i;t, 


roll 


CIVIL  AND  MILITAUV   OFFICERS. 


199 


council  had  appointed,  on  January  7th,  J.  W.  Fannin 
militai  y  agent  to  raise  and  concentrate  all  volunt*  ers 
who  were  willing  to  take  jmrt  in  an  exi)edition  against 
Mutanioros,  empowering  him  at  the  same  time  to  call 
upon  all  public  agents  tor  provisions  and  sui)plies  of 
iiil  kinds.  This  was  clearly  an  encroacliment  U[)on 
the  commander-in-chief's  prerogatives;  the  organic 
law  of  November  13th  declared  tliat  the  major-general 
should  be  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  called 
into  j)ublic  service  during  the  war.^  Houston  had 
left  Washington  on  the  8th,  arrived  at  Goliad  on  the 
I4tli,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Kefugio,  where  he  had 
an  interview,  on  the  21st,  with  Colonel  Johnson,  who 
had  just  arrived  from  San  Felipe,  empowered  by  the 
council  to  undertake  the  expedition  against  ]\Iata- 
uioios.  Johnson  informed  Houston  of  the  authoritv 
orauted  him;  and  showed  him  the  resolutions  of  the 
council  suspending  Governor  Smith.  When  the  com- 
mander-in-chief became  aware  of  the  action  taken  by 
the  council,  he  recognized  its  intention  to  supersede 
him.  He  immediately  denounced  the  projwsed  ex- 
pedition as  unwise  and  unauthorized,  in  a  speech 
addressed  to  the  volunteers  assembled  there;  and  con- 
scious that  if  he  remained  with  the  army  every  mishap 
would  be  ascribed  to  him,  returned  to  Washington, 
having  been  elected  by  the  citizens  of  Refugio  their 
delegate  to  the  convention,  and  on  January  30th  re- 
ported matters  to  Smith."" 

Houston,  Forbes,  and  Cameron  had  been  appointed 
1)V  the  ixovernor  and  council  as  connnissioners  to 
treat  with  the  Indians.  When  Houston  returned 
he  icH-eived  a  furlough  from  Smith  till  .\[arch  1st, 
with  instructions  to  proceed  on  his  commission.  Ac- 
cordingly he  and  Forbes  went  to  Howl's  village,  and 
entered  into  a  treatv  with  the  Indians,  Februarv  -3, 

•'"  See  article  ii.  of  tho  declaration  defining  the  military  regulations.  A'e»- 
«''/.'/,  ii.  4!M). 

'■'  lloUftdii  to  fiov.  Henry  Smith,  Jan.  SO.  183G,  in  Ycxikuia,  ii.  400-70; 
It   '(.  JJivivn'ii  Account,  iu  Tex.  Aim.,  IbuU,  134. 


,. .   m 


I  I 


-1^ 


l«:1^ 


aoo 


SIEGE  OF  SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BEJAR. 


1836,  in  accordance  with  the  'solemn  decree'  of  the 
consultation.*" 

**  Or.  Nov.  13,  1835,  the  consultation  had  issued  a  'solemn  decree,'  declar- 
ing that  the  Cherokees  and  their  12  associate  tribes  had  derived  just  claims  tn 
lands,  and  defined  the  boumlaries  to  be  the  San  Antonio  road  and  the  Nechus 
on  the  south,  and  the  Angeliue  and  Sabine  rivers  on  the  east.  It  guaranteed 
to  them  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  their  rights  to  their  lands.  All  grants 
and  locations  within  the  bounds  mentioned  were  <leclared  null;  and  that  it 
was  the  sincere  desire  of  the  consultation  that  the  Indians  should  remain 
friends  of  tlie  Texans  in  peace  and  war.  The  public  faith  was  pledged  for  tlic 
supi)ort  of  these  declar.'.itions.  Journals  of  the  Vonmll.,  51-2.  Tlie  treaty  was 
subsequently  rejected  by  the  Texan  senate,   Tex.  Aim.,  18(50,  45. 


iH 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  XLAMO  and  GOLIAD  MASSACRES. 

January-Makch  183G. 

AiAniy    OF   THE    Texans— Santa    Anna's   Preparations  and  MAuni — 

I)ES(UlITtON    OK    THE    Al.AMO — DaVIIj    CkoCKEIT — THE    SiE'IK, — StoRM- 

iN(i  OK  TiiK.  Alamo — The  Assault — Ham>-to-hanu  Contests— Death 
(IK  Uowii:— A  Holocaust— V'lcroRY  Dearly  Bought — Declaration 
OF  Inoei'Endence — Names  of  the  Subscribers — Labors  ok  the  Con- 
vention— A  Provisional  Government  Orcamzed— The  Constitu- 
tion -Fannin's  Preparations  at  Goliad— Destriciion  t)K  (Jrant's 
1'ai:iv — Urrea's  Movements— Capture  ok  San  Patricio— Fannin's 
FoKci;— KiN<;'s  Party  Shot — Assault  on  the  Mission  ok  PiEKKsio 
— Cai'tuke  ok  Ward's  Command — Houston  at  (Jonzalez — Movements 
OF  THE  Mexican  Forces — Fannin  Ketreats  toward  VicroitiA — 
A  i'ATAL  Delay — Baitle  ok  Encinal  del  Perdiho— Surrender  ok 
Fannin — A  Barbarous  Massacre — Number  ok  the  Victims. 

Thk  meditated  descent  on  Matanioros,  by  its  diver- 
sion, wa>;  the  cause  of  disaster  at  Bejar.  liecojjfnizing 
that  no  adequate  force  could  be  sent  for  the  defence 
of  that  jilace,  Houston,  on  the  receipt  of  a  letter 
from  Colonel  Neill  informing  him  that  1,000  men 
wvvv.  on  the  march  against  it,  had  despatched  from 
(Joliad  Colonel  Bowie  with  a  small  force,  on  January 
17tli,  with  instructions  to  destroy  the  fortifications 
and  bring  off  the  cannon.'  Neil],  however,  was  un- 
ahlo  to  remove  the  artillery  from  want  of  teams,  and 
tluivfore  did  not  demolish  the  defences.  When  ad- 
vised of  this,  and  of  the  fact  that  there  were  only 
ahoiit  80  men  in  the  place,  Governor  Smith  sent 
thi tiler  Colonel  Travis  with  another  small  force,  and 

'  Houston  to  Smith,  Jan.  17,  1830,  in  Yoiikum,  ii.  458. 

(201) 


Is 


1' 


202 


THE  Alamo  and  gouad  massacres. 


Noill  sliortly  afterward  returne-i  home,  leaving  Travis 
ill  coimnaiid.  Travis  now  called  for  money,  provisions, 
c'lotliing,  and  a  reiinforcement  of  500  men — supplies 
beyond  the  power  of  the  commander-in-chief  to  fur- 
nish. The  recruiting  service  had  been  sadly  unsuc- 
cessful. Apathy  seemed  to  have  settled  on  the 
people;  and  in  painful  contrast  with  the  zeal  and  en- 
thusiasm displayed  in  the  previous  year  was  the 
disregard  now  shown  to  the  call  for  recruits.  The 
(juarrel  between  tlie  governor  and  council,  disbelief  in 
the  re})orts  that  an  invading  army  was  ai»proachiiig, 
rumors  that  great  numbers  of  volunteers  were  con- 
stantly arriving  or  were  on  their  way  from  the  United 
States,  and  the  toils  of  the  late  campaign  and  tlie 
privations  undergone  by  the  families  of  those  wlio 
took  the  field,  c<nnbined  to  cause  this  fatal  incliifer- 
ence.  In  regard  to  funds  the  government  was  ahnost 
destitute.  Although  the  connnissioners  to  the  United 
States  negotiated,  January  8th,  a  conditional  loan  for 
$•200,000  in  New  Orleans,  the  sum  of  $20,000  only 
was  inmiediately  realized,  and  it  was  api)lied  to  the 
purchase  of  army  supplies.  Another  loan  of  .$00,000 
was  obtained,  January  18th,  and  devoted  1j  the  same 
purpose."  Thus  the  garrison  at  Bejar  was  left  to 
its  fate.^ 


:':#■ 


Meantime  active  preparations  had  been  made  by 
Santa  Anna  to  invade  Texas  with  an  overwhehniiig 
force.  Having  completely  suppressed  all  opposition 
in  Mexico,  he  proceeded  to  San  Luis  Potosi,  wheie 
he  arrived  at  the  beginning  of  Decend)er  IS'k"),  and 

'^Austin  to  Houston,  Jan.  7,  183(5,  and  to  D.  C.  Barret,  Jan.  17,  ISIid,  in 
Fontr,  ii.  l!>4-7;  Yonhnn,  ii.  (i'i.  Tlio  remainder  of  the  first  loan  was  ncviT 
realized,  the  stockholders  objecting  to  modifications  niaile  hy  the  ext'ciitivu 
government  in  the  original  agreement.  Ihe  loan  was  negotiated  on  a  sal^  i>l 
lands  with  the  condition  of  the  exclusive  right  of  immediate  location.  'I'liit 
was  regarded  as  unfair  to  the  volunteers  in  the  field,  who  woidd  oidy  hr  .iMe 
to  locate  after  the  termination  of  the  war.  A  donation  of  .3*2  leagues  of  liiinl 
was  offered  the  stockholders  if  they  would  reliiKjuish  their  riglit  of  iirioiity 
of  location,  but  they  unanimously  voted  against  the  modilied  contr.ict. 
/iiinii'/f'n  McsMii/c,  Oct.  4,  \H'Mi;  (ioinje,  Fis<-il  JfinL  7V.r.,  50. 

•'Particulars  of  the  destitute  condition  of  the  garrison  are  given  in  Traxis 
letter  of  Feb.  14,  183G,  to  Uov.  Smith.     Original  in  Pinart'x  JW.  Vol.,  ii<i.  '2. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  MOVEMENTS. 


203 


rcinaiiiod  for  some  time  making  his  final  arraiiijfemonts. 
His  force  was  composed  of  three  brigades,  numbering 
over  6,000  men,  the  flower  of  tlie  Mexican  army. 
(Jeneral  Filisohi  was  appointed  second  in  command. 
The  first  brigade,  under  General  Sesma,  was  inune- 
iliately  sent  in  advance  to  relieve  Cos,  then  besieged 


, ,    .  .I^A ^  . , 

leon|vicari.o    iM  '%V<»»-^ 


<  ( 


<.  I 


!    '1 


^A 


)i\ 


Santa  Anna's  Makcu. 


in  Bejar.  His  surrender,  however,  was  known  shortly 
atUi  ward,  and  at  the  end  of  the  month  the  second  and 
tliiid  brigades,  under  generals  Tolsa  and  (Jaoiia,  and 
a  j)(>rtion  of  tlie  artillery,  under  (General  Amjtudia, 
laaiched  for  Saltillo,  the  cavalry  commanded  by  (Gen- 
eral Andrade  following  January  1,  183G.     On  the  2d 


;Lll 


|sf| 


'iiilfr 


234 


THE  Alamo  and  c;oliai>  massacres. 


li :'  ■ 


Santa  Anna  left  for  the  same  place,  and  remained 
there  nearly  a  month  organizing  his  troops.  From 
Saltillo  General  Joh^  Urrea  was  despatched  to  Mata- 
moros  witli  200  cavalry,  to  unite  with  forces  that  had 
been  concentrated  at  that  place.  On  the  2r)tli  t)f  tlic 
sanie  month  Santa  Anna  held  a  review  of  his  army, 
at  wliich  his  force  was  found  to  be  about  5,000  men. 
exclusive  of  Sesma's  and  Urrea's  commands.*  In  the 
beginning  of  February  the  army  marched  for  Moii 
clova,  from  which  place  Santa  Anna,  liaving  left  in- 
structio!is  to  his  generals  relative  to  their  advanci-, 
proceeded  with  his  staff  and  fifty  horsemen  to  join 
Sesma,  who  was  at  the  town  of  Rio  Grande. 

The  distance  from  Monclovato  Rio  Grande  is  eijjchtv 
leagues,  through  a  desert  country  almost  destitute  of 
resources  for  either  man  or  beast;  from  Rio  (jrraiide  to 
Bejar  it  is  nearly  100  leagues,  through  a  region  still 
more  desolate.  There,  little  water  could  be  found,  and 
no  ]>ro<luce  of  human  hands.  On  the  march  to  Texas 
half-rations  only  were  dealt  out  to  the  troo])s,  win* 
were  reduced  to  tho  extremes  of  hunger,  thirst,  and 
fatigue.  Sickness  and  exhaustion  struck  them  down: 
the  gun-carriages  and  artillery  wagons  became  loaded 
with  lieli)less  soldiers  picked  uj)  on  the  way,  and  num- 
bers perisiied.^  Nevertheless,  through  storms  of  lain 
and  snow,  beaten  by  icy  blasts  or  scorched  by  a  fici  v 
sun,  tlie  soldiers  accomplished  their  painful  march,  and 
on  Fi'bruary  2,Sd  the  advance  brigade  which  left  h'io 
Grande  on  tlie  IGth  took  possession  of  Bejar  without 
()p})osition,  Travis  having  retired  on  the  approach  of 
the  enemy  to  the  Alamo,  with  145  men.*     Santa  Anna 


*<~'iirn,  Vrrddd.  fi/en,  2,  4-i);  Santa  Anna,  Man!/.,  8,  in  Pap.  Vur.,  WK 
no.  1").  Arroiiiz,  //ixt.  Mex.,  '270,  states  that  Santa  Anna  organizutl  at  S.  I.iiis 
Potosl  an  army  of  8,()00  men.  Bustamante  says  that  tlie  Mex.  army  in  '\\'m\^ 
dill  not  exceed  10,000  men.  Hint,  Inva^.,  i.  0-7. 

^('aro,  VenlaU.  Idea,  7;  Filixola,  ut  xiip.,  ii.  347-02.  The  animal.s  wiiv 
attacked  with  the  diseases  known  as  the  mal  de  lenijua  and  the  tdelf.  'I'lu- 
former  was  an  inflammation  of  the  tongue,  caused  by  eating  dry  pasturage  and 
want  of  water;  the  latter  Wiw  a  fever  proiluced  by  heat,  and  drinking  st;i,i,ni:iMt 
water  heated  by  the  sun.  Id.,  352-3. 

"This  is  the  number  given  by  Travis  in  a  letter  dated  March  3d,  in  wliiili 
he  says:   'With  145  men  I  have  held  this  place  ten  days  against  a  force  Mui- 


MISSION,  FOUT,  AND  PRISON. 


205 


anivoil  soon  afterward  with  his  staff,  and  'nnmodiatcly 
(|i  iiiaiuk'd  an  unconditional  surrender  of  tlu'  jjlace  and 
its  defenders.  His  sununons  was  replied  to  l)y  a  can- 
iiDii  shot,  whereuj)on  lie  hoisted  a  hlood-red  tla^-  on 
tlic  church  in  token  of  no  (juartei',  and  commenced  a 
lMiiiil)ardment  and  cannonade  from  two  howitzers  and 
two  loiijjf  nine-})ounders.^ 

The  Alamo,  thouffh  built  for  amission,  was  a  strouf^ 
(■iiitiii>h  place  for  defence  except  against  siege  artillery. 
Its  suri'ounding  walls  were  of  masonry  from  two  and 
a  half  feet  to  one  vara  thick,  and  eight  feet  high. 
Till  main  area,  or  square  of  the  mission,  was  154  yards 
long  hy  o4  wide,  though  it  was  not  a  perfect  parallel- 
ogiam,  being  somewhat  narrower  at  the  southern  than 
at  the  northern  extremity.  On  the  south-east  of  ii 
was  the  old  church  with  walls  of  hewn  store  four  feet 
thick,  and  twenty-two  and  a  half  feet  high.  It  had 
iit'vei"  been  completed,  and  was  roofless,  but  was  nia<le 
sciviceable  as  a  magazine  and  for  soldiers'  quarti^rs. 
Krom  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  chapel  attached 
to  it,  a  wall  extended  northward  180  feet,  thence 
westward  at  rijjht  anijles  to  the  convent  enclosiiiir  the 
yai'd  of  the  convent.  This  was  a  two-story  adobe 
huilding,  191  feet  long  and  18  feet  wide.  It  was 
divided  into  apartments,  and  was  used  as  an  armory 
and  barracks.  The  prison  was  of  one  story,  115  by 
17  fetit,  and  frcmi  its  south-eastern  corner  a  diagonal 
ditch,  surmounted  by  a  strong  stockade,  with  an 
iMitiance  in  the  centre,  extended  to  the  south-west 
collier  of  the  church.  The  whole  area  of  the  different 
enclosures  was  between  two  and  tlwee  acr<!s,  and  a 
jilciitiful  supply  of  water  was  obtained  from  two  acjue- 
(lucts,  one  touching  the  north-west  corner  of  the  main 

"Msly  istiiiiated  from  1,500  to  6,000.'  R.  M.  Pottvi;  in  7V.r.  Mm.,  IStiS,  :{'2; 
Yii'diiiii.  ii.  7(1.  Cam,  iit  xup.,  8,  gives  the  numliur  liiii  a.s  suppliod  to  him 
l>y  tlio  citizuns  of  Ikljar.  Potter  indorses  these  figures.  Saiifci  Anna  gros.sly 
ixauLjcrated  tlio  iiuniber  of  the  defenders,  reporting  them  as  over  (iOO.  Sue  his 
iquHt  of  Mareh  «,  1836,  in  Filuoln,  Mem.  Tej.,  184!»,  i.  U>. 

■Travis  to  fellow-citizens,  Feb.  '24,  1834),  and  to  tlie  president  of  the  con- 
vfiitic.n,  March  3,  1836,  iu  /We,  ii.  218-22;  Deween'  Letlcm,  170-80,  184-7. 


li'^  U 


i  !tj 


;       I 


ir 


■if 


20G 


THE  Alamo  and  ooliad  massacres. 


mi 


/ 


area,  and  the  other  running  close  to  the  eastern  wall 
of  tlie  church. 

Thouufh  the  Alamo  had  neither  redoubt  nor  bastion 


Grounu-plan  of  the  Alamo. 

A   Kntry  of  the  Mission.  D.  Church,  Chapel,  and  Vestry. 

B.  Carcel  or  Prison.  E   Walls,  %\  inches  thick. 

C.  Convent.  F.  Stockade 

G,  H,  1    Places  where  Travis,  Crockett,  and  Howie,  respectively,  fell. 

to  command  the  lines  of  the  fort,  fourteen  guns  were 
mounted  at  different  points,  presenting  a  formidable 
obstacle  to  approach.  Of  these,  three  heavy  pieces 
had  been  planted  with  much  labor  upon  tlie  walls  of 


i..?i'  rl2> 


AURIVAL  OF  THE  ENEMY. 


207 


the  church  by  General  Cos,  respectively  poiiitinji^ 
north,  soiitii,  ami  east.  Two  pieces  protected  tlie 
ciitraiice  1)V  the  stockade:  two  more  defended  tiie 
yateway  and  j)rison;  on  terre-pleins  one  u^un  was 
mounted  jit  the  south-west  angle  of  the  nmin  scjuare, 
two  on  tlie  western  wall,  one  on  the  north-west  angle, 
two  on  the  northern  wall,  and  a  single  j)iece  on  th(» 
iiortli-ea.st  angle.'* 


Travis  seems  to  have  been  extremely  careless  about 
informing  himself  of  the  movements  of  the  enemy  by 
nic.uis  of  scouts."  The  foe's  arrival  was  so  su(l«Ien 
;iii(l  unexjtected  at  last  that  Travis  had  not  even  time 
to  tlirow  a  few  provisions  into  the  Alamo,  a  precjui- 
tion  wliidi  it  is  a  nmtter  of  surprise  that  he  did  not 
take  on  receipt  t>f  the  fir.st  intimation  of  Santa  Anna's 
approach.  In  his  letter  of  February  24th  he  wrote: 
'■  When  the  enemy  appeared  in  sight,  we  had  not 
tliite  bu.shels  of  corn.  We  liave  since  found  in  de- 
sciti'd  houses  eighty  or  ninety  bushels,  and  got  into 
the  walls  twenty  or  thirty  head  of  beeves."  *"  His 
supply  (jf  amnmnition,  too,  was  snmll;  but  under  all 
tlic  unequal  circumstances  with  which  he  was  beset, 
not  for  one  moment  did  he  or  his  heroic  band  think 
of  surrender.  The  men  who  cast  their  lot  witli  him 
wcio  as  dauntless  as  ever  handled  warlike  weapon  in 
any  age.  Among  them  were  such  spirits  as  James 
J^owio,   his    second   in   command,    David    Crockett," 

'■'riuM  description  of  the  Alamo  and  its  garniture  is  derived  from  I'iUkoIh, 
\\.  KS-J  .■);  I'oUa;  ni  Tex.  Aim.,  18tkS,  ;W,  .'W;  T/inill,  2;«»-41;  Yimbnn,  ii. 
T'l  (i.  The  hitter  derived  his  information  from  a  letter  of  (i.  B.  .Iiiiik^hoii, 
•'.itcil  .Jan.  18,  1S.'U>,  and  containing  a  description  and  plan  of  tlie  place. 
\  i.iUum  is  astray  as  to  measurements. 

''  i'ntter  considers  that  the  neglect  of  scouting  indicates  a  great  lack  of 
siiiiniiliiiation,  and  that  Travis  had  little  control  over  his  men,  who  were  will- 
in;.;  til  die  l)y  jiim,  but  not  ready  to  obey  him.    7Vv.  Aim.,  18(i8,  ^1. 

'"  l-W,/,;  ii.  219. 

"  Crockett  was  bom  in  Tennessee  Aug.  17,  1780,  his  father,  .John  Crock- 
ett, liciiig  of  Irish  <lescent.  In  education,  character,  bearing,  and  training  lie 
was  a  thorough  frontier  man.  Tall,  powerful,  active,  and  accustomed  to  the 
use  (it  tile  riHe  from  childhood,  he  was  a  mighty  hunter  and  a  fearless  soldier. 
f>in  iiii;  the  wjir  of  1812  he  fought  bravely  for  his  country.  His  hospitfility, 
lidiirsty,  and  humorous  sayings  gained  for  him  not  only  numerous  friends, 
but  M  ide-spread  popularity,  and  in  1823  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legisla- 


i 

1 

1 

'■'ij 

' 

it- 

i ' 

1 

I 

1      ; 

i 

'(     1 

! 

ill 


ii\ 


'MS 


THK  XLAMO  and  <U)UAD  MASSA(  KIvS. 


Ill' 


I(|< 


\vli()s(!  i't'arlc'HMiiuHH  of  soul  WUH  enualK'd  oiilv  l)V'  his 
siinplo  intt'jjfiity,  and  tho  fliivulrous  J.  Ji.  Bonhuin  ot 
South  Carolina.  Victory  t>r  ilwitli  was  tlu'ir  battK- 
cry;  so  tliey  lioistod  their  Haj;,'' d  tcriiiiiit'd  t<.»  dii- 
liol'ort!  tlitj  tMKJiny  should  pull  it  down. 

On  the  'J4th  Travis  sent  an  appeal  to  his  fellow- 
citizens  for  assi.staneo,  deelarinj^  that  he  would  nevir 
surrernU'r  or  retreat.  The  boinhardnient  was  viiroi-- 
ously  maintained,  and  day  hy  day,  as  Santa  Anna's 
forces  kept  arriving,  the  investment  of  the  place  Wiis 
drawn  closer,  and  more  batteries  hroujjrht  to  hear  upon 
it.''  Vet  stranjjjc  to  say,  up  to  \rarch  .'Jd,  though  lM)() 
shells  at  least  fell  inside  the  works,  not  a  sinjLfle  man 
was  injured.  The  caiuionade,  too,  had  littk^  etfect  on 
the  thin  walls,  as  the  enemy  had  no  siei^e  train,  hut 
only  li«^ht  field-j>ieees.     Many  Mexicans,  however,  fell 

turc.  Ill  IS'JT  liu  lit'came  a  caiuliilate  as  iiiuiiilier  of  coiignvss  for  Tiaiiics.si'c. 
I'osHt'ssccl  of  a  (leup  fund  of  original  luinior,  of  generous  iiiipiilst's  iiiul  un- 
swerving integrity,  while  liis  lively  phraseology  was  lu'euliaily  adapted  to 
captivate  the  voters  uf  tliat  pioneer  stiUe,  his  canvass  Wius  a  great  h.u'ci'Kx, 
■ind  he  wiis  again  reelected  in  18'2J).  But  electioneering  and  legislation  weri' 
two  ditlerent  matters,  and  Crockett  did  not  Kiid  it  so  easy  to  rise  and  impress 
tile  house  witli  liis  convictions  as  to  deliver  stuinp-speeelies,  seasoneil  with 
jokes  and  aniusing  stories,  to  audiences  of  hackwoodsinen  and  eotton-gi'o«ers. 
Nevertlieless,  politics  had  their  fascination  for  liiin,  and  he  was  anxious  again 
to  he  returned.  But  his  opposition  to  Presidtnt  Jackson  liiiil  lirought  down 
upon  him  the  anger  of  the  administration,  and  no  efl'ort  was  spared  to  ])revent 
hia  reelection.  He  was  coiise()uently  defeated,  and,  hitterly  disappointed, 
determined  to  sei'k  other  kind  of  excitement  in  Kghting  for  tht^  eaiise  of 
TexiW.  Accordingly,  he  went  thither  at  the  hcginning  of  KS.'W.  Having 
arrived  at  Nacogdoches,  he  there  hecame  a  citizen,  and  took  tlie  'lath  of  alle- 
giance to  any  future  repuhliean  government;  he  refused  to  do  so,  however, 
until  the  word  '  rejmhlican  '  was  inserted  lietwcen  '  future  '  and  '  goverimient ' 
in  the  document.  That  heing  done,  he  signed  the  instrument  and  proeeeiled 
to  Bejar,  where  lie  arrived  a  few  wecl.'s  liefore  the  siege  of  tlio  Xl.imo. 
Crockett  was  twice  niarrie<l,  having  two  ■■  oiis  and  one  daughter  hy  ids  liist 
wife.  L{/'e  o/  Col  Duriil  Crtx'krtf,  n'riif-n  -iij  Ifi:iiKel/,  Coiitprisinii  lii<  h''irli/ 
!/■/<• ..  .To  ii'hkh  ix  lu/tled  iiii  ornmiit  o/"  Cm  ('rorh'tt'n  i/lnrioiiM  Ih'nth  '>>  flu: 
Alamo,  ir/iile  tii/litiiij/  ill  defence  oj'  Tc.rii,  fr  tcpeiideiice.  liii  the  Editor.  I'ljila- 
del])hia,  liSiV.l,  I'Jiiio;  Keiiiiedi/,  ii.  IS'.t  i»;> 

'-'  The  tri-colored  Mexican  flag  with  two  stars,  designed  to  represent  ( 'oa- 
liiiila  and  Texas.  This  is  inentioned  in  Almonte's  manuscri]it  journal  ol  the 
caMipaign,  fimnd  on  the  hattle-Held  of  Sail  .facinto  hy  Anson  .Jones.  Kemu'lii, 
ii.  18((  1.  It  must  he  borne  in  mind  that  independence  was  not  yet  ik'clareil, 
ami  that  the  heroes  of  ^he  Alamo  fought  under  the  federal  Hag  of  l.S'J4. 

'^  On  tlie  night  of  the  'ioth  two  batteries  were  erected  on  tiie  other  side  of 
tlie  river  in  tlie  alameda  of  the  Alamo,  hi.,  18*2  . 'J.  Tntrenclicd  encaiiipiiu  iits 
were  formed  in  Bejar,  400  yards  west;  in  lia  Villita,  .300  yards  south;  at  the 
garita,  or  powder-house,  1,000  yards  south  liy  east;  on  the  Algino  ditcli,  ^00 
yards  north-east;  and  at  tlie  old  mill,  800  yards  north.  Travis'  letter  of  March 
\\,  in  Foote,  ii.  219-28. 


TlIK  SlEtiK. 


'Mi 


lii'fon' till'  riflos  of  the  l>os'u>«jft'(l,  wlu),  ccotHnnizitijir  their 
>iiiall  sujn>Iy  of  ammunition,  only  Hrcii  wlu-n  the  assail- 
iiiits  cam*'  wi'll  within  lanLCt'.  On  tlic  nijjfht  of  tlio 
•J.ttli  tlu'  titi'miT  l)unu'«l  somi'  housts  (»f' \voo<l  and  stiaw 
ill  tlu"  vicinity,  which  had  rurnislu-d  a  cover  to  tlu< 
(  iiciny,  and  on  tlic  '2(\t\\  .sallicil  out  t'oi*  wood  and  N\jiti'r 
without  loss,  tiring'  at  ni<>ht  nioi-c  housi's  near  a  hat- 
tciy  on  the  Alamo  ilitch.  The  sici^i'  continued,  and 
siiii  alter  sun  rose  and  set  in>on  the  heK-at^uci-ed  t'ort- 
icss.  Occasional  skirmishinj;'  occuircd  hy  day  an<l 
t'iv(|U<'nt  alarms  hy  niyht,  harassini*'  the  garrison  hy 
the  necessity  of  unremitted  watchluhiess,  and  the 
ceaseless  expectation  ot"  assault.  Vet  the  invt\stment 
was  not  so  comj)lete  as  to  ju'eclude  all  comnumieation 
with  the  outsidi'.  On  jMai'ch  1st  thirty-two  i«;-allant 
III  11  from  (Jonzale/,  conducted  hy  Captain  .1.  W. 
Smith,  safely  I'tlected  their  t'ntrance  into  the  Alamo  at 
tliii'e  o'clock  in  till'  niorniniL;';  and  on  the  .'id  J.  H. 
llniham,  wlio  had  heeii  si'iit  to  (roliad  for  aid  hefoi'e 
tlie  app»<)acli  of  the  enemy,  arrived  without  mishap." 
Duriliii'  the  sieye  the  defeiidei's  were  activelv  em- 
ployed  in  stren^thenino'  the  walls,  hy  throwinn'  up 
( aith  ami  intrenehinti;'  on  the  inside. 

Oil  March  4th  jiicked  connumies  of  Santa  Anna's 
;l(l  hii<'ade  arrived  hy  forced  marclu's,  and  thi' Alamo 
was  surrounded  In'  at  least  OjOOO  men.'"  A  council 
III  war  was  now  held  hy  Santa  Anna  on  the  <|ues- 
tioii  of  assaultinj;' the  ])lace.  Almonte  says:  "(N)s, 
Casttilloii,  and  others  were  of  opinion  that  the  Alamo 
>ht)ulil  he  assaulted  after  the  arrival  of  two  twelve- 
peiiiiders  expected    on  the    7tli    instant.     The  ])resi- 

"  //'.  Ciiro  onimooiisly  states  that  '_'.")  iiu'ii  t'niiii  (Jonzali'Z  fiitwretl  in  (jicii 
ilayli,L;lit.    \'tnliul.  hhn,  i). 

'' Tlii'so  lignrcs  are  nearlj'  corroet.  The  wiiolu  ot"  liaoiias  hrigadohad  not 
yet  iiiMit  up.  On  Feb.  'JlHh  at  iiiiihiight  <  !i'ii.  Sesnia  li'ft  oaniji  with  the  oavah-y 
lit'  l»iiliiics  and  the  infantrj'  of  Allenilo  to  niei't  Fannin,  who  wms  supposuil  to 
1)0  (111  ins  niarcli  from  lioliad  witli  •_'<)()  nu'ii  to  tin-  ivlii'f  of  tlie  Aianio.  Find- 
ing no  trace  of  the  enemy,  JSesnia  returned  on  the  foUowiiig  day-  Altiionfc'x 
hiiiri/,  in  Kcnnvilj/,  ii.  188.  Fannin,  in  tact,  did  leave  lioliad  with  S(H)  men 
and  4  guns,  Feb.  28th,  having  reeeived  a  h'tter  from  Travis  on  tlie  *25th;  hut 
IxiiiiL'  sliort  of  provisions,  and  not  having  sutlicient  teams,  lie  held  a  eouncil  of 
War,  ut  which  it  was  deeidoil  to  return  to  (ioliad.  Fannin  to  Lkiit.  Oov.  Robin- 
m,  Fel).  29,  183G;  Yodhan,  ii.  7«. 
Hist.  N.  Mkx.  Statks,  Vol.  II.    14 


; 


"  W 


tilt) 


THE  ALAMO  AND  UOLIAD  MASvSACRES. 


(lent,  GtMieral  Ramirez  Sesma,  anJ  myself  were  of 
(►pinion  that  the  twelve-pounders  shouW  not  be  waited 
for,  but  the  assault  made."  ^^  On  the  5th  Santa 
Anna  decided  to  act  according  to  his  own  opinion, 
formed  his  plan,  and  issued  his  orders  for  the  attack. 
The  storminjL?  columns  were  finir  in  number;  the  first 
was  conniianded  by  General  Cos,  who  had  dishoiKir- 
ably  biokcn  his  parole;  the  second  by  Colonel  Fran- 
cisco J)u(iue,  with  General  Castrillon  as  his  suc(-'ess()r; 
the  third  by  Colonel  Jose  Maria  Komero,  with  Colo- 
nel Mariano  Salas;  the  fourth  by  Colonel  Juan  Mo- 
rales, with  Colonel  Jos6  Minon.  The  reserve  was  com- 
manded by  Santa  Anna,  and  placed  under  the  orders 
of  Colonel  A«;ustin  Amat,  All  the  columns  were  j)ro- 
vided  wit)  I  ladders,  crow-bars,  and  axes.  The  attack - 
ino-  force  numbered  about  2,500  men,  wliile  the  cavalry 
were  ordered  to  be  stationed  at  suitable  points  so  as 
to  cut  (^)ff  all  possibility  of  (-!scape.'"  The  sharp-shoot- 
ers were  withdrawn  from  their  positions  during  tlir 
niu'ht,  and  the  artillery  ceased  its  fire. 

At  foui-  o'clock  on  tile  morning  of  the  Htli  tin 
storming  colunms  silently  took  up  their  positions. 
on(>  on  each  side  of  the  Alamo,  awaiting  the  signal 
of  tlie  buii'le  to  assault.  Meantime  the  besiei»ed  wiiv 
on  the  alert,  and  had  made  preparations  to  receive 
their  assailants.'^  It  was  the  sabbath  day,  and  at 
the  fii'st  Ljlinnner  of  lii>:ht  the  fatal  buole-blast  l)rokr 
the  silence!  of  the  hour,  followed  l»y  tlie  tramji  of  tlie 
columns  as  they  rushed  to  the  assault.  They  were 
met  with  a  terrible  discluirge  of  artillery  and  jilks. 
and  recoiled  at  the  slaughter  infiicted  upon  tliciii. 
Colonel  Duque,  whose  colmnn  was  directed  against 
the  northern  wall,  fell  grievously  wounded,  and  liis 
men  were  thrown  into  utter  confusion.  Those  also 
directed  against  the  western  and  eastern  sides  cunu 


"'.'l/wiO»/<''f  Dhtrji,  lit  n'lp. 

'"Copy  of  tlic  geiierftl  oriler  iii  FUmoIii,  Mem.  Tej.,  1849,  1,  7-0. 

'*' Santa  Anna  claims  that  he  woultl  Imve  burprised  the  garrison  lint  for 
thi!  inipruilent  shouts  raised  by  one  of  the  columna  when  the  signiil  was 
given.  Manifieiito,  10,  lu  Pop.   Vnr.,  182,  no.  8. 


SANCIUINAllY  CONFUCT, 


211 


to  a  disorderly  lialt.  But  the  officers  urged  them 
(HI.  and  driven  forward  by  tliose  beliiud,  these  two 
lohniins  gained  the  foot  of  the  walls.  LTnahle  to 
-.ale  tlioiM,  they  moved  by  the  right  and  left  to  the 
northern  .side,  and  uniting  with  Ducjue's  eolunm, 
t<iriiie<l  one  dense  mass.  Again  the  a.«sault  was  made, 
and  agaiji  lepulsed.  The  carnage  was  horrible.  Hut 
what  could  the  feeble  garri.son  avail  against  a  nuil^ti- 
tiidc.  when  1,000  men  would  barely  have  manned  the 
<lofences  f  After'  the  *irst  two  shots  the  artillery  was 
(iscless  against  a  fi)e  crowded  below  the  range  of  fire. 
Travis  fell  dead,  shot  througji  the  brain,  wliile  work- 
iiii-'  tlu!  ijfun  at  the  north-\v(>stern  anuJe;"^  a  small 
hrcach.  too,  had  been  made  in  tlie  wall  by  the  ean- 
ii'iiiade  during  the  siege.  A  third  time,  animated  by 
the  example  and  courageous  hearing  of  (xeneral  Juan 
\  alcntin  Amador,  the  stoi'mers  retui'ned  to  the  attack, 
scaling  the  j)ara|)et,  and  j)ouring  in  through  the  breach 
liistcr  than  I'ifles  could  be  loaded.  WhUe  this  was 
Mcci.rring  on  the  northern  sitle,  the  cohunn  under  colo- 
nels Morales  and  Minon  had  under  similar  circum- 
stances gained  an  entrance  through  the  oj>ening  in  the 
stockade  and  captured  the  gun.  Tlu'  outer  walls  had. 
now  to  be  abandoned,  and  the  devoted  tlefenders  re- 
tired to  the  rooms  of  the  long  barracks  and  to  the 
clinich.  And  now  connnenct^d  a  series  of  consecutive 
(le.ith-struggles.  Thei'e  was  no  (onnection  between 
the  apartments,  and  each  gi'oiip  of  In  roes  fought  and 
<lii(l  in  (|uick  successi«»n.  Koi  a  short  timt',  from  win- 
dows and  loop-holes,  their-  liHes  ciack  fast  and  vicious- 
1t.  and  the  hissirrnf  bullets  strike  down  the  fo(\  But 
their  own  artillorv  is  (prickly  (hr-et-ted  against  them, 
and  camiori-balls  crash  through  door-  and  Mall,  while 
volleys  of  musketry  are  j)oured  in  at  every  o})ening. 

'"  'Oil  tlio  noi-*^'  battery  of  the  t'ortru.ss  lay  tlio  liteluss  body  of  Col  Travis 
nil  till'  gun-ca.  "!  ,  shot  only  in  tlu:  forehead."  Account  of  Francisco  Aii- 
tdiiii,  liiiiz,  in  'JW.  Aim.,  18150,  80-1.  Ruiz  w.is  alcalde  of  San  Antonio  de 
Kij;ir,  and  \va.i  on  the  ground  ininiediatcly  after  the  fall  of  the  Alamo.  The 
I'tiiiuti  that  Travis  cojnmitted  suicide,  and  tha*.,  he  as  well  as  Crock'  ct  Wil■^ 
•me  (It  the  captives  put  to  death,  are  utterly  unworthy  of  credcu(;e.  Yoakum, 
li.  SI;  (Jouhl,  Alamo,  Cit.  Guide,  '21;  7V.f.  'Utote  lie,/.,  1878,  30. 


11-2 


THE  Alamo  and  (joliad  massacuks. 


>'''i  t 


ii  i 


III 


|i  I' 


Then  follows  the  bayonet  charge,  and  fierce  resistance 
with  clubbed  rifles  and  sharp-poi'  ted  knives.  In 
room  after  room  furious  hand-to-hand  contests  are 
fought  out  to  the  death,  till  all  those  gallant  men  an- 
stretched  lifeless  on  the  gi'ound. 

The  church  was  the  lust  point  taken.  One  of  the 
guns  mounted  on  it  had  been  brought  to  bear  upon 
tlie  Mexicans  when  tliey  gained  the  large  s(piare,  and 
did  great  execution,  but  after  a  few  discharges  all 
thosti  wlio  manned  it  fell  under  the  heavy  fire  of  tin' 
enemy.  Then  the  church  wjis  carried  by  a  coup-dc- 
main,  the  defenders  within  it  fighting  till  the  last  man 
was  slain.  Crockett  fell  between  the  church  and  thi' 
long  two-story  barrack.  His  corpse  was  seen  by  tlu' 
wife  of  Ijieutenant  Dickenson ''" — her  life  having  bet  ii 
spared  —  lying  nuitilated  on  the  spot  indicatid.  ' 
Bowie  had  been  injured  by  a  fall  from  a  platform,  and 
was  unable  to  move  from  his  bed.  He  was  lying  in 
an  up|H'r  room  at  the  south-eastern  extremity  oi'  thf 
long  barrack,  and  was  bayoneted  as  he  lay;  not,  how- 
ever, before  having  killed  several  of  tlu;  enemy  willi 
his  pistols,  l^onham  fell  while  working  a  cannon. 
In  less  than  an  hour  aftei-  tln'  bugle  sounded,  all  was 
over.*'  During  this  time  Santa  ^Vnna  I'emained  at 
the  south  batt(!ry,  while  the  bands  of  the  whole  ainiy 
played  the  air  of  the  murderous  degiiello.-'''  When  all 
dangler  was  [>ast  he  ]>ro(VC!ded  to  the  Alamo.  Halt'  an 
hour  after,  five  caj)tives  who  had  secreted  tliemseb cs 
were  dragged  from  their  hiding-places  and    brought 


-"  Pii'ki'iismi  I'oimnaiulcd  ;i  >iun  on  tin;  east  i)l:>tform  of  tlic  cliuiv^li. 
story  that  In'  I'lidoavorcil  ti)  osi'a]H'  witli  liis  (.liilil,  wlicri  all  was  lost.  l>y  li 
iiiL!  from  a  window,  l)ut  was  ri<ldicd  hy  Iiulh'ts  lu'foro  ]'.,■  striioU  tlu'  ui'oii 
Potlvi;  ill  Ti'.v.  Aim.,  INCiS,  ;{,">,  ,'{7,  is  not  wortliy  of  iTcdonoi".  .Nh-s  IHi'Ucn- 
later  Mrs  Uauninj,',  stated  to  Moi'iiliis  tliat  Iht  linsliand  riislu-d  into  jiri'  n 
in  tlu!  chnruli,  exi'lainiin^',  'AH  is  lost!  ]f  tlu^y  s]>are  you,  nave  my  ciii 
llo  then  ruslicd  out  into  the  strife.    Mnrylii",  Hist.  Ti.r.,  170. 

'■"  Nh's  ])ickenson"s  aeeount  in  /</.,  177.  In  187ti,  Mi's  Dickenson,  tin  n 
year.1  of  age,  visit<'il  tin^  si'ene  of  this  tiaifedy,  and  jiointed  ovi:  the  siiot  wl 
till.!  List  man.  a  gunner  nanu'd  Walker,  fell.    Liiiii')i  Ji'ciiiiiit.-<.,  1 IJ   4. 

■'-Tlu!  writer  of  the  glowing  deserijition  of  tho  fall  of  the  Alamo,  in  / 
iiiiiii's  Moiifhli/  Jfiiij.,  iii.  J7'.>-iS0,  is  unfortunately  incorrect  in  nearly  :ili 
details. 

-•'  Meaning  throat-cutting;  it  signified  no  ijuartur. 


rill' 

oil, 

M.' 

Ill) 
era 

'hi- 

lus 


THK  FUNKUAL  I'YRK. 


213 


into  liis  presence  by  General  Castrillon.  Castrillon 
lijid  some  t'eelini's  of  liunianity,  and  hoped  tliat  their 
lives  would  he  s[)ared;  hut  liis  Excellency  was  of  a 
iiioie  tioerisli  nature.  Severely  reprimand! ni;^  him, 
lie  angrily  turned  his  hack,  whereupon  the  soldiers, 
thouijf]!  uh'eady  drawn  uj)  in  line,  fi>ll  u])(;n  the  un- 
iiniicd  mm  and  tles[)atched  them."^  Of  all  those  who 
had  heen  hesicij^ed  in  the  Alamo,  the  lives  of  six  were 
>|»ared.  Mrs  J)ickenson  and  ^[rs  Alhury  of  Bejar, 
\\  itli  tlieir  two  children,  a  ne_<>'ro  servant-hoy  of  Travis, 
;iiid  a  j\rexica,n  woman,  wei'c  not  slain.  ^Irs  J)icken- 
s.iii  was  supplied  witli  a  horse  and  allowed  to  de[)art, 
i'lc  Iteai'cr  of  a  proclamation  from  Santa  Anna.  The 
i  ■    ro  was  ]»laced  under  n'uard,  hut  escajied."' 

Tlu'  riin'ht  of  hurial  was  denied  the  falliMi  Texans. 
Their  Ixulies  were  piled  in  layers,  with  wood  and  dry 
Iniisli  hetween;  on  this  funei-al-pyre  more  fuel  was 
'leaped,  and  then  it  was  set  on  tire.  The  numher  ot 
eerpses  hurucd  in  this  holocaust  was  1  8:2. '"    On  Fehru- 

■-'' Cam  was  an  oyc-witucss  to  lliin  atrocity,  ami  can  lie  relied  upon  a.s  to 
till'  luniiliei'  of  till'  victims,  and  the  jiarticulais  ot'  their  slaiiuiiter.  lie  says: 
'  Todos  lu'cscnciamos  este  1  orior  ijue  rejuucha  la  huiiiaiddad,  pcro  (]Ue  cs  niia 
vcrdad  evanjielica.'  Vinlcil.  Iilia,  II.  (len.  Houston,  in  a  letter  ot'  the 
lltli,  erroneously  states  that  seven  men  were  thus  put  to  death.  7V.i'.  Aim., 
lN(;s,  ;t(i. 

-■ /'o//<,;m  Ti.r.  yiliil.,  ISdcS,  .%;  Ctrn,  Vvnhul.  /i/m,  II;  Mrs  Dicken.son's 
accoiii'ts  in  ^I7( '•;'/(/.<,  iitmiy.,  1T<),  and  l/nai,  144.  .Mrs  Oickcnson  was  tired 
at  aiid  wounl^.■d  w'u'i'  passinjf  out  of  the  Alamo,  escorted  l)y  a  .Mexican  otlicei-. 
The  escaped  ^ii!gV(t  was  met  hy  her  liirkinjf  in  tin;  hush  a  short  distance  he- 
yoiil  the  >''..i'tdo.  t  should  he  nn'ntioned  that  a  Mexican,  named  Anselnio 
]?oj,'a  Ta.  wlii> ',v;w!  M-ith  the  garrison  to  the  last,  esca|ied,  and  leaving'  Hejar 
oil  the  <j\  nil  ■:;  'if  jc.' the  frU  of  the  Alamo,  rcjiortcd  the  event  tot  icn.  Houston, 
then  a«^  sJouzaic--  Liim.,  141;  'VV  .  J ////.,  ISIi.S,  ;W.  In  ISTS  an  aj^cd  Mexican, 
iiaiiicd  ]5iif;IJo  '.  ".er>'  e,  apiilieit  to  the  county  court  of  Hejar  county  for  a 
jii  iisioii  as  a  survuui  of  the  Alann>.  His  story  was  that  he  was  one  of  tlie 
.Mildii  rs  under  Travis,  and  when  the  enemy  nad  j;aiiiccl  tlie  eiiclosuri',  eutered 
the  room  occupied  hy  tlu'  women,  who  eoneiahd  liim  under  some  lieddiug, 
where  he  remained  till  idght,  when  he  mailc  his  escape.  His  veracity  w.is 
(leuliled  hy  many  of  the  early  iidialiitants,  hut  he  ollireil  the  court  s\ich  stroui,' 
eviileiice  that  ho  was  jilaccil  on  tiie  pension  list,    (ioiiht,  Almiiii  Cilii  (,'iii</i,  ■_'■_'. 

'"  .[irtwiil  (if  liii'r.,  lit  mi]).  '1  was  an  eye-witness,  for,  as  alcalde  of  San 
Antonio,  I  was  with  sonu'  of  the  neiHhhors  eollei'ting  tlie  dead  bodies  and 
jiliiciuL;  them  on  the  funeral-pyre.'  Mrs  Oiekenson  also  states  that  the  nnm- 
1"  r  of  \h  Texans  waa  IS'J.  MDrii/ii",  J7<).  Tlicre  is  sonu'  douht  as  to  the 
exact  in  ■'  :  ,'  of  ihii  garrison  hefore  its  destruction.  Yoakum  and  I'otter 
say  it  '.V  i,-  ;.S  •,  thouuh  tho  latter  appears  to  he  in  douht.  ( 'aro,  nf,  kiiji.,  states 
that  the  en.  ■:  v  uundfcred  IS.'l  at  the  tiuu'  of  the  assault.  It  is  not  im])roha- 
h|i'  that  (U.iij  g  the  siege  several  couriers  were  sent  out  liy  Travis  and  cut  oil' 
hy  the  enenij  .     Cupt.  John  W.  Smith  was  the  hearer  of  his  letter  of  March  3d 


!■  !  'i  [{a  l! 


•J  14 


THK   Al-AMO   AND  (JOLIAD    MASSAi'UHS. 


I J  ,11 


,1    i' 


ary  25,  1  8;17,  tlio  aslios  and  a  t'lnv  nMuaininof  l)oncs  were 
colloctLHl  l)y  (\)l()iiel  Seu^uin  and  liis  comniand,  Winr 
placed  ill  a  coffin,  and  interred  witli  nnlitary  honors 
near  the  s[)ot  where  the  'Jmrotis  of  tlie  Alamo' tell. 
In  after  years  a  small  monument  was  made  from 
stones  taken  from  the  ruins  of  tin;  fortiess,  and  jilaeed 
in  the  entrance  to  the  state-house  at  Austin.  On  it 
art!  inscrihi'd  the  names  of  I(»(!  of  the  shiin. 


What  the  1 


OSS    o 


f  the  Mexicans  was  will  never  h 


accurately  known.      Santa  Anna,  to  maij^nify  tin;  ujloiy 
of  his  (K'arly   !   ••jjfht  victory,  reports  it  as  70  killed 


and  ahout  ;?00 


(lenerai  Andra<le's  officii!  1 


returns  o'ive  no  kr  and  2.")  I  wounded.-'*  But  these 
tiujur(!sar(^  utt<>rly  unreliahle.  Much  more  trustworthy 
are  those  supplied  hy  Ramon  Martinez  Caro,  who  was 
Santa  Anna's  secretary.  lie  states  that  over  'Mn> 
Mexicans  lay  dead  on  the  t^iound,  and  that  [)rohahli 
100  of  the  wounded  died." 


Alcalde  Kui/,  who  supi  i' 
intended  the  hurial  of  the  dead,  asserts  that  thcr<' 
was  not  room  sufficient  for  them  in  the  ^'rave-yard, 
and  that  hv.  oi'dered  some  of  them   to  he  thrown  inti« 


tl 


le  river,  w 


hicl 


1  was  (loiu 


Santa  Anna's   !o> 


says,  "  wasestimated  at  l.(!00meii."  Anselmo  Hoj^aria, 
who  left  San  Antonio  on  the  cNeiiini;'  after  the  occui- 

lo  tlic  jiri'.sidciit  ol  the  ('(niV(Mitiini.  (loiihl,  Aluiiiit  Cilii  l,''i!i/i\  JS.  ImiuIm 
statL'M  tliat  'I'l'avis  judposi'il  on  Mari'li  -Ith  to  .siirrciidcr  iiii  coiHlitioii  tiuil  lln 
livi's  of  liiiiisclf  iiiiil  (■(Hiii';nli'«  slimiM  l>c  savtil,  ami  tliat  Santa  Anna  i'('|ilitii: 
'  Von  nmst  unrri'inU'r  at  ilisorntioii  witliont  any  gnarantt'i.',  cviMi  ot  liir. 
wliicli  traitors  do  not  ilt'HiTVf.'  p.  I'.).  TiuH  is  in  accordanou  with  Filisobi  ^ 
.stati!nu!nt,  wlio,  howcvcM',  only  nuintionM  it  as  a  report.  'So  dijo  ((iio  'Ifavi^ 
BarTU't.  .  .])or  nuMlio  do  una  mugi'r  liizo  jn'oimcstas  al  m'noral  en  f^ufi',  (pic  r'li- 
diria  las  arinaa  yol  t'licrtc,' oti'.   Afiin.   7V/'.,  INtit,  i.  !>. 

'■"  llo  sliowH  siu'li  I'onti'iniit  lor  tiio  tr'iith  as  to  assi^rt  that  inori'  than  (li'n 
Tcvans  wi'ro  slain,  ami  that  tho  attackinf,'  t'oivi^  N\as  only  I.  KM*  in  numhii. 
< 'opy  of  his  ollioial  ri'iiort  in  /'/.,  i.  !.->  17.  lliscipial  in  lyini;  is  Maillai'l, 
who  assorts  that  thf  jiarrison  inindifri'd  4.-ii)  men.    J/ist,  A'c/i.   '/Vr.,  lOI-li. 

'**  Filitlllll,    l(f  Klip.,    I 'J. 

-"•'  Vinliiil  lih'ii,  10.  SpcaUinu  of  Santa  .\nna's  report  that  over  nnii 
Toxans  fell,  ho  says:  '  1  innst  state  that  I  myself  drev.  it  ui».  jiutting  dew  u 
tho  niinilior  ordered  hy  his  I'Aeelleiu'y, "  a<idinj;,  '  iieroahoraso  hahhila  verd  iil, 
y  en  eonsocpioncia  no  fneron  mas  ipie  los  eitados  eiento  oohonta  y  tres. 
p.  II.  Doctor  Uarnanl,  who  afterward  ti'n<led  on  some  of  the  woimdcil, 
ahont  KM),  mentions  that  he  ,sa\\  in  the  streets  ■_'(»(»  or  :{(K)  more  who  wen' 
orippleil,  ami  that  citizens  informed  him  that  H(M)  or  KM)  had  die<l  of  tli'  i'' 
wounds.  Linn's  h'fin.,  177.  The  Mexican  snrm'ons  informi'd  him  that  I"" 
moil  hud  boon  hrnught  into  the  hospitals  on  the  morninn  of  thi'  a-ssanlt. 


*  '^ !,'  il 


INItKl'KN  1>KN(K    IIUJKD. 


unci',  vt'lH'i'U'd  to  (u'iutmI  Tloustttiithat  oiil  Mexicans 
Will'  killed  and  as  many  wounded.  l*<»tter  eonsiderw 
that  this  number  ]>rol»al)l_v  represented  the  total  eas- 
ii;i!ties,      (niiieral    I^iadhurn  was  of  opinion   that  ;U)0 


men  wi 


■re  lost  in  this  action   to  tli 


e  service,  \\h 


kid 


mir 


those  who  <lied  of  their  wounds  and  tlu'  j)ei'n>anently 
(lisaltled.  Whati^ver  tlni  loss  was,  tliere  can  he  no 
(louht  that  it  tar  exceeded  in  nuniher  the  defenders. 
While  these  events  were  occurrinL>',  tluM-onvention 
had  .iss(Mnl>led  and  the  independence  of  Texas  was 
declared. 


Separation  from  ^Fexico  ha<l  <;radually  taken  a  Hrni 
hold  on  the  minds  of  all  '^Fhe  <|uestion  had  even 
hcen  [)ut  to  the  XiAv  at  the  consultation,  and  tlioujj;h 
lest  hy  a.  larjj,'e  majority,'"'  the  necessity  of  the  step 
hecanie  daily  n\oi'e  aj>|)aj('nt.  A  de<'ide<l  move  in  the 
direction  of  independeui-e  had  heen  made  as  early  as 
J)ccemh<r  I'O,  is;*;"),  hy  the  troops  and  citi/eiis  ;it 
(Joliad,  lu'ade<l  hyC'aptain  Dimit,  who  on  that  date 
attached  their  sii;natures  to  a,  foiinal  declai'ation  of 
iiidejiendence,  drawn  U|t  in  a  sj)irited  |»roclamatioii." 
As  such  (ie(daration  could  only  he  made  hy  a  po[)u1; 


ir 


(jd'esentation  ot  the  pi-opie,  llie  action  was  prematuri' 
d    unwarranted,   hut    it    aroused   ^'eiieral  attention. 


iiii 


Moreover,  Austin  writim;'  from  N(>w  Orleans  in  .Jan- 
luiry  IK.'K),  uii^cd  that  the  indepen<leiice  of  'I'exas 
should  l)e  ])ro<dainie(l,'"  and  otlier  leailers  we]-»'  e(pi;illy 
decided  (»n  the  matter.'' 


kvi's,  tiftcfii; 


tliirtv-tliri'c.    ./iiiiniiils  (!/'//,(■  Ci„i-<iil/.,   IS    HI. 


'I'lu'  iuiiiiIhi-  of  si^mrs  is  !•!.      On  M 

il.it 


-'■.M 


I  loiiiiiiittcc  was  ;iii|»iii 


lIlMJ    i, 


ilUiiil  to  the  [iriiitiiiL;  iiiirl  ciiriil'iticiii  ot  tin'  iniK'lMiii.itidii.      riill  ti\t  \\i 


11  Iv 


tlllUli 


■J\ 


\Ih 


ISCd,  Tli  !l.      ll   WMH  t;ik(  II   troiii   tlir   S/,,tr  (!,i-_..    is.VJ 


wliiili  ciiliicil   it   from  tlic  W 


I  Mill, 


'V 


illilii-dii,   lillhllslK 


.li 


It    Ur 


!■•!. 


I,  and  Willi  to  li:i\i;  liccii  llii^  only  <'i'l'.V  ni  «'\isti'in'i'. 

■  In  ii  Itttor  todiii.  Ilon.ston,  il.itiil  .Ian.  Ttli,  ln'  says:    '  \\'<i'»!  I    in   tii 


iHiivcntiiiii   I 


lid 


ui'fic  an   iMiincdiafc  clfdaiation   ol    indi'in'iidciua 


and 


ii^aiii,  in   one  of   .Ian.    ITtli    to   I».   ( '.    liairrt,   cliaiiinaii   of   tlif   I'oinu'il,    In; 


writi'H:   ''J'Ik^  wliolt!  nation  of  all  iiartics  i.s  against  >is;  tlicy  liavo  left 


lint 


•iiic   I'i'iiu'dy — imlfjicndi'iu'c.       It    is    now   ni'ccssary    as   a    nicasiiiv    of    st  If- 
'li'trlisc.'   /''oo/c,  ii.    IK')  7. 

■"  Houston  said  that  lie  felt  conlidont  that  Imt  one  coui'sr  was  Irft  for 
'li'x.is  to  |inrsuo,  and  that  wa.s  an  uiit'i|iiivoi.'al  declaration  of  iridcpcndfiu'i'. 
J.i'llrr  to  .Inlin  Koilifs,  .Ian.  7,  is;t(i;    Ytukiim,  ii.  ."i,"i. 


!i|v>#- 


21  fi 


THK  Alamo  and  (;ouai>  massacrks. 


'<'■•/' 


Thus  tlic  delegates  to  tlie  convontion  when  th«y 
asseiuhlod,  Marcli  !st,  wore  unaninious  in  tlieir  opin- 
ion; nor  (lid  tlicy  lose  time.  The  convention  haviiiu- 
organized,  liichard  Kllis  bein«j^  chosen  president,  and 
H.  S.  Kinil)all  scirretary,  on  the  2d  it  solinnnly  dv- 
clared  ])»)Iitiejd  connection  with  tlu;  Mexican  nation 
forever  ended,  and  that  tlu*  people  of  Texas  consti- 
tuted a  fri't%  sovereij^n,  and  independent  icpuMic, 
fully  vested  with  all  the  riijjhts  an<l  attril)Utes  [toji- 
erly  helon^ini;'  to  indepi-ndi'iit  nations.  This  dec- 
laration of  independence  was  signed  l>y  fifty-elt;lit 
delegates,  three  only  of  whom  -naniely,  Antonin 
Navarro,  jjorenzo  de  Zavala,  and  Francisco  JIui/ 
were  !Mexic.'ins.*'^  Th(>  statement  of  u^ric^vances  was 
hased  n])on  the  changes  made  in  the  n'overmn(Mit  hy 
Santa  Anna,,  and  tlie  estahlishment  of  a  comhiiietl 
despotism  of  the  swor<l  and  piiestliood,  in  the  place  of 
the  constitution  undei"  which  the  immii>ra.nts  had  set- 
tled in  Texas.  Particular  instances  of  tyranny  and 
of  failui'c  to  ]»rovidi'  for  th(>  welfare  (d'  Texas  arc 
ennmerated.  The  rejection  of  the  petition  for  a  sejia- 
rate  state  i;-ovei'nmeiit;  the  imprisomnent  of  Austin; 
the  failure  to  estahlish  trial  l>v  jui'v  and  a  i)ul)lie  s\s- 
tem  of  I'dncation  ;  arbitrary  acts  of  op[»ression  on  tin' 
l)art  of  military  eonnnandants ;  the  dissolution  hy 
foi'ce  of  arms  of  the  state  coui^ress  of  Coahuila  and 
Texas,  tjierehy  (lej>i'i\iiio-  the  ])eo})le  of  tlu'  ri^lit  i>t' 

■'*Tho  foUowiuj^  wi're  tlm  si^nuTs,  Stt'i)lion  W.  lUouiit;  R.  K\Un;  C  1>, 
Sti'Wiirt;  .hiiiu's  ( '(dliiiswortli;  IvUviii  Waller;  A.  iJrigliani;  .loliii  S.  !>.  I!y- 
loiii;  l''r!iiK'isco  Kuis;  .1.  Antdiiid  Navarro;  William  l>.  Lacy;  William  Miinlrr; 
.liihii  Fislu'r;  Mattlii'W  < 'aldwcll;  William  Motloy;  Loroiizd  |).  Zavala;  <i(nim' 
W.  Smytli;  Sti'i>licii  M.  I',vcrttt ;  JOlijali  Stt'ini;  Clailiorno  West;  Willi.ini  It. 
Loatos;  M.  B.  Mellaril;  A.  15.  Ilanliii;  .loliii  W.  ISmiton;  Thomas  .1.  O.i/l'V; 
U.  M.  t'ol(Miiaii;  Stei'liiii,' ('.  Koliertsou;  (ieorj,'o('.  Childress  (Cliilders);  JS^ulcv 
Jlardimaii;  J{ol)ert  Potter;  Ciiarles  Taylor;  •lohii  S.  Kolterts;  Kol)ert  liaiiiil- 
ton;  I'olliii  MeKiimey;  A.  II.  Latimore;  James  I'ower;  Sam  ll4i\i,ston;  Kil- 
wanl  (.'onrad;  Martin  J'almer;  James  (iaines;  William  Clark,  Jr;  Sydmv 
O.  Pennington;  Samuel  I'.  Carson;  Thomas  J.  Kusk;  William  ('.  Crawlnnl; 
Jolin  Turner;  IJi'UJamin  Brings  (Joodrich;  James  Ci.  Swishor;  «!eorj:e  U . 
liiirnct;  Jesso  (irimes;  K.  C).  I^cgrand;  l)avid  Thomas;  >S.  Koads  l^'islur; 
.lohn  W.  IJower;  J.  ]i.  Woods;  Andrew  Briscoe;  Thomas  Baruett;  Ji'.ssi;  ti. 
liadgett;  11.  S.  Kinihle,  secretary.  Tr.r.  Lnir  Jt'i'p.,  1S.S8,  i.  (5-7.  lu  A'/Vfi' 
AVj/.,  Ixiii.  l!)."!,  the  list  of  names  is  supplied  with  the  j)laco  of  nativity  of  lacli 
in<lividual;  hut  Samuel  A.  Maverick  and  J,  W.  Mooro  appear  in  the  placi's  oi 
Thomas  Baruett  and  Samuel  1'.  (.'arson. 


AK.MV   ORfiAMZATIOX. 


'2\: 


K  incsi'iitatioii ;  jiiraticiil  attiU'ks  on  Texan  commerce  ; 
1  he  denial  of  relijj^ious  tolerance  ;  invasion  of  the  eoiin- 
tiv  for  the  |iui'j)ose  of  tlrivin_ij^  the  colonists  from  their 
lioni«!s  ;  and  incitinj;'  savai^es  to  nwissacre  inhahitants 
oil  tJK'  frontiei's,  were  set  forth  as  the  ])roininent 
I  :iiis«'s  of  si'|»aration." 

The  invasion  of  Texas  hy  Santji  Anna  neet!ssitat(Hl 
iiiunediate  attention  to  the  formation  of  an  army.  On 
the  Itli  Houston  was  unanimously  rea|»jtointed  com- 
iiiaiider-in-ehief,  with  authority  over  all  retrulars, 
\oIunte(>rs,  and  militia  in  the  field,  the  }>oint  of  his 
!i<;id<juart(Ms  heino-  left  to  his  own  discretion.  All 
.ililf-hoched  niak's  hetweiMi  si^venteen  anil  fifty  years 
,,('  a^-e  were  made  suhject  to  military  service,  and  an 
udicial  was  a])|>oint(Ml  for  each  municipality  to  I'orni  a 
list  of  all  such  within  its  district.  Xami's  wei'e  to  be 
ilrawii  hy  lot  till  the  mmd)er  called  for  at  any  tinu> 
was  filled,  and  the  men  so  drafted  wei-e  to  starve  for  a 
tiiiii  not  o\<-eedino"  six  months.  Jn  order  to  I'etain 
and  attract  foi'eion  volunteers,  lands  to  a.n  inei'eased 
I  xtcnt  wei'e  promised.  To  thosi^  already  in  service, 
and  who  should  so  continue  till  the  end  of  the  war, 
I  .JSO  acres  wci'c  sj^ranti'd;  (140  acres  for  six  months' 
St  r\  ice,  and  .'{"JO  acres  for  three  months'  si'rvice.  All 
those  who  should  thereafter  volunteer  and  serve  ilur- 
ni^  the  war  would  I'cc^'ive  iXiO  acres.'"'  Moreover,  an 
aplical  for  sym|)atliy  and  aid  was  sent  to  tlu'  [>eo[)le 
"I"  the  United  States. 

I'Aecutive  ordiiuinci's  were  ado])ted  IVIai'ch  KJth, 
|ir(  hniinary  to  the  estahlishuRint  of  the  constitution 
which  the  conventi(»n  had  Ikh-ii  dilii^'cntly  occuj)ied  in 
liiauL^litino-.  These  provided  for  the  oroanization  of  a 
provisional  o-o\-c)nment,  with  plenary  powers  in  all 
inalter-s  save  legislative  and  judicial  acts.      This  gov- 

■''(■|p|)i('s  of  tlic  (Icclarutidii  will  In-  fmiiid  in  /(/.,  1.  W  KM);  /lollri/'s  'JW., 
-Itli  '(1;  .S'(/(.  /)iti\,  'J4tll  colli,'.,  Istwcs.,  vi.,  lio.4l.~),  Jip.  3  IS;  Ti.r.,  .[ildrcn-i  of 
M  .  //.  W/i'ir/Dii,  4!»  y.U  T,:r.,  hnr.i  /,',;..,  I>S:VS,  i.  IV  7.  Tlii!  Mcxii-an  f,'()V- 
I  iiiiiiiiit  ill  a  inaiiilVsto  to  tlio  Mexicans,  .Inly  i'oUowiiiji,  calling'  mioii  tlu'iii  to 
iiiiiif  in  Hul)jiig!itiiig  Toxius,  (Iciiiod  lnT  rii^lit  to  st'iiaratc,  iiinl  oli!irj,'t'il  liur 
]«i'pl(.  with  black  iiiKratitiido.   Mcx.  Mmilj'.  ilvU'mnj.,  ISIttJ,  am.  4t(),  pp.  'JO. 

''  ' h-diinuicvH  of  tliv  Coiiij.,  March  I'J  ami  17,  IHIiti. 


\\: 


IT- 

1 

i*:^ 

If'M 

'    fe 

i.M 

if! 

' 

■  ii 

5 

1 

i 
1     1 

i 

1    '  ■! 

1 

'4 

IP* 

i  t 


P'" 

i  ay-  '  r 

irt.i 

S         1 

n 

1 


'J  1 8 


THK   XLAMO  and  (JOLIAD   MASSACRES. 


t    i 


urninciit  was  to  consi.st  of  a  |H'osuK'nt,  vict'-|»rosi(k'iit, 
a  secrttary  of  state,  and  t)iio  for  oacli  of  the  clopart- 
moiits  of  war,  the  navy,  ami  the  treasury,  and  an 
attorney-general,  all  ot  whom  were  to  be  elected  hy 
the  convention.  It  was  authorized  to  negotiate  a 
loan  not  exceeding  $1,000,000,  and  appropriate  the 
funds  of  Texas  to  the  defence  of  the  country;  also 
to  issue  writs  of  election  for  niendjers  of  congress, 
to  enter  into  negotiations  and  treaties  with  foreign 
])owers,  and  to  apj)oint  commissioners  to  the  same;'' 
Forthwith  David  G.  Uurnett  was  elected  president; 
Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  vice-president;  Sanmel  1*.  Carson, 
secretary  of  state;  Thomas  J.  Kusk,  Robert  Pottci'. 
and  Bailey  Hardiman,  secretaries  of  war,  the  navy, 
and  the  treasury,  respectively ;  and  David  Thomas, 
attorn(y-general.  Having  taken  the  oath  of  ottin', 
the  members  of  the  government  at  once  entered  upon 
their  respective  duties.  On  the  ITth  the  constitution 
was  ado]>ted  and  signed  by  the  delegates.  The  con- 
vention then  adjourned  sine  die.  I  append  below  a 
synopsis  of  the  constitution,"'"^  in  which  the  reader  will 

•''  K.icr.  On/.,  ill  Knninli/,  ii.  502-4. 

■"■('oijies  (tf  the  ctinstitutiou  will  lit;  found  in  Id.,  ii.  r)05-2'2;  7V.r.,  /.iiir.< 
l!i]>.,  i.  '.>'_'.">;  Tc.r.,  Ii'cjinilci/  oik/  ( lli.to/i'lv  Loii'H,  5-14.  It  iliviik'd  tlu!  jhumis 
(if  the  f^ovornnicnt  into  tho  usual  three  (lepartnieut^  <>(  the  legislative,  exci'ii- 
live,  antl  judicial,  the  lirst  beiiiy  vested  m  a  congress  composed  ot'  a  seiritt; 
and  lum.se  of  representatives.  The  powers  of  the  I'xeciitive  and  congress  were 
delined  ,ind  rules  laid  down  for  tlieir  govcrninent.  The  judicial  power  was 
\ested  in  one  supreme  court,  ami  inferior  courts  estal)lished  hy  congress  fniiii 
tiuie  to  time;  the  repuhliu  w!i<  to  be  divided  into  eoiiveiiient  counties;  iiuA 
congress  was  to  introiiuce  i>y  statute  tlie  common  law  of  England,  with  awM 
modilications  as  circumstances  might  reiptire.  In  criminal  cases  the  comni'Mi 
law  Wius  to  he  the  rule  of  decision.  Slaves  for  life  were  to  remain  in  like  ^tab 
of  .servitude.  Congresa  couhl  have  no  power  to  emancipate  slaves,  nor  cimhl 
iiuy  slavediolder  manumit  his  slaves  without  the  con.seut  of  congress.  Nn 
free  African  could  reside  permanently  in  tiie  repuhlio  without  Bimilar  coiisiiit; 
tliu  importation  of  Africans  or  negroes  into  the  republic,  excepting  from  ihr 
U.  S.,  was  prohibited,  and  declared  to  be  piracy.  Head  rights  were  deliin  .1, 
to  each  head  of  a  family  who  ha<l  iu)t  received  his  portion  t>f  land  one  li'a'.;iii' 
and  a  labor  being  assigned,  and  to  every  single  man  of  17  year.s  and  ujiwai'U. 
one  third  of  a  leagiU';  additional  grants  were  to  be  made  in  favor  of  coloinsi~, 
married  and  single,  already  settled,  so  as  to  raise  the  (juantity  of  laml  reci'ivcil 
by  them  to  tlie  aliove  stamlards  respectively.  Tho  land  system  was  tit  lif 
suspended  till  those  serving  in  tlie  army  had  a  fair  and  equal  chance  Mitii 
those  remaining  at  homo  to  sehn't  and  locate  their  lands,  antl  a  general  laini- 
olHce  waa  to  bo  estal)lislied.  Tlio  constitution  was  made  subject  to  aTiiciiii- 
mcnts  proposed  by  congress,  ■wliich  were  to  bo  submitted  to  the  people  im- 
approval.     Tho  document  concludes  with  a  declaration  of  political  and  i  ivil 


'!;!  til  i|j 


KFFKCT  ()[•'    HOLSTOXS  Sl'KKCH. 


210 


not  fail  to  notice  tlio  stringent  regulations  laid  down 
tor  the  firm  estjiblislunent  of  slavery  in  Texas — nieas- 
iires  strikingly  in  contrast  with  the  more  enlightened 
legislation  oi"  the  Mexican  government  on  the  same 
question. 

Houston's  speech  at  Refugio,  mentioned  in  the  last 
(•lia[)t»'r,  pioduced  such  an  impression  upon  the  vol- 
uiiteers  that  most  of  tluun  abandoned  (Jrant  and 
Jolmson,  whosi!  force  was  thereby  reduced  to  little 
(»ver  sixty  men."''  Indexed,  to  persevere  in  a  descent 
on  ]\Iatamoros  would  have  been  madness,  as  it  was 
j»r('sently  known  that  consiih'rabli^  forces  of  the 
t'liemy  were  concentrated  at  that  place.  It  was  now 
a  ((U«'stion  of  S(^lf-def(>nce,  and  Colonel  Fannin,  who 
anived  at  (Jloliad  soon  after  Houston's  de[)aiture, 
a<tively  engaged  himself  in  preparing  to  resist  the 
expected  invasion.  He  at  once  procet'ded  to  oigani/e 
tlie  troops,  who  were  almost  to  a  man  volunteers 
from  the  LTnited  States,*"  and  on  Feb*  larv  7th  an 
'lection  was  held  for  the  aj)pointment  of  colonel  an<I 
lieutenant-colonel,  Fannin  and  Major  Ward  of  the 
(Jeorgia  volunteers,  respectively,  bcnng  almost  unan- 
iinously  elected.  The  erection  of  a  fortress  called 
Deliiince  at  Goliad  was  commenced,  and  was  ex[H;cti'<l 
to  he  completed  by  ATarch  ;5<1.  Writing  on  the  1st  ol 
that  month,  F'aimin  says:  "I  have  420  men  and  as 
many  spare  muskets,  but  no  men  to  back  them." 

nulits.  Ufligioua  toleniiicc,  freedoin  of  apcccli  and  the  jiress,  and  personal 
liiilits  wcri'  guaranteed,  lu  criminal  prosecutions  the  accuscil  was  to  lia\ e 
till'  ri;;lit  to  l)e  iieard.  No  titles  ot  n(il)ility  or  lieriMJitary  privileges  eould 
I  vir  lie  granted.  Tiie  right  of  trial  liy  jiii'y  was  to  reinair  inviolate,  and  the 
|iii\  iliM;e  of  hal)i';us  corpus  wa.s  not  tolx"  su.s|)i^nded  except  in  i  a.ses  of  reliellioii 
III' iiiv.ision.  No  person  could  he  inipri.s<in<'d  for  ileiit  in  eon.seipienee  of  in- 
iliility  lo  ]>ay;  trea.son  was  detined;  and  perpetuities  and  monopolies  wen^  not 
!ii  lie  allowed. 

•'^ /'.  /'.  /lroirii\t  Accdiiiil,  in  VV.r.  Aim.,  ISiVJ,  VM.  Brown  accompanied 
(iiaiit  to  the  time  of  liis  tieatli,  and  I  ccHisiiler  ids  utateinuiits  reliahle.  /'.  )('. 
Joliii.\(iii,  in  /iiikcr'fi  Ti'.i'.,  hi. 

'"  I'annin  hitterly  complains  in  his  letters  to  the  government  of  the  disin- 
(■liM.itiuii  of  the  citizens  of  Texas  to  nnisti'r  in  the  ranks,  and  tln^  destitute 
ciiniiitioii  of  the  T.  S.  volunteers,  many  of  whom  wore  naked  and  barefoot. 
WiitiiiH  on  Frl).  I4tli,  he  says  that  he  could  tiud  but  Honie  half-dozen uitizunij 
III  Ti\as  in  the  ranks.   FooU;,  ii.  20*2,  207. 


I  II 


I'    '       ': 


1  f'   ■ 


U ;  ■ 


i# 


220 


TiiK  Alamo  and  (joliaij  massacuks. 


)ii. 


Meanwliile  disaster  foil  upon  Grant  and  Jolins( 
These  holders  proct^iidod  to  San  Patricio  with  a  force 
of  loss  tlum   100  men,  whore  they  received  inforina- 
ation  from  Fannin,  then  at  Matagorda  Bay  preparing; 
for  tiie  expedition  against  Matanioros.     This  was  in 
January,    and    tlie    undertaking    liad    not   yet    been 
abandoned.     At  Velasco  was  a  large  nmnlier  of  vol- 
unteers,  and    Fannin  was  attending  to  their   trans- 
portation   to  Kefugio.     Being  instructed  by  liini  to 
collect   as    many    horses   as    j)()ssib]e,    Johnson   and 
Grant  dividend  their  command  into  two  parties,  one  of 
which,  under  the  latter,  proceecU^d  toward  the  liio 
(iirande  in  (piest  of  horses,  while  Johnson  renuiined  at 
San   Patricio    with    tlie    other.      Wlien    about   sixty 
miles  from  San  Patricio,  Grant's  party  cafitured  Cap- 
tain Kodriguez  and  sixty-six  Mexican  soldiers,  wlio 
were  in  charge  of  300  or  400  horses  collected  for  the 
forces  at  Matanioros.      The  pristMiers  were    rcileascd 
from  confinement  und(;r  parole  ;  they  decam]»(!d,  how- 
ever,   on    tlie    first   opportunity.     The    horses    wciv 
taken  to  San  Patricio.     (;}rant,  with  Johnson  in  com 
])any,  started  on  ant)ther  scouting  expedition  almost 
inunediately ;  when  near  Sal  Colorado  the  command 
divided,  Johnson  returning,  while  (hant  pushed  lii> 
way  to  the  Rio  Grande  in  jtursuit  of  a  laige  band  ot 
horses   driven  by  fifty  Mexicans.     Having  taken   a 
considerable    number   of  the   animals   at   the    river. 
Grant  returned  on  his  way  back  to  San  Patricio,  and 
arrived  at  the  Agua  J3ulce,  within  twenty  miles  ot 
the  place,  unmolested.     Making  an  early  start  on  tin 
morning  of  March  2d,  the  party  had  not  proceeded 
far   before    it   was    suddenly    surrounded  by  seveial 
hundred  Mexican  dragoons,  commanded  by  Urrea  in 
person,  that  issued  from  two  belts  of  timber  between 
which  Grant  was  passing.     Nearly  all  his  men  \V(  iv 
shot  down  or  lanced,  Grant  and  Reuben  R.  Brown  in 
a  few  minutes  considering  themselves  tlie  only  sni- 
vivors.     The  firing  stampeded  the  captured   horses. 
which   broke   the   line  of  the  dragoons,  and    Grant 


A  KALE  FOR  LIKK. 


221 


and  Brown  followiiifjf  in  thoir  wake,  cndcavoifd  to 
is('a})0.  Tlio  race  for  lifo  was  continued  for  hIx  or 
seven  miles,  till  at  last,  overtaken  and  surrounded, 
tlio  pursued  nuin  (iisinount«'d,  di'termined  to  sell  their 
lives  as  dearly  as  jtossihle.  (hant  fell  pierced  l)y 
several  lances,  af'ti'r  liavinjjf  shot  deivd  a  A[e.\i<'an  who 
liad  lanced  l^rowu  in  tlu;  ami.  A.  moment  after, 
the  latter  was  lassoed  and  draiL>;<jfed  to  the  trround. 
JJrowu  was  conveyed  to  San  l*a.tricio,  then  in  pos- 
session of  the  !N[exicans,  wlu-re  his  lif(^  was  saved  hy 
tlie  interj»osition  of  a  ]>riest  and  a  ^fexican  woman. 
Tlience  he  Mas  sent  to  ATatamoros,  where  au;"ain  ho 
Avji.s  spared  through  similar  intercession.  On  both 
occasions  he  had  been  led  forth  ibr  execution,  lie 
eventually  succeeded  in  escapiiiL?,  throUL;h  tlu;  assist- 
ance of  outside  friends,  in  the  latter  part  of  December 
of  tlie  same  year,  and  arrived  at  (Juadahipe  A'ictoria 
iibnut  the  1st  of  January,  IcS,'!?.'*' 

As  already  stated,  San  Patiicio  had  i'allen  into  the 
liands  of  the  enemy  before  the  destruction  of  (jlrant 
and  liis  party.  Urn^a  had  arrivi'd  at  IMatamoros  ii 
.January  ;{ 1st.  There  he  remained  till  February  liStli, 
wlien,  havings  already  passed  his  forces  over  tlie  river, 
he  proceeded  on  his  march  to  meet  the  Texans,  of 
whose  intentions  a^-ainst  ^Fatamoros  lie  was  well  in- 
formed. His  conunand  consisted  of  tlie  infantry 
hattalion  of  Yucatan,  in  number  350  men,  about  the 
same  number  of  draj^oons  drawn  from  Cuantla,  ^'am- 
[licD,  Duran<:^o,  and  Guanajuato,  and  several  companies 
•  if  ])ermanent  militia;  hi  all  between  UOO  and  1,000 


''This  accou'it  of  Grant's  raid  and  duatli  is  taken  from  Brown's  narrative 
111  /'(.,■.  Aim.,  I8.")!»,  i;{4-7,  and  that  of  V.  \V.  .lohiison  in  /{idrr'n  'I'<  i.,  80-1'. 
iSiinvii's  statoniont  ri'garcling  (Jraiit's  dcatii  is  forrolioratc^il  hy  Urrca,  wiio 
wiys  tliat  (irant  and  41  rilUnnen  roinaincd  (had  on  tlic  tii  Id.  hinrln,  ( '<iiii]i.  ilc 
T'j.,  10.  Tlie  ahsurd  story  told  hy  Yoaiiiiiii,  that  (ii'aiit  was  wounded,  and 
taken  ])risonor  to  San  I'atricio,  w)iere,  after  niinistiu'iiig  to  the  wounded  of 
tile  ciieiuy  for  tlireo  weeks,  ho  Wius  tied  Maze[i]ia-lik(^  to  tlii^  haek  of  a  wihl 
iiin.staiiii  and  mangled  to  deatli,  is  an  instance  of  tht'  most  eontiding  erednlity 
(111  tlie  ]),irt  of  that  author.  IJixL  7'r-.i.,  ii.  84-").  l{rowii  mentions  tlie  escajio 
al:;()  (if  I'lacido  Benavides,  a  Mexican,  and  Johnson  that  of  I'lande  and  Wil- 
liam Jnidoek.  Their  accounts  are  the  moat  rcliahle  ones  of  this  event,  and 
lii-ui'  every  mark  of  truthfulness. 


^  w 


'JOS 


THE  Alamo  and  (iouAU  massacuks. 


i  ii 


m 


I'   !'• 


:'*^ 


mcii,*^  about  200  of  wlioin  won^  Uif't  at  Matamoros  in 
follow  later.  Thouj^li  ill  supplitMl  with  provisions,  In 
pushed  forward  toward  Saii  Patricio,  the  wcathci' 
heing  very  severe,  and  causing  nuich  suffering/'  At 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  27th,  he  arrived 
at  San  J*atricio,  an«l  half  an  hour  afterward,  in  tlir 
midst  of  a  storm  of  rain,  assaulted  the  barracks,  whi<li, 
after  an  obstinate  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  gar- 
rison, connnamUid  by  Pierce,  was  carried,  and  the 
ilefcnders  to  the  number  of  foity  put  to  death  or  shot, 
afterward.  Johnson  with  thre'e  com[)anions,  Dani(d  .1. 
Toler,  John  H.  Love,  and  James  M.  Miller,  escaped. 
The  house  which  they  occui)ied  was  surrounded,  and 
they  were  ordered  to  make  a  light.  A  few  minutes 
afterward  firing  opened  in  fi(»nt,  and  the  Mexicins  in 
the  rear  of  the  house  moved  away;  whereupon  John- 
son and  the  others  escaped  by  the  back  door  and  madt; 
tlKur  way  to  llefugio.  A  Pienchman,  who  had  se- 
creted himself,  was  granted  his  life.'" 

After  the  destruction  of  Grant's  command,  Urren 
returned  to  San  Patricio,  and  on  IVIarch  7tli  he  was 
joined  by  the  troops  that  had  been  left  at  Matamoros. 
On  the  l;5th  he  marched  against  (ioliad,  and  on  the 
following  day,  having  li^arned  that  the  mission  of 
Kefugit)  was  occupied  by  a  strong  detachment  of  Fan- 
nin's force,  turned  aside  to  attack  the  place.  Kefu<,d(> 
was  distant  from  (ioliad  between  twenty  and  thirty 
miles,  and  a  few  days  previously  Fannin  had  sent 
Captain  King  and  his  company'*'  thither  to  bring  <»rt' 

*- These  figures  avc  supplied  F)y  Potter,  who  was  in  Matamoros  at  thctiinr 
and  counted  tlie  ti(Kii)s.  VV.r.  Aim.,  ISliS,  .'tl-'2.  Filiwola,  ii.  40i,  says  Ii"" 
Mien.  Urrea  states  that  his  force  was  ',i'20  infantry  and  '2'M  dragoons.  Do'n'i. 
Cnnip.  <li'  Tij.,  7. 

■'•'On  the  night  of  the  2i)th  an  icy  wind  blew,  hut  Urrea  kept  hia  tnii)|i>  im 
tlio  niarcli,  and  six  of  tlic  Yucatan  .sohliers  died  from  the  cold.  Id.,  S. 

^^Johu.sons  Account,  ut  si(}i.  Urrea  states  that  1(5  of  the  defenders  wcri' 
killed  and  24  made  prisoners.  His  ov/n  loss  was  one  dragoon  killed,  ami  tmii 
wounded!  Diario,  ('nwj>.  dc  Tcj.,  1). 

'■^ Fannin's  force  at  this  time  was  ahout  .500  men,  consisting  of  voliiiitcirs 
from  (jeorgia,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Mobile,  and  New  Orlran.v 
It  was  divided  into  two  battalions,  the  (Georgia  and  the  La  Fayette.  Thi'  lir''t 
consiated  of  Ward's  and  Wadsworth's  company,  and  Capt.  Tickuor's  CDiiiiwiy 


vm 


ASSAriXS  ON   THK   MISSION. 


'J2» 


sonu'  fiiinilii's  there  who  were  in  raueli  alarm  at  tlie 
.•i|i|u'a.raiiee  (jf  Mexican  tnntps  in  tlie  vicinity.  Kind's 
titrce  nninbered  in  all  only  twenty-cijrjit  men,  and  at 
tlie  mission  lie  was  contVontcd  hy  a  stronuf  body  ot 
tlio  enemy.  Whereupon  he  soujifht  protection  in  tin; 
cliurch,  a  sti'onijf  stone  huildinjj^.  and  sent  an  express 
tt»(Joliad  for  a  reeiit'on-ement.  Ward  was  acconliimlv 
sent  with  120  men  to  his  assistance,  and  reached  the 
mission  on  the  day  beture  Trii'ii's  as.sault  upon  it. 
It  appears  that  Kins>"  and  A\'ar<l  had  a  disj)ute  as  tt> 
u  lio  sliould  coimnan<l,  thi^  former  claiming'  the  pi'iority 
nil  tilt!  jj^round  of  his  haviiif^'  been  sent  fiist,  and  that 
Ward  had  been  despatched  to  him  as  a  reenforeement. 
The  result  was,  that  Kinu^.  with  his  eom|)any  and 
ciLjhteen  of  Ward's  men,  withdrew  early  on  the  I4th,^" 
and  took  U|)a  position  in  a  wood,  where  h»^  was  cut  ott", 
attacked,  and  himself  and  nearly  all  his  nun  IuIKhI,  or 
(•a|»turedand  shot  duriniic  that  and  tlu;  followinijf  day.'*' 
Meantime  three  fiet-ce  assaults  weri'  made  upon  the 
mission,  but  were  repulsed  with  great  slaughter,  the 
liesiejyfed  rt'.servin<^  their  Hre  until  tlu!  enemy  ap- 
proached within  close  rant»'e.''^    These  ]'i'j)eated  attacks, 

111  Mdiitnoinory,  Aliiliiuiui,  alxmt '2.">0  strong'.  Tlu-  sci'dihI  li.ittalion  cniisi.sUnl 
I'i  tlu'  New  Orlvaii.s  OrayM,  Caiit.  I'l'ttis;  tliu  Miistiiiigs  <it  Kentucky,  I'aiit. 
I'uval;  Mol)ili!  Orays,  Cajit.  .McNlaiu'iiiari;  l.oui.svillo  and  Huiitsvilli',  Tcnnt's- 
wif,  vohmtuiTS,  ('apt.  Uradfonl;  ('apt.  King's  company;  and  tin;  Red  Kovors 
iroiu  Alal)aina,  ('apt.  SliackK'tnrd.  Tliurc  was  also  a  jiart  of  C'apt.  llorton'.s 
■  i'iM|iaiiy,  and  a  regular  company  of  ai'tillcry,  ('apt.  AVcstovor.  iSlnick'li/oril'.i 
.ln;,)ii,i,  in  Fi)o/(;  ii.  "J'JS,  2.'?5,  L'44;  S.  T.  liroini'n  Arroiint,  in  Ti'.r.  .l/wi.,' 1800, 
>4:  'I'l  liiimfih  iiinl  Tc.idH  It-i/iK/er,  JSJil,  in  J'/.,  SS-itl. 

'"'riii.s  if)  IJrown's  statement.  JiL,  S").  Si'o  also  /inlrr'-'i  Ti.r.,  144;  fAiin'n 
loin.,  lit'.!.  Another  version — also  liy  a  ])articipator  in  the  event.s — is  that 
Kiii<4  was  sent  forward  to  reconnoitre,  pre^jaratory  to  conunencing  the  return 
iiiiirili.   FiHifi ,  ii.  249. 

'■  .Ml  hut  two,  who  niailo  their  escape,  were  shot.  Jfun/tiiroi/'s  .Statement,  in 
/'/..  '.Vid.  According  to  Kennedy,  ii.  201-2,  the  captives  were  shot  by  order  of 
I'riia;  Tiiorn  saw  their  nianghid  remains.  Col  Francisco  (iaray  stfites  that 
111  tlic  attack  five  men  were  killed  and  two  taken  j)risoners,  and  tiiat  on  tin; 
tnlldwiug  day  3(5  more  of  the  band  were  captured,  their  aniniuiutinn  having 
liicii  exhausted.  Filisolo,  ii.  41 2-1. "i.  This  atitiior  states  tiiat  IJrrea  caused 
ilidiit  MO  prisoners  to  Ije  siiot,  and  defends  his  action.  Id.,  ii.  4IS-19.  An- 
iitluT  statement— i)y  K.  N.  Hill,  an  eye-witness-  is  to  the  eth  ct  tliat  Kings 
.luiipany  with  a  few  of  Ward's  men  remained  at  the  inissi.iU  and  surrendered 
"II  tiic  morning  after  Ward's  departure.  They  were  ail  shot  with  the  excep- 
iKiii  of  one  man,  on  the  rcxid  to  Bejar,  ai)out  a  mile  from  the  mi.saion.  'JW. 
Aim.,  18(10.  72. 

"The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Mexicans  was  severe,  but  is  greatly  exag- 
i;ii.it(Ml  by  Texan  accounts.     Brown  says  that  between  400  and  5(X)  of  tlieir 


f  rt 

ay.:  pi 

|i 

flH /f  #J9 

'1 

li'll 

'    "A 

«jv  ')i:vii'  -'fi;S4 

''  ! 

';'!■  "!-!ir!'  .fe'l 

''     '         ■■:'! 

224 


IHE  iLA^LO  AND  GOLIAD  MASSACRES. 


•li    M  -Si 


:!il 


Ki|    :■:  ^ 


.1,,,^ 


'"['■   i! 


however,  almost  exhausted  the  ammunition  of  tin 
Americans,  and  Ward,  having  received  a  dewpatcli 
from  Fannin  ordering'  him  immediately  on  its  receijn 
to  return  to  Goliad  at  all  risks,*"  effected  his  escii])c 
through  the  enemy's  lines  during  the  night,  and  di 
rected  liis  course  to  Victoria.  In  his  retreat  Ward 
marched  through  woods  and  swam})s  wliere  cavahy 
could  not  pursue  him.  On  the  lUth  the  Anusricaiis 
crossed  the  San  Antonio  and  ])rocoeded  toward  \"i'  - 
toria,  wliere  they  expected  to  find  Fannin,  The  t',»\\  n. 
howcNcr,  was  already  in  possession  of  the  enemy,  and 
on  their  approach  they  were  attacked  hy  a  force  of  ,")()() 
or  (500  cavahyn'c.i.  Firing  their  last  thr*.  e  rounds  of 
annnunition,  they  retreated  intc^  the  (iuadahqie  swaiii|i, 
where  they  passed  the  night.  (3n  the  next  tiny. 
March  '2'2d,  not  having  a  shot  left,  they  surrendeicil 
as  prisoners  of  war,"'  against  the  advice  of  Ward,  wlm 
even  in  these  des])erate  circumstances  would  li;i\< 
preferred  to  take  the  chance  of  esca])e  to  trusting  hi 
the  faith  of  a  perfidious  foe.  But  the  vote  of  the 
companies  decided  the  question  by  a  large  majority, 
and  the  prisoners  were  marched  to  (loliad,  there  tn 
increase  the  number  of  victims  soon  to  l)e  sai-rificfil 
bv  order  of  the  inhuman  Santa  Anna.  Fannin  and 
his  command  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  eneni\  ! 


Houston,  on  March  2d,  had  issucsd  a  jjroclamation 
aimouncing  the  declaration  of  independence,  and  cull- 
ing on  the  citizens  of  Texas  to  rally,  as  war  was  ragiiiL;' 


(li'iid  wvri'  loft  upon  the  Held.  Tc.i:  Alii,.,  iStiO,  80.  Aiiotlicr  eyu-witiiL.  s 
stiiti's  tliat  '  tlie  aukiiowleilj^ed  Mexican  loss  \va.s4(K)  killed  ami  uouiided;'  n<A 
a  tliird,  tliat  !♦■•  v.as  ijelievijd  to  lui  not  les.s  tiian  'JIM).  Foo/r,  ii.  '2'>\1,  '_'■")<).  An- 
tlioi'ities  on  the  ot'ier  si<le  yo  into  tliu  (^([losite  extreme.  Urrea  j,'iv"x  !;is  l'i>s 
as  1!  killed  and  27  wounded;  Filisola  mifor.ses  this  statement,  remaikiiij;  that 
(i-.iray's  a.i.sertion  tiiat  there  were  Skilled  and  4;{  wonndeil  is  in^orreet.  11 
412,  414.  Tlie  Texans  liad  non-'  killed,  but  three  men  were  se\rivl;. 
W()un<led. 

^''This  despatch  was  intereejited  liy  (Jaray,  l)«t  the  courier  wius  alloW'  I  t" 
proceed  with  it  in  order  that  Ward  ndght  leave  his  position.  IiL,  ii.  4 MM  I; 
T<:i:  Aim.,  18(i0,  85. 

'"'  Browns  Statement,  in  Id.,  8i>-(i  urrea  asserts  that  Ward  surreiidcivi 
at  discretiou.  Dhtrio,  19-20. 


EFFECT  OF  THE  ALAMO  >LAU(;HTER. 


225 


(111  tlie  frontit.'r."'  Appointing  (Umzii\vz  as  tlio  jtoint 
of  ]i('iul()uartors  of  the  army,  lie  liasteiiecl  tliitlicr  aiul 
airivod  on  tlie  1  Itii.  Including  a  oonq)any  of  Ken- 
tucky volunteers,  nearly  400  soldiers  had  assembled, 
liiit  they  were  without  organization,  and  inadec^uate  to 
<.]i[)ose  the  enemy,  who  was  already  moving  into  the 
interior  of  the  country. 

Xews  of  the  slaughter  at  the  Alamo  reached  Gon- 
z.ilez  oil  the  day  of  Houston's  arrival,  and  orders  were 
Stilt  forthwith  t()  Fannin,  instructing  hhn  to  i'all  hack 
to  (juatlalu]>e  Victoria,  and  place  it  in  a  state  of  de- 
fence.''' On  the  12th  Mrs  Dickenson  reacluMl  the 
])la('c,  and  confirmed  the  mournful  tidings,  adding 
iiiiiiiy  tt'iril)le  details  of  the  event.  The  inhahitants 
were  })anic-stiicken.  There  was  hardly  a  household 
ill  tlie  town  that  had  not  to  mourn  the  loss  of  a  father, 
a  son,  a  brother,  or  other  relative.  Xot  less  than 
twenty  widowed  mothers  bemoaned  tlieir  husbands' 
deaths.  The  families  of  the  citizens  who  had  I'alleii 
abandoned  themselves  to  grief  and  desjiair,  and  the 
inhabitants  began  to  tlee.  The  jianic  was  contagious, 
and  many  who  had  assembled  in  .inns  returned  to  their 
linmcs  to  ]>rovide  for  the  safety  <>f  those  whom  they 
liad  left  behind.'^  With  no  force  capable  of  repc'lliiig 
the  eiu'my,  Houston  decided  to  retreat,  and  having 
thrown  his  artillery,  consisting  of  two  brass  24-j)ound- 
crs,  into  the  river,  began  his  inarch  just  befon' mid- 
iiiglit  of  the  12th.  On  his  dejiarture  the  town  was 
set  on  tire  and  reduced  to  ashes. '^^ 

Santa  Anna,  having  received  aespatches  from 
Urrea,  infoi-ming  him  of  the  capture  of  San  Patricio 
and  tlie  destruction  of  Grant's  party,'"  regarded  the 

'Copy  ill  Footr,  ii.  'Jtiil-C. 

'-('iilpy  ill  Yoitkiini,  ii.  472. 

-•'('"]■/.  .S/iiirjir's  Sfiiffiiicnf.;  Fon/c,  ii.  StiS;  Tlirnll,  SaC;  rhus/oti's  Ltltir  to 
('oUiii'jimi-lh,  Mar.  15,  liSMd,  in  Ymdinii,  ii,  47.")-(i. 

'  riii'i'u  is  little  (loiil)t  tiiiit  Houston  ;j;avo  V(  rhal  onlcrs  to  '.)iiru  tlio  town, 
timt  it  Miijilit  not  afford  shelter  to  the  .NlexicaiiM.  His  defenders  claim  tiiat 
lie  did  not  do  so,  hut  tho  evidence  tends  to  a  contrary  conclusion.  Consult 
•'ihar)K''.'<  Xdi-nifiir,  in  Foole,  ii.  '_*(i8. 

'"  lie  received  the  despatehes  on  tlie  .Sd  and  7th   of  March,  respectively. 
MmihiU'a  Joiiniitl,  in  Kcinicih/,  ii.  1S4,  and  Filmotn,  Rcyrvuviit.,  S-'J. 
11 1 -T.  N.  Mex.  St.\tes,  Vol.  II.    13 


Mi 

;  I 


■  ■'  I-  ,*i 


•^  ■■■\§l 


226 


THE  Alamo  and  goliad  massacres. 


liiillf 


I,   ! 


il   ;■! 


war  as  ended,  believing  that  no  furtlier  opposition 
would  be  made  by  the  Texans.  He  aeeordingly  made 
his  dispositions  to  occu[)y  the  country  with  his  amiy. 
On  March  11th  generals  Sesma  and  Woll,  with  tliu 
battalions  of  Aldama,  Matiinioros,  and  Toluca,  and 
fifty  cavalrymen,  in  all  725  men,  su})[)orted  l)y  twn 
pieces  of  artillery,  were  sent  to  take  possession  of  San 
Felipe,  and  thence  })r()ceed  by  Harrisburg  to  Andliuac 
On  the  same  day  Colonel  Morales,  with  the  battalions 
of  San  Luis  and  Jimenez,  a  twelve  and  an  eiglit 
pounder,  and  a  mortar,  marched  for  Goliad.  Owing 
to  information  received  from  Sesma  and  Urrea,  rela- 
tive to  the  forces  of  the  enemy,  on  the  lOth  General 
Tolsa  was  despatched,  with  two  more  battalions  and 
forty  horse,  as  a  reenforcement  to  Sesma ;  and  Colonel 
Cayetano  Montoya,  also  witli  two  battalions  and  a 
twelve-pounder,  to  aid  Urrea. 

Fannin  received  Houston's  despatch  on  the  mean- 
ing of  March  14th, '"  and  at  once  made  jireparations 
for  his  departure.  An  express  was  sent  to  Ward, 
ordering  his  immediate  return,  as  we  have  seen;  an- 
other Avas  despatched  to  Colonel  A.  C.  Horton  at 
Matagorda,  instructing  him  to  join  the  main  body 
as  soon  as  ])ossible;  and  a  third  to  Captain  Samuel 
A.  Wliite,  calling  upon  him  to  hasten  uj)  carts  and 
wagons,  and  order  a  supply  of  annnuiiition  to  be  sent 
uj)  the  Colorado  for  the  army.''"  All  tliese  letters 
were  intercepted;  nevertheless  Horton  arrived  at 
Goliad  on  the  lOth  with  twenty-seven  mounted  men. 
The  guns  were  dismounted,  and  such  as  were  not 
transportable  were  buried.  And  noAV  oecurre<l  a  tiital 
delay.  Famiin  waited  for  tlie  return  of  Ward  and 
King,  not  for  one  but  several  days.  Courier  after 
courier  was  sent  with  instructions,  but  still  no  news 


I .  :i 


^'"Oiithe  morning  after  Ward  left  fJoliad. .  .Col  Fannin  received  (uii. 
Houston's  order  to  evacuiito  (ioliad  ami  fall  back  on  N'ictoria. '  SlinfkU/wih 
St.dteiiii'iif,  in  l'\mli',  ii.  iJ'JO.  Sliacklefonl  cirs,  however,  in  sayiug,  jiULii  'j'.'>, 
that  Ward  was  sent  to  King's  relief  on  the  night  of  the  14th.  \\';ul  kit 
Goliad  on  the  \'M\\. 

'■'  'J'raiin/.atiunti  m  Spunuth,  in  Urrea,  Diario,  57-8. 


M'  A 


'■;« 


FANNIN'S  FATAL  MISTAKE 


227 


was  received  of  the  detacliment.  The  message  all 
I'cll  into  tlie  hands  of  the  enemy.  On  tlie  IGth  a 
fourth  messenger  was  despatclicd,  and  still  Faimin 
lingered,  so  great  was  his  anxiety  to  learn  the  fate  (kf 
Ward  and  King,  and  his  unwillingness  to  abandon 
tlieni  in  their  dangerous  position.  His  yielding  to 
this  generous  impulse  was  a  fatal  mistake.  On  tlie 
I7tli  Horton  was  sent  to  reconnoitre  in  tlie  direction 
of  San  Antonio,  and  retunu'd  to  report  tliat  a  large 
foice  was  advancing  slowly  and  in  good  order  U[)on 
(Joliad.  It  was  Morales  sent  by  Santa  Anna  from 
liejar.  Not  till  the  17th  did  Fannin  obtain  any  inti- 
mation that  Ward's  detachment  had  been  hojtelessly 
cut  ortV'*^  and  on  the  18th  the  enemy  appeared  in  fore 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  near  the  old  mission, 
Horton,  being  sent  across  with  what  mounted  men  ho 
could  collect,  made  a  furious  charge,  and  drove  the 
Mexicans  into  the  tind)er,  where  they  were  supported 
by  a  strong  body  of  infantry.  He  then  fell  back  in 
good  order.  The  same  day  Urrea  joined  his  forces 
with  those  of  Morales,  numbering  500  men.  His 
position  v/as  about  a  league  to  the  north  of  (Joliad.  on 
the  Arroyo  de  la  Manahuilla.''"  At  last  Fannin  dr- 
cided  to  retreat,  and  began  so  doing  on  the  folluwing 
iiiornLig.  Two  roads  led  from  (^loliad  across  the  San 
Antonio  River,  the  lower  one  being  that  to  Victoria. 
This  was  reconnoitred  by  Horton,  and  reported  clear 
ot  the  foe.  The  march  began  very  early,  a  dense  fog 
concealing  the  moveme'it.  At  the  ford  much  time 
was  lost  in  passiu'^'  over  tlie  artillery,  which  consisted  of 
nine  pieces;  nevertheless,  the  retreat  was  unobserved, 
and  the  Americans,  in  nund)er  about  ;}00  men,""  ad- 
vanced unmolested  to  within  about  five  miles  of  the 
Colcto  River,  the  banks  of  which  were  well  tind)ered. 

'"Cajitiiin  Frazur  voluiitoeri'il  on  tin;  U'ltli  to  asi'''rtaiii  tlic  state  o  affairs. 
11'  iMui'iiuil  witli  tlie  iiL'wa  late  in  the  afteriiodii  of  the  17th.  l<i,rtor  Hnr- 
itu-il s  AfioinU,  [n\\Ai^hvd  iit  the  (t'nlinil  (I'lnird,  1^>7."),  ami  traiiisLrilicd  liy  Liim 
i'.i  Ills  li'i'iiiiiiivciiri:^,  14H  S2. 

'  I' mil,  J)iiirio.  13.      Urrea's  force  now ainouiited  probably  to  l.'i(M)  lucii. 

"Sliaekleford  in  Foo/c,  ii.  '2'U,  says  Fannin's  force  did  not  u.xeeeil  275 
(ifiitive  men.  This  number  <li(l  not  inchnle  Morton's  cavalry.  Urrea  states 
tliiu  ill.  took  about  400  prisoners — an  exaggeration.   JMurio,  IS, 


11 


Hi  I 


/    -        1 

At        ^    n   i    '  i 


ilM! 


i;'.    i 


. 


I* 


228 


THE  Xl.AMO  AND  COLIAD  MASSACRES. 


Fannin,  though  a  brave  and  intrepid  officer,  wns 
deficient  in  caution,  and  liad  too  niueli  contempt  lor 
the  Mexicans,  whom  he  could  not  heheve  would  dare  to 
follow  and  attack  him.  Unfortunately,  his  lowajyprc- 
ciation  of  the  foe  was  too  generally  shared  in  by  his 
men,  and  as  the  teams  were  weary  and  weak  for  want 
of  food,  he  halted  for  an  hour  to  refresh  them.     'J'Iil; 


Austin's  Map. 


\M 


niarch  was  then  contimied  four  miles  farther,  the  road 
lying  through  an  oval  [)rairie  skirted  by  belts  of  tim- 
ber. In  front,  not  more  than  a  mile  and  a  half  tlist.nit, 
was  the  (\)leto,  the  goal  of  safi'ty,  with  its  shcltiiiii^" 
woods,  and  on  right  and  left,  four  or  five  miles  away, 
was  the  forest.  And  now,  from  a  skiit  of  timlxi  two 
miles  distant  toward  tlu^  west,  the  enemy's  ca\a!n 
emerged,  and  rapidly  took  U[»  a  position  on  the  tVont 
and  right,  while  from  the  same  quarter  his  infaiitrv 


A  CIUTICAL  .SITUATION. 


'2-29 


|.r(sently  issued,  and  deliberaU'ly  tk'ployi'd  on  tin; 
1(  t't  and  rear.  The  Americans  wore  eomi)letely  sur- 
r«»unded. 

Urrea,  unconscious  of  the  enemy's  movements,  lijid 
leisurely  prepared  to  lay  sii'^e  to  Fort  Defianct". 
When,  however,  he  discovered  that  it  had  l)e«'n  evac- 
iiiitcd,  he  hastened  to  T'epair  his  mistake,  and  went  in 
[lursuit  with  his  cavalry,  and  a  jjortion  ot  the  infantiy, 
iiistiucting  Colonel  (iaray  to  occu[)y  the  I'ort,  and  then 
s(  11(1  forward  the  artillery  and  the  remainder  of  tin' 
ti()oi)S.  The  })ursuit  bci^an  at  eleven  o'clock,  and  be- 
\'()\v  two  in  the  afternoon  the  Americans  were  over- 
taken and  tlu^ir  advance  interce[)ted. 

The  enemy  closed  around  so  (juickly  that  Fannin 
had  to  abandon  the  attempt  to  leach  the  timber  in 
fiont,  and  make  inunediate  dis[)osition  for  battle.  H(! 
foiined  his  men  into  a  hollow  rectanoh',  the  artilleiy 
lieiii!4'  advantageou.sly  placed.  Unfortunately,  in  ti'v- 
ill!;  to  reach  a  commanding;'  eminence,  tiie  amnmnition 
uaoou  broke  down,  and  they  were  comjH'Hcd  to  take 
u|i  a  position  in  a  depression  in  the  i)rairie  six  or  seven 
fret  below  the  surroundin;4'  plain.  The  companies 
wliich  c(jm})osed  Fannin's  force  at  this  ci'isis  were  tlie 
lied  Rovers,  the  New  Orleans  (irays,  tlie  Mustangs  cjf 
Kentucky,  the  Mobile  Grays,  and  the  regular  artiUery. 
Ibnton  had  been  sent  forward  with  liis  cavalry  to 
examine  the  Coleto  crossing,  and  was  unai)le  to  rejoin 
tlie  main  body  when  the  engagement  began."' 

Some  time  was  occupied  in  preparing  for  the  battle. 
Though  LIrrea  had  no  artillery,  he  decide-d  not  to  wait 
t'nr  it,  but  attack  at  once.  The  Jimenez  battalion, 
and  some  companies  under  C\)loni'l  Salas,  wen-  .sent  in 
tViiiit.  Morales  was  j)laced  on  the  left  Hank  of  the 
Aiiiei'icans,  and  the  grenadiers  and  San  Luis  comita- 
iii(  s  on    the  right.     A  strong    body  of  cavaliy  was 

'"  Siiiiio  ei'iisuru  WHS  CiiHt  uihui  llnitoii  lor  not  innkiii;,'  ;iii  atti'initt  to  cut 
tliicii^li  till'  i-'iii'iny.  Hilt  liis  iiicii  laili'd  liiiii,  iiml  ino.st  ot  tluiii  loik'  oil'  to 
\  Htm  I.I,  lr,i\in<:  liiiii  no  t'lioict'  Imt  to  lollow.  .Sliacklitoril  douts  liiiii  jiistitr, 
:iii'i  sivs  that  \Mtli  lii.s  wlioio  Ioiti!  In;  coiilil  never  liiivc  cut  his  way  through 
Mirh  ail  iinnioiiso  uunihor  o!  .Mexican  cavah'y.   /'Wr,  ii.  '2'M. 


•     IT 


.  5  C 


m 


il-fl- 


I  \S 


'i 


M 


230 


THE  Alamo  and  (;oliad  massackks. 


stationed  in  the  roar.  Tho  Rod  Rovors  and  Now  Or- 
leans Grays  formed  the  front  hne  of  the  Americans; 
Duval's  Mustangs  occupied  tho  rear;  and  the  other 
companies  were  stationed  on  the  sides. 

The  attack  was  begun  about  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon by  a  simultaneous  assault  on  the  two  sides  of  tlu; 
sijuare,  which  was  somewhat  protected  1)V  a  barricatle 
formed  of  the  baggage  and  wagons.  When  the  ad- 
vancing foe  had  come  within  easy  range,  the  Americans 
being  ordered  to  withhold  their  fire,  tho  volunteers 
o[)ened  ujjon  them  with  ritlo  and  artillery,  causing 
great  havoc  in  their  ranks.  Nevertheless  the  ^Icxi- 
cans  pressed  on  with  j)ersistoncy,  and  attempted  to 
cl large  with  the  bayonet.  Rut  the  Americans  had  an 
abundant  supply  of  weapons,  and  vach  man  was  pro- 
vided with  two  or  three  rifles  or  nmskets.  Before 
their  withering  volleys  tho  chargi;  was  stopped,  and 
the  bafHed  troops  were  ordered  to  lie  down  within 
range  and  only  rise  above  the  grass  to  fire.  Unva 
now  atten)})te(l  a  charge  on  the  rear  with  his  cavalry, 
which  he  led  in  person.  Rut  men  and  hoi-se  wcie 
swept  down  by  canister  and  rifle-bullet;  the  tioop 
was  thrown  into  confusion,  halted,  and  retreated  in 
disorder.  The  artillery  was  now  dirocttid  against  tiie 
infantry,  which  was  compelled  to  retire  beyond  rangt'. 
After  this  the  cannons  were  of  little  service,  having 
become  too  hot  to  load,  there  being  no  water  with 
which  to  sponge  them  out. 

As  soon  as  Urrea  could  restore  order  in  his  ranks, 
he  made  a  third  assault.  On  this  occasion  he  S(»ught 
to  overwliehn  the  devoted  band  by  assailing  it  on  ;dl 
siiles  at  once.  His  ofhcors  succeeded  in  urging  '>ii 
tlieii'  dispirited  troops  to  within  titty  or  sixty  yards  of 
the  Texan  lines,  and  again  the  bayonet  chaige  atid 
cavalry  onset  were  attem[)ted,  only  to  be  repulsed  as 
before.  An  eye-witness  thus  describes  the  discom- 
fiture  :  "  The  scene  was  now  dreadful  to  behold  ;  kiiliil 
and  maimed  men  and  horses  were  strewn  over  the 
plain,  the  wounded  were  rendhig  the  air  with  their 


DESrEUATK   FlcaiTlNU. 


231 


(listrossinjjf  inoans;  wliilo  a  groat  number  of  horses 
witJiout  ritlers  were  rushing  to  and  t'ro  back  u}ton  the 
(ueniy's  hues,  increasing  the  confusion  among  them; 
their  retreat  resembled  the  lieadlong  tliglit  of  a  lierd 
(if  buttaloes,  ratlier  tlian  the  retreat  of  a  well-driHed 
rrgular  army.""-  Tlie  contest  lasted  till  sunset,  and  in 
the  <lusk  of  the  evening  trained  Indian  sharp-shooters, 
coiicealed  by  the  tall  grass,  cre})t  to  within  easy  range 
(if  the  Texans,  and  for  some  time  kept  up  a  well-directed 
and  telling  fire.  It  was  only  when  the  darkness  ren- 
dered the  Hashes  of  their  lire-arms  visible  that  the 
Ttxans  could  reply  with  etfect."'  Tlien  the  assailants 
were  withtlrawn,  and  the  Mexican  general  disposed 
his  forces  around,  taking  every  precaution  to  i)revent 
escape  during  the  night. 

In  tliis  action,  known  as  the  battle  of  the  Encinal 
del  I\'j'dido,  and  also  of  the  Coleto,  the  Americans 
lost  seven  kilie<l,  several  mortally  and  sixty  badly 
wounded,"^  Faimin  being  among  the  latter,  having 
nceived  a  shot  in  the  thigh  early  ii)  the  tight.  As  in 
the  case  of  all  engagements  fought  with  Mcocicaiis,  it 
is  impossible  to  arrive  at  any  accui'acy  with  reganl  to 
their  loss.  jMexican  gtinerals  invariably  reported  their 
casualties  as  far  less  in  numi)er  than  those  really  sus- 
tained, while  Texan  authorities  as  often  exaggerate  in 
the  other  tlirection.  On  this  occasion  Urrea's  state- 
ment, that  in  the  several  severe  contests — for  he  de- 
scribes them  as  such  he  had  only  I'leven  killed  and 
Ht'ty-four  wounded,  cannot  be  believed;  nor  ai'e  the 
assertions  even  of  some  American  partici])ators  in  the 
engagement  wortliy  ol'  more  credence.  They  do  not 
liesitatc  to  state  tluit  many  hun<h'eds,  one  eye-witness 
saying  (iOO,  of  the  Mexicans  were  killed  and  wounded."'' 

''- 1\(  iiiici/;/,  ii.  20i')-G. 

'''The  sliiii'ii-slKMiturs  caused  iiior'  loss  to  tin;  IVxana  than  thoy  had  suh- 
taiiuil  (hiiiiig  all  the  previous  tightiiii;.  An  eye-witness  states  that  they 
wcmiiilcil  (iity  and  killed  four  in  the  space  of  an  iiour.    /'/.,  ii.  'Mi. 

''These  are  Sliaekleford's  nundiers.  Fooli',  ii.  'J.'U.  I'rrea  says  27  were 
killed  and  !>7  wounded,  hiarm,  IS.  Barnard  writes:  '  We  had  7  nien  killeil 
and  (1{»  wounded,  about  40  of  wlioiu  were  di.sahh   '  '   Liiui'-i  /I'l'in.,  l.'i.S. 

'" S/iiicktr/(trir.i  Acroiiiif,  in  Foofi',  ii.  '2IJ5;  htimahh  ii-  207.  i>oct')i'  liaruard, 
wliii  was  present  at  the  cngagenieut,  shows  his  good  judgment  hi  refraining 


"i1 


ni:!j-.,| 


t,    /   Xt     I  .j 


'AWl 


THE  Alamo  an]>  goliad  massacres. 


|-  'l!f 


i  f     /! 


-1    Jisji 


I,  1!HI 


III;:; 


Iik1o(><1,  if  Texan  statunu'iits  as  to  ITri'oa's  losses  aio 
aeeepted,  tliat  ♦ji'eiieral  would  liave  lost  over  1,000  men 
since  he  left  Matainoros.  The  same  tendency  to  mis- 
represent the  numerical  strength  of  tlie  ]V[exic^in  army 
is  obs(;rval)le  on  both  sides.  The  Texan  authorities 
quoted,  with  the  exception  of  Doctor  Barnard,""  swi  II 
tlie  nund)ers  to  I,!)00  and  2,000  men,  while  Unca 
would  lead  us  to  suppos<>  that  he  fought  the  batth' 
witli  oidy  .'{(10  infantry  and  80  cavah'v."' 

Both  sides  were  vijjfilant  all  thi"oui;h  the  nisjflit 
The  Texans  suffered  nmch  from  tiiirst,  but  labored  to 
strengthen  their  position  by  running,  as  best  they 
could,  a  sliallow  ditch  around  it,  and  forming  a  barri- 
cad(!  with  tiie  carcasses  of  the  animals,  most  of  which 
had  b(H'n  killed  or  had  strayed  ott*  during  the  conflict. 
Urrea's  troops  ke[)t  wakefully  alert,  and  on  every  side, 
at  shoi't  intervals  of  time,  the  bugle  signals  rung 
throuii'h  the  niijht  air  all  alonu'  the  cordon  of  cavah\  - 
men  that  encircled  the  doomcid  Americans. 

The  dismal  night  ended  at  last  and  day  dawiud. 
It  was  Sunday,  March  20th;  and  before  it  was  well 
liglit,  a  strong  reiinforcement  was  seen  coming  up  ti» 
join  the  enemy.  The  position  of  the  Americans  was 
now  iH'rilous  in  the  extreme.  They  numbered  little 
more  than  200  effective  men,  and  these  were  worn  out 
by  the  incessant  toil  and  exertion  they  had  und(Mgoiie 
since  the  i>revious  morning.     Moreover,  the  Mexicans 

from  rxaggeration.  He  says:  'Tlie  loss  of  the  eueiny  I  couM  iinvor  Iimiii 
with  in-fi'isiou.  They  had  ahove  a  huiuh'eil  wounded  hadly,  that  wo  [the  siii- 
genus]  Wfie  afterwards  ohliyed  to  attend  to.  Fifteen  of  tiii'ir  dead  were 
counted  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  oiu"  intre- ehinent  early  in  the  iiiorii- 
ing,  hesides  an  otiicer  wlio  dieil  sliortly  after.  The  accounts  of  tiie  Mexicans 
theinselvi's,  of  whom  I  sultsc(|ucntly  inijuired,  varied  in  their  st;iteiiicnts  el 
their  dead  from  forty  to  four  hundred."   Liiui'n  Ri'iit.,  I(i3. 

''"This  writer  not  only  strives  to  be  impartial  in  his  statements,  hut  sllow^^ 
great  correctness  in  his  estimates.  He  calculated  the  foi'ce  of  tiie  encriiy  to 
he  1, ;{(>(>  on  the  morning  after  th.;  engagement.  He  judged  it  to  ho  about  /)(MI 
strong  when  the  attack  began,  and  not  less  than  1,(KK)  at  the  end  of  the  il.i\^, 
while  in  the  morning  a  reeiiforeement  of  3()0  or  4(M)  men  arrive<l.  /'/.,  \'U, 
Kit).  These  numbers  arc  ncai'ly  correct,  although  probalily  still  too  iiiy;li. 
Assuming  that  Urrea  left  .Matainoros  with  1,(MK)  men,  his  total  streiigtii  u  ilii 
Morales'  coiitiiig"nt  would  lie  I.TiOO;  and  hearing  in  mind  that  he  had  lei  I  i!t- 
tachments  at  San  Patricio,  llit'ugio,  ami  tioliad,  hesides  incurring  hwsf.s,  it 
is  not  likely  that  ho  had  more  than  1,2()0  men  on  the  '20th. 

•"  Diario,  U. 


iif-i'.lihit' 


SUKKKNDKR. 


:!;> 


wore  now  provided  with  two  pieces  of  artillery,  and 
I  in  aently  I  )ejL;un  to  fire  grape  and  canister.  Tlie  nun 
were  still  confident  that  they  could  fight  their  way 
through  the  foe  to  the  timber,  hut  in  that  case  tlu' 
wounded  would  have  to  \h)  abandoned,  and  honor  and 
liunianity  forbade  their  being  left  to  the  niei-cy  of  the 
(•iit'Uiy,  who  had  so  lately  shown  such  barbarity  by 
the  massacre  of  King's  party  and  the  defenders  ot 
San  Patricio.  The  question  of  surrender  was  tlien'- 
ri ire  agitated,  and  submitted  to  the  companic^s  by  their 
ii'S[)ective  officers  after  they  had  consulted.  It  was 
generally  agreed  that  if  an  honorable  capitulation 
(•(•uld  be  obtained,  they  would  lay  down  their  arms 
;is  prisoners  of  war.  A  white  fiag  was  accordingly 
hoisted,  and  Colonel  Salas,  LieuteJiant-colonel  Holsin- 
gir,  and  Adjutant  Jose  de  la  Luz  (lonzalez  wen^  sent 
liy  Urrea  to  confer  with  Faimin,  who  met  them  mid- 
way between  the  hostile  liui'S.  The  result  was  that 
the  surrender  was  made.  It  has  bc^en  denied  by 
Urrea  and  Holsinger  that  the  former  signrd  any 
(•a[ntulation,  but  the  survivors  of  the  band  tell  but 
(iiie  story,  naniel}-,  that  every  one  unth-rstood  at  the 
t'lMie  that  articles  of  capitulation  were  sigm-d.""' 

On  tlu;  sanu!  day  such  of  the  Americans  as  were 
al)le  to  march  were  sent  to  Goliad,  the  wounded  arriv- 
ing at  the  same  place  on  the  22d.  The  prisoners  were 
coiifined  under  a  strt)ng  guard  in  the  church,  wliich 
was  so  crowded  that  on  the  2;kl  all  except  tlu;  Mexi- 
<  an  wounded  were  removed,  the  well  oiuis  to  the 
i'lirt,  and  the  woundeil  to  barracks  on  the  west  wall. 
Meantime  Urrea  marched  to  Victoria,  and  on  the  22d 
captured  Ward  and  his  conunand,  as  already  nar- 
rated. He  also  made  dis])ositions  for  the  occui)ation 
'•fC6[>ano;  and  on  the  2:{d  Major  Miller,  with  eighty- 
two  volunteers  just  arrived  from  Nashville,  was  made 

''*roisult  ///.-,/.  M<:i:.,  V.  170-1,  this  ,s(>rios;  also  HoIsiiiirerV  I'ttcr  u^ 
Wli.ntiiii  dt'  .Jiiiiu  3,  1SI{(),  ill  ('(iro,  Vcn/di/.  Idea,  ~t'.\  S;  (/rn<i,  Dinria,  17, 
■-.■',  iiS,  I'JS  :{.'{;  Dorlor  /luni'ir'Ts  Arcoini/,  iit.  «(;;«.,  I(il -.'<;  .SA./c/A /;>/■-/'.,•  .(,■- 
ii"(".',  in  l'\iiit<,  ii.  '_'.'{7-'.>;  Kenu'dii,  Tex.,  ii.  UOS-h);  Yoitkuin,  ii.  514-10; 
S'lii'i  A II lilt,  Miiiiij'.,  4'J. 


M'! ' 


Ml)' 


J        '■; 


!      ■  -I' 


I  i!   ! 


284 


THE  Alamo  and  goliad  massacres. 


w  n 


i    •' 


L^^  i 


prisoner  by  Colonel  Vara  at  that  place  on  lantliiiir-. 
All  were  sent  to  Goliad,  Ward's  command  beiii^; 
brought  in  on  tlie  25th. 

On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  the  su[)reme  govern- 
ment, in  view  of  the  notorious  [)rej)urations  carried  on 
in  the  south  of  the  United  States,  tt)  enlist  volunteers 
in  the  Texan  cause,  passed  a  law  December  30,  IH.']5, 
to  the  efl'ect  that  all  foreigners  landing  in  the  repui)lii- 
with  arms  in  their  hands  should  be  considered  pirates, 
and  punished  as  such.*"'  When  Santa  Aima  was  in- 
formed of  the  capture  of  Fannin  and  his  connnand,  he 
determined  that  this  Draconian  measure  should  be  car- 
ried out  to  the  letter.  He  despatcluid  an  order  to  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Nicolas  de  la  Portilla,  the  commandant 
at  (jToliad,  connnanding  him  inunediately  to  execute 
the  prisoners,  and  expressing  his  surprise  that  the  law- 
had  not  already  been  carried  into  effect.  The  des[)atch 
reached  Portilla's  hand  at  seven  o'clock  on  the  ni^lit 
of  the  2()th.  The  Americans,  unconscious  of  their 
mipending  fate,  were  cheerful  and  buoyant  with  the 
hope  of  soon  being  sent  back  to  their  homes.  Shackle- 
ford  narrates  that  several  of  them  on  that  evening 
played  hi  concert  on  their  flutes  the  air  of  "Home, 
sweet  home." 

Portilla  passed  a  restless  night,  and  not  till  mornliiLi' 
dawned  did  he  decide  to  carry  out  the  barbarous  l»ut 
imperative  order.  The  whole  garrison  was  drawn  up 
under  arms,  the  prisoners  were  aroused  from  tiieir 
sleep,  formed  into  three  divisions,  and  marched  out  cf 
the  town  in  different  directions.  Their  questionings 
were  satisfied  with  various  explanations;  the  victims 
in  one  band  were  told  that  they  were  going  to  C(')jiaiio 
to  be  sent  home;  of  another,  that  they  were  wanted 
to  slaughter  beeves;  and  the  third,  that  room  in  the 
fort  was  recjuired  for  the  reception  of  Santa  Amiiv. 
Four  doctors  and  about  a  dozen  others  were  not  called 
out.     It  was  Palm  Sunday.     Each  line  inarched  in 

•"Copy  in  Duhloii  and  Lotmuo,  iii.  114-15.  All  foreigners  also  wlio  laii'liil 
arms  ami  uinniiuiitiuu  for  the  use  of  the  rebels  were  to  be  similarly  dealt  \>  itii. 


mm  % 


MOST  VIIXANOUS  TKKACHKUY. 


235 


double  file,  with  a  guard  of  soldiors  on  oitlior  sido. 
J  lair  a  milt!  from  tho  fort  the  order  was  «jiiven  to  halt; 
tlio  filo  of  sdldit'rs  on  the  rii^ht  passt'd  throu«,di  the 
jiiisoiiers'  lim>,  and  in  a  moment  after,  the  whole  guaid 
jiniired  in  a  volley  upon  them.  Nearly  all  fell;  a  few 
survivors  only  escaped  into  the  lonjjf  grass  of  the 
lirairii',  scmie  of  whom,  eluding  tiuir  pursuers,  gained 
the  river.  The  first  division  to  sufl'er  was  that  whieh 
IijkI  heen  led  out  on  the  road  to  the  lower  ford,  hut 
till'  sound  of  distant  volleys  in  other  directions  soon 
.iCtertold  those  at  Goliad  that  the  nmrderous  work 
was  being  consunnnated  elsewhere.  For  an  hour 
at'tcr  the  first  firing,  the  ring  of  intermitte?it  shots 
smote  on  the  ear,  producing  in  the  listener's  mind  a 
t<riible  i)icture  of  the  fiight  and  chase,  of  the  hunti'r 
t'nll(»\vini>:  Jiis  unarmed  prev  through  the  tall  <rrassand 
(lark  weeds,  of  the  fiendish  eagerness  of  the  one  to 
kill  and  the  desperate  struggles  of  the  other  to  escape. 
Over  ;U)0  victims  were  put  to  death  in  this  cold- 
lilooded  butchery,  without  a  warning,  without  a  mo- 
nu'iit  in  which  to  pre})are  for  death,  send  home  a 
I'aivwell,  or  even  utter  a  prayer!  Twenty-seven  only 
(vscaped.  Miller's  company  was  not  included  in  the 
first  massacre.  The  wounded  were  dragged  from  tlu; 
liarracks  an  hour  later  and  shot.  Fannin  was  reserved 
till  the  last,  and  met  his  fate  with  a  soldier's  calnmess 
and  bearing.  He  gave  his  watch  to  the  officer  in 
(tiinmaiul  of  the  firing  platoon,  with  a  request  not  to 
Ik-  sjiot  in  the  head,  and  to  be  decently  buried.  He 
was  shot  in  the  head,  nevertheless,  nor  was  he  in- 
terred, his  cor})se  being  cast  among  the  bodies  of  the 
other  dead.  Ward  faced  his  death  with  stern  anger. 
When  conunanded  to  kneel,  he  refused,  and  being  told 
that  by  so  doing  his  life  might  be  spared,  he  still  would 
not  bend  his  knee.  "You  have  killed  my  comrades  in 
cold  blood,"  he  indignantly  exclaimed;  "I  have  no 
wish  to  live."  A  few  moments  later  he  had  ceased  to 
breathe.™     When  the  slaughter  was  ended,  the  dead 

'''I'liia  description  of  the  massacre  of  Fannin'a  coniinanil  lias  been  derived 
fiiiiii  the  most  reliable  of  sources,  namely,  the  accounts  of  Shacklefonl  and 


im 

H  iis 

ijf 

pi 

ill 


i 


I  'Vl 


886 


TIIK   ALAMO  AN'1>  (;()IJAI>  MASSACUKS. 


were  stripp* d  of  c'lothliit;',  and  tli*'  iiaki'd  corpses  coi- 
Ift'tod  into  luap.s;  thou  brushwood  was  pik'd.upou 
them  uiid  sot  on  fire.  Even  this  hcathi'iiisli  dispu,  ;;1 
of  thodcud  was  hadly  done,  and  days  aftcnvard  inaiiv 
luinds  and  feet  unscathed  ))V  tho  Hanies  were  seen  liv 
Sliarklcford,  wliose  eldest  son  and  two  nephews  weic 
anionj^  the  victims. 

The  odium  of  this  horrible  deed  rlji^htly  rests  on 
Santa  Anna.  The  officers  more  directly  concerned 
showed  some  feehngs  of  humanity.  Their  chief  luul 
none.  Urrea  recommended  the  prisoners  to  mercy, 
and  received  a  shar[)  rc[)rimiind.'*  Portilla  hesitated, 
and  afterward  expressed  his  horror  and  disoT.st  at 
haviiii^  been  conn)elled  by  his  duty  as  an  otiiccr  to 
execute  the  hateful  task."'"     But  Santa  Anna's  onlir 

Barnar'l,  and  S.  T.  Brown,  tliu  List  buiuf;  one  of  the  Americans  who  escuiiL'<I 
I'l'diii  tiic  liist  division  of  pri.sonurs.  Shiicivh.'fonl  and  IJiiriianl  at  thu  tiinu 
woru  ill  C'oloni'l  (iaray'n  qiiartiTs  outsidt!  the  fort,  wero  in  jiart  .spectators  <il 
of  thu  cnu'l  sccni's,  ami  iLrivud  furthor  jiarticulara  from  eyi'-witiiessca.  '.  l.c 
narratives  of  all  three  liavc  been  previously  referred  to.  Willi  reL;ard  to  tlio 
nuMiher  of  those  jtut  totleathin  this  massacre,  Mexican  ami  Texan  authoriti::! 
approximately  aj^rte.  Captain  Kennymore,  oae  of  tho  survivors,  sujiplied  t( 
the  Tr.r.  Aim.  of  iSliO,  pp.  8'J-ill,  a  muster-roll  of  Fannin's  command,  wlii  li 
ho  looked  upon  as  correct,  and  also  Brown's  nar,  itivu.  According  to  Kent:  - 
more's  tahle,  tho  command  numbered  ■1-14  men,  of  whom  S.'J  were  detained  Iit 
medical  and  other  services,  2(i  escaped,  and  .SS.")  killed  on  diUerent  oecasin;;  , 
inclmlini,'  20  of  Kind's  company,  and  '21  of  llortoii's.  Accordin;;  to  a  i  e;;t:ac: 
from  Portilla's  diary,  HUp[)lied  in  Urrcn,  J>iiir!o,  (JI-'J,  the  numher  of  pii.-i  i- 
ers  amounted  to  44."),  or  SO.*}  afti.T  deductinjf  Miller's  company,  wliieli,  int 
liaving  been  taken  in  arms  against  the  republic,  ho  reserved  for  further  i.i- 
strnctions.  Deducting  from  tlie  latter  ligures  L'7,  tho  number  of  those  who 
escaped,  according  to  iShacklcford's  list  of  their  names,  Foote,  ii.  '244,  and  11 
doctoi's  and  others  who  M-eru  retained  in  tJoliad,  it  would  appear  tliat  ."L ) 
were  put  to  death  on  tho  morning  of  the  'JTth.  This  number  very  nearly  t  .1- 
lies  with  Kennymore 's  figures.  For  if  41  of  ICorton's  and  King's  coiiiiiia.i  1* 
hu  taken  from  Ids  list  of  killed,  there  remain  .'544,  oliowi:ig  a  ditfercucu  of  it 
men,  which  may  be  explained  by  tho  ileaths  occasioned  by  tho  battle  ot  t'.  ■ 
( 'oleto,  and  the  loss  sustained  by  Ward  at  llefngio,  and  during  his  retreat  t" 
Victoria.  Brown,  who  was  with  Wanl's  command,  says:  'At  the  time  of  thi.' 
surrciidcr  we  had  only  85  men,  tho  others  having  left  us  on  tlu^  route  froMi 
tho  mission  to  Victoria. '  Tex.  Aim.,  18G0,  iSl).  Yoakum,  ii.  ll)i),  gives  tlieninii- 
her  of  killed  as  S.'JO,  but  he  only  puts  down  eight  as  the  number  of  surgeiuH 
and  attendants  saved. 

"'  '  La  respuesta  do  S.  E.  &,  la  recomendacion  del  Sr  do  Urrea,  fut^  luia 
reconvcncion  bastante  fuerte,  manii'estandole  su  dcsagrado,  y  ;d  misi.ui 
tiempo,  que  no  manchaso  sus  triunfos  con  una  nulla  cntimdida  compasi.i;i, 
Cum,  Virtliul.  Itliit,  13.  Holsinger,  in  his  letter  to  Wharton,  intiiiiate-;  ili:it 
Urrea  dill  not  intercede  for  the  piisoners' lives,  at  a  ay  rate  neglected  t'li.i- 
form  Santa  Anna  of  tho  personal  promises  maile  to  Fannin.  A/.,  71J-7.  i'Ht 
it  must  be  remembered  that  llolsinger  was  endeavoring  to  cxcidpate  S,i:it;i 
Anna,  who  was  then  .-i  prisoner  of  Houston's. 

'^See  Ids  diary  and  letter  t(t  Uriva  of  March  '27,  1S315,  in  Urrai,  JJi-irio, 
(j'J-.'i;   Democratic  Jieciew,  iii.  144-5;  and  Yonkitiii,  ii.  51'.t-'20. 


SANTA   .VNNA,  THK  FIKND. 


5.M7 


liu-.i.' 
llluit 


was  poreniptory,  and  tlid  not  eoncual  his  aujjfiy  iin- 
jiatier.ro;  still  l^oitilla  savt'J  jMillrr'H  coinitaiiy  fnmj 
destruction.  Colonel  Garay  displayed  liis  liuuKinity  in 
a  Htill  more  practical  nianntT.  Assuniiiitj^  a  (laiij^crous 
ivsponsibility,  ho  ^vitlldre^v  doctors*  Siiaekh  I'orih  liar- 
iiard,  Fiehl,  and  Hall,  with  some  others,  fVoni  the  lios- 
jiitals,  and  sent  them  with  ^[iller's  company  to  his  own 
iiuartiTS,  where  he  had  two  otlu'r  nu'n  alreadv  conci-aled 
in  a  tent.  The  Senora  Alvarez  also  concealed  and 
saved  a  few  of  the  olHcers.''  ]5ut  no  ray  of  mer«y  or 
(if  pity  illumined  the  dark  and  cruel  soul  of  the  _u;en- 
cfal-iii-ehief  He  was  the  incarnation  of  an  inhuman- 
it  v  at  once  revenijroful  and  cowardlv.  The  slauLihti  r 
of  his  troops  at  i/o  Alamo  still  rankled  in  his  mind, 
and  lie  would  not  have  s[)ared  a  .sinj^h;  llfi;.  jNIiller 
and  his  men  would  also  liave  hi^en  put  to  death  but 
lor  the  re[)resentations  of  an  oiKcer  who  presumed  to 
pli'ad  for  them.'^ 

'•"Suu  ISiiriiiirtrs  ftinl  SI i:iekli; ford's  iiarnitiviis,  in  L'niii''*  Iti'in.,  UiS,  171-3, 
aii'l  /'We,  ii.  '_'14-5.  Haniiird  says  i!ic;  ii;iiiio  of  Stilnni  .^Iviirc/.  ilcsorves  to 
Ik  ri'uonkiil  ia  K'ttor.s  of  gnld.  S!i:ii'l>li!(inl  Hpoakd  of  Ikt  lis  an  angel  of 
111'  a'V.  Tills  was  not  tlic  first  or  la>t  tinio  that  sliu  .sliowud  kimlnosa  ami 
humanity  to  Inr  country's  enoniius. 

"'  Wliun  tliiir  case  was  refi-rrud  to  Santa  Anna,  lio  instriicti^il  lii<  si^cnitiirv, 
Caro,  to  draw  \\\>  the  onli'r  for  their  c  M'eution.  This  wa-i  done;  hut  (  aptain 
Savariuuo,  tlio  hearor  of  t!ic  de.-ijiatcli  from  t  ioliad,  liad  the  courage  to  address 
Santa  Anna  o;i  tho  snhjeot  of  mercy,  and  received  a  sound  rating  for  liis  pre- 
sumiition.  '  I'ero  aj)i^nas  huho  hahlado,  cuau'lo  recihiii  jior  respiiesta  tan  aiuar- 
^'as  rejircnsiones,  (jnesalio  confnndi(h). '  ('urn,  I'cn/nil.  /i/cn,  1.").  Santa  Anna, 
hiiwivcr,  withdrew  liis  order  and  postjioned  his  decision  till  he  had  investi- 
jiatrd  the  matter.  By  thid  accideutal  latcrpositioii  tho  lives  of  tho  company 
Were  saved. 


iii'i 


CHAPTER  XI 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


:!.i  '^t 


•i'  '^ 


%M     ! 


H 


1836-1837. 

Houston's  Retreat — His  Biography — Panic  ov  the  Settlers — Sax  Fe- 
i.U'E  Buij.NED — Santa  Anna's  Plans  and  Advance — flis  iMrETUurs 
Movements — Removal  of  the  Government  to  Galveston — Harkis- 
jivua  IN  Ashes — Discontent  op  Houston's  Army — Its  Advance  lo 
THE  San  Jacinto — Santa  Anna  Burns  New  W/Vshington— He 
Marches  to  Engage  Houston — Preliminary  Skirmishing — Mexican 
Carelessness  in  an  Enemy's  Front — Discussion  on  Houston's  TAfTics 
— Burning  of  Vixce's  Bridge — Preparations  for  Battle — San  Ja- 
cinto and  Slaughter — Santa  Anna's  Flight  and  Caiture — Negotu- 
TioNs  FOR  Life — Filisola's  Retreat — The  Treaties — Santa  Anna's 
Dangerous  Position  and  Final  Release. 


M"'i 


News  of  the  fall  of  the  Alamo  reached  Washmiitou 
on  March  1 6th,  and  on  the  18th  the  government  mow  J 
its  seat  to  Harrlsburg.  A  proclamation,  however, 
was  issued  by  the  president,  in  which  it  was  stated 
that  this  step  was  not  taken  through  apprehensi  ii 
that  the  enemy  was  near,  but  had  been  resolved  upon 
as  conducive  to  the  public  good  before  any  such  re^tort 
was  in  circulation.^ 

Meanwhile  Houston  pursued  his  retreat  to  tne 
Colorado,  where  he  intended  to  make  a  stand,  haviiiij; 
sent  his  aide-de-camp,  William  T.  Austin,  to  the  niDUth 
of  the  Bruzos  for  cannon  and  ammunition.  His  Wnve 
at  this  time  was  about  400  men,  but  as  fresh  trdops 
kept  joining  him,  the  army  soon  numbered  700.  Ihit 
the  removal  of  the  government  to  Harrlsburg,'  Ibms- 

*Tho  same  express  whicli  brought  int.iUigence  of  the  fall  of  tlic  Al.iiiio 
also  reporteil  that  Houston  'as  in  rapid  retreat  from  Gonzalez.  Tci:  Alii., 
I860,  51. 

'■'Houston,  in  a  despatch  to  Thomas  J.  Rusk,  the  secretary  of  war,  .!  itr.l 


SAMUEL  HOUSTON. 


239 


ton's  necessary  retreat,  and  successive  reports  of  dis- 
asters raised  the  panic  in  tlie  country  to  the  higliest 
])itch.  The  settlers  abandoned  tlieir  homes,  fleeing  in 
all  directions  before  the  retreating  army,  or  accom- 
])anying  it  for  protection.  Thus,  many  brave  men 
were  absent  from  the  field,  engaged  in  conveying  their 
families  to  places  of  security.  On  March  14th,  the 
commander-in-chief  encamped  near  the  Navidad,  and 
oil  the  I7th  reached  Buinham's  place  on  the  Colorado. 
Here  he  remained  two  (lays,  which  were  spent  in  put- 
ting the  families  which  had  cast  their  lot  with  the 
army  across  the  river.  Tl  3  troops  having  then  passed 
over,  he  proceeded  to  a  noted  point  on  the  left  ))ank, 
called  Beason  Crossing,  where  he  remained  till  the 
2Gth,  waiting  for  the  aitillery." 

As  the  Texan  commander-in-chief  is  now  about  to 
enter  upon  a  career  during  which  his  action  has  been 
severely  criticised  by  his  enemies,  but  which  was  ulti- 
mately crowned  with  extraordinary  success,  and  won 
the  independence  of  Texas,  it  will  be  proper  to  place 
before  the  reader  some  account  of  his  parentage  and 
previous  life. 

Samuel  Houston  was  born  on  March  2d,  1793,  at  a 
place  called  Timber  Ridge  Church,  in  Rockbridge 
ciiuuty,  Virginia,  and  by  a  singular  coincidence  forty- 
tlireo  years  after  the  independence  of  Texas  was 
dedared,  on  his  natal  day.  Both  his  father  and 
luotliei'  were  descended  from  ancestors  who  emio-rated 
to  the  north  of  Ireland  from  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
laud  in  the  troulilous  times  of  the  reformation  in  that 
ciiuutiy   during   the    sixteenth   century.     After    the 

Miircli  '2'.),  1830,  writes:  'Your  removal  to  Harrisburg  has  done  more  to  in- 
t'Ru se  the  panic  in  the  coUil^rv■  than  anything  else  that  has  occiirreil  in  Texas, 
cxcipt  the  fall  of  the  Ahimo.      tJopy  in  Yoahtm.  ii.  485-6 

^On  March  23il,  G.  \V.  l.i  ■•'.ley^  inspector-general  of  the  army,  wrote  hy 
order  of  Houston  to  Secretary  Ku>k,  'We  liave  now  upwr.rd  of  TOO  nicii .  .  . 
all  ill  good  spirits  ami  anxious  to  meet  the  foe.'  But  this  nunilx-r  does  not 
rL|iiesi'iit  tha  force  with  which  Hou>ston  contimiod  hia  retreat  from  tlir  Cohi- 
railii,  for  on  the  same  day  lin  lilm.self  writes  to  Rusk.  'M'-n  are  lloeking  to 
caiiiji,  and  1  expect  in  a  day  or  two  to  receive  200  volunteers  and  rrgu!:irs.' 
'In  a  few  days  my  force  will  be  highly  respactable.'  Copies  in  Id.,  ii.  4S0-4. 


5  J  I'l 

I    •    ! 


: !    •• 


;  ".| 


H.mm 


;  1  j! 


240 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


siege  of  Londonderry,  in  1G90,  in  which  they  took 
part,  they  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  two  families  seemingly  following  each  other 
in  their  migrations,  till,  at  the  close  of  the  eighteentji 
century,  we  find  them  established  in  Virginia.  Hous- 
ton's father  was  possessed  of  only  moderate  means, 
and  died  in  1807,  when  the  future  founder  of  tlie 
Texan  republic  was  thirteen  years  of  age ;  he  was  a 
man  of  powerful  frame,  undaunted  courage,  i),nd  was 
swayed  by  a  strong  ])assion  for  military  life.  The 
mother  was  highly  gifted  with  intellectual  qualities, 
was  of  a  most  benevolent  disposition,  and  possessed 
of  a  fortitude  which  the  dangers  that  a  life  on  tlie 
frontiers  was  overexposed  to  could  not  shake.  Hous- 
ton inherited  the  qualities  of  both  his  parents. 

After  the  death  of  her  husband,  Mrs  Houston  with 
her  family  of  six  sons  and  three  daughters  crossed 
the  Alleghanies  and  settled  near  the  Tennessee  river, 
which  was  then  the  boundary  line  between  the  Cher- 
okee Indians  and  the  white  race.  Young  Houston 
thus  fur  had  received  little  or  no  education,  having 
disi^laj^ed  an  aversion  to  attending  school  during  such 
intervals  as  he  could  be  released  from  labor  on  the 
farm ;  and  now  he  was  more  than  ever  confined  to 
hard  work.  Nevertheless  he  attended  for  a  slioi't 
time  an  academy  established  in  that  part  of  Tennessee, 
and  obtained  possession  of  several  books  which  greatly 
attracted  his  attention.  They  were  translations  of 
liatin  and  Greek  authors,  and  among  them  was 
J^)pe's  Iliad.  Tlie  perusal  of  these  works  excited  in 
him  an  ardent  desire  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  tlie 
original  languages,  and  when  his  application  to  be  in- 
structed in  them  was  refused  by  his  teacher,  ho  in- 
dignantly left  the  institution.  At  lumie  his  elder 
brothers  exercised  a  kind  t)f  fraternal  tyranny  (»ver 
him,  and  at  last  con; polled  him  to  enter  a  merchant's 
store,  from  which  he  presently  disa})pcared.  A.ter 
much  fruitless  search,  the  family  learned  at  last  tliat 
he  had  taken  ui>  his  abode  with  the  Cherokees.     No 


HOUSTON'S  BIOfUlAniY. 


L'41 


1  orsuaslon  could  induce  the  scapegrace  to  abandon  his 
wild  hfe,  and  he  remained  with  the  Indians  till  he 
w;  s  eii^hteen  years  of  age,  spending  his  time  in  chas- 
iiii ;  wild  game  and  self-education  to  whi'li  he  diligently 
a|>[)Iied  himself 

Having  contracted  some  small  debt  in  purchase  of 
articles  for  his  Indian  friends,  he  considered  himself 
IxHirid  t(-  1  lake  an  effort  to  pay  it.  He  accordingly 
loft  the  native  village  and  opened  a  school,  overcom- 
ing the  many  difficulties  which  opposed  him  at  the 
start.  When  his  debt  was  paid  he  returned  to  his 
forincr  teacher,  but  soon  coming  to  the  conclusion 
that  lie  would  never  make  a  scholar,  entered  a  store 
ill  Kingston,  Tennessee,  as  clerk.  In  1813  Houston, 
who  had  grown  into  a  powerful  man,  over  six  foet 
high,  enlisted  as  a  recruit  in  the  ranks  of  the  United 
States'  army,  and  was  presently  marched  off  to  the 
Creek  War.  In  the  hard-fought  battle  of  the 
Horse  Shoe  bend  of  the  Tallapoosa,  he  displayed 
rare  courage  and  fortitude.  Having  been  appointed 
ensign,  when  the  assault  was  made  on  the  Indian  for- 
tifications he  mounted  the  defences,  colors  in  hand, 
and  luiving  been  struck  by  a  barbed  arrow  in  the 
thigh,  compelled,  with  his  ui)lifted  sword  and  throats 
of  death,  a  soldier  to  pull  the  missile  out.  Though 
carried  to  the  rear,  he  presently  returned  to  the  fight, 
find  received  two  rifle  l)alls  in  the  right  shoulder 
which  completely  disabled  him.  His  recovery  from 
these  wounds  was  long  doubtful,  but  liis  stronj'  con- 
stitution  saved  him.  The  intrepidity  which  he  dis- 
played in  this  battle  won  for  him  the  lasting  regard 
if  CreutTal  Jackson,  and  he  was  made  lieutenant  for 
liis  gallantry. 

^\  hen  peace  was  restored  Houstcm  was  appointed 
svih-agciit  to  the  Cherokee  nation,  which  position  he 
held  till  about  1819,  when  he  was  removed  on  account 
lif  a  controversy  in  which  he  became  inv<dved  with 
(^alhoini,  the  secretary  of  war.  He  then  went  to 
Nashville  and  studied  law,  obtaining  a  license  to  pruc- 

UisT.  Tkx.,Voi,.  II.    16 


I' 


242 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


r; 


M. 


in  'I: 


tise  after  about  eight  months  of  assiduous  study;  was 
presently  elected  attorney-general  of  that  district; 
and  in  1821  was  chosen  major-general  of  the  militin. 
In  1823  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and  reelected  in 
1825.  While  member  of  conirress  Houston  fouyflit 
a  duel  which  caused  much  excitement  in  the  United 
States  at  the  time.  In  1826  while  in  Nashville  lie 
pr<iferred  some  charges  against  the  postmaster  of  tliat 
town,  who  sent  him  a  challenge  by  the  hands  of  Col- 
onel John  T.  Smith,  a  notorious  duelist  from  Missouri. 
Houston's  second,  Colonel  McGregor,  refused  to  re- 
ceive the  challenge  through  such  hands,  and  Sniitli 
retired.  The  postmaster's  communication  had  hccii 
offered  and  rejected  in  the  presence  of  a  large  nunilur 
of  persons,  among  whom  was  General  William  Wliite, 
who  could  not  refrain  from  remarking  that  he  did  not 
think  proper  courtesy  had  been  extended  to  Smith. 
Houston  overhc:".rd  the  remark  and  expressed  himself 
ready  to  give  White,  if  he  had  any  grievances,  any 
satisfaction  he  might  demand.  The  result  was  a  clial- 
lenge  from  White,  and  the  meeting  took  place  in  Simp- 
son county,  Kentucky,  September  23,  1826.  WliUc 
was  dangerously  wounded,  being  shot  through  the  Ix  tdy 
just  above  the  hip.  He,  however,  recovered;  Hous- 
ton was  untouched.* 

In  1827  Houston  was  elected  governor  of  Tennessee 
by  a  large  majority.  But  ere  long  a  domestic  ca- 
lamity changed  the  whole  tenor  of  his  future  life.     In 

*  The  particulars  of  this  duel  are  derived  from  tlie  account  hy  Col  A\'il- 
loughliy  Williams,  of  Teimessee,  published  in  the  Loui.svillo  Courier  Jminicl, 
and  reproduced  in  the  San  Francisco  Pa^it,  Apr.  17,  1878.  Major  Fi-imaii, 
inh'is  Field  oj'  Ilniior,  284-5,  states  that  White  brought  the  chaUeiii:<:,  an  I 
it  not  being  accepted  insulted  Houston:  hence  the  duel.  This  writer  rilutcs 
as  authentic  the  loUowing  story.  At  the  house  where  Houston  was  stayiiif; 
during  the  week  preceding  the  duel  were  a  game-cockand  a  puguacioiM  littk' 
dog  named  'Andrew  Jacknon,'  both  of  whicli  he  greatly  admired  and  pitti'il. 
Early  in  the  morning  of  t)ie  meeting  he  was  awakened  by  the  bai'kmg  ci 
'Andrew  Jackson.'  Houston  arose  and  began  to  mould  bullets  for  tlio  (".en- 
sion.  As  the  first  bullet  fell  from  the  mould  he  was  greeted  by  tlio  crowing 
of  the  game-cock;  whereupon  ho  marked  one  wide  of  it  for  the  dcg  ami  tin' 
other  for  the  fowl,  determining  that  that  particular  ball  Bhonld  lpol!iot;i>t 
to  be  fired  by  him  at  his  opponent.  The  ouUut  was  u.«3d,  andA\'iiiiu  fell. 
After  tbo  duel  Houston  a>;sumcd  a  game-cock  and  a  dog  aa  a  coat-uf  ariiu. 
Id.,  529^30. 


APPROACH  OF  THE  MEXICANS, 


243 


Jiinuaiy  1^29,  he  espoused  a  daughter  of  a  wealtliy 
aii<l  mHuoiitial  family  in  T(^Tinessee.  For  a  reason, 
i.it)  the  explanation  of  which  Houston  never  conde- 
scciidod  to  enter,  the  husband  and  M'ife  shortly  after 
tiu'Ir  marriage  separated  forever.  There  is  little 
(l(iul)t,  however,  that  Houston  discovered  that  his  af- 
fection was  not  reciprocated;  yet  with  true  magna- 
iiluilty,  he  fully  exonerated  his  wife  from  all  hlame  in 
tlit^  matter,  regarding  it  as  a  misfortune  and  not  as  a 
fault  of  hers.  But  the  blow  struck  hard.  Houston 
sent  lu  his  resignation  of  the  governorship  to  the  sec- 
retary of  state  by  Colonel  Williams,  ancl  in  disguise 
1  ft  the  country,,  a  self-exiled  man.  Ascending  the 
Ailcansas  river  he  aijain  souijjht  a  home  anion<j:  the 
Clierokees,  who  by  this  time  were  in  an  eastern  [)(>r- 
tioii  of  what  is  now  Indian  tc^rritory.  He  was  kindly 
received,  and  in  October  1821),  was  admitted  to  all  tlie 
r'ylits  and  privileges  of  that  nation.  In  1832  he  went 
to  Washington  to  remonstrate  against  frauds  prac- 
tised by  the  United  States'  Indian  agents,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  removal  of  five  of  them.  This  involved 
liiiu  in  personal  quarrels,  and  a  rencounter  occurred  \)c- 
tv'ecu  him  and  W.  li.  Stansbury,  a  representative  in 
tl'u  house  from  Ohio.  Stansbury  was  seven  iy 
licaten.  Houston  was  arrested,  tried  for  assault,  and 
Hue  J  $500  The  sentence,  however,  was  not  enforced 
Ity  the  court,  and  President  Jackson  afterward  re- 
mitted the  fine.  In  December  of  the  same  year 
Hduston  went  to  Texas  and,  as  the  reader  is  aware, 
was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  convention  which  as- 
sciuhled  Api'il  1st,  18t]3,  at  San  Felipe.  Such  was 
tlic  jirevious  career  of  the  num  whom  the  fates  now 
called  upon  to  guide  the  destiny  of  Texas.' 

Almost  sinmltaneously  with  Houston's  arrival  at 

^  ^ Lr.,fn-'ii  Ifmiston  ami  hi.f  Jicp.,  8-47;  T<'x.  Aim.,  1659,  llO-'Jo;  Con/on's 
Ta:.,  ITS-'J;  llnustoii,  Lilo  of,  17-70;  QiKirlcrlif  Rit\,  v.  new  nor.,  ."IT;  II.- 
f'li,  Ji'iiii.  I jj  a  "  Mil  r  Prinowr'i"  Wii/air,  ]'2;  Thrall,  So")  et  hui|.;  Oiikhiml 
Tiiu.<,  (  ,il.,  Apr.  17,  1878;  Amtr.  Cyclop,  ix.  sub  noin.;  T/iu  dntiir^,  Auy., 
1S{)4;  Boka-'s  Tea:.,  255-7. 


1.  H  ' 


<  '  i 


m 


] , 


\IM 


!1B:— - 


2M 


SANTA  ANNA'S  JIUMILIATION. 


Beason  Crossing,  generals  Rauiirez  y  Sesma  and  Woll, 
witli  a  foico  variously  estimated  at  from  600  to  Soo," 
reaclu  (1  tlio  Colonulo  and  took  up  a  position  in  a  bend 
of  the  river  about  two  miles  above  the  Texans.  On 
the  approach  of  the  Mexicans,  Capttiin  Carnes  Lad 
l)een  sent  with  five  men  to  reconnoitre,  while  to  pic- 
veut  Sesma  from  passing  across  the  river,  Colond 
Sidney  Sherman  and  Captain  Patton  were  dcspatclnd 
with  150  men  to  Dewees  crossing.'  Canies  fell  in 
with  twelve  of  the  enemv,  and  in  the  skirmish  which 
ensued,  killed  one  of  them  and  captured  another. 
Sherman's  detachment  was  presently  increased  t«> 
from  350  to  400  men.  For  six  days  the  opposing' 
armies  remained  in  their  respective  positions  within 
striking  distance  without  either  side  makhig  any  hos- 
tile demonstration.*  Houston's  army  by  the  25th  had 
received  such  accessions  that  it  was  over  1400  stront;-,' 
and  the  men  were  all  eajjer  to  en<xa<;e  the  emim. 
There  is  evidence  that  at  one  time  he  intended  to 
cross  the  river  and  give  Sesma  battle  ;'*  but  on  the 

*The  real  numlwr  was  725.  FilisoUi  Mem.  Ttj.,  i.  20. 

''Tex.  ^l/,;).,  ISGO,  50.     Yoakum  aill:)  it  llobcrtaon's  crossing,  ii.  112. 

*'8csiiia  ■was  onloredby  Saiitii  Aiiua  not  to  'i,ttemgt  to  cross  the  river,  un- 
less tlio  enemy  retireil.     Filisiihi,  Mem,  (harm  Tcj.,  li.  441. 

*  It  is  impossible  to  fiiul  out  the  exact  number  of  men  under  Houstrm  at 
tbis  time.  E.\-prcsiilent  Anson  Jones  saya  that  on  tlie  day  of  the  retreat 
from  tlio  Colorado  tbeir  number  was  over  1500 — 'I  think  1570';  Coi  Ikii 
I'oi't  Smith,  l.'JtiO;  Col  Amasa  Turner  saya,  1408,  besides  105  men  wlio 
joined  the  next  day.  Col  Tarlton  gives  the  number  1800;  Calder  tlumglit 
the  nmster-roU  showed  1400;  Franklin  says  upward  of  1400  men;  Htanl 
considered  the  uumerieal  force  to  be  from  liiOO  to  lOOOmen,  because  the  issii- 
ing  commissary  told  liini  that  rations  for  1000  had  been  drawn.  T<x.  Aim., 
ISOO,  ISti.  Footo  considers  that  at  least  1400  sohliera  were  present  on  tie 
2.")tli,  and  in  a  note  gives  his  authorities.  Tvx.,  ii.  274.  The  Mexican  gen- 
eral, Sesma,  placed  tlio  number  of  the  Texans  at  12t)0.  See  his  desi)ut<li  tc> 
Santa  Anna  of  March  25,  18IJ0,  in  FiUxola,  Mem.  TeJ,,  i.  11.  Houston  in 
lii^!  s[)i'i'i'h  in  the  Senate  of  the  U.  S.,  Feb.  28,  1850,  states  that  his  etiiciiiit 
force  never  exceeded  700  troops  at  any  one  point.  Cowjremnmil  GMk;  LS^ll, 
p.  14;iS.  Copy  of  same  speech  in  j?Vj;.  Aim.,  1800,  18-35.  Tliis  assert  inn  is 
somowliat  contradictory  to  the  statement  in  his  letters  of  March  2.'I,  18oi). 

1"  Foote — ii.  278-1) — states  that  he  is  convinced  that  Ocn.  Houston,  up  to 
the  25th  of  Msvrch,  contemplated  a  struggle  with  the  enemy  in  the  neij.'Iifinr- 
hood  of  the  Colorado,  and  from  a  mass  of  documents,  quotes  one  wliuli  lio 
considers  conclusive.  'Capt.  Shape  says:  Gen.  Houston  told  me  to  toll 
the  people  not  to  run  any  farther . . .  there  would  be  no  moreretreatiiiL';  aiil 
that  tlio  next  news  they  woubl  hear  from  the  army  would  be  of  a  battK',  tlio 
resultof  wliich  no  one  could  doulit.'  llie  same  author  also  supplies  cejiy  <'t 
Army  Orders  of  March  21st,  in  which  Houston's  intention  ia  evident.     '  iu  f^ 


HOUSTON'S  IXTENTTONS. 


24S 


2')th.  news  was  l)rought  by  Potor  Korr  of  tlio  oapturo 
iiiid   iiiassacro   of  l^aiuiin's   coiniiiaiKl.     This   was  a 
(lr;itli-l)l«)W  to  his  plans.      It  would  bo  madiu'ss  to  as- 
sail uiulcr  these  circuinstanrts,  allow  Urrea  to  gain 
Ills   rear,    and    l(>t   himself  be    surrounded  by    over- 
^vll(>luliug  forces."     Accordingly  lie  decided  on  a  fur- 
(lu  r  retieat  to  the  Brazos,  and  on  the  evening  of  the 
'2(!th  fell  back  five  mihs  an<l  encamped  on  the  margin 
(if  a  lake  in  the  prairie.     This  movement  increased 
tlic  prevailing  consternation,  and  caused  the  greatest 
dissatisfaction  to  bt)th  the    officers  and  troops  of  his 
jiiiiiy.     The  fiery  spirits  of  whicli  his  force  was  coni- 
pDst-d  were  longing  to  strike  the  foe  which  had  dealt 
so  savagely  with  their  relatives,  comrades,  and  coun- 
ti\ men,  and  in  their  rage  could  not  }»erceivc  the  })ru- 
(1(  iieo  ])nu'tised  by  their  general.      It  is  true  that  ]\i) 
iniglit  have  struck  Sesma  luird,  bad  he  attacked  him; 
hut  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  while  the  !N[exiean 
(•()imnan(l(^r  had  two  pieces  of  artillery,'^  Houston  had 
iKiiie,  and  it  was  for  his  cannon  that  lie  n-asonaJdy 
^\aited  so  long.     But  it  never  arrived,  and  he  did  not 
divani  of  such  a  blow  as  the  destruction  of  Fannin  and 
liis  conunand,  who,  lie  supposed,  were  safe  at  Victoria, 
as  would  have  been  the  case  had  Fannin   obeyed  his 
(ii'deis.     As  soon  as  General  Houston's  intention  l)e- 
caiuo  known.  Captain  Heard  and  a  number  of  other 
substantial    planters    on   the   banks   of  the  Colorado 
asked  for  and  obtanied  furlou«>hs  to  enable  them  to 
niuove  their  families  to  places  of  security,  and  in  the 
8ults(Mjuent  rt^treat,  as  elsewhere  intimate<l,  the  army 
was  soon  reduced  to  half  its  original  strength  by  the 
departure  of  men  bent  on  the  same  errand. 


,  u 


I\  lean  while  the  government  had  been  exerting  itself 


U\y  iliiys,'  lie  says,  '  I  liope  to  hiivu  force  sufficient  to  c.iptiiru  tlie  eiidiiiy 
liLluic  ill'  can  reach  the  (ituulahipe.' 

"  Miireover  if  lie  fought  a  liattlii,  he  had  no  means  of  transporting  IiIh 
wminilcil.      I/iuix/oii'x  S]»i,-/i  vt  tiiip. 

'-' 1 'OS  pie/as  de  a  (>  eon  sin  eorrespondieutus  dutaeidues  do  artilleros  y 
municidiies.'    Filisolit,  Mt:iii.    T'J.,  i. '20. 


946 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION 


U-. 


::' 5 


„i 


to  send  retlnforcements,  war  material,  and  supplies  to 
tlio  front.  Two  thirds  of  the  militia  had  been  call(  d 
out,  and  measures  were  adopted  to  arrest  the  panic 
and  Hight  of  the  inhabitants  toward  the  Sabine.  Pivs- 
ident  Burnet,  on  March  18th,  issued  a  proclamation 
tending  to  allay  the  public  consternation,  exhorting 
the  people  not  to  abandon  their  homes,  thereby  de- 
priving their  countr}''s  defenders  tlicn  in  the  field  of 
additional  strength.  But  this  proved  ineffectual.  As 
soon  as  the  fate  of  Fannin's  command  was  known,  and 
that  Houston  was  in  retreat,  the  wild  hurry  to  eseupo 
of  the  fleeing  people  rose  hito  a  panic,  which  erc^Jiioj 
reached  Trinity,  whose  inhabitants  fled.  Samuel  V. 
(Larson,  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  writing  to  President 
Burnet,  says,  "Never  till  I  reached  Trinity  have  I 
desponded,  I  will  not  say  despaired."'*  It  was  as  if  a 
hurricane  of  terror  was  sweeping  over  the  land. 

Houston  retired  rapidly  toward  the  Brazos,  reach 
ing  San  Felipe  on  the  28th.  Here  the  dissatistiu'tioii 
of  the  trooi)S  displayed  itself  in  a  s}tirit  of  insubonlinii- 
tion.  Objection  was  raised  to  marching  up  the  rlvi  r, 
it  being  maintained  that  the  principal  settlements  ^\('l■o 
.situated  below.  The  commander-in-chief  decidrd  to 
move  up,  whereupon  two  companies,  one  conmiandcd 
by  Captain  Mosely  Baker,  and  the  other  by  W)  lie 
]\iai'thi,  refused  to  come  into  line,**  and  he  was  fain  to 
oriler  Baker  to  remain  beldnd,  with  120  men,  to 
guard  the  crossing  at  San  Felipe,  and  to  grant  tlie  re- 
(juest  of  Martin's  company  to  go  down  to  the  crossing 
at  Fort  Bend,  or  Old  Fort.  These  arrangcnunts 
having  been  made,  on  the  29th  Houston  movod  up 
the  river  with  the  main  body,  now  reduced  to  5l'0  ef- 
ficient men,  crossed  Mill  creek,  and  on  March  3 1  st 
encamped  in  the  Brazos  bottom  opposite  Groce's  jilaii- 
tation.     Here  he  remained  till  April  13th,  detained 

•''Letter  of  April  4th,  in  Ynnhtm,  ii.  119. 

^*  LdUuHe,  in  7V.r.  Aim.,  ISoit,  44.  Houston  makes  mention  of  only  one 
company  as  nuitiuuus.  JJounious  SiKecIi,  ulsup.,  14H5,  also  in  Tex.  AIik.,  l^'W, 
23. 


MEXICAN  ADVANCE. 


247 


hy  tiio  high  waters  of  the  river  fron  any  active  opera- 
tion. The  rains  were  unusually  heavy  this  season ; 
the  Brazos  rose  to  a  height  not  known  for  years,  and 
]ii^  camping  ground  was  at  one  time  converted  into  an 
island  by  the  floods.  Provided  with  no  tents,  and 
hut  little  covering  of  any  kind,  the  suftenngs  of  the 
soldiers  from  wet  and  ex^wsure  were  severe,  and  sick- 
iK^ss  naturally  followed. 

In  the  evening  of  the  day  on  which  Houston  left 
San  Felipe,  the  town  was  burnt  to  the  ground  by 
]^aker.  This  severe  measure  was  adopted  on  account 
of  a  reyjort  brought  in  by  his  scouts  that  they  had  seen 
tlio  Mexican  advance  guard  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
|)]a('e,  which  they  would  probably  reach  before  day- 
lii^lit.  Unfortunately,  the  scouts  had  mistaken  a  drove 
of  cattle  for  a  squadron  of  cavalry,  and  the  untimely 
liurning  of  San  Felipe  caused  the  destruction  of  an 
immense  quaiitity  of  goods  which  might  otherwise 
have  been  saved.  * 


I  }.| 


On  March  24th,  General  Tolsa  arrived  at  the  Colo- 
rado with  his  command,  raising  Sesma's  division  to 
1,400  men  of  all  arms,'"  and  this  general,  on  the  re- 
treat of  Houston,  at  once  proceeded  to  pass  his  troops 
over  the  river  on  rafts.  The  Colorado  was  much 
swollen,  but  in  four  days  after  the  departure  of  the 
Tixans,  he  succeeded  in  placing  a  considerable  portion 
of  tliem  on  the  other  side,  and  a  few  days  later  cross(id 
over  with  the  remainder.  When  Santa  Anna  became 
aware  of  the  large  Texan  force  concentrated  on  the 
C(tl( trade,  he  changed  his  intention  of  returninji  to 
Mexico,  and  decided  to  take  the  field  in  person.  In- 
deed, he  changed  all  of  his  pla  is.  Gaona  was  ordered 
to  cross  the  Colorado  at  Basi  op,  and  march  to  San 
Felipe  as  a  suppoit  on  Sesm;  's  left,  and  Urrea  was 

''  Foot*;,  ii.  283.  This  author,  in  his  account  of  this  occurrence,  (juotes 
'tlio  very  words  of  the  last  number  of  the  San  Felipe  Tekymp/i,  the  accuracy 
of  wliich  tl\ure  is  no  reason  to  <|uestioii.' 

'''These  are  Sesma's  own  figures,  according  to  his  despatch  to  Santa  Anna 
dated  March  25,  1830,  in  Filmla,  Jlem.  2'ej.,  i.  41. 


mM 


248 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMIUATION. 


I  i 


Iff }'H 


:  't\  :\ 


>l!:1 


instructed  to  move  from  Victoria  ajjfainst  the  sairu? 
place.  Colonel  Amat  wtis  sent  forward  to  Gonzalr/, 
with  000  men,  two  eight-pounder  andtwofour-]X)Uii(li  r 
cannon,  and  a  seven-inch  mortar,  takinj^  with  him 
rations  for  one  month.  Haviii*^  made  these  arrange- 
ments, and  leaving  General  Juan  Josd  Andrade  in 
commaiul  at  Bejar  with  most  of  the  cavalry  and  sonic 
piqui'ts  of  infantry,  the  Mexican  dictator  left,  Manli 
3 1st,  with  his  staff  and  General  Filisola.  On  April 
2d  he  reached  (jionzalez,  an  1  finding  the  waters  of  tln! 
(xuadalupe  so  high  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  con- 
struct rafts  for  the  passage  across  of  Amat's  brigade, 
such  was  his  impatience  that  he  hurried  forward  with 
his  staff  and  an  escort  of  about  forty  dragoons,  leaving 
Filisola  to  direct  the  crossing  of  the  troops,  artilU'i\ , 
and  wagons.  On  the  5th  he  reached  the  Colorado, 
and  with  Sesma's  and  Tolsa's  commands  pushed  for- 
ward with  the  same  impetuous  haste  to  San  Feripe, 
where  he  arrived  April  7th." 

Santa  Anna  in  the  plenitude  of  his  self-confidenco 
considered  that  he  had  an  ample  force  with  which  to 
crush  the  retreating  Texans  without  the  assistanci'  dt 
Urrea's  division,  and  on  April  6th  countennanded  liis 
instructions  to  that  general,  ordering  him  to  take  ]»os- 
session  of  Matagorda,  and  carry  out  the  operations 
previously  assigned  to  him."  This  proved  to  be  a 
fatal  mistake.  Urrea  crossed  the  Colorado,  and  on 
April  13th  entered  Matagorda,  which  he  found  e\ai- 
uated.  He  then  directed  his  march  to  Brazoria,  tak- 
ing ])ossession  of  the  place  on  the  22d  without  oppo- 
sition, a  large  (quantity  of  goods  of  all  kinds  fallin<; 
into  his  hands.'*  While  Urrea  was  thus  far  away  from 
the  future  field  of  action  Gaona  failed  to  arrive  at 
San  Felipe  at  the  time  expected.  In  fact  he  had  lost 
liis  way  in  the  desert  region  lying  between  Bastrop 
and  San  Felipe,  which  place  lie  did  not  reach  till 

^'  FilimUi,  Mem.  T>j.,  i.  41-51;  /</.,  Rrjm'sent.,  12-13;  Caro,  VenUuL  Itka, 
17-18;  Aliiioiitv'n  Journal,  in  Xationul  Banna;  July  13,  1838. 
'■"Copy  of  (lespatuh  in  FilkoUi,  Mem.  Tej.,  50-1. 
^'■>Jd.,  Mem.  Guerra  Tej.,  ii.  440-9;  Urrea  Diario,  24-7. 


CROSSING  THE  RIVER. 


240 


April  17th.**'  These  two  circumstances,  coml lined 
witli  the  mifXituosity  and  ])r(!suin}»tu()us  self-reliaiiee 
of  Santa.  Anna  greatly  conducfMl  to  the  catastrophe 
wliich  cnditd  in  his  ov(  i-tlirow  and  capture. 


A    Lunij.     ■•'"     W,m     ■.'!      fr..iii      ;1l  \\  unlilnKliui  l» 


I        u.;„«,nu.i'KTrr^^'>.;^ 


._*i--.5- — 


U 


HUUI) 


S  J  "'Xi'     '   ,.     b'-."">'^«  ■'  1  '.'V  "V  J       ■■•■/"■"l.fvNATCHITUeHES   • 


.1" 


'V 


v>-V:sr^ 


's.    Sun     <^       vi.      I 


I  hi.  Uoiii>l».'i*at('.iMl.i. 


-/v,    ^<  QWlv'.' ";*1    -G'ALVESTO'i  I. 

YVfvk  1 


LEONA  VIcAi 
I    Fonm-rlj  Sulll 


1  ^VA> 
*4        \  'i  '■'■13  *"■   ■.'?  1        il 


SCALE    UF    M1LE3  ; 

U    "^)~+0~ttU    "«t)i 

I'l  11 


SEcrnoNAL  Mai-  of  IS.'Jo. 

Meantime  Santa  xVnna,  fiudinijj  Baker's  detachment 

■•p[>i>S('d  to  him  on  tlie  ojiposite  side  ot'tlie  river,  made 
:u)  at,t('ni[)t  to  cross,  but  on  the  9th  moved  down  the 

■"('iim  Vinlivl.  Idea,  'I'l;  Fil'ixohi,  Mem.  Guvrra  T<j.,  ii.  44!)-r)0. 


i  6 '! 


1, 1  m» 


SANTA  ANNA'8  HUMILIATION. 


•■  ''h 


lii'- 


Brazos  with  the  dioscu  c()In|»a^'u^s  Jiiid  reached  Old 
Fort''  on  tlie  llth.  Sesuui  wii«  left  at  San  Felipe 
with  4H0  men,  beintjf  instructctl  to  plueo  hiins-u'lf  un- 
der FUisola's  orders  wlien  he  hIk mid  arrive."  Tlu'  last 
named  i^eneral  liad  reiu'hed  tlie  Colorado  on  the  lotli, 
and  in»)vii)jj^  forward  arrived  at  the  ruins  of  Saii 
Felipe  on  tlie  14th,  and  at  Old  Fort  on  the  KJtli, 
From  the  latter  place  Santa  Anna  sent  instructions, 
as  .soon  as  he  arrived,  for  Sesma  and  Filisola  to  join  liini 
there  as  speedily  as  possible.  Sesma  canie  u[)  on  tlie 
l.^th,  and  on  the  following  day  tlie  conimander-in-cliief, 
without  waitint^  for  the  arrival  of  Filisola,  haviiiL?  ol)- 
tained  possession  of  a  Hat  l)oat"  and  two  canoes  suc- 
ceeded in  crossing  the  river  by  a  ruse.  At  Old  Foit 
there  were  two  crosshi»^s,  the  upper  and  lower,  and  as 
Wylie  Martin's  force  was  not  sufficient  to  s^uard  both, 
he  was  kept  occupied  by  a  demonstration  at  the 
upper  ferry,  while  the  Mexicans  effected  their  ]>as- 
sage  across  at  the  lower  one.  Martin  thereupon  }iie- 
ceeded  up  the  river  and  joined  Houston  who  by  tliis 
time  was  also  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river.  Takinu; 
with  him  700  infantry  with  a  six-pounder  and  ;!() 
cavalrymen,  Santa  Anna  hurried  off  to  liarrisbuiif, 
leaving  Sesma  with  the  remainder  of  the  division  at 
Old  Fort. 

The  cause  of  all  this  haste  was  the  receipt  of  news 
that  the  Texan  government  had  its  seat  at  Hariis 
burg  and  the  Mexican  conmiander-in-chief  hoped,  hy- 
a  forced  march,  to  capture  the  president  and  other 
members.  He  arrived  at  the  place  in  the  night  of 
the  15  th,"  only  to  find  three  printers  in  it,  the  gev- 


'^'Also  called  Fort  Bend,  Thompson  Fuiry.  and  Oroziinbo — now 
mond. 

'^^Seo  Sesma's  note  to  Filiaola  of  Apr.  9,  1836,  in  Id.,  Mem.  TeJ., 
Id.,  Rejmisrnt.,  13. 

'•'^  If ouston  states  in  the  speech  already  quoted  tha,*;  he  had  ordered 
craft  on  the  river,  to  be  destroyed  Imt  l)y  a  ruse  tho  enemy  obtaiiif 
oidy  boat  that  was  in  that  part  of  tlie  coiintry  where  a  command  wa 
tioncd.     Ihey  came  and  spoke  English.     Consult  Yoidum,  ii.  121. 

'^*  At  this  date  the  positions  of  the  Mexican  divisic^ns  were  as  fi 
Urrcci  was  at  Matagorda,  30  leagues  distant  from  Sesma,  aiul  40  from  Fi 
Gaoua  was  lost  iu  the  desert  between  Bastrop  and  San  Felipe;  Filisd 


li  it'll- 
i.  1)4; 

cvfry 
,1  the 
s  sta- 
ll,,\vs: 
l>-.,la: 
a  Mas 


TKXAX  MOVEMKNTS. 


181 


( rmnoiit  and  inlialntants  having  loft  for  New  \Va8li- 
iii.'tdii,  whcnco  tlioy  crossi'tl  over  to  Aiuiliuac,  and 
tVtiiii  tlicro  to  (jralvt'stoii  islaiul  in  tlio  stcanuT  ('<ijjii(/<i, 
tlu!  i;ov«jrniuc'nt  inakii.jy;  tliulat+cr  plac*;  its  Hcat." 

At  Harrisl)ur«jj  Santa  Anna  Icarnt'd  from  tlio  print- 
( IS  that  Houston  was  at  Groco  crosaiiii'  with  HOO 
incii.  Ho  then  sent  forward  the  cavaliy  to  Now 
Wiisliinujton  under  Colonel  Almonte,  who  ])resently, 
tVoni  information  there  received,  reported  that  Hous- 
ton was  marching  for  the  Trinity  by  way  of  Lyneh's 
!'(  iiv.  Having  set  fire  to  Harrisburg,'"  the  Mexican 
ocneral  moved,  on  the  I7th,  to  New  Washington,  ar- 
ri\  iiig  there  on  the  1 8th,  having  })r(!viously  d<.'S[uitched 
a  cornier  post  haste  to  Filisola  ordering  him  to  send 
(itiieral  Cos  with  500  picked  troo[)S  to  join  him  by 
forced  marches."  And  here,  for  the  ])resent,  we  will 
leave  him  to  follow  the  movements  of  the  Texan  army. 

Th.i  im})atlence  of  the  troops  at  the  Fabian  ])olicy 
of  (Jeneral  Houston  was  so  great  that  the  expression 
of  it  bordered  cm  niuthiy,  and  it  is  an  undeniable  fact 
that  while  they  were  in  camp  on  the  l^razos  several 
iiicctiiigs  were  opeidy  held  at  which  the  (jui'stion  was 
discussed  of  a])[)olnting  another  leader.'"  On  April 
4t]i,  Thomas  J.  Kusk,  the  secretary  of  war,  arrived 
at  tlie  camp,  and  it  appears  that  at  his  suggestion  an 
uii(lurstanding  was  arrived  at  that  the  army  should 

111  K'agues  distant  from  Sesma,  anil  Santa  Anna  at  Harri.sburg  20  leagues 
(li.stiiiit. 

-'i'los.  Burnet  was  nearly  captured  l)y  a  squadron  of  Mexican  cavalry 
on  Wh:  morning  of  tlie  ITtli,  at  ^ew  \Va.sliington,  escaping  to  tlic  stcanicr  in 
a  STiiall  lioat  only  a  few  minutes  before  the  enemy  reached  the  shore.  Yo<i- 
hiiii.  ii.  i;{()-7. 

-'Santa  Anna  denies  thin,  stating  that  the  town  was  on  tire  before  ho  en- 
tenil  it,  and  that  lie  was  told  by  tlie  printers  that  the  lire  was  accidental. 
M  iiiijicsfo  17,  in  P(ip.  V(ir.,  182,  no.  8;  also  in  Flllsoln,  Jinn.  (Iwrra  Tij-,  ii. 
4."iS.  But  Colonel  J'edro  J)elgado  in  his  diary  says  that  Santa  Anna  ordered 
liiiii  to  set  lire  to  the  place.  /(/.,  Mem.  T'j.,  i.  81. 

-'Cos  had  been  onlcred  to  jiroceed  witli  ."•OO  men  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Brazos  aii<l  take  possession  of  V^elasco.  Copy  of  despatches  in  A/.,  i.  (iS  77. 
>-anta  Anna's  countermanding  his  orders  so  repeatedly  caused  nmcli  annoy- 
aiiic  to  liis  generals,  whose  .suggestions  or  advice  he  would  not  listen  to. 

-"  Houston  says,  'mutiny  and  sedition  were  rife  in  camp,'  Ti^x.  Aim., 
LSGO,  ;55. 


ij 


IB 


f? 


iiij  ^, 


252 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


i;   ;  i 


I  "   I 


m 


'SI 


iriiiji 


■\i 


i; 


march  to  Harrisburg,  the  seat  of  the  crovcmmcnt,  and 
there  make  a  stand.'*  Two  six -pounders  having  ai- 
rived  on  the  1  Ith  from  Harrisburg/"  Houston  mad.' 
pr(;parations  to  cross  the  river.  On  his  arrival  at  the 
Brazos,  a  spacious  steamboat,  the  YcUoirxtonc,  liit|i- 
pened  to  be  at  Groce's  landing,  loading  with  cotton. 
This  vessel  he  embargoed,  and  placing  a  guard  (-u 


II  r  I.  r 
n  r 

1/  /     V  /  (    () 


Routes  uf  Armies. 


board  tluis  secured  the  means  of  passing  tho  rivoi'  ;it 
aiiv  time  without  tnRiblc.  Thus  at  length  tiic  opna- 
tions  were  fairly  coinnienccd,  and  indeed  liad  tin  v 
been  mucli  longer  dt-iayd  it  is  impossible  to  fonse  ■ 
tlu  results  that  might  have  followed,  witli  nnitiny 
and  insubordination  t>])enly  threatened  in  liis  cami", 
tor  many  of  his  followers  now  attributed  his  hesita- 
tion to  incompetence,  timidity,  or  in(lee<l  to  any  cau>e 
except  the    right    one.     On   the    Tith   he  began  to 

-'»Foote  says  that,  Houston's  plan  wan  to  retire  to  tlie  Sal)iuc,  ami  tln'ir 
get  ii[)  ail  ariiiy  of  ."i.OOO  Auiili-Ameriuaiw.  ()u  the  otluT  liaiul,  it  wm>  :iii- 
iiiuniccd  to  liiiii  hy  Maj.  Wharton  and  others  tliat  tlie  sohliurs  woiiM  imt 
icave  the  central  region  of  Texas  to  go  north  on  any  eonsideratiou  whativer. 
J''nn/t;  ii.  •_'<)'_>.  Houston  asserted  in  his  sjuc'h  before  the  U.  S.  .s'inate  that 
lie  was  resolved  never  to  ]iass  the  Trinity.    '/'',/•.  Aim.,  l.S(iO,  .'}.'{. 

*''lhese  two  small  guns  eonstitiited  all  tiie  artillery  of  tlie  Texan'^  aniiV. 
They  wei'e  ]>r(^seiited  to  the  ]latriol^  i)y  the  eiti/ens  of  Cineiiinati,  and  wi:i 
afterward  ehristened  tiie  Twin  Sisters.  /-/..  '.';!;  /''k>^  ,  ii.  'J'.t.".  .;,  where  v.  Ii 
he  f,.\ind  copy  of  I'resident  Ikirnefs  letter  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  i!a! 
cannon. 


S;     ;  ill 


RAPID  MOVEMENTS. 


2B3 


TLiss  the  troops  across,  and  by  the  14th  the  whole  ariiiy 
was  placed  on  the  other  side.  The  next  day,  the 
companies  of  Moseley  Baker  and  Wylie  Martin  ar- 
rived. Both  officers  were  in  a  sullen  hum  or,  an  1  tlie 
latter  proved  so  refractory  that  Hijuston  oraered  hini 
ti)  Hiarrh  directly  to  the  Trinity  and  protect  the  women 
and  children  in  case  the  Indians  should  prove  turbu- 
lent." 

The  army  was  now  put  in  motion,  and  n^tv'  a  march 
of  extreme  dilncnlty  and  fatigue  ovi-  the  bogoy 
oround,^''  arrived  at  Buffalo  bayou,  opposite  llarrls- 
hurjj',  on  the  18th,  and  there  encamped.  The  ever- 
active  scout,  Deaf  Smith,  and  other  s[)ies  were  sent 
across  the  bayou,  and  in  the  evening  brought  in  two 
captives,  one  of  wliom  proved  to  be  the  bearer  of  de- 
!^j);itches  from  Filisola  to  Santa  Anna,  and  otliers  from 
]\I(xico.  From  these  papers  Houston  learned  for  the 
first  time  that  the  jNIexican  i)resident  in  person  was  in 
command  of  the  advance  division  of  the  enemy. 

Houston  now  determined  to  cross  the  bayou,  and  on 
the  mornhig  of  the  IDth,  after  having  addressed  a 
s[>irit-stirring  speech  to  the  troops,"  in  v.']iich  he  in- 


formed them  that  Santa  Anna  himself  was  before 
tJieni,  moved  al)out  two  nnles  lower  down  the  bayou, 
with  three  davs'  rations,  leaving  in  tlie  rear  the  ba<jf- 
gage  and  sick,"**  with  a  sufH*  ient  guard.     The  passage 


"1  7V.C  Alw.,  18(K),  24.  Ak  rtiu  died  at  Fnrt  BoikI  county  in  1842.  At  the 
time  of  Ids  diiiith  lie  w;is  a  n  jinber  of  the  Texau  congress,  lie  was  horn  ia 
(a'ori.'ia  in  1770.   T/inill'n  J/i.<  7V.r.,  TiSS. 

'■  'Tlie  prairies  were  qiiagnured.  Tlie  contents  of  the  wagons  had  to  be 
cai'icd  across  the  bcigi,  and  tlic  empty  wagons  liad  to  be  assisted  in  aid  of 
tlie  Imrses.  No  hiss  tlian  eight  iniitediineiits  in  one  (hiy  liad  to  be  overcome 
ill  that  way.'  7/o(wC/(/(',s  Symicc/i,  in  7V.r.  Aim.,  ISOO,  24. 

■"' LiJiadie,  who  accompanied  the  army,  writes  thus:  'He  said  [that  is, 
Hoiistdi) ':  "The  army  will  cross,  and  we  will  meet  the  enemy.  I^omo  of  us 
in.iy  lie  ille(l  and  must  be  killed:  but  soldiers,  remember  the  Aiaiiio!  the 
Al.niKi!  le  Alamo!  "  Maj.  Somerville  remarked;  "After  sueli  a  sjieech,  but 
ilaiiiued  i".v  will  lie  taken  prisoners — that  I  know."  (,'ol  Jtu^k  then  in.ide  a 
iiio>t  elo-  'jnt  sj)ecch  ...  in  the  midst  of  his  speech  he  stopped  Middeidy,  say* 
iug:  ''I  1  ve  done,"  as  if  it  had  just  occurred  to  liiin  tliat  it  Mas  a  waste  of 
Mdi'ds  to  .'ilk  to  men  mIio  had  been  so  long  impatient  for  the  very  conflict 
tint  was  now  about  to  take  place.'  T<x.  Aim.,  l>S.-)i(,  4!). 

■'^^>akum  makes  the  extraordinary  statement  tliat  2()0  or  ."^(10  sick  and 
lion-etl'cctives  were  left  behind,  ii.  ll>4.  Labadie,  wlio  sunly  oiij;htto  know, 
siiya,  '  Phelps  having  been  left  to  attend  to  some  ten  or  twelve  wlio  M'ere  sick 


m  -n  h 


Wr  1 

ri 

'■  ■) 

;| 

i 

:, 

11 

•i 

1/ 

264 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


m 


p 


V  ■ 


l|>r 


of  the  main  body  was  effected  without  misliap,  but  not 
witliout  ti'oubl(!,  as  tlio  only  means  ofcrosshigconsistcil 
of  a  boat  in  bad  ri^pair  and  a  raft  tliathad  bc^en.  con- 
structed on  which  to  pass  over  the  cannon  and  amniu- 
nition- wagon.  Tlie  horses  were  made  to  swim  across, 
and  by  nlglitfall  tlie  wliole  force  ]iad  gainc^dthe  otlur 
side.  Tlie  army  tlien  moved  down  the  bayou  till  mid- 
niglit,  wlien  tlie  men  were  so  utterly  exhausted—  soiii" 
even  fall  in  sjf  down  from  fatimie — that  a  halt  Avas  oi'- 
dered,  and  the  weary  soldiers  threw  themselves  on  tl,  ■ 
wet  ground  and  bivouaclasd  without  su[)per,  ex})osrd 
to  a  cold  north  whid  which  increased  their  discomfort. 
At  daylight  the  march  was  resumed,  and  the  indomi- 
table troops  pressed  forward  without  breakfast  toward 
the  iuncti(^n  of  Buffalo  bavou  with  the  San  Jacinto. 
After  a  march  of  two  hours,  the  order  was  given  t<i 
halt  for  breakfast,  but  while  the  liungry  men  were 
preparing  it,  the  scouts  galloped  into  camp  and 
n^ported  that  the  enemy  was  moving  from  New 
Washington  toward  Lynch's  ferry.  The  march  wa.s 
innnediately  continued,  and  the  eager  soldiers  hun\ - 
ing  onward  halted,  alxmt  ten  o'clock  on  the  moriun;;- 
of  the  20th,  within  half  a  mile  of  the  ferry,  in  a  fiiio 
belt  of  timlier  on  the  elevated  bank.  At  the  fcny  a, 
new  flat-boat,  loaded  with  provisions,  was  captuicd. 
It  had  been  sent  by  Santa  Anna  from  New  Wasliiiiu- 
ton,  and  the  supplies  were  intended  for  the  troops  wit  li 
which  lie  was  going,  as  he  thought,  to  takepossessii;u 
of  Aiiiihuac. 

From  New  Washington  Santa  Anna  sent  Ca}it:iin 
Barragan  on  the  10th  with  a  detachment  of  dragoons 
to  reconnoitre  the  movements  of  Houston,  and  on  tlio 
20th  prepared  for  his  march  to  Lynch's  ferry,  by  burn- 
ing; the  warehouse  on  the  wharf  and  settiuij  fire  t  > 
the  town.  When  everything  was  ready  for  the  mardi 
Captain  Barragan,  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning,  t  ii- 

with  the  (liarrlia'a,  the  RetlLaml  coinpany,  consiHting  of  some  40  men,  ;ilso 
remainiiiy  to  guard  tlie  uaiup.'  Tex,  Aim,,  lS5i),  41). 


B    !  'I 


A  WILD  (iENERAL. 


i265 


tcrcd  c«arap  at  full  speed  reportin;^  that  Houston  was 
close  oil  the  rear  and  liad  captured  some  of  the 
stra'^i^lcivs.  A  scene  of  confusion  ensued  which  de- 
lies  adequate  description.  The  excitement  of  the 
]\r('xican  general  amounted  to  frenzy;  and  his  con- 
duct, utterly  lacking  in  that  calmness  and  dignity 
essential  to  a  successful  connnander  on  occasions  of 
emergency,  had  a  terrifying  effect  upon  liis  troops. 
The  exit  from  New  Washington  was  by  a  narrow 
lane,  a  mere  mule-track,  through  a  dense  wood,  and 
tlio  troops  and  pack  animals  were  already  filing  along 
it  toward  the  open  prairie  beyond.  Mounting  Iiis 
horse,  Santa  Aima  rushed  down  this  If.ne  crowded 
witli  men  and  animals,  wildly  gesticulathig  and  scream- 
ing out,  at  the  top  of  his  voice,  that  the  enemy  was 
at  hand.  The  disorder  was  terrible.  By  knocking 
iLiN.ri  and  riding  over  his  men  like  a  madman,  the 
'li'uander  succeeded  in  forcing  his  way  tlirou''h  to 
th(3  prairie,  where  in  spite  of  the  trepidation  he  had 
caused  and  his  contradictory  orders,  a  colunm  of  attack 
was  formed.^"  But  no  enemy  was  in  sight,  and  the 
army  in  some  proper  array  moved  forward  toward 
Lvncli's  ferry.  About  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon 
Houston's  pickets  were  descried,  and  some  firing  took 
place  between  them  and  the  INtexican  skirmishers. 
When  Santa  Anna  arrived  on  the  ijround  with  the 
main  body,  his  first  intention  was  to  attack  at  once, 
ill  1(1  a  colunm  of  infantry  was  directed  against  the 
eiu'my  ;  but  ])eing  received  with  a  discharge  of  grape, 
wliilt;  the  Texans  kept  themselves  well  conceahMl  in 
the  wood,  it  was  withdrawn.  The  ^Mexican  general 
had  occupied  an  island  of  timber  on  a  small  elevation 
in  front  of  Houston's  right;  lu^  now  deployed  the 
Toluea  company  as  skii-mishers,  with  the  object  of 
iUs('()vering  the  position  of  the  Texans,  and  o[)ened 
fire  with  his  cannon.     This   demonstration    was  re- 

■'  ('ill  Delgado's  Diary,  in  FiVunlu  Miin.  T'j.,  i.  8t-6.    TranHlatidU  (if  the 


'V/t  Jidt/lp  of  S'lll  Jii'-lllt 


■d  ft 


Ldh 


I  till  rii'iiH  mil 


I  Mr 


fl'tiiiljhihit.     !/■<  Di fulls  attil  luaili  nU  a.-i  ojjhinUii  rcjmrt'il  lnj  Mi'Jor-Gcinral  ,Sain, 


UijiiM« 


Austin,  lexas,  187S;  al-io  iu  Linns  lie 


miiiti. 


lo-iii. 


m 


Wl 


■'i '  t 


If"  is 


■I  :| 


Irnlii 


iiU 


256 


SAXTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


sponded  to  by  the  enenij-'s  artillery — Captain  Urriziji 
hv'mir  severely  wounded — and  an  interchange  of  small 
arms  occasionally  took  place.  The  artillery  continued 
to  fire  for  some  time,  and  Colonel  Neill,  on  the  Texan 
side,  was  wounded  by  a  grape  shot.  Just  before  sun- 
set a  demonstration  was  made  by  the  Texan  cavalry, 
under  Colonel  Sherman,  against  the  Mexican  left, 
whereupon  Santa  Anna  ordered  his  own  cavalry  to 
face  the  enemy  without  gaining  ground.  The  Texans 
charged  upon  the  dragoons  and  came  to  close  quart- 
ers, but  were  compelled  to  retire,  before  much  harm 
was  done,""'  by  the  advance  of  several  companies  of 


Cjiper  FuTii 


STREET 


A.  Uk'litwing. 

n,  Cnpt.  C&IDLTOn'  9  |>o«it]oi). 

C.  IU-«'8t->^  I'viiraoii'scoinpanlfS. 

D.  Atta<-k  of  \\\f\\\  wtug  uy  Artillery. 

E.  AlcuMi-omci". 

F.  Ctiui\-ti  tV  Aiupudia'aqu&rten. 


TT^fS 


7li;,ify;!d^'<i,i-|  I ;  I  ~  "  VVa     ^ 


ill!]     PLAZA|4lii 


3         lll-t      \^    nerryU  Guard    ■'^"'Pu.f,-  ,^^yTTeian  Camp  Kant  J 
W* MeMcan  Picket  "^'  '^^ 


■^-M^'prlf 


C         lAtnr  /'.^  , 

5         Cavalry 


<10 


I'las   of  BaTTLK-FIKIJ). 

Mexican  infantry.  This  skirmish  closed  the  opera- 
tions of  the  day.  Meantime  Santa  Aima  had  selected 
his  ground  and  encamped  with  his  whole  force  aloii^j,' 
the  margin  of  San  Jachito  bay,  his  riglit  ilnnk  occu- 
pying the  extreme  point  of  a  skirt  of  timber."     The 

'"The  Toxaus  had  two  lueii  severely  ■wounded,  one  of  whom  died  a  iVw 
days  afterward.  Ttx  Aim.,  1800,  04.  Santa  Anna  says  that  one  dragoon  cm 
his  side  was  gi'ievously  wounded.   Mdnifuxd).  04-5. 

^'Tlie  disiiositiou  of  Santa  Anna's  force  was  as  follows;  three  cliosrn 
companies  giianled  the  wood  on  his  riglit;  the  Matamoros  liattaliou  of  rri;u- 
lars  oceupied  the  centre;  and  on  his  left  was  planted  the  cannon,  protcricd 


two  { 

At 

brcas 
his  Jc 
of  ha 
c(>nti't 

"JkIc  (J 

rigJit. 
witJi  4 

l)(V(l    II 

<li<'ii'  a 

-■ni(!  ia. 

Anna  s 

''.'v,   t] 

,i^"\oi'nt 

liis  iiitc 

niorniiin 

■■'I'pJ'oac] 

son  If  foY 

tllO  \Vo()( 

shelter  f] 
haic-|,;u'j 
'•"1  indilK 
His  ("xc 
•■x<'iteinc' 
"'as  fJist 


A  SLEEPY  ARMY. 


257 


two  armies  were  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  apait. 
At  daybreak  on  the  21st,  Santa  Anna  caused  a 
brrastwork,  about  five  feet  liigb,  t<>  be  thrown  up  on 
his  left,  constructed  of  i)ack-saddk'S,  baggage,  sacks 
(if  hard  bread,  etc.,  and  having  an  opening  in  tlie 
(•(•iitio  in  whicli  was  placed  the  gun.  A  weak  barri- 
'■iuK'  of  l)ranclK'S  extended  along  its  front  and  to  the 
liulit.  At  nuie  o'clock,  a.  m.,  ({eneral  Cos  arrived 
witli  400  men  of  liis  reenforcement.  and  as  thev  had 
l)ccn  marching  all  night  they  were  ordered  to  stack 
tlicir  arms,  divest  themselves  of  their  accoutrements, 
,111(1  take  their  rest  in  the  adioininii'  jj^rove.'"'  Santa 
Anna  seems  to  have  had  no  intention  of  fighting  that 
(lay,  thougli  in  liis  re^jvesentation  to  the  jVlexican 
government  he  would  have  it  ap|)ear  otherwise.^*  Be 
liis  iiitcMition  what  it  mis>'ht,  the  hours  draoi>-ed  on  ; 
iiioiiiing  was  succeeded  by  afternoon,  and  evening 
iippi'oached.  Most  of  the  soldiers  were  slee}»ing: 
some  few  were  eating;  wliile  others  were  scattered  in 
the  wood  i)rocuring  Ijouglis  wlierewith  to  construct  a 
sheher  for  the  niglit.  The  cavalry-men  were  ridiiig 
hare-back  to  and  fro  as  they  w'atered  tlieir  horses,  and 
aii  iiidilferent  watcli  was  kept  by  tl>e  drowsy  ])iquets. 
His  exci'llency,  fixtigued  with  his  morning  ride  and 
excitement,  slumbered  in  his  tent.  His  staft',  too, 
was  fast  asleep. 

While  the  doomed  ai'my  was  thus  unsuspicious  of 
dangei'.  the  traj)  was  being  si't  by  tlie  enemy.  Hous- 
ton siill  displayed  what  seemed  to  his  impatient  troops 

^'V  the  caviilry  and  a  ooluimi  of  jiipkoil  oonipanios,  whicli  also  formed  his 
n  SI rvc.  StiiUd  Aiiiiii,  Miiiiij'.,  (!."),  in  J'it^k   ('.,,.,  18'_',  no.  S. 

'~S;iiita  Anna,  in  his  auoount  ut'  thf  iMMiii.iign,  ^t.bhcsscd  fmni  Manga 
'li- (  l.ivo,  Mirrli  ]',  ls;!7,  to  tin;  Mcxiian  niinistt'i'  of  war,  states  that  Cos 
iiilniiiud  him  that  ho  had  inai'i-hi'd  mi  lapidly  that  the  nun  hadniitiior  catun 
lull' >ii|it  fof  24  hours.  Ho  also  states  that  only  UK)  nion  ari'ivod  with  Cos, 
I'i'iii-i'  KM)  men  had  heoii  loft  with  soniu  haj^gago  at  a  had  crossing  iiL'ar 
II  liii-liuig.  III.  Uolgadd  siiysahout  .">(K)  iiion  arrived  in  oamp.  FUmiIc,  Mtm. 
/'J..  1.  '.to.  Caro  iloes  nt-l  boliovo  100  nun  wore  hit  hohiiid.  Vrnhtil.  him. 
"•'>',  hut  there  is  Jio  doul>!  that  Santa  Annas  statoinotit  is  correct  as  it  is  cor- 
lubdi-it.'d  l)y  Kilisola.    ¥<■;//.  0»  rra,  T<j.,  \'.  47:!,  aud  J/e/».  T<j,,  i.  1'2(). 

■"Sec  the  dispoHitiuns  made  by  kuu.  Id.,  (kVG. 
insT.  Mkx.  Statks   \  >l.  }'l.    it 


'=r( 


0< 


,  it » 


:r)S 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


t|'  ?  I 


t  I 


>E:i!it 


n 


an  unnecessary  tlelav  in  ooninu'iicin*j;  liostilitles,  and 
about  noon  a  council  of  war  was  lickl,'"  at  wbicli  colo- 
nels Burleson  and  Sherman,  lieutenant-colonels  Mil- 
lard, Soinervillt",  and  Bennett,  Major  Wells,  and  Rusk, 
tlie  secretary  of  war,  were  present.  Tin;  question  put 
to  tlie  council  was,  "  Wlu'tlicr  tlioy  should  attack  the 
enemy  in  his  })ositlou,  t)r  await  his  attack  in  tliciis." 
The  two  last  named  officers  weri^  in  favor  of  attackiun-: 
the  four  seniors  and  Jiusk  voted  in  favor  of  receiving' 
the  attack,  since  tli(;y  deemed  their  situation  admiraiiK 
adaptt'd  for  defiance,  whereas  to  charge  acr-oss  an  o|prii 
prairie  with  raw  nulitia,  without  bayonets,  and  as.sault 
an  enemy  in  position  would  be  a  most  hazardous  ex- 
periment. The  council  was  thiMi  dismissed,  no  opiuioii 
having  been  expressi'd  l)y  Houston. 

It  is  mucli  to  l)e  regretted  that  many  bitter  coutio- 
versiesaro.se  in  after  years  relative  to  Houston's  metlxnl 
of  conducting  tins  campaign,  and  that  so  nmch  ani- 
mosity should  have  been  displayed  between  men  who, 
apart  from  tlit'ir  unfriendly  feelings  toward  each  otlit  r, 
bore  a  noble  part  in  this  desperate  struggle  for  iiidt  - 
pendence  with  a  vastly  superior  power.  Tlie  state- 
ments of  the  o})posing  parties  are  so  utterly  at  variaiici 
and  so  thoroughly  contradictory  that  it  is  imjiossihlc 
to  arrive,  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  at  a  decision 
which  could  be  claimed  as  uncjuestionably  cenvct.' 
I  shall  ther(>fore  confine  myself  to  the  narration  of 
facts,  without  enteriiuj;  into  a  discussion  as  to  tlie  uier- 
its  ot  the  claims  set  up  by  either  party,  especially  a> 
tliey  unhappily  merged  in  personal  enmity,  recriniiua- 
tions,  and  a])use.  I  cannot,  howi'ver,  refrain  from 
making  a  few  remarks  bi'aring  up(»n  the  difficult  jinsi- 

^<" 'J'  c  I'ommaniLT-in-cliicf  was  waitt^l  <m  )iy  scveial  of  tlu'  (itluns,  sug- 
gesting a  council  I'f  war.'  Yoitkuiii  ii.,  140;  Tcv.  Abu.,  1800,  Go;  Houstnii,  ii: 
Id.,  'Ja  (i. 

^'  Ouu  of  the  most  grievous  chargeti  against  Houston  was  that  hu  allmviii 
Sherman  to  make  the  cavalry  charge  in  the  evening  of  the  20th  und  r  tlu 


promise  that  he  should  Ix!  suiiported  liy  infantry,  which  support  was  not  givuii. 
Houston  maintained  that  Sherman  disobeyed  ordcr-s  in  engaging  w  itii  the 
enemy,  as  he  had  hecn  strictly  enjoined  oidyto  reconnoitre,  and  I  ly  ii"  mean- 


to  approach  within  gunshot  of  the  enemy's  line.  liL,  'J5,  27,  (J4;  /"'..  1'>5'J. 
52-3;  FcxAe,  ii.  298-305.     See  Yoakum's  remarks  ou  this  affair,  ii.  13'J-10. 


AT  VINCE'S  BRIDGP:. 


2r)n 


t!<Mi  in  which  the  cominaiidt^r-in-chicf  stood  witli 
iv'iaT'd  to  his  army.  After  Ills  ch^parturo  from  the 
C'nlDrado,  Houston's  plan,  thouj;"h  ontaiHiiijf  jjjrrat  self- 
sacrifice  on  the  part  of  tlie  settlers,  seems  to  have  been 
the  only  oni;  on  which  lie  coiilr]  securely  rt'ly  for  ulti- 
mate success.  His  ol)j(H't  appears  to  have  been  to 
ivtreattothe  Redlands,  lurinij^  the  foe  after  him  away 
t'loni  supplies;  tlien,  when  th»^  families  of  tlu^  Texaiis 
had  been  placed  in  safety  beyond  tlu;  Sabine,  he 
(Idubted  not  that  he  would  be  al)le  to  raise  from  4,000 
to  5,000  men  bur-ninu;  to  aven^'e  their  sutVerings  and 
jesses.  With  such  a  force,  he  could  have  annihilated 
tlio  ^[exican  army.  But  Ifouston  was  a  man  who 
ki  pt  his  (twn  counsel,  and  the  imp<!tuous  and  an^ry 
men  under  him,  not  penetratin^j;  his  desiijjns,  and  little 
practised  in  sultordination,  attributed  his  retreat  to 
frar  of  the  enemy,  and  wen'  n()t  slow  to  ex])ress  theii' 
(ipliilon.  When  the  brave  but  unruly  nature  of  those 
^vith  whom  the  s^eneral  had  to  deal  is  taken  into  con- 
sideration, and  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  from  the 
iM'uimiinijj  to  the  end  of  his  retreat  ho  met  with  ever- 
iiicreasin;>"  opposition,  murnuirinu^s,  and  dissatisfaction, 
.;iviii!4'  place  to  contemjttuous  languan'o  uttered  within 
his  hearintJi;,  and  mutinous  ])roceedin»^s,  we  cannot  fail 
t'>  admire  the  nerve  and  courai;o  of  tin;  man  who,  in 
the  face  of  such  op})osition,  ])ersevered  in  the  plan 
^v]lic]l  lie  deemed  most  conducive  to  the  success  of  his 
adopted  country. 

Seen  after  the  council  was  dismissed,  Houston  de- 
s]iatcl)ed  Deaf  Snuth  with  some  others  to  destroy 
\'ince's  bridge,  about  c^ight  miles  off,'"  the  accomplish- 

*-Tliis  "l)ri(lg(!  was  Imilt  nvor  a  crook  of  the  Kame  name  which  c'rosse<l  the 
io;iil  to  Harrisliurg,  the  only  way  l>y  land  to  the  Bra/os.  J5y  its*  dostruotion 
Niiita  Aima  was  out  otf  from  the  rout  of  his  fnroos.  The  (leiiiolitiini  of  this 
lii'iilgo  was  another  sulijoot  of  controvers3',  it  hoiug  claimed  that  tiio  idea  »>l' 
ik'^troying  it  oriirinated  in  Deaf  Smith,  win  >  made  the  projjosition  to  Houston, 
wliilo  the  hitter  maintained  tiiat  sueh  was  nut  the  case.  It  is  a  mattijr  of 
U'lmiitcnal  importance.  The  hridf^o  was  dost  I'dynl,  and  hy  Houston  s  orders, 
«ht,tlii>r  prompted  '  y  Smith  or  not.  IJut  liie  genoral-in-c!iief  was  accused 
y  his  opponents  o  .ipropriating  to  lii'uself  all  tho  glory  of  San  .Jacinto, 
^11(1  no  charge,  liowover  trivial,  was  omitted  in  bo  hrought  to  ])ear  a;;ainst 
liiiu.    The  accouuts  also  of  the  deatructiou  of  tho  bridge  are  various  aud  cou- 


N.V\- 


2G0 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


*!■   •■ 


W 


r>  ti 


M 


I  :  I 


',;  i 


ment  of  vvhicli  would  prevent  tlie  arrival  of  additional 
reciiforcciiK'uts  and  cut  oft'  all   means  of  escape  i'm- 
Santa  Anna  in  case  of  Lis  defeat.     When  lie  decinrd 
sufficient  time  liad  ela[)sed  for  the  destruction  of  tin 
Iiridi^c,   Houston  caused  the  general  o[)inion  of  tli> 
(•a[)tains   of  the   different   regiments   to  he  taken   wu 
the  question  of  engaging  with  the  enemy  at  once,  m 
just    l)efore   dayl)reak   on   the   22d.      Tlie  votes  wciv 
greatly  in   favor  of  inunediate  attack,  and  the  cuiii 
mander-in-chief  thereu[)on  gave  the  order  to  [)in;Hii 
and  prepan^  for  action.^' 

Under  cover  of  the  islands  of  timher  in   front  tin 
l»attle  array  was  formed  unseen  hy  the  enemy.     Col- 
onel Burleson  with  the  1st  regiment  of  Texas  voluii 
teers  occupied  the  centre;  tlie  2d  regiment  of  voluu 
teers.  und(U' C'olonel   Sherman,  formed  the  leftwiii^: 
on    I  he  riglit  was  placed  tin:  artillery,   sustained  l»v 
four  companies  of  regular  infantr\'  under  Jjieutcnaiit- 
colonel  Henry  Millai'd.      The   line  was  com[)let((l  liy 
the  cavalry  which  was  ])osted  on  the  extreme  riglit. 
There  was  no  noise,  hut  along  the  ranks  a  low  wliih- 
perinuf  miixht  he  heard,  and  a  keen  listener  miulit  Ii;i\r 
caught   the  word.  Alamo  I     On  each   man's  couiitc 
nance  stern  determination  was  depicted  under  vaii(jLi> 
expressions.     Some  were  pale  ;  others  were  sniilin;^  in 

tradictory.  Some  say  it  was  burned;  Houston  asserts  tliat  it  was  out  iLiwii; 
Lai)a(li(^  status  that  neaf  Smitii  told  him  that  hi;  first  fired  it,  hut  it  wuiiM 
not  hum;  he  then  cut  away  a  few  tinihers  and  made  it  fall  into  th(!  iiiiynu. 
There  is,  however,  conclusive  evidence  tliat  it  was  hurned.  Santa  Anna, 
sjjeaking  of  his  arrival  at  tlie  creek,  says,  'cuyo  pueiite  en  contre  niuiii.Liii', 
Miuiijic-iio,  lit  ■■<iip.,  (J7.  Houston  says  that  two  men — Ueaf  Smith  ;uiil  in- 
comrade,  Reeves — were  secretly  despatched  to  accomplish  the  work;  Font' 
states  that  tliere  were  four  men,  Smith,  Cariies,  Lapliam,  and  (umtlKi-; 
Aylshnry,  who  claimed  to  he  one  of  the  party,  asserts  that  seven  iiii'ii,  in- 
cluding Smith  and  himself,  were  employed;  the  names  of  the  others  wi'it 
Denmore  Itives  -or  Reeves- .lolin  Coker,  E.  R.  Rainwater,  .rohn  (iarntr. 
and  Moses  Lapham.  A/.,  ii.  141;  Footr,  ii.  .m")-G;  T>:r.  Aim.,  IS.V.I.  5.S:  M. 
IMiO,  'J(i,  05-G;  A/.,  ISlil,  'm-S,  (io;  Baker\s  T<x.,  1)8-101;  nraWs  Jl^.  7''/., 
•_'),"\ 

^'C'apt.  R.  .r.  ("alder,  referring  to  (lew.  Houston's  j-eluetanoe  to  ligli^' 
writes  thus:  'T  think  he  wished,  in  cast,'  of  failure  or  disasti'r.  an  iipology,  t) 
wit,  tliat  he  fought  against  his  own  judgi.ient.  and  suUered  liim.-<'lf  to  In 
controlled  by  the  opinions  and  claiiKu-  of  his  oificers  and  men.'  'I'lie  same 
otiicer  <lid  not  lielieve  that  Houston  felt  a  positive  reluctance  to  fight.  2'^- 
Aim.,  1801,  GO. 


THK  TKXANS  VICTORIOUS. 


'JGl 


if  111 


Wiiui'l 

iy,m. 
Anna, 
i\;ul''. 

otlnr; 
■11.  ill- 

\\rV 

7'm-.. 
liiiht. 

igy-  ^" 


anticipation  of  revenge ;  but  deep  in  tlie  eyes  of  all 
was  a  tigerish  j^'lare  which  occasionally  flashed  out 
fVoin  beneath  their  brows.  Tluy  were  self- restrained, 
li(Avever,  anil  only  waited  for  the  word.  It  was 
altout  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  when  the  conuiiand 
was  given  to  advance  The  Texans  moved  silently 
forward  through  the  timber  in  double  file,  and  pushed 
lapidly  on  across  the  jirairit^  toward  the  foe.  When 
within  'M){)  yards  of  the  enemy's  camp  the  ^lexicans 
njKiied  tin,',  and  the  pace  was  inereased  to  tlouble 
(|ui('k:  but  not  a  shot  was  fired  by  the  Texans  till 
tlii'V  were  within  iioint-blank  rauLje.  Then,  with  a 
deafening  sJiout  of  llemember  the  Alamo  I  striking 
terror  into  the  hearts  of  their  foes,**  they  pouriMJ  in 
their  volley,  and  rushed  to  the  charge.  Slierman's 
regiment,  which  had  advanced  under  cover  of  the 
i.slaiid  of  timl)er  on  the  Texan  left  front,  was  the  first 
to  break  into  the  jVIexlcan  camp;  Burleson's  coni- 
iiiaiid  almost  immediately  afterward  pierced  the  cen- 
tre. The  cavalry  had  been  first  advanced  in  front  of 
the  enemy's  left  tf>  draw  off  attention,  and  the  Tiviii 
Hi'<f(')y  had  been  run  rapidly  forward  to  within  200 
yards  of  the  breastwork  in  the  same  ])art  of  the  field, 
and  had  opened  fin   u[)on  it. 

No  more  com])letc!  surprise  could  have  been  efi'e(;ted. 
Th(!  conflict  even  at  the  breastwt)rk  lasted  only  a  few 
moments.  In  the  short  hand-to-hand  contest  en- 
i,aiged  in,  the  Texans  clubbt-d  their  rifles,  and  the 
Mexiean  bayonet  proved  a  useless  weai)on  against  the 
superior  strength  and  fierci'  valor  of  their  antago- 
nists.*'    In  less  than  twentv  minutes  after  the  Texans 


*' Writes  ('apt.  ('aider:  "I  am  liy  no  iiifuns  lurtaiii  tliat  our  shut  was 
ire  ttluctivt!  in  (.Toating  coiifusiDU  anil  jiauii!  in  tin:  ranks  of  tlio  oaoniy 
n;  this  tronu'nddiis  yi'll,  ri't'i'i'di'il,  as  it  had  liccn,  liy  alinoijt  purfect  silence, 
'i  a  steady  advance  undci' tlieir  lire.' 

'  'Our  rillonicn  used  tlieir  pieces  as  war-cluhs  breaking  many  of  tlicm 
at  tlic  l)re«'cli.'  Ifoiis/oii'-'i  Ojiriid  /'ipor/,  of  tin'  lintUf  of  Sun  Jurinfo.  This 
('"It  was  hied  in  tlu;  records  fif  tjie  rcpnMie  of  Texas,  and  was  ])rohal)ly 
■triiyed  hy  the  lire  that  consumccl  the  adjutant-general's  ofiicc  in  Octoher. 
"i.").  A  correct  copy,  however,  was  fortunately  preserved,  for  in  the  same 
.11-  in  wliidi  the  battle  was  fouglit  the  document  was  published  in  ])amph- 
.  !erni  at  the  BiUklin  othcu  in  New  Orleans.     The  publication  was  doubtlo3.s 


It  I 


■  t*. 


h    'f 


f  * 


SANTA  ANNA'H  HUMILIATION. 


W 


r 


w 


i^l 


!  3 


m 


burst  Into  the  camp,  carr;y  inj^  terror  in  their  battlo- 
froiit,  tlie  trained  soldiers  of  IVEexlco  were  in  lit  ad- 
long  fli.Ljlit,  a  panic-stricken  herd.  In  vain  tho  l)ra\  .^ 
Castrillon  endeavored  to  restore  order;  ho  could  not 
stay  the  tide  of  fleeinj^  men.  His  gallantry  cost  liiiii 
his  life;  while  slowly  retirinuf  ho  was  struck  by  sev- 
eral  rifle  balls  and  fell/"  And  now  followed  tho  pur- 
suit which  was  continued  to  the  site  of  Vince's  brldyc. 
The  Texans  spared  not,  and  the  carnage  did  notctaso 
till  night  interfered/'  At  a  small  creek,  not  Midc 
but  deep,  in  the  rear  of  the  Mexican  right  and  Itc. 
hind  the  timber  belt,  tlie  slaughter  was  terrible,  wliilc 
numbers  of  the  fugitives  were  drowned  in  their  etrorts 
to  cross  it.  At  tlie  close  of  day  Almonte,  who  i)y 
his  coolness  and  intrepidity  had  succeeded  in  keep- 
ing together  a  column  of  some  400  or  500  str<»iiii;, 
and  was  retreating  beyond  the  morass  in  tho  rear 
of  the  ]\Iexican  camp,  formally  surrendered.  Santa 
Anna  and  Cos  escaped  for  the  time. 

In   this   engagement   the   aggregate  force  of  tin 
Texans  was  783  men,  that  of  the  Mexicans,  accord- 
ing to  Houston's  report  of  killed,  wounded,  and  miss- 
ing was  double  that  number."    The  figures  representing 

inado  in  cleforenco  to  the  rLMjucst  of  ficiicral  Houston,  who  iirgoil  \t  ';is  an 
act  of  iustico  to  tlio  iudiviiUials  '  ■who  participated  in  tho  engagciiiciit,  'I'li  ■ 
abovo  information  w.'is  supplied  l)y  V.  O.  King  of  tho  dciiartiiient  of  Insur- 
ance, Statistics,  and  History,  in  1S78,  in  ■wliich  year  a  copy  of  it  vasj  pnI'- 
lished  at  Austin,  Texaa.  Linnn/ii'iiiiidi.,  2'2;i.  Besiiles  tliis  copy  vhich  hears 
thotitloof  The  BiUtleof  Smi  Jacinto  Viinnl /rom  <ni  Atm-rimn  and  Mi.nrnn 
Stnm/point,  copies  ai'O  supplied  in  Linn,  ut  suit,,  '20:<-9;  Yottkuiii,  ii.  4US-501.'; 
Ktnni'dif,  ii.  'i.'l'l-l,  besides  other  authors, 

**Castrinon  Mas  a  Euroj)ean  Spaniard.  At  San  Jacinto  ho  displayed 
singular  coolness  and  bravery.  Rusk  writes:  Mien.  Castrillon  vas 
standing  on  tho  aniiiuinition  boxes  'lehind  the  pieco  exposed  from  head  to 
foot.  Ho  Used  every  effort  to  keep  his  men  to  the  gun;  when  ho  found  that 
to  bo  impossible,  lie  folded  liis  arms,  stood  and  looked  suUeiily,  and  witlinut 
niovin/j,  iipon  our  troops. .  .  Ho  was  about  fifty  yards  in  tlie  rear  of  liia  ru- 
treating  men  when  he  turned  round  deliberately  and  walked  slowly  off.  He 
liad  prcceeded  eomo  thirty  or  forty  steps  when  he  was  shot  and  fell.  I 
examined  him,  after  tho  battle,  anil  found  that  several  rifle  balls  had  passed 
direi'tly  through  his  body.'  Foof<',  ii.  309. 

"  See  Taylor's  description  of  the  merciless  slaughter  of  the  Mexicans 
during  the  pursuit,  in  T<\i:  Aim.,  18C8,  43  4. 

^"According  to  statements  of  Santa  Anna  and  his  officers  his  force  c'lidd 
barely  have  amounted  to  1,300  men.  Col  Delgado  says  that  his  cxal- 
iency  starteil  for  Harrisburg  from  the  Brazos  witli  about  (iOO  men.  />'"/■''.  "' 
sH^i.,  31,  and  FilMii,  Mem.  T<j..  i.  H'J,  where  tliis  author  remarks  tliat  there 


RESULT  OF  THE  BAT'JLE. 


i.'C3 


the  enemy's  loss  oivon  by  the  Tt>xaii  commander  arc : 
030  killed,  208  wounded,  and   7-U)  })ris()ners,  showing 
ii  total  of  1508  men  aeeounted  for.'"     A  largo  (jiuintity 
(if  arms,  several  liundred  nniles  ai»tl  horses,  all  the 
hiiggiige  and  camp  e((ui)>a!L;e,  and  the  military  chest, 
iKiitaliilng  $12,000,  fc^ll  into  tlie  hands  of  the  victors. 
Tlie  loss  of  the  Texans  was  (5  killed   on  the  field  and 
•Jf)    wounded,    two    of    whom    died.'"       Anioiiu;  .  the 
wounded  was  General  Tfouston,  who,  while  oajlantry 
1  iicouraglno"   his  men  to  the  attack,  rei-elved  a  shot  in 
ilie  ankle,  in  front  of  the  Infantry,  and  when  within  a 
t'cw  yards  of  the  enemy,  his  horse  also  helng  shot  in 
two  or  three  places.      He  did  not,  however,  leave  the 
Held  till  the  Mexicans  wi're  routed  and  in  full  flight, 
^[eantimo  Santa  Aiuia,  who  had  been  one  of  the 
fir'sttofiee,  made  every  effort  to  save  himself.   Mounted 
on  a  s[)lendld  charger  supplied  him  in  the  confusion 
Ijy  Colonel  Juan  Bringas,  he  tied  at  full  s[)eed  toward 
\'liice's  bridge,  hotly  pursued  by  the  Texan  cavalry. 
Finding  the  bridge  destroyed,  he  did  not  ])ause,  but 
|)luiiged  down  the  steep  descent  into  the  water,  when! 
ills  h(»rse  stuck  fast  in  the  mud.     Nevertheless,  fa- 
vored by  the  approaching  night,  he  managed  to  eon- 


&    < 


;*:■!    \ 


^ 


^i: 


'  i'ii 


■.siil 

'If' 


were  more  than  800,  ;i  statement  somewhat  contradictory  to  that  iniulc  in 
his  fi'ipnumfnrion,  IM,  where  he  says  that  Santa  Anna,  in  his  iini)atii'iico, 
iiiaiilu'il  to  Itarrishurg  with  a  little  over  700  men  an;!  a  six-pouniler  cannon. 
Santa  Anna  himself  states  tliat  his  original  forco  consisted  of  TlK)  infantry 
and oO  calvary.  Munhii'sfo,  03.  Assuninig  tlie  largest  nuniher,  over  800  men, 
tlu'su  added  to  the  CCk)  men  lirought  lip  hy  Cos  only  make  a  total  of  »ome- 
tiling  over  1300,  men. 

^*Among  the  Mexican  slain  were  Gen.  Castrillon,  cols  Batres,  Peralta 
Trt'viriii,  Jose  M.  Komero,  and  lieutenant-ccdoiiels  Manuel  Aguirre  and 
]-\K'liiio,  liesides  5  captains  and  12  lieutenants.  J/oKsfoii's  J{']>orf,  iif,fnp.,  9; 
Cam,  Vcniiiil,  /iliii,  43.  Yoakum,  ii.  140,  gives  the  names  of  Col  Mora  and 
Lii'ut-col  Castillon.  Among  the  prisoners,  liesi<les  Santa  Anna  and  Cos, 
'■aiitnred  later,  were  colonels  Almonte,  Bringas,  Cespedes,  Portilla,  and 
liflt:;ido. 

"I'lie  nanics  of  the  killed  are:  William  Motley,  aid-de-canip  to  iho  sec- 
retary of  war  1st  lieut  .1.  C  Hale,  'id  lient  Lamh,  and  1st  sergt  Thomas 
P.  Fiiul,  2d  regimeut  Texas  volunteers;  privates  Lemuel  Blakely,  .1.  Tom, 
15.  It.  Biigham,  and  A,  K.  Stevens  of  the  1st  named  regiment.  Olwyn.l. 
Tra^k  of  the  cavalry,  wounded  on  tlie  20tli,  died  a  few  days  afterward. 
Diliiial  return  in /i'r/<teQ/'^((«/rttvHto,  11,  12,  and  in  7W.  Aim.,  IS.VJ,  lUO-1, 
iiiliiitli  (if  which  authorities  will  ho  found  a  nominal  list  of  all  the  men  en- 
LMged  in  the  hattlo.  Yoakum,  ii.  14G,  supplies  a  list  of  killed  differing  some- 
what from  the  above. 


i-v; 


^'?U 


^. 


..S^.    -^■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


i 


/. 


<- 


1.0 


I.I 


Hi 


1^  mil  2.0 


1.8 


1.25  1  1.4 

1.6 

II  ^ 

< 

6"     - 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREiT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)873-4503 


'A 


964 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


ceal  himself,  crossed  the  creek  later  and  continued 
his  way  on  foot.  In  an  abandoned  house  he  found 
some  clothes,  and  doffing  his  uniform,  assumed  the 
garb  of  a  soldier.  Clad  in  a  blue  cotton  jacket  jiiid 
linen  trowsers,  with  a  leather  cap  and  red  worsted 
slippers,"'  he  sought  to  hide  his  identity,  and  crawled 
away  through  the  grass  and  mud  ni  the  direction  of 
the  Brazos.  But  on  the  followiii;;  morninir,  detach- 
mcnts  of  horsemen  wt^rc  sent  out  to  scour  the  country, 
and  by  one  of  these  a  mud-bcspattrrcd  abject-lookiii'.'' 
creature  was  seen  standing  on  the  bank  of  a  ravine. 
The  object  was  brought  into  camp,  and  its  iden- 
tity recognized  by  the  ejaculations  of  tlie  otlier 
captives,  who  uttered  the  words,  Santa  Anna,  and  1]1 
prcsidente.*'  He  was  conducted  to  hoad(iuarters,  ami 
the  Mexican  dictator,  and  the  director  of  the  masNi- 
cros  at  the  Alamo  and  0(diad  stood  in  the  presence 
of  his  victor,  who  motioned  him  to  a  seat. 

His  trepidation  was  great,  for  his  life,  ho  know,  was 
in  imminent  danger.  Yot  ho  retained  his  presence  of 
mind,  and  having  swallowed  some  opium  tluit  was 
jjiven  to  hnn  at  his  r  t,  somewhat  reijfainrd  liis 

composure.  There  w.  lot  nmch  dignity  al)out  (In 
man  as  he  sat  on  a  box,  with  bowed  head,  in  front  of 
Houston ;  he  was  ready  to  sell  his  country  if  only  lie 
could  set  back  to  his  hacienda  of  Manga  de  Clavo, 
and  he  proposed  to  negotiate  for  his  liberation.  In 
his  defence,  he  laid  his  late  nmrderous  proceedings  to 
the  charge  of  the  congress;  he  had  only  acted,  he 
said,  in  accordance  with  the  congressional  decree,  and 
did  not  consider  himself  responsible  for  the  wtdglit  of 
punishment  inflicted  on  those  who  were  classified 
therein  as  pirates.  In  reply  to  Santa  Anna's  projxt- 
sition  to  negotiate,  Houston  Informed  him  that  he  liad 
no  power  to  act  in  a  matter  of  that  nature,  and  that 


FILISOLA'S  MOVEMENTS. 


265 


it  must  be  referred  to  the  civi)  government.  The 
(•u|itive  was  no  Regulus  ready  to  die  for  his  country, 
no  si'lf-sacrificing  Morelos,  and  to  secure  his  personal 
sjitVty  for  tlio  present,  he  eagerly  entered  into  an  ar- 
iiiistico,  or  convention,  with  the  Texan  general,  by 
wlilch  he  was  not  ashamed  to  agree  that  the  Mexican 
t'uiccs  should  retire  pending  negotiations  with  the 
ndvcrnnient.  That  same  day  he  s<;nt  despatches  to 
Kilisola,  ordering  him  to  withdraw  to  Bejar,  and  to 
instruct  Gaona  to  retire  to  the  same  i)lace  and  Urrea 
witli  his  division  to  Victoria.  Filisola  was  furthor- 
I  IK  tie  instructed  to  cause  the  prisoners  at  (ioliad  to  he 
M't  at  liherty,  and  to  provide  that  no  damage  should 
liu  done  to  the  property  of  the  inhabitants  during  the 
retreat."  On  the  24th  Cieneral  Cos  was  brought 
piisoiu'r  into  camp,  having  been  captured  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  woods  on  the  bottom-lands  of 
the  Brazos.** 

Filisola  received  news  of  the  disaster  about  three 
u(  lock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  22d.  He  had  already 
hceii  joined  by  (xaona,  and  a  large  portion  of  this  gen- 

<  lal's  troops  had  been  put  across  the  ]^razos,  prepara- 
tory to  marching  against  Nacogdoches ;  but  when  the 
fatal  tidings  arrived,  Filisola  immediately  gave  orders 
that  tliey  should  bo  brought  back  to  the  right  bank 
of  tlie  river,  and  despatched  couriers  to  General  Ur- 
n  a  at  Brazoria  and  Lieutenant-colonel  Joso  Mariano 
(le  Salus  at  Columbia,  ordering  them  to  join  him  at 

<  >l(l  Fort  with  all  their  forces  as  speedily  as  possible."' 

"■M'opy  of  tlieso  despatchoH  in  his  Afnnifirnto,  87 -<S.  A  noii  of  Lorenzo  i\o 
Zavaiii  iU'tetl  as  interi)reter  at  the  interview  between  Houston  and  Santa 
Anna.  /'/.,  71. 

■'♦  Santa  Anna,  in  his  despatch  to  Filisola,  called  the  agreement  ho  made 
witli  Houston  an  'armistice,'  Init  the  eaitturo  of  Cos  on  the '24th,  t'ol  Komero 
iiH  tlio2")th,  ami  Lieut-col  (ion/alez  on  the  '2(>th,  proves  that  Houston,  had 

<  iihrcd  into  no  Buch  truce,  and  that  Santa  Anna  ordered  tho  withdrawal  of 
Iii4  troops  merely  through  fear  for  his  life,  and  obtained  no  conditions  1>ear- 
iiig  upon  tho  operations  of  the  Texan  army.  See  Cam,  Ver^lwi,  /(//vr,  44-5. 

•^  The  despatch  addressed  to  Urrea  bears  date  of  April  '2^,  1 8.%,  3  p.  m.  , 
"liicli  is  a  clerical  error.  It  should  bo  April  22,  18.16.  Urrea  points  out 
thiH  luiatakoi  and  states  that  ho  received  the  despatch  Ijctweeu  9  and  10  a.  m. 


f 


1200 


SANTA  ANNAS  HUMILIATION. 


0( 


1 


u> 


As  the  magnitude  of  the  catastrophe  was  impress 
upon  his  mind  by  the  reports  brought  by  the  few  wl 
escaped  from  San  Jacinto,  and  who  variously  esti- 
mated the  en  .ay's  strengtli  at  from  1,200  to  2,000 
men — numbers  which  he  did  not  consider  impossil)l«' 
if  the  Texans  had  concentrated — lie  deemed  it  prudent 
to  retreat  at  once  to  a  better  military  position,  and  on 
the  23d  marched  with  his  whole  force  to  Mrs  PowtH's 
])lace,  on  the  road  to  Victoria,  about  fifteen  miles  from 
Old  Fort.  On  the  following  day  he  was  joined  l)y 
Urrea,  and  on  the  25th  a  council  of  war  was  held  by 
the  generals.  Considering  the  destitute  condition  of' 
the  army,  both  with  regard  to  provisions  and  clothiii'4' 
— for  the  long  march  had  exhausted  the  supplies,  jind 
the  clothing  of  the  soldiers  was  worn  out — it  was 
unanimously  decided  to  retreat  beyond  the  Coloiado 
juid  await  instructions  and  assistance  from  the  gov- 
ernment.*" Filisola's  whole  force  on  this  date;  wa> 
'2,C)73  men  of  all  arms,  according  to  the  tabular  state- 
ment in  his  representation  to  the  government  in  d.  - 
fence  of  his  action."' 

On  the  2Gth,  the  army  commenced  its  retreat,  and 
in  the  afternoon  of  the  27tli,  Deaf  Smith  arrived  witli 
Santa  Anna's  despatches,**  the  army  being  then  en- 
camped on  the  main  source  of  the  San  Bernardo, 
which  was  rendered  impassable  by  the  heavy  raiii>. 
The  generals  inunediately  met  in  council,  and  tliou^li 


of  the  2nd.     DUmo,  Canm.  T<j.,  28,  in  which  will  be  found  copy  of  tli.'    i. 
spatchca  on  p.  64-5,  as  also  in  Filimlti,  Mem.  TtJ.,  i.  118-19. 

**Urrca  states  that  he  was  opposed  to  tliis  clecision,  but  had  to  submit  to 
the  general-in-chief.  Di(tr'io,'A\,  Filisola  rcimdiates  this  assertion.  Jfi'jv-M '^i.. 
:U-5.  Filisola  wished  to  resign  the  couiniand  to  Sesma,  Tolsa,  or  I'lii  i. 
each  of  whom  declined  to  accept  it.  Particulars  in  /(/.,  Mem.  TrJ.,  i.  1 7t >•_'(>! i 

*'/(/.,  30.  There  were,  besides,  1505  men  stationed  in  dotacluneiits  at 
diflfcrent  places,  1,001  of  whom  were  at  Bejar,  174  at  (ioliad,  ami  |S|i  it 
Matiigorda. 

^''Yoii.kum — ii.  163 — following  Filisola,  says  that  Smitli  arrived  on  tin 
28th.  But  Filisola  misdated  his  despatch  to  8anta  Aima;  Urrea  dates  a  iioti , 
on  the  same  occasion,  April  27th,  and  corrects  a  mistake  made  by  Filisol  i  a> 
to  the  day  on  which  the  army  encamped  on  the  San  Bernardo,  wIktc  Smith 
overtook  the  army.  Diario,M-2;  FiUnolii,  Represent. ,  45-G.  Moreover,  in /.. 
Mem.  TeJ.,  i.  21.'>-16,  it  is  distinctly  stated  that  Santa  Anna's  despatches  ar- 
rived on  April  27th. 


THE  RETREAT. 


267 


tlie  retreat  had  already  been  decided  upon,  it  was  re- 
solved that  it  would  be  good  policy  to  send  a  reply  to 
tlic  effect  that  the  army  was  retiring  in  obedience  to 
Santa  Anna's  orders,  thereby  not  only  ol)taining  for 
him  and  the  other  prisoners  considerate  treatment,  but 
A  safeguard  against  attack  during  the  retreat.  It  was 
also  deckled  to  send  General  Woll  to  Houston's  camp, 
ulio,  under  the  pretence  of  informing  himself  of  the 
Itarticulars  of  the  anuistice,  was  to  take  careful  note 
•  »f  the  number,  annament,  and  resources  of  the  enemy. 
Accordingly,  a  despatch  to  that  effect  was  written, 
and  Woll  left  for  the  San  Jacinto  on  the  following 
morning.**  On  his  arrival  at  the  Texan  camp,  he  was 
allowed  free  intercourse  with  the  prisoners,  but  was 
iKtained  as  a  prisoner  pending  the  negotiations,  and 
ill  consideration  of  the  fact  that  the  enemy's  forces 
were  known  to  have  concentrated. 

The  army  continued  its  retrograde  movement ;  ami 
.seldom  has  a  retreat  been  conducted  under  greater 
hardships  and  difficulties.  All  the  streams  ovei-tlowed 
tlieir  banks  and  flooded  the  adjacent  lands,  while  the 
wliole  country  was  converted  into  a  swamp.  The 
roads,  where  not  inundated,  were  knee-deep  in  nmd. 
Oil  one  occasit)n  the  half-famished  soldiers  waded  a 
whole  day's  march  through  water,  after  standing  all 
lULiht  in  water;""  and  when  this  was  passed,  floun- 
tli'iid  through  the  mire,  day  after  day,  in  pitiless  rain- 
storms. The  pack-nmles  sank  up  to  the  belly  in  nmd, 
and  the  anununition  wagons  were  mired  above  the 
axles.  All  along  the  line  of  march  to  the  Colorado 
l»a!4gage,  wagons,  cannon,  and  animals  were  aban- 
'loned.  Filisola  describes  the  situation  as  horrible. 
Tlio  men  were  half  naked,  their  arms  of  all  kinds  were 
mined,  the  amnmnition  was  spoiled,  and  the  horses 
and  nmles  in  the  most  wretched  plight,  numbers  of 

■'Full  particulars  and  copy  of  the  despatch  will  be  found  in  I</.,  i.  '21S-'J4; 
Crmi,  Diario,  32-3. 

'"  '  El  ejercito  paso  la  novhe  en  una  laguna  xin  teuer  dondu  Heiitar  iiii  piu 
i[W  111)  fnere  agud.'    FiluoUt,  Repreaent.,  i50. 


';  <■  !i -S 


h 


m 


268 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


them  perishing.  Finding  it  impossible  to  retreat  to 
Bdjar,  on  the  28th  Urrea  was  sent  in  advance,  witli- 
out  incumbrances,  to  secure  the  Atascosito  crossing  of 
the  Colorado  on  the  road  to  Victoria,  and  construct 
rafts  for  the  passage  of  the  army.  He  arrived  tluiv 
on  the  evening  of  the  2Dth  but  it  was  not  till  Miiy 
9th  that  the  last  division  under  Lieutenant-Coloiul 
Ampudia  crossed  the  river.  Thenceforward  the  dif- 
ficulties of  the  march  were  somewhat  modified,  and 
on  May  13th  the  storm-beaten  troops,  exhausted 
with  fatigue  and  gaunt  with  hunger,  entered  Victoria.'" 

On  April  26th  the  Texan  government,  then  as.sem- 
bled  at  Galveston,  addressed  an  order  to  Houston  in- 
structing him,  in  case  ho  deemed  it  inexpedient  to 
risk  an  enjj^agement  with  the  enemy  and  considered  a 
retreat  hievitable,  to  march  for  Galveston.  But  tli' 
great  victory  had  been  already  won,  and  on  the  27tli 
tlie joyful  tidings  were  rectuved  by  the  government/' 
together  with  a  rtiquest  from  liusk  that  President 
Burnet  would  repair  to  the  camp  at  San  Jacinto. 
Accordingly  Burnet,  with  his  cabinet,  proceedtd 
thither,  arriving  about  the  1st  of  May.*'  He  was 
made  ac([uainted  with  the  convention  entered  into 
by  Houston  antl  Santa  Anna,  and  found  the  latter  in 
a  very  pliable  mood — (j[uite  ready  to  purchase  his  life 
at  his  country's  expense.  His  position,  certahdy,  was 
not  an  enviable  one.  The  army  was  clamorous  for 
his  execution  as  a  retaliat<ny  act  of  justice ;  l>ut 
though  some  turbulence  of  spirit  was  displayed,  ii" 
violence  was  resorted  to,  and  the  captive  was  treated 
by  Houston  with  all  propter  consideration.  That 
connnander  knew  well  that  his  humbled  })rison«'r  was 
a  great  power  in  the  land  of  his  birth,  and  that  as 


i 


"A  full  accotint  of  this  retreat  will  be  found  in  nimlii,  Mem.  T<J.,  i. 
225-56;  Id.,  Hfimsent.,  40-66.     Consult  also  Urrin,  Dimio,  :M-6. 

^'''Burnet  states  that  the  news  was  not  received  earlier  on  account  «f  tin 
inclemency  of  the  weather.     I'm.  Aim,,  1861,  32. 

*"  Caro  states  that  Burnet  arrived  April  27th,  Vvnlml.  M:n,  AS.  '\'\u 
date  iu  the  text  is  that  given  by  Burnet.     Tex.  Aim.,  1861,  33. 


TERMS  OF  TREATY. 


269 


long  as  his  life  was  spared,  peace  was  guaranteed  to 

Texas. 

The  preliminaries  to  a  treaty — the  sine;  quA,  non  of 
which  was  to  be  the  absolute  independence  of  Texas — 
wore  discussed  in  the  camp  at  San  Jaciiit«).  Husk, 
the  secretary  of  war,  drew  uj)  a  protocol  which  served 
as  a  basis  of  the  treaties  sul)se(juently  signed,  (ien. 
Houston's  wound  having  incapacitated  liini  for  active 
service,  Rusk  was  appohited  to  the  coniniand  of  the 
army  witli  the  rank  of  brigadier,  liis  predi'ccssor  pro- 
ceeding to  New  Orleatis  on  the  schooner  Flora,  tsail- 
uvjr  from  Galveston.  He  arrived  at  his  destination 
>iiiy  28th.  In  a  few  days  the  government,'"*  with 
San  Anna  and  most  of  the  Mexican  oflicers,  em- 
l>arked  on  the  steamer  Vc/loirsinxr,''^  and  went  to 
(iiilveston,  whence,  for  want  of  accomodation,  they 
removed  to  Velasco.  Hero  on  May  14,  1830,  two 
treaties — one  public  and  the  other  secret  -were 
signed,  by  the  first  of  which  Santa  Aima  agrtsed  not 
to  take  up  arms  or  use  his  influence  to  cause  them  to 
be  taken  up  against  the  peo[)le  of  Texas  <luring  the 
present  war  of  independence;  all  hostilities  on  land 
and  water  were  to  cease  ;  the  Mexican  troops  were  to 
evacuate  the  territory  of  Texas;  no  property  was  to 
b»  taken  by  the  retreating  army  without  iudenmiHca- 
tion,  and  captured  private  property  was  to  bo  restored ; 
the  Mexican  army  was  to  prosecute  its  march  without 
delay  ;  the  agreement  was  to  be  inunediatcly  sent  to 

''■'Sninc  fiianges  in  the  meinWcra  of  the  administration  took  iiliiee  at  this 
tiiiii'.  S.'iiiiiiel  I*.  Carson,  the  secretary  of  state,  iiad  retired  on  aceouiit  of 
ililicate  health,  and  was  succeeded  hy  .Taines  CoUingswortli,  and  IVter  W. 
•  iriysdn  aci'ciite<l  the  office  of  attorney-general,  wliicii  had  bi'coiiie  vacant  hy 
till' cjf.'ath  of  David  Thomas.  Col  M.  H.  I^aniar  M'as  a|i])oint('il  seirrtary  of 
\v  ir,  in  tlie  place  of  Rusk.  Burnet's  address  puMislicd  in  the  Tdi'irnph  niiil 
/'.,./>  /i'r,,;sf,r,  Sept.  13,  183«;  extract  in  7V.c.  Aim.,  ISfil,  'Xi-4.  the  ati-or- 
iii>  jxciieral,  Thomas,  had  heen  wounded  in  the  leg  hy  tlie  acciilental  dis- 
ihariic  of  a  pistol  on  Imard  the  Ciii/iniii,  on  tlie  removal  of  the  government  to 
liiilve.^ton,  and  died  three  days  after.     /Jim's  Ri'niiim.  2(il. 

'■'  .Vfter  Houston's  departure  from  the  Brazos,  the  YdloirMonc  steamed 
ilown  the  river.  As  she  passed  the  .Mexican  lines  at  Fort  Bard,  her  sirioke- 
••'tack  was  ridtUed  with  bullets,  and  attempts  were  made  to  capture  lier  Witli 
li>is(K;s.  Her  helmsmen  being  protected  by  cotton-hales,  she  ran  the  gaunt- 
let in  safety  and  went  to  Galveston.    Id.,  26;  Orecnn  JoumuL  Expeii.  Mier, 


Mm 


270 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


Generals  Filisolaaiul  Rusk,  that  they  iniujht  cxchuii^v 
eii^ageiiients  to  C(»inply  witli  tlio  stlimlations ;  j>ii>- 
oiiers  were  t<>  l»e  mutually  released  in  com'SjxHHliii^- 
numbers,  rank  and  file;  the  exeess  of  Mexiean  ca|>- 
tives  to  bo  treated  with  humanity  ;  and  finally  Santa 
Anna  was  to  bo  sent  to  Vera  Cruz  as  soon  as  it  should 
be  deemed  proper. 

In  the  serret  treaty  the  same  stipulations  were  r* - 
iterated,  and  in  the  third  article  Santa  Anna  sc^lciiiiK 
pledged  himself  so  to  prei>are  matters  in  the  c'al)iiiet 
of  Mexico  tliat  the  mission  that  would  be  sent  thitln  r 
by  the  go\ernment  of  Texas,  should  be  well  recei\»(l, 
and  that  by  means  of  negotiations  all  difieivnci  > 
might  be  settled,  and  the  inde}»cndence  that  had  1m.  n 
tleclared  b}'  the  convention  might  be  acknowledged. 
The  fourth  article  provided  that  a  treaty  of  comity, 
amity,  and  limits  should  be  established  between 
Mexico  and  Texas,  the  territory  of  the  latter  not  in 
extend  bevond  the  Rio  Grande."" 

Colonel  ]^enjamin  F.  Smith  and  Captain  Henry 
Teal  were  sent  as  connnissioners  to  Filisola  with  the 
public  treaty  and  full  authority  to  ratify  it  on  tlie 
part  of  General  Rui^^k.  The  Mexican  army  liad 
moved  from  Victoria  to  CJoliad,  and  thence  continued 
its  retreat  toward  ^latamoros.  The  Texan  commis- 
sioners overtook  Filisola  at  the  little  stream  called 
Mugerero,  between  Goliad  and  San  Patricio,  and  on 
its  bank  the  treaty  was  ratified,  May  2G,  ISJiO,  Gc  n. 
Tolsa  and  Colonel  Amat  acting  as  commissioners  en 
the  part  of  Filisola." 

These  treaties  were  not  made  without  opposition 
in  the  cabinet.     Robert  Potter,  secretary  of  the  nav\ , 

""The  secret  treaty  coutaiuuig  these  pledges  was  made  at  the  sviggcstinii 
of  Santa  Anna,  who  represented  that  it  would  ho  prudent  that  the  stipii!  t- 
tions  relating  to  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  Texas  a  iJ  In  i 
boundaries  should  not  he  promulgated  until  the  Mexican  president  slioiil  i 
he  enabled  to  reinstate  himself  in  power  and  secure  its  final  ratifi''-ati"ii. 
Tex.  Aim.,  18G1,  34.  Copies  of  the  treaties  will  be  found  in  /'/.,  3")-T; 
Yoalum,  ii.  5'2&S;  MailUml'a  Tix.,  112-4;  ^^iles'  Re<j.,  1.  41:^4;  /'/.,  Im. 
98;  Snntit  Anna,  Biog.,  29-32;  Filisola,  Jiepri-scnt.,  68-70;  Biuitamantc,  Mem. 
Hist.  Mex.,  MS.,  vi.  36-8.     DeniocnUic  Review,  iiu  316-7. 

"^  Copy  of  the  Mexican  ratification  in  Filisola,  BepresetU.,  70-1. 


TKXAN  NAVY. 


871 


and  !N[iral)oau  B.  Lamar,  secretary  of  war,  wvrv 
stronjjfly  opposed  to  entcrinjjf  into  any  iu'«»otiations 
with  Santa  Anna,  who,  tht  y  c(msiden'd,  had  forf«>itt'd 
liis  life.  ( )n  May  12th  Lamar  addrossed  a  lon;^  letter 
to  the  president  and  cahuu-t  in  which  he  expressed 
liis  views  on  tlie  subject  of  the  disposition  of  thi" 
^[e\ican  president  and  tlu*  other  prisoners  of  wai'. 
I  le  r([»udiated  tlie  idea  that  Santa  Aima,  if  released, 
would  ever  adhere  to  any  enijairenient  he  j)ledi^ed 
liiiiisilf  to ;  indeed,  he  did  not  believe  that  he  would 
liave  the  power  to  do  so,  and  he  sULjj^ested  that  an 
rxchan^e  of  prisoners  should  be  niaile,  accordiiii^  to 
lank  and  number,  and  that  the  balance  of  !Mi'\ican 
(•;il)tives  should  remain  in  custody  of  the  government 
till  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  But  in  the  case  of 
Santa  Anna,  he  urged  that  no  mercy  should  be  ex- 
tended to  him,  but  that  his  punishment  should  be 
lead  from  the  code  of  ^Draco.""  When  milder  meas- 
ures, however,  were  finally  adopted,  General  Lanuir 
aci^uiesced  in  them,  and  was  one  of  the  most  zeahms 
vindicators  (tf  his  colleau'ues  in  the  cabinet,  wher. 
tlioy  were  sliortly  afterwards  bitterly  assailed  Ity 
jiDpular  clamor  on  the  subject  of  Santa  Anna's  re- 
kasc. 


s.-m; 


It  is  time  that  the  reader  should  be  made  ac- 
<[uainted  with  some  particulars  in  connection  with  the 
Texan  navy  and  its  operations.  Early  in  the  year,  forthe 
liurjtose  ot  carrying  out  the  ordinance  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  navy,  two  schooners,  the  I/irhicihIc  and 
IJIioi]/,''^  were  purchased  and  e(iuipi>ed  by  IMcKimuy 
and  Williams,  mercliants  of  Qulntana,  opposite 
A  elasco.  Captain  J.  Brown  was  placed  in  coimnand 
of  the  former  and  Captain   William  Brown   of  the 

'■'Cdi.y  in  Footc,  ii.  .321-32. 

"  ihe  L'diertif  was  the  same  vessel  which  had  been  fitted  out  hy  the  citi- 
zens nf  Miitagorda  and  retook  the  stranded  y/ffHHfi/t  Elizii'x-t/i,  captured  hy  the 
Mc.xii.'in  war  vessel  Bravo,  in  Nov.  or  betfiuning  of  Dec,  1835.  She  then 
Kiilid  un.lor  the  name  of  WiUuim  lioMiw.  i'cHibtm,  ii.  39;  Tex.  Aim.,  1800, 
liiL';  Linus  JiemirUa.,  259. 


S72 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


latter.  Tho  Inv'mclhh,  of  IlT)  tons  burden,  can  in  I 
oij^ht  j^uns  ami  was  a  fast  sailer  ;  the  Liberty,  of  sixtv 
tons  Imnlen,  had  four  guns,  was  of  stout  fonstructinn 
and  <>f  ordhuiry  siK'od.  Two  otlu-r  vessels,  tho  llruln^ 
Captain  I  [urd,  ahout  I.'IO  t<nis  and  carry in<x  eii;] it 
j^uns,  and  the  IndcjiOKlcncc,  Cai)tain  Ifawkins,  tit' 
nearly  the  same  size  and  metal,  were  i>ui'<'hased  ahout, 
the  same  time.  Thesi;  vesssels  WiTe  of  «;reat  servi(  r 
in  euttin«^  oil'  supplies  for  the  i-neniy.  Oft'  the  eouxt 
were  the  Mexican  war  vessels  Montczniiia  and  Jlrain, 
(•harjjfed  with  the  importation  of  troops  and  supplii  n 
for  the  invadinjL;'  army.  lOarly  in  A[>ril  ISJiO,  tho  Jn- 
viiivihJc  fell  in  with  the  MoiifczKnia  olt*  Brazos,  San 
tia<^o,  north  of  tlit^  mouth  of  the  llio  Graiuh',  ami 
after  an  en<jjaj^ement  of  two  hours  cri[)})led  her  and 
drove  her  ashore.  The  Inr'ntvihlc,  only  sustaiii'-d  soim 
injury  to  her  riiLjiL,'ini^,  which  was  st)on  r»i>airiil. 
Standin|jj  out  from  shore,  (  a[)tain  Brown  fi'll  in  witli 
the  American  hriu;  Dichii,  hound  from  New  OrKuii^ 
to  ^Matamoros,  and  loaded  with  provisions  for  tin' 
^lexican  forces.  She  was  cajjtured  and  hrou<»;ht  into 
Galveston  as  a  prize  ;  her  freij^ht  was  of  oreat  assist- 
ance to  the  victors  of  San  Jacinto  who,  with  the  lar<jff 
number  of  jaisomrs  on  their  hands,  were  reduced  tn 
some  straits  for  provisions. 

General  Eusk,  with  350  men,  had  proceeded  from 
San  Jacitito  in  the    direction  of  the  retreatinjjf  Mr\'\ 
cans,  not  with  hostile  intention,  but  with  the  olijet  t 
of  observiui^  whether  the  terms  of  the  armistice  were 
strictly  carried  out.     Toward  the  close  of  ^Fay  Ik 
was  stationed  at  Victoria ;  and   when  the  armv  iv 
ceived   intelligence   of  the  treaties    which  had    1" ' n 
made,  and  that  under  its  provisions  Santa  Anna  Mould 
obtain  his  libeity,  great  indignation  ]>revailed.     Tlic 
retreating  Mexicans  had    not  adhered  to   the  strict 
letter  of  the  public  treaty,  but  had  committed  sc'venil 
acts  of  violence,  and  it  was  confidently  believed  tlial 
preparations   were  being  made  for  the  re-invasiou  ot 


DISSATISFACTION  WITH  THE  COVEBNMENT. 


'J7:j 


Texas,  which  would  Iw  carried  into  effect  as  soon  as 
it  was  Iciiown  tliat  Santa  Anna  liad  been  released. 
( )ii  ^fay  2fith  a  letter  signed  1)V  nearly  all  the  oftieers 
nf'  tlie  Texan  army,  was  addressed  to  President  ]}ur- 
II.  t,  ill  which,  after  setting  forth  the  privations  of  the 
Jinny  and  tlu;  want  of  provisions,  charging  the  presi- 
(|(  lit  with  neglect  in  this  matter,  exj)n>ssing  the  i-x- 
;i>|M  lation  of  the  troops  and  peremptorily  demanding 
t..  !)(•  iiinnediately  furnished  with  a  sufticiency  of  su]>- 
lilies  and  <'lotliing,  they  insisted  that  Santa  Anna  "he 
sat't  ly  secured  aM<l  placed  at  the  disposition  of  the 
.•(•iiiiiig  congress." '"  This  letter  was  received  in  the 
iiftci'iioon  of  June  4th. 

In  fulfilment  of  their  engagements,  the  Texan    au- 
tli<»rities  on  tluiu;  1st  placed  tluMlutatoraiid  liis  suite, 
consisting  of  Colonel  Almonte,  Colonel    Nufn-z,   and 
Ills  Secretary,  liamon  Martinez  Caro,  on  hoard   the 
liiriiicihic    for    their    transj>ortati(»n    to     \\'ra    Cru^ 
\'i(i-president  Zavala    and  Bailey   i^Iardiman,  seen - 
taiy  of  the  treasury,  had  heen  appointed  commission- 
ris  to   accompany  Santa   Anna    to  Mexico,    and    as 
some  time  was  spent  in  furnishing  them  with  instruc- 
tions and  in  prei>aring  for  their  voyage,    the   vessel 
had    not   yet   sailed    on    the    'M.     On  June   1st  the 
^tranier  (k'lmt  had  arrived  fiom  New  Orleans  with 
-liO  volunteers,"  many  of  them  of  the  roughest  and 
lowest  class  to  he  found  in  that  city.     Ch-nerals  Men- 
iiican  ]lunt,  Thomas  J.  (Jreen,  an»l  Colonel  J.  J?inck- 
iicv   Henderson  were  in  connnand.      The   feelings  of 
the  citizens  of  Velasco  with    regard  to  Santa  Anna's 
release,  were  those  of  intense  dissatisfaction,  hut  no 
violent  (K'monstration  had  heen  mad(\      When,  how- 
ever, the  New  Orleans  volunteers  landed  and  became 
iiifotn\ed  of  the  action  taken  by  the  government,  their 
( xasjicration  knew  no  bounds.     Public  meetings  were 

•  YiHihtiii,  ii,  172-.1;  Foote,  ii.  ;{3'i-4.  Copy  of  the  letter  and  Burnet's 
"ply  in  'JW.  Aim.,  18G1,  39-4'2. 

'Ilutli  Santa  Anna  nn<l  L'aro  give  130  as  tlie  number.  Vrnlwt,  IiUa,  .'iti, 
lOJ;  .S(//,^(  Anna,  Mnn{f'.,  1».  The  iigurex  in  the  text  are  thoHU  given  by  (.ien. 
(.Jrteu.     Jmirntil,  Ej.yed.  JUier,  484. 

lUsT.  Mux.  Stateh,  Vol.  11.    IR 


:74 


SANTA  ANNAS  HUMILIATION. 


held    uiid   iiillainnmtory  sptoclics    made.     The  moro 
violent  threutoned  to  put  Jiuniet  to  death  as  a  truitc  r, 
and  tear  Santa  Anna  to  |»i«cos.     In  tho  popular  fury 
tlie  cxocutivo  was  (•liar«;i'd  witli  treason  and  venaliU. 
Ife  had  accepted  a  larj^i'   l>rilM',  it    was  sjiid,  for  tin 
nlease  of  tlio  Afcxican  murderer.     Tin;  clamor  Wii> 
overwIiclMilii;^;,    and    it  was   seriously   [>roposi'd  iit  a 
cahinet  ecmncil  to  make  a  sinuiltane<»us  Hurreiidrr  df 
tli(!    t^overnmiMit    to    the   people.      Burnet,    liowevt  (, 
was  opposed  to    tlie    adoption    «>f   sucii    an    extrcnn 
measure,   and  consulted  (ieiu'ral   Thomas  J.  CJnvii. 
who,  while  pledjjfhii^  liis  luMior  to  shield  the  prtsldcnt 
and  his  cuhinet  from    \  iolence,  expressi'd   his  opinion 
that  the  overwhelminjj^    will  of  tho   puhlic  shouUl   li. 
olx  ved,    and   Santa   Anna  remained  on  shore.      A(  - 
cordinij^ly  the   president  issued  an   onler  to  Captain 
Hrown  to  sen«l   the   prison«'rs  ash(»re.     Santa  Anna 
emphatically  refused  t<>  oljey,  and  (jJretui,  Bailey  liar 
diiuan,  Hunt  and  Jlemhrson,  were  deputetl  to  j^e  on 
hoard  the  J iiviiin'hlr  and  hrini^   him  off.      The  dictator 
'^iwc  way  to  an  ajj^ony  of  terror,  and  it  was  necessai\ 
to  {  nii)loy  tlie  threat  of  force,  to  induce   him   to  di 
hark.      In  the  aft«.'rnoou  of  the  4th  the  captives  wen 
landed,  to  ensur(>  thei)  better    se<'uritv  from  \i<»lrii((, 
at  tlui  village  of  Qulntana,  o[)posite  Yelasco,    when 
Santa  Anna  regauied  his  ciunposure."     On  the  IHli 
he  addressed  a   protest  to  the  government,  proelaim 
ing  against  th(^  infraction  of  the  treaty  on  the  part  et 
Texas,  and  apiu'aling  to  the  judgment  of  civilized  iiii 
tions.      On  the  followiuij:  day  he  received  Burni't's  n 
ply,  hi  which  tho  Texan  president,  while  doprocittinu 
Santa  Anna's  assertions  of  his  ill-treatment  as  a  juis- 
oner,  felt  compelled  to  make  tho  humiliating  confes 
siou  that  the  t.()vcrnmcnt,  owinir  to  "  the  inHuencc  ot 
a  highly  excited  popular  indignation,"  had  been  <(tii 
strained  to  deviate  for  a  season  from  tho  terms  of  tin' 
treaty."     Thus  the  treaty — inadmissible  under  rci)uli- 

'■^ Green's  Journal,  Ejqped.  Mier,  484-7;  Santa  Anm,  Mnnif.,  75,   9S-I00; 
Caro,  Venlad.  Idea,  56-7,  12«)-9;  Trr.  Aim.,  1861,  38-43. 
'^Copy  of  protest  and  Burnet 'a  answer  in  Foote,  ii.  345-9. 


PROPOSEI )  (  OU  lir-  M  ART  I AL. 


•JT5 


1 1«  • 

!"•' 

V  o\ 

iiii 

colt 

jilS 

•  tl.' 

lilt 

1   ! 

|)ul>- 

S-  I0t>; 

I'll 

S;i 

liciin  rules  of  «jfovornin(!iit — was  l)r()kn!i. 

Willi  tho  <)l»i«'ct  of  (liHinissiiiii,'  Santa  Anna  from 
T"  \iiii  Holl,  [shall  somewhat  antu'lpait- rvonts.  Ilr 
u.is  pliU'iMJ  in  the  <i'iist«Mly  of  Captain  Patton,  sent 
t'lHiii  N'ictoria  to  h«)-  '  aiul  jjfuani  his  person,  hy  whom 
li.  was  n'mov('<l  to  V'li.^'i'o.  uiid  thcnrc"  on  tlun«»  Nth 
to  tilt'  nclglihorhood  ot'  [.!<.luml)ia.  wht'iT  <»n  Iho  *J7th 
li(  was  shot  at  throuj^h  tho  window  of  the  house  hi 
wliifli  lie  was  confined,  hy  a  drunken  "  Ameri<-an.'"  " 
Miiiiitime  Stephen  Austin  retuiiud  fidui  the  I'lilted 
St.ites  jind  on  July  1st  visited  the  "  illustrious  eap- 
tivi."  \iy  his  advice.  Santa  Anna  addressed  a  letter, 
ihti'd  July  4th,  to  Andrew  ilackson,  pres"  '.  nfc  of  tl" 
I'liited  States,  in  which  h«'  honestly  stated  the  eNcnts 
ill  ((>imee^''ii  with  his  I'e-conliiK'nH-nt,  and  app  nlrd  tn 
liiiii  for  ids  interjuisition,  on  the  grounds  t»f  humanity, 
(  J  lessinuf  the  wish  that,  l»y  means  of  political  neno 
ti;itii>Ms,  an  end  mi«j;ht  he  put  to  the  war  hy  the  nuitu.il 
K  (DMiiition  hy  the  Unitetl  States  ami  ^lexico  of  the 
iiidi  peiidence  of  Texas.'"  While  at  V^elasco,  a  youii'Lj 
S|i;iiiiard  named  Jiartcilome  Pai;es  concerted  a  plan 
t(i  ( ilcct  the  escape  of  Santa  Anna,  and  visited  him 
;it  ( 'nlundiia  ;  hut  the  scheme  was  detect«!d.'''  Tiie 
<  til ct  of  this  discovei'v  was  that  the  army  di'termined 
t(i  cause  Santa  Aima  to  he  coiuluctcMl  to  hea<l(|uarters 
;iii(l  tiieil  hy  court-martial.  Matters  had  proceeded 
so  fur  that  a  captain  with  his  connnand  was  sent  to 
('liliiiiiiiia  to  conduct  the  prisoners  to  (ioliad,  where  it 
was  intended  that  the  execution  shouhl  take  place  on 
the  spot  where  Fannin  had  heen  |>ut  to  <leatli. 
Houston,  cured  of  his  wound,  had  meantime  returned, 


' '  I'll  27  (lu  <lii'lii>  iiif^,  inuy  de  iiiafiaiKi  >n'  |)ivs(!iit<>  un  Ainoric.'ino  I'Wrio 
giiiit.iiuli)  [)(ir  "t'l  jjiiiieral  S:»ntii-Aiiiiii,"  .  .  .  rciK.'iitinaiiientu  si^  acercti  a 
'I  |»  ijiK'na  vciitaiia  tic  iniustra  lial>itaciiiii.  y  .  .  .  ilcsoargti  ul  tiro  dc  una 
'tiijii  line  lluvaha  ooulta.'     C'uro,  ut  ■■<u]>.,  "iS. 

'"  KiiUiMeiiios  iniltua.s  rclacionoH  para  tine  usa  mu  >n  ' — the  U.  S. — 'y  la 
xicaiia  I'strechi'ii  la  Imena  aiiiisUid,  y  pucdaii  uiitrainiiaH  ocuparso  ainiga- 
imiitc,  en  <Iar  Her  y  cstiiliiliilad  a  un  inielilo  que  dcsea  tigiirar  '^n  ■'  nnindo 
liticii,  y  (jue  con  la  j>rf>teccion  dc  las  dos  nacinnen,  ateanzara  su  ohjeto 
ji'Mcs  aflns.'     SitiiUt  Anna,  Mniiif.,  lO'J  .S. 

'Kiir  (JaroH  ])articular8  about  tiiis  plot  see  his  Vcrthui.  Idea,  67-09. 
iita  Anna  cliarges  Caro  with  having  betrayed  the  scheme.     Maj^f',,  76. 


i'l» 


lU: 


h 


276 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMITJATION. 


and  was  then  at  Acs  Bayou.  When  made  aware  <  >t 
the  fact  he  protested  against  proceedings  aUke  advers. . 
impolitic,  and  oppugnant  to  humanity.  Tlie  ar^u- 
ments employed  were  too  sound  to  be  resisted.  Tixa>, 
liy  Santa  Anna's  execution,  he  said,  would  lose  all 
the  advantage  she  had  gained  by  his  capture.  If  ( r 
future  position  among  the  nations  of  the  earth  would 
be  irautred  bv  her  ability  to  deal  humanely  wltli  a 
captive  ;  by  so  doing  she  would  gahi  respect ;  by  tin 
other  course  of  action  she  would  become  classed  with 
savages.  Policy,  apart  from  other  consideratidns. 
ought  to  have  weight.  With  past  experiences  a>  a 
guide,  the  army  could  not  fail  to  recognize  that  In 
Wking  Santa  Anna's  life,  the  Texaiis  in  captivity 
would  be  placed  in  the  highest  degree  of  danger.  Tin, 
attention  of  the  United  States  being  attracted  to 
Texas,  it  would  be  disrespectful  to  that  nation  it'  •  >;- 
treme  measures  were  adopted,  thereby  endangci'niL' 
the  safety  of  Americans  in  Mexico.  By  this  inti  i- 
ference  on  the  part  of  Houston,  Santa  Anna  was  nnt 
molested.  He  was,  however,  removed  to  Oraziiniio 
and  confined  in  irons."  He  received  Andrew  Ja*  k- 
;s(Mi's  reply,  dated  September  4,  1836,  in  which  tli- 
president  of  the  United  States,  while  disclaiming  tlu 
intention  of  tliat  government  to  interfere — imisniiu  li 
as  the  Mexican  government  had  notified  him  tliat  so 
long  as  he  was  a  prisoner,  no  act  would  be  rcgaidcd 
as  binding  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  —he  express  d 
the  pleasure  it  would  give  him  to  offer  his  good  »  i- 
vices,  if  Mexico  would  signify  her  willingness  to  avail 
herself  of  them.  Houston,  having  been  elected  to 
tlie  presidency  of  the  Texan  republic,  released  Santa 
Anna  from  his  fetters,  and  being  convinced  that  a 
further  detention  of  the  prisoner  would  not  condiKt 
to  the  interests  of  Texas,  sent  him  with  his  own  (kh- 
sent,  accompanied  by  Almonte,  under  custody  -t 
George  W.  Hockley,  inspector  general  of  the  army, 


"He  states   that  lie   and   Col  Almonte  were   kept  in  such   .liini 
lifty-two  days. 


f..r 


AUTHORITIES, 


877 


to  Washington,  the  capital  of  tlie  United  States.'* 
Santa  Anna  arrived  there  January'  17,  1837,  and  had 
.«<rveral  interviews  with  President  Jackson,  who  re- 
ctivt'd  liini  with  great  consideration.  On  July  26th 
lie  If  ft  tliat  citv  and  embarked  at  Norfolk,  on  l)oard 
the  l*i(»irrr,  for  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  arrived  about 
the  23d  of  Februar}'.  Thence  he  retired  to  his  estate 
(.f!N[angade  Clavo.  At  the  presidential  election  of 
^bxico,  March  1,  1837,  he  was  ignoniiniously  de- 
flated, Bustaniante  being  chosen  liy  a  large  majority,"' 
which  event  was  so  signal  a  mark  of  his  uni)opularity, 
that  he  signified  his  design  of  retiring  to  private  lifi-." 

■'lutlicNcw  Orleans  SUnnlitnl,  it  was  stated  that  the  Texan  cong^e^^s 
jiassed  a  rusdhition  lu-oviding  tliat  Sautji  Anna  and  Alnionte  slinuhl  not  l>e 
nltasi'd  witlmnt  concurrenoe  of  the  Senate,  Houston  vetoed  tlic  resohition, 
and  congress  thereniion  passed  it  hy  a  constitutional  majority  of  two-thirds. 
Jlouston  tlien  pronounced  tlic  resohition  unconstitutional,  and  a  usurpation 
(it  the  executive  authority  and  set  Santa  Anni,  free,  in  iletiance  of  the  con- 
gress.    Nilts  lliij.,  li.  8'2I;   (Iri/ii's  Jonniiit,  Kifxil.  Min;  IS. 

•'■•Bustaniante  had  fifty-seven  votes  out  of  sixty-eight  cast;  Sant-ii  Anna 
liad  only  two.      JfM.  M'.r.,  V.  17!*-S0,  this  .series. 

'■"For  his  future  career  consult  vols.  v.  ami  vi.   J/iif.  Mr,.:  this  series. 

Tlie  authin'ities  consulted  for  the  live  preceding  chapters  are  the  follo%v- 

ing:       FiUsnla,   Mmi.  <fwrrn  T'.r.,  i..   ii.,     passim;    /</.,    Jfifh     Sii]i.    (!oli  o, 

liVJ;     /•'iiiil('s    T'.iih-i,    ii.,    passim;    Yciokuiii  k     IliM.     Ti'j\,     i.,     ii.,    passim; 

Aliiiiinfr,  Jii'of.    llitiiil.     Ti:i.,    IM)  88;    WHsoii'k    Aiiu'i:     //is/.,    CiU'i-Cm;    j'oumj'.i 

l/i.-t.  Mi'j:,  iWlMi'i;   TlindC.'i  T1.111.1,   KiS-ti")!,  passim;  A'/7..s'  /ii'i/Mir,  xxxix- 

lii.,   inclu.     See  indices  under  Tex.  antl  Mex.,  Ixiii.   14."),  10+  5;  Kitimil>i'.-< 

'/'..■..  li.,  passim;  IW.  AIukiiku;  ],S.")8,  ISTO.  18(W,  18()1,  18(>8,  18()<.>;  T<.r.  I'nl. 

/>o...  -MS.  and  Print,  Nos.  1,  '_',  8  to  11,  inclu.;  l.S  to  ].',  inclu.,  17,  I8,  20 to 

.'i I,  inclu.,  5!)  to  IW,  inclu,,  (i4;  MoiyliU,    f/i--</.  7V.c.,  ])assim;  Arntti<iok,,  Mr}., 

H.  •.'.•{•-!  278;  Arroiih,  l/i-f.  M'.r.,  '210  \;  Arrill<n,n,  /,'rr„j,.,  \S-M,  4'.V);  \KV2Xi, 

10,-);  is:«,   S!»,    l.'i-.»-7.  4:a;   l.sat,  47  .")0;  \S:i'\    l()0-7,    14r.  (>,    I9I-.5,   574-(); 

IStd,  passim;  linkrrx  //!.<f.    'J'r.r.,  ,'<■")   101;  y<  irrU'.i  lir>'.  T'x.,  passim;  XUr.i 

S.  Am.  till'/  Mix.,  i.  2<M)- :!()."),  ])assim;  /'(i}>.   Vnr.,  .").  No.  17;  I'l,  No.  14;  00, 

No.  '."-';  Ill,  No.  '_';  141,  .No.  ]'_>;  14H,  No.  10;   140,  No.  l.");  1.V2,  No.  ]3;  182, 

Ni).  8;  l(')7,  No.  10:  2i;{,  No.  '2;  Urna,  Dim-io  ('(iinjin  .,  Tr.i:;  Curo,   Vrri/m/. 

hliir,  Ihiiiofriitk  lirririi;  iii.   I,'}*i-45,  ;-{0r)-20;  Drwns,    /.itUr.'^J'roiii  'fcj:,  \'u- 

217;  l>n<:  Kohrr  M'.r.,  .\o,   vi.,  vii. ;  Dnldoti   ami  l.(atiii\    iii.  04-5;  vi.    000; 

KiHiiliiir'/h  J\'''):,  No.    147,  251,    et.  sei|.;  L'.  S.  If.  Jour.,  Cong.  24,  Sess.  1, 

lilHI.  li00-];,SV«.  Do'-.,  Cong.  24,  Sess.  1,  vi..   No.  415;  //.  AV.  Av.,  Mess. 

uimI  1»..c.,  Cong.  20,  Sess.  2,  No.  4,  ',t-18;  Tornel,  T'J.  v  KMiuI.  Uii'kL,  1-08; 

i:iTr,„]x).  Aug.    14.  Scj..    18,   18:U;  Tlionipso,i\t    Ri'-i'L,   M'.i:,  lO-W,    174-7: 

.Sii-i.'h'  r'.i  Am.  Shirli  Book,  v.  No.  0;  vi.  Nos.  1,  2,  .'<,  Sand   (!;  Fonrnd,  Couy 

il'i>"l,    \'2-44;  Stittr  d'lz.,    127-8,    y,W-4];  Sniitii  Aiimi,    Mxj.    M  Oni.;  I<l. 

T'j:  (iiiiiy.,   pp.    108;  Iil.,    I'iii'lirwioii,    p.    8;  Iif.    Ajultwion  ol  Inirn  < ritrrio; 

HiifLi:  II,    Spin.    mill.  Mir.    Lnw,  02;{-7;  lioii.    It  rrrii'i,     /{'•'•wnlox,    .5;{8-4l, 

ii'i:ft;i;  mii'i-ii,  J/M.  Jiitapa,  iil.  20:;-4,  272-84,  Sl.H-U;  (Jwirtfrli/  Nn:,  Ixi. 

:m41;  Plmirt'n  Col,  Print  Nos.  248,  374,  :W0,  380,  450,  457;  LnOposicion, 

l.-in.  (1.  Ap.  25,  28,  May  1,  5,  11,  Juno,  1835;  North  Am.  /?«•.,  xliii.,  233  4, 

•-'44  .-.3:    Mn.    Scr.   EmUvL,    1835,   38;    lit.,    18:W-32,   Doc.    1;    M,-j:    Mnn. 

Mii'i.^1.  Just,  \8SS,  8-9,    50-1;  W.,    RiUinowK,    18.32,  Annex,    1,    5-0,   13  4; 

]m,  G_9;  1835,  37-8;  hi,  Interior,  1838,  10;  M,  Quara,  1830,  5,  U;  J/tx. 


w  t 


!<    ! 


B  ,;i! 


'.>78 


SANTA  ANNA'S  HUMILIATION. 


5 

X 


J- 

i 


Man\fie»lo  del  Cong.,  1836;  P«p.  Vnr.,  182,  No.  4;  Id.,  hifomie,  Comis.  Pi-m/ 
1374,  10;  /(/.,  CoL  de  Li-y.,  Onl.  1853,  v.  4;  M,  L<<iU.  Mej.,  1853,  8!»  '.K»: 
/(/.,  Col  de  Ley.  p  Decret,  1840,  260-1,  768-9;  Mayer's  Mex.  AtI.,  i.  320  Jl, 
32lMW;  Maillard's  Hid.  Tex.,  passim;  Linn's  JRenimis.,  Tpasaim',  Larenatu/pn , 
Mex.  et  Giiai.,  231-9;  Hunt's  Address,  1-29;  Gregorys  Hist.  Mex.,  5;{-(i; 
Lester's  Houston,  46-140;  Patim'a  Hist.  U.  S.,  686-9;  McCaM  Comp.  Viiv, 
70O-8;  Jenkins  Mex.  War,  35-7;  Jay's  Mex.  War,  16-8;  Holley'a  Tex.,  '1\\'.\- 
410,  passim;  Ahman,  MeJ.,  v.  873-5;  Guerraenlre  Mex.  y  EsUvd.  Uniil.,  ](►- 
20;  Gutierrez,  Carta  yOjHn.,  13;  Hist.  Dor.  Cat,  1.  211;  Bttstamante,  Voz  il- 
ia Pattia,  V.  Sup.  No.  2;  X.  MS.  136;  xi.  MS.  22-9;  Jd.,  Mniu  Hist.  .IAj  , 
MS.,  ii.,  86-90,  vi.  35-8;  Id.,  Hist.  Invasion,  i.  6-8,  43-4;  Id.,  GaUnete  Mrj-.. 
ii.  15-39;  Donienech,  Hist,  du  Mex.,  ii.  138-54;  /'/.,  Mis.  Adventures,  20  I't 
Hcq.;  Cfamhoa,  Iiiipn'jmicion,  7-11;  Goulds  A lavio  City  Guide,  5-23,  31-2;  /!'/..- 
</«,  Espos.  so'ire  Tej.,  p.  32;  Andrtuk,  Dor.  Eixir.  Bi'jar,  1-24;  Aini'in  i/i 
Purh.,  Oct.  18,  1845;  U.  S.,  Repuh.  of,  57-8,  118-iS,  218-26;  V,tr!ns  I.,.. 
presos,  2,  No.  vi.,  passim;  Vollejo,  Col.  Dor.  Mex,,  MS.,  i.,  No.  73;  Voile  jo  Ihi--.. 
li.  151;  Hmvitt's  Hist.  U.  S.,  ii.  :M4-5;  While's  Col.  La„%'<,  i.  514-."),  523;  Ii,,,. 
reiro,  1-36;  Ilottston's  Mesmije,  May  22,  1838,  p.  23;  Villa-Amor,  fil:,,. 
Santa  Anna,  14-6;  Pinart,  Col.;  Green's  r<ply  to  Ilouston,  7-l.">,  52-6,  (j;{-4; 
Houston's  Tex.,  i.  214-54;  C^T/k-i-^'^  J //(V'ne  liip.,  3(1  An.  Edit.,  116;  J/. <. 
.[■mint.  Hist.  Guena,  16-29;  Ripley's  War  Mex.,  i.  3:}-6,  40-1;  » W///('»«  v 
Giiiileto  Tex.,  1.3-6,  67-701,  97-115;  Swirezy  Xamrro,  Hi.^t.  Mej.,  247;  /W- 
.;•'«  Memor.,  :W>7;  2'e.«M  Iltpenled,  1-15;  /r/.,  /»  /5.^rt,  21i»-20;  M,  Zdww  //'7,. 
yVa;.,  L  3-7,  9-25;  /(/.,  77(e  War  in,  in.ttiijnted  In/  slaveholders,  etc.,  ISMli, 
p.  06;  Id.,  Address  ret.,  Galv.  Bay,  22;  Id.,  Address  of  Wharton,  4"-r)3;  /'/,, 
Battle  San  Jarinto,  Aiistm,  1878,  pp.  4.");  Id.,  Insurrertion;  Jones'  I'ipiih.  m' 
Te.r.,  129-160; //oW«'  Wild  L>Je.  in  Far  )!'<<  32-45;  Edmirds,  Hi.<  7V,.-.,  14 
17;  Crorl-ett,  Life  of,  369-70,  ;«.3-405;  Celndlos,  Vim/,  de  Mej-.,  4;M)8;  Cil.r. 
lero.  Hist.  Aim.,  13;  MrCaWs  Ldt^'rsfrom  Front.,  290-9;  London,  (lemi.  ,>>(.•. 
Jour.,  xiii.  202;  Payne's  Hist.  Eiimp.  Col.,  310-11;  Hntrhinxon,  7iV«/.,  '.'It.'*  S; 
Willard's  L(f.it  Lean's  Am.  Hist.,  21-33;  Tejas  Li'/.  Indir.  Usurp.,  7;  Ci'ir,. 
Delsite.i,  1836-7,  xiii.  521-5;  Sen.  Dor.,  Cong.  24,  Se;-;s.  2,  No.  84,  1-4;  Il'^ii' 
IJf'e,  1;  Xapa  Counlif  Reporter,  Ap.  14,  1877,  Ap.  'y,  1878;  Cordm-n's  Tj  . 
102,  144-5;  Cor.  At'lant.,  May  9tli,  June  6,  18:55;  Baler's  R< pi.,  Disp.^^nh.r 
Santa  Anna,  Cohmi\>i&,  18.36,  p.  17;  Te.r,  Misr,  Pamph.,  Xo.  Mi;  H'nhn-il' 
Tex.Stat.e.  Re<j.,  1878,  29-30;  Santa  Maria,  Eipai.  y  Protr.it.,  No.  iii.  V.\{ M^,. 
.sin,  in  Blanrhard's,  S.  Junn  dc  (/Una,  531-2;  Crane's  Hl:t.  Washinjlun,  Tur.. 
15-8,  21-3;  ifowt,  Ensai/o,  31;  The  United  Sen-ire,  Aug.  18S5,  lOStitsecj. ;  Sim 
Josii  Ar(ju.%  Ap.  14,  1877;  S<in  Rafael  Jour.,  Dec.  18,  1879;  SlorUon  hi'i  ■ 
js-mlent.  A]).  21,  1877;  Mariposa  Gaz.,  Ap.  7,  1877;  Falroner's  Disror.  J//W<v, 
.)3;  MrClellaiis  RepuhliranifUl  in  Amer,,  105;  Dun/mr's  Amer.  Pioneer,  )."; 
Meuiranisrhtt  Zustiinde  OHS  den  Jahren,  1830-2,  i.  77;  Miildenpfonlt,  ivcm/A 
<inu<iet.,\\.  508;  Gratlons  Civil  Amer.,  \\.  291;  Perez,  Die.  Geo;/.  E.stml.,  \. 
267-72;  Ameriran  Aim.,  1837,  277;  Rols-rt's  l>e,vrip.  Te.r.,  17-21;  Wlidhro}; 
Reportof  the  trial  of  Thomas  M.  Thompson,  Gic,  New  Orleans,  18.35,  ]i  .  It; 
Mex.  Pamph.,  ii.  No.  9;  Zarro,  Hist,  domi.,  i.  107-8;  Peterson's  Milit.  lin-.-.. 
ii.  24;  Rowhaml,  Re'/ions  youvelles,  27;  Putman's  Month.  Matj.,  iii.  ITiS  S(i; 
Revist.  Espa  .,  May  26,  1836;  Shaa'a  CatMicMis.,  87. 


■■■,     i 

4 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 

1836-1838. 

FiLisoLA  Superseded — Vain  Threats — The  Texan  Navy— Commission- 
Kus  TO  THE  United  States — Morftt's  Report — General  Gaines 
Ckosses  the  Sabine — CJorostiza's  Protest — He  Demands  his 
Passports — Passive  Ciiaracfer  of  the  War— Return  of  Austin — 
The  ELEerioNs—PiiLiTUJAL  Parties — Houston  Chosen  President  — 
Meetino  of  the  FiKsi"  CoN(.REss — Houston's  Inauoural  Ai>i>I!k.ss  - 
His  Carinet — Leoisi.ative  A(rrs  of  Concisess — The  National  8kvi, 
AND  Flac) — Death  and  Biography  of  Austin — CoNDrnoN  or  hie 
Hepuhlic — Recoonition  ok  her  Independence  hy  the  Unmk.o 
States— REoPENiN(i  of  Conoress — The  Slavk  Question — PAssACEur 
THE  Land  Law — Irs  Provisions — Brkihter  Prosi-kcis     Indian  \\.\k- 

KA1:E— FiNAVCIAl,   0P-;iiAIIONS— LaMAI!    F-IKCIKK    I'KK.SIIIKNI'. 


■i  Hi 


On  the  15tli  of  Alav,  1830,  tlic  Ar«'xlciiii  LTovoni- 
uiciit  received  a  despatcli  from  Filisola  conveying  the 
news  of  tlie  disaster  in  Texas.  On  tlic  same  date 
Tcinu'l,  the  secretary  of  war,  sent  two  official  comniu- 
iiiciitions  to  that  general,  hi  the  first  of  which  lie  in- 
.■itiueted  him  to  address  tlie  Texan  commander-in-chief 
with  the  object  of  i)rocuring  Santa  Anna's  release,  or 
at  least  the  consideration  due  to  his  liigh  dignity. 
Filisola  was  also  directed  to  make  every  effort  to  save 
the  remainder  of  the  armv  bv  concentratino:  it  at  a 
point  convenient  for  the  receipt  of  supplies.  The  ]^Ye- 
servation  of  Bejar  was  absolutely  necessary.  With 
regard  to  the  prisoners  he  was  authorized  to  propose 
an  exchange,  and  for  that  purpose  to  preserve  the 
lives  of  Texan  prisoners  then  in  his  power,  and  also 
of  such  as  might  be  taken  in  future.  The  so-called 
armistice  agreed  to  by  Houston  and  Santa  Anna  was 


THE  REPUBLIC  OP  TEXAS. 


m 


the  subject  of  the  second  despatch,  Filisola's  action  in 
observing  it  was  approved  by  the  government ;  at  tlic 
time  he  was  reminded  that  Santa  Anna  being  a  pris- 
oner had  not  been  a  free  agent  in  the  matter.  Tin 
government,  therefore,  wished  Filisolato  act  with  tlic 
greatest  prudence,  and  while  endeavoring  not  to  com- 
promise in  any  way  the  life  of  the  illustrious  captive, 
he  was  to  avoid  pledging  tlio  honor  of  the  nation. 
Under  no  circumstances  was  the  rccojjnition  of  tlic 
independence  of  Texas  to  be  taken  into  consideration, 
as  the  nation  would  never  agree  to  it.' 

Wlicn  Filisola  received  these  despatches,  May  28tli, 
Bejar  had  already  been  evacuated,  Andrade  having 
deinolished  the  fortifications  of  tlie  Alamo  and  joined 
hhn  at  Victoria;  the  public  treaty  with  Santa  Aniui 
had  been  ratified  by  him :  and  the  whole  Mexican  army 
had  already  crossed  the  Nueces.  On  the  19th  of  ^Ia\ , 
the  ijovemment  havhiir  recovered  from  the  first  etfccts 
of  the  'blow,  Tornel  addressed  another  despatch  to 
x^^ilisola  in  which  he  urged  upon  him  the  obligation  of 
endeavoring  to  preserve  the  conquests  already  ac- 
(juired,  instructed  him  to  disci mtinue  his  retnvit. 
secure  all  sustainable  points,  and  await  reenforce- 
ments,  as  the  government  was  already  occupied  in 
organizing  a  division  of  4,000  men,  which  would  em- 
bark at  Vera  Cruz  for  Matamoros/  But  these  in- 
structions arrived  too  late;  Urrea  was  alreaih  at 
Matamoros,^  and  Filisola  was  approaching  that  city. 
The  change  of  the  government's  intentions  placed  tlir 
commander-in-chief  in  a  dilemma.  He  assend)ltd 
the  generals  in  council  and  laid  before  them  the  new- 
orders  he  had  received,  expressing  his  readiness  to 
countermarch  If  they  considered  the  movement  prac- 
ticable.    It  was  unanimously  agreed  that,  in  view  of 

'  Copy  of  the  despatches  in  FUmoIh,  Ri-ptrm'td.,  66-8. 

■^  Copy  of  this  despatch  and  Filisola's  reply  in  /(/.,  76-7  and  62-6. 

*He  had  l)een  sent  in  advance  from  Victoria,  which  place  lie  loft  May 
14,  reaching  Matanmraa  May  28th.  Before  his  departure  from  Vict^iria  ln' 
had  in  vain  urged  Filisola  not  to  retreat  farther.  Diario,  36.  Henceforth 
there  was  discord  between  tlie  two  generals. 


I'.ji 


RESULT  OP  MEXICAN  INVASION. 


281 


tlio  deplorable  condition  of  the  troops  and  the  want 
dt'  resources,  such  a  movement  was  impossible.  Fili- 
s.ila,  tlierefore,  continued  his  retreat,  and  June  r2tli 
ivceived  from  the  Mexican  government  a  despatcli 
instructing  hhn  to  resign  the  connnan<l  to  General 
Uirea,  and  assigning  Monterey,  Leona  Vicario,  oi 
^Fiitamoros  as  his  place  of  residence  according  to  hi;^ 
<  lioice.  Filisola  immediately  halted  the  troops  then 
(111  tlie  march,  drew  them  up  in  line  and,  in  the  ab- 
s(  lue  of  Urrea,  resignc  the  command  to  General 
Audrade  ad  interim.*  On  the  followlntj  dav  lie  starte<l 
for  Leona  Vicario,  and  Andrado,  in  spite  of  order?^ 
tVoiii  Urrea  to  return  to  Goliad  contiimed  to  march  to 
Matamoros.  On  June  14th  he  received  a  despatch 
tVoiii  Urrea,  connnandhig  him  to  halt  the  army  innne- 
(liattly  on  its  receipt,  place  General  Gaona  in  com- 
mand, and  report  in  person  at  Matamoros.  But  the 
salvation  of  the  troops  depended  on  their  reaching 
tlitir  ilestination.  Not  a  day  })assed  but  some  <»t 
tlit'iii  perished  on  the  way,  and  Andrade,  in  defiance 
(if  orders,  pushed  forward  reaching  ATatanioros.  June 
IS^tii.  Thus  ended  Santa  Anna's  invasion.  Not  a 
M(  xican  soldier  remained  on  Texan  soil,  and  of  th<" 
l!ii|t(>sing  array  with  which  the  woul<l-be  oppressor 
(if  the  Anglo-Texans  entered  the  country,  barely 
4. nOO  troops,  in  most  wretched  plight,  re-crossed  the 
l\i(>  (irrande. 


'^ 


■*'  ; 


May 
i»ri;i  li'' 
Icforth 


Meantime  the  trerty  dropped  through.  A  few 
|))i  IS  ai)pear  to  have  been  released  on  the  part  of 
the  2^1exicans;  and  it  is  curious  to  observe  that  while 
the  T«'xans  even  detained  Woll,*  and  dt)  not  seem  to 
lia\('  released  any  of  their  captives,  captains  Carnes 

• /■'//«-,/<(,  Mem.  Trj.,  i.  .330-41;  /</.,  Mnn.  Omrm.  'I'.j.,  ii.  TiO:.-!).  It 
.■(['[Kills  that  Urrea  as  early  as  May  1 1,  ]H'M\,  liail  dosiiatfluMl  a  eoiiiiiiuiiica- 
tioii  iidiii  Victoria  to  tlie  goveriuiieiit  rt^llecting  uiKin  Filisola's  roursu  of 
•i<ti<iii.  This  (IcHpateh  induced  the  government  to  reraove  Filisola  from  tho 
'  "iiiiiiand,  and  the  answer  to  it  l)ear8  the  same  date,  May'  31,  18.36,  as  tliat 
iiiMics.scd  to  Filisola  informing  him  of  his  remuval.  Mem,  Tej.,  i,  ,343-;"il; 
I'mn,  Dhrin,  108-111. 

'  He  rejoined  the  Mexican  army  on  the  day  on  which  Filisola  surrendenil 
the  command.     FiliaoUi,  Mem.  TpJ.,  i.  .340. 


II 


m 


f\ 

hi 

Ml 

M  THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 

and  Teal  were  sent  as  commissioners  to  Matamoros, 
to  inform  themselves  respecting  the  restoration  of 
slaves  and  property  belonging  to  Texans.  In  tv- 
prisal  for  the  treatment  extended  to  Woll  on  tluir 
arrival  early  in  Jmie,  they  were  confined  in  [)ris()ri, 
whence,  however,  they  soon  escaped  through  the  aid 
of  outside  friends,  but  not  before  they  had  created  a 
false  alarm  in  Texas  by  reporting  tliat  tlie  Mcxiraiis 
were  making  vigorous  preparations  for  a  st^cond  ami 
early  invasio!i.*  The  fact  is,  the  Mexican  govcrnuitiit 
would  fain  have  continued  hostilities,  and  on  ^Fay 
21st  an  act  was  published  setting  forth  tliat  it  was 
the  intention  of  tlie  government  to  prosecute  the  war 
with  vigor,  and  declaring  that  all  treaties  and  stipu- 
lations made  by  Santa  Anna  while  in  captivity  would 
be  regarded  as  null.'  But  the  political  condition  of 
the  country  prevented  any  serious  demonstration. 
Centralism  was  in  peril;  the  states  were  beginning  to 
])r()c]aini  hi  favor  of  federalism;  and  hi  the  confusion 
of  affairs,  the  tlireatened  invasion  of  Texas  was  iin- 
|)iacticable.  The  4000  troops  were  never  sent  from 
V'era  Cruz,  and  the  ill-conditioned  soldiers  ;it 
Matanioros,  under  Urrea,  constituted  all  tlie  foivc 
arrayed  against  the  revolted  province.  Ncvortludcss 
tlio  Texans  made  preparations  to  resist  invasion  and 
bi'fore  long  over  2000  men,  mostly  volunteers  fr<ini 
tlie  United  States,*  were  in  the  field,  and  minor  hos- 
tilities were  carried  on. 

Mayor  Isaac  Burton  with  twenty  mounted  rangers. 
while  scouring  the  coast,  received  news  of  tlie  arrival  nt' 
a  suspicious  looking  craft  in  the  bay  of  Coi)ano.  On 
the  3d  of  June  he  ambushed  his  men  near  the  beach, 
seized  the  crew  of  a  boat  sent  ashore,  and  manning  it 
with  sixteen  of  his  rangers,  captured  the  vessel,  which 

*  Urrea,  Diario,  44-5, 100-1;  Tex.  Aim.,  18G0,  74-C;  I,/.,  1801,  45. 

'  Copy  of  act  and  of  others  relative  to  the  action  taken  by  the  govern- 
ineiit  in  AnnUaija,  Iti'cop.,  En. —  Jun.,  1836,  4.10-7. 

"Early  in  June,  I'res.  Burnet  made  a  contract  with  fJen.  Muuiiii:au 
Hunt,  to  intrixluce  from  the  U.  S.,  a  division  of  4,000  men.  Hunt's  succe-^a 
was  but  partial.     Tej:.  /i>./t.,  1S61,  44. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  VESSEI^. 


jiroved  to  bo  the  Watchman,  loaded  with  provisions 
tor  tlie  Mexican  army.  The  vessel  was  ordered  to 
\\'la8co,  but  was  detained  by  contrary  winds.  On 
tlie  17th,  the  Cormmche  and  Fanny  Butler  anchored 
(»ti't-ie  bar.  The  captains  were  decoyed  on  board  the 
Watchman,  and  their  vessels  bein«]j  captured,  were 
found  to  be  siniilarl}'^  freighted.  All  three  were  sent 
to  Velasco  and  condenujod.  Tiielr  cargoes,  worth 
$'J5,000,  wore  of  groat  service  to  the  Texan  army* 
Henceforth  Burton  and  his  rangers  became  known  as 
the  'Horse-marines.* 

Nor  was  the  Texan  navy  inactive.  The  Tnvivcihie, 
after  bonig  taken  by  a  United  States  man-of-war,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  on  the  charge  of  pii-acy, 
and  acquitted  by  the  judicial  courts,  made  a  cruise  on 
tlio  Mexican  coast,  visiting  Matamoros,  Tampic-o, 
Vera  Cruz,  and  Tabasco.  Returning  to  Velasco,  slie 
was  sent  in  September  to  New  York  for  repairs.  In 
March,  1837,  this  vessel  returned  to  (ialveston,  and 
some  time  afterward  captured  the  Mexican  schooner 
Aviitpa.  '* 

On  August  25th  of  the  same  year,  the  Invincible, 
ill  company  with  the  Bndus,  arrived  at  Galveston  bar 
with  a  Mexican  schooner  in  tow.  The  jirutus  crossed 
in  siifcty  with  the  prize,  but  the  Invincible,  unable  to 
'H't  in,  was  attacked  on  the  following  day  by  two 
armed  brigs  of  the  enemy.  In  gohig  out  to  her  aid, 
tlu!  Irrntus  ran  aground,  and  the  Invincible,  being  ovor- 
))ow('rod,  in  endeavoring  to  escape  struck  on  the 
breakers  near  the  southeast  channel.  The  crew  gained 
the  land,  but  the  vessel  went  to  pieces  during  the 
night.  The  schooner  Liberty  had  been  sent  to  New 
Orleans,  and  was  there  sold  to  defray  her  expenses. 

^ Ttleijraph,  Aug.  2,  1836;  Yoakum,  ii.  180-1;  Mortit  in  his  report  to  the 
U.  S.  government  places  the  value  of  these  vessels'  invoices  at  about  $20, 102. 
Eiei-.  Dor.,  cong.  24,  sess.  2,  No.  35,  p.  29. 

'"Called  by  Yoakum — ii.  213 — AUnpit,  and  thus  copied  by  Swante  Palm 
in  Bukrrs  Tex.,  78.  Th«  Tex.  Aim.,  18(50,  164,  gives  Ob'utpo  as  the  name  of 
tlie  vessel;  but  it  is  pi'obable  that  as  b  and  v  are  frequently  used  for  each 
other  iu  Spanish  America,  the  I  in  Yoakum  is  a  misprint  for  b,  and  that  the 
ngbt  name  of  the  schooner  was  Avispa,  the  Waap. 


■'  1 


If 

m 


]i"i 


^:  % 


rr 


284 


THE  REPUBUC  OF  TEXAS. 


The  Independence,  in  April  1837,  fell  in  with  two 
Mexican  brigs-of-war,  the  Vcncedor  del  Alamo  and 
the  Libertador,  and  being  overpowered,  was  taken  into 
Brazos  Santiago,  whence  the  captives  were  removed 
to  Matamoros.  Thus  the  Brutus  was  the  last  re- 
maining vessel  of  the  old  navy,  and  she  was  lost  in 
(jralveston  harbor  during  the  severe  equinoctial  gale 
of  1837,  wliich,  besides  destroying  shipping  to  the 
number  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  vessels,  flooded  nearly 
the  whole  cit}'.  In  April  of  this  year,  the  Chaiiipion 
and  Juliuii  Cn'mr,  freighted  with  provisions  for  tlie 
Texan  army,  were  captured  by  the  enemy/' 

In  the  United  States,  the  interest  felt  for  Tex.is 
was  great,  and  nmch  material  aid  was  furnished  to  tin 
struggling  republic.  Public  discourses  were  delivered 
at  difl'erent  places  by  the  counuissioncrs,  Austin, 
Wharton,  and  Archer,  who  su<reeded  hi  enlisting  tin 
sympathy  of  the  people,  A})peals  were  made  for 
moral  sujiport,  and  the  object  of  the  Texans  declared 
to  be  hidependence  as  a  new  republic  or  amiexatiou  te 
the  United  States."  After  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto, 
the  desire  for  annexation  became  widely  spread  :  and 
<m  May  30th,  President  Burnet,  in  view  of  the  gen 
oral  wish,  appointed  James  Collingswoi'th  and  Pi  ti  r 
W.  Grayson  as  commissioiii'rs  to  Washington  to  ask 
for  the  friendly  mediation  of  that  government  in  pin- 
curing  from  Mexico  the  recognition  of  the  Indepen- 
dence of  Texas,  to  endeavor  to  obtain  a  like  recognit  ion 
from  the  United  States,  and  to  state  that  it  was  tin 
opinion  of  the  Texan  government  that  the  annexation 
of  the  new  republic  to  the  American  union  would  l>e 
most  acceptable  to  the  people  o\  the  former.  When 
the  commissioners  reached  Washington,  congress  had 

"/rf.,  I860,  16.3-6,  where  will  be  found  a  list  of  officers  who  served  in  tin 
Texan  navy  from  1835  to  1837  inclusive.  Yoakumj  ii.  212-13,  216-17;  /?"/'< 
Tex.,  77-80. 

'^ See  Austin's  address  to  the  people  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Manli  7, 
1836,  in  Holley's  Tex.,  252-80;  and  his  letter  to  Houston  of  June  16,  ISHii.  ni 
Vodkuin,  ii.  177;  also  Wharton's  address  in  N.  York,  Apr.  26,  1836,  in  T'j. 
Mine.  Pamph.,  uo-  14. 


THE  QUESTION  OP  INDErKNDENeE. 


885 


iulioumed,  but  there  was  among  its  members  a  general 
fi'oling  in  favor  of  the  recognition  of  the  independence 
(it'  Texas,"  Notliing  was  immediately  accomj)lishod 
licvond  the  formal  presentation  of  the  matter  to  the 
jiutlioritics  at  Washington;  but  Presl<l('nt  Jiickson 
sent  Henry  M.  Morfit  as  a  commissioner  t<>  Ttxas,  to 
inform  himself,  and  report  on  the  military,  i)oliti('al, 
and  civil  condition  of  the  people.  The  datc^  of  M<»r- 
jit's  first  despatch  is  August  13,  1830,  that  of  his  last, 
St  iitcinlu'r  14th  of  the  same  year.  His  report  is 
pretty  full.  He  assigns  a  population  to  Texas  of 
ncMily  58,500  souls.'*  He  expresses  surprise  that 
Texas  has  carried  on  a  successful  war  so  long  with  so 
little  embarassment  to  her  own  citizens  or  treasurv, 
and  estimated  that  the  probalile  total  amount  of  her 
outstanding  debts  did  not  exceed  $  I, '250,000." 

The  deep  interest  taken  by  the  United  States  in 
tlie  success  of  Texas  was  naturally  dis[)leasing  to  the 
Mexican  government.  During  the  period  from 
AFaich  9  to  October  15,  183G,  tlie  ^Mexican  minister, 
(xorostiza,  maintained  a  correspondence  with  the  tle- 
partiiK'ut  of  state  relative  to  the  ambiguous  neutrality 
observed  by  the  United  States  during  the  Texan 
revolution.     In  his  letters  he  comi)lains  of  measures 


"The  two  houses,  acting  separately,  passed  resolution.^  '  tliat  the  imlc- 
]i(Miih'iK'e  of  Texjujouglit  to  he  acknowledged  by  tlie  U.  .S.  whenever  satistae- 
t(iry  iiifiiniiation  should  ho  received  that  it  liad  in  successfid  operation  a  civil 
■.'(iviTnmcnt,  capable  of  performing  the  duties  and  fullilling  tiie  ohligations  of 
Mil  iiiili'|icndcnt  power.'  Exve.  Dor.,  cong.  24,  sess.  'J,  no.  ',^7^,  1,  wliere  will  lie 
iiiiiiiil  I'lipy  of  Morfit's  despatches. 

"Anglo-Americans,  Jiliout  ."iO.OOO;  Mexicans,  .S.470;  Indians,  including 
s.OtH)  iKirthcrn  Indians  from  tlie  United  States,  about  '2(),()00;  and  5,(HH)  iic- 
unms.  A/.,  12-1.3.  Yoakum's  figures,  ii.  1!»7,  derived  from  the  same  .source 
iiiil  .(ipicd  by  Thrall,  UUt.  Te.v.,  280,  are  incorrect.  But  Mortit  himself  is 
acinic wliat  contradictory. 

'Thus  exhibited  in  Mort'it's  report  of  Sept.  4,  ISSfi,  uf.  mip.: 
Tri'.isury  orders  already  issued  antl  debts  under  consideratioa  of  the 

aiiditor's  office !§,T(M»,2.S0 

Kstiiii;ite  of  .supplies  exclusive  of  the  amount  audited 2."iO.(MM) 

Loans 1(M),0(H) 

.\iii(niiit  due  navy,  exclusive  of  the  amount  audited (lO.CHH) 

.^iiiniiiit  due  army,  exclusive  of  the  amount  audited 412,000 

.Aniiniiit  of  civil  contingent  expenses,  exclusive  of  amount  audited. .  1 18,720 

$1,250,000 


•2m 


THK  KKl'UBLK'  OF  TEXAS. 


t?. 


in  proji^ress  for  reotjt^nizih";  tin'  independeiicf  <»f  Texas, 
of  tlie  entrance  of  armed  liands  from  the  Unit»M| 
States  into  that  country,  es|>ecially  of  tin-  o<'cuj>ati<>ii 
of  Mexican  territory,  by  United  States  forei's,  and 
enumerates  several  instamuis  of  violation  of  tin;  neu- 
trality laws. 

Tlie  j)ai*ticulars  connecttd  with  the  occupation 
of  Texan  territory  by  Uniti'd  States  troops  ;uv 
as  follow:  It  was  well  understood  that  the  In<l 
iaiis  in  the  eastern  and  noithern  re;j;ions  (»f  Texiis 
wen-  assumintj  a  hostile  attitude,  havinjj;  been  visitid 
by  Mexican  ai^ents,  who  str()ve  to  persuade  them  t«> 
take  up  arms.  On  January  "J.'i,  l8.'iG,  (General  Kd- 
n;und  Gaines  was  appohited  to  the  command  of  tlic 
United  States  troops  on  the  western  fr<»ntier  of 
Louisiana.  His  instructions  were  that,  in  vi(>w  oftlu 
war  between  Mexico  and  'i\xas,  strict  neutrality  \v;i.> 
to  be  observe<l,  and  none  of  the  cont(!ndiniif  parliis 
were  to  be  allowed  to  cross  into  territory  of  tlu' 
United  States.  Hostile  incursions  of  Indians,  liow 
(!ver,  directed  either  ajjjainst  the  Mexican  or  An^lo- 
American  states  were  to  lu;  ]>revented  by  forcr. 
(jJaines  rei)ried  March  2!>th ;  and  aftei-  mferrint,'  tn 
scenes  of  barbarism  ui  Texas  added  that,  in  case  In 
noticed  a  disj>osition  on  the  part  of  Mexicans  to 
menace  tlie  frontier,  he  should  deem  it  his  duty  to 
cross  the  boundar3'  and  meet  the  marauders.  Uiidt  f 
date  of  April  *J5th  tlie  secretary  of  war,  while  averrin-^' 
that  it  was  no  wish  of  the  president  to  acquire  any 
portion  of  M»>xican  territory,  nevt>rtheless  aj^provnl 
of  Gahies'  su<j:gestion;  but,  in  no  case,  was  he  to 
advance  further  than  Nacogdodies.  Gaines  on  Apiil 
8th  had  called  upon  the  governors  of  Louisiana,  Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama,  and  Tennessee  for  reenforccmeids, 
but  recalled  his  requisition  soon  after,  believing  from 
later  information  that  the  troops  would  not  l)c 
wanted.  On  the  14th  of  the  same  month,  informa- 
tion was  received  by  him  from  General  Mason,  com- 
uiandant  at  Nacogdoches,  to  the  effect  that  a  lai^tt 


MKXICO  ALAKMKl). 


vm 


nuinl^r  of  Mexicans  and  Indians  wore  roncentratfd 

with  liostilo  intentions  about  sixty   niilos  from  that 

tdwii.      It  apjH'urs  tliat  Irvin,  the  alcalde  of  Naco*,^- 

(Idchrs,  mado  this  statement  U>  Mason  on  April  Tith 

a  stattinent  which  was  found  to  he  «r|».atly  exair 

ijciatcd.       (laines     conse(|uently     ordered      up     tin* 

s(|uadron  of  United   States   draj^oons  and    six    <'om 

panics  of  infantry  from  Fort  (Jil)S(»n  to  Fort  Towson. 

(Ill  lied  lliver,    went  in  person   with  fourteen   coni- 

|iaiiies,  namely,  the  sixth  r«'!jjiment  and  four  <'oinpanies 

i»t'  tiie  third   United  States  infantry,  to  tlie   Sahine 

ITivrr,  and  there  encamped.     Owinji^  to  the  victory  of 

San   Jacinto,  and   the   retreat  of  the   Mexicans,  the 

Iiuhaus,  whatever  miijjht  have  been  tlieir  orltjjinal  in- 

ttiitions,  now  showed  a  disposition  favt>ral)le  to  the 

white  men,  and   there  does  not  seem   much  reason  for 

( Jaiiits'  remaininjjj  on  tin;  bank  of  tiu!  Sabine.      Never- 

tlirlcss,  in  their  (!xcited  state,  it  was  not  unlikely  tliat 

the  Indians  would  connnit  depredations,  an<l  on  May 

I'.itii    a  lar«>;e  body     >f   them    a|)peared    before    Fort 

Paiker,  on  the  head  waters  of  tlu^  Navas(>ta.      There 

utiv  only  six   men  and   some  womciii  and  children  in 

tlif  i)laee.     Attempts  at  conciliation   were   made  in 

vain;  .several  of  the    men   were   killed,   the   fort  was 

lihiiidered,  and  some  of  the  women  and  children  wert^ 

•  ill lied    into  ca[)tivity.'"     On   June    'JHth    (^aines  re- 

t  t'ived  a  letter  from  Rusk,  then  at  Victoria,  statin}.; 

that  tlio  Mexicans,  7,000  strong,  were  advancing  from 

Matamoros,  their  motto  being,  "  Extermination  as  far 

as  tlie  Sabine,  or  death."     These  circumstarices  com- 

hiiicd,  induced  (iaines  to  consider   the  frontier  again 

in  danger.     Accordingly  on  the  day  on  which  he  re- 

<  eived  Rusk's  letter,  he  repeated  his  requisition — which 

this  time  was  disapproved  by  the  president — and  sent 

a  detachment  of  regular  troops  under  Colonel  Whistler, 

to  take  post  near  Nacogdoches,  instructing  him  July 

I  Ith  to  occupy  that  town  and  fortify  it  with  a  small 

lireast-work  and  block-houses. 

"^^  Full  account  of  this   massacre  in  S/ueld's  Fall  0/  Parker'ti  Fori,  MS., 

f"lx.  IS. 


^^1 
I    • 


ji  N 


2tttt 


TilE  llKi'UBLIC  OF  lEKAH. 


i"i! 


When  Gorostiza  became  aware  that  an  actual  \- il- 
lation of  Mexican  territory  on  the  part  of  the  Uiiitnl 
Statt'H  had  occurred,  he  natrrated  his  representation-; 
and  not  Hutisfiod  with  the  assurances  of  the  «;ovriii- 
nicnt  at  Wasliin«jfton,  that  tlie  measures  a(h>pted  wi  i, 
of  a  tem])oniry  and  ])urely  tli-fcnsiv*'  cliaracttr.   Ii\ 
letter  of  ()ctol)er  I  .Hh  lie  ileelared  tiuit  lie  considt  iv.| 
Ills  mission  at  an  end,  and  asked  for   liis  passjtoit-. 
wliich  were  sent  to  liini  on   the   20th  of  tlie   saim 
month,  diplomatic  reflations  between  the  two  couiitrir> 
bring  thus   broken  off.     Gaines  was  relieved  of  lil> 
connnand  l>v  IJrigadier  General   Arbuckle,  who  w.is 
instruct«>d.  under  date  of  October  10th,  to  report  nii 
the  conilition  of  alfuirs.     Nt^vertheless  similar  diivc 
tions  to  those  sent  to  ( Jain*  ^  were  given  to  Arbuekl. , 
to  whose  discretion  the  rcitaining  possession  of  Nac(i«;- 
doches  was  in  a  great  measun;  U'ft.     He  was  hifonm  ij 
by  th(!  stu'rotary  of  war  that  it  was  n()t  in  the  powi  i 
of  the  department,   with  its  limited  information,  to 
irive  anv  positive  order  in  regard  to  the  further  ocfu- 
pation  of  the  post,  but  he  was  itistructed  to  withdi.tw 
the  troops  statl<nied  there,  unless  he  had  in  his  ]ki>- 
session   information    satisfying    liim  that   the    niitin 
tenance  of  it  was  essential  to  the  prottiction  of  tl" 
United  States  frontiers,  and  to  the  duo  execution  <it 
treaty  stipulations." 

Viewed    in   an    impartial   light,  the  action   of  tin 
United  Stiites   government   cannot    be   regarded  as 

"Hmm  Rt  .,  cng.  '-'4,  scs.s.  1,  No.  '.';>(),  \-liS\',Pnh.  Dor.,  I8:<5  (i,  Vul.  vi; 
('owj.  Dcliitt<»,  S;{,")  0,  xii.  3.")ll-48;  Tex.  t'orrcx.,  in  Pup.  Vnr.,  iii.  Nn.  1; 
E.ri'r.  Do,:,  cot  .  'J4,  hoss.  2,  No.  2,  1-101,  ]05;('oni/.  JM>it/r.'<,  1S;17,  xiv.  ITli- 
241); y/.  Ex.  D  coiig.  25.  scss.  2,  Vol.  iv.  No.  UK),  1-120;  .1/c.r.  ( 'o/c-.. .«,/.,-.  ■  / 
hixo  (III  SM,  122;  A'/Vrs' 7.V-/.,  1.  102,  207-0,  'XA-'y,  'Ml,  im  (i.  402;  //., 
li.  21,  33,  87-8,  7,  113,  129,  11»4,  3(>!),  378,  .•«->,  40l)-12;  Moiyhi.^,  '.i.V.i.  .l.'.it  4; 
Jui/'m  Mcc.  W(i.  .'^'}-30.  The  government  at  Wasliington  cousiiiiTccI  that 
they  were  anth<  zed  to  semi  troops  into  Mexican  territory  hy  tiio  3:fil  ij 
tide  of  the  trei  y  l>etween  the  two  niition.s,  which  recjiiired  both  tlic  oiii 
traeting  parties  >  prevent  by  force  all  hostilities  and  incursions  on  thf  pa  it 
of  the  Indian  Lotions  living  within  their  respective  boundaries,  so  tlwit  tiii 
United  States  will  not  suffer  their  Indians  to  attack  the  citizens  if  tli' 
Mexican  states,  nor  will  the  Mexican  states  suffer  tiieir  Indiana  to  attai  k 
the  citizens  of  tlie  United  States.  As  the  Indians  west  of  the  supiioM'! 
boundary  were  assuming  a  warlike  attitude,  and  Mexico  had  no  troojis  w, 
the  ground  to  keep  them  c|uiet,  the  U.  S.  considered  themselves  justilioil  ui 
aasumiug  au  advanced  positiou  temporarily  iu  their  owu  defence. 


.w 


A'lTlTUlU:  OK   llli:  UMI  Kl>  STATKS. 


L'H!» 


\ih 


as 


i.tli(  r  ihixn  suhtcrfu!;;*',  and  imtair  to  a  iicii^hlK.:    fnuii 
wli'u'li  it  iKs'irt'd  to  sti'al  triritoi-y.      WIi'ilc  makinj^tlm 
stK'iim'st    assui'jiiH't's   tliat   neutrality    slioiild    In-  ol»- 
s(i\r(l,  ami  *issuin»jj  uiil»  is  to  that  t'lUft.  it  cuiiiiot  \)o 
(i(  nird   that  tlic   latter   wvvv   easily  evaded,  and  th(» 
foinier  eoiinterhalaiicetl  hy  the  moral  support  secretly 
( xteiided   to  Texas.      At   the  .same  tuiK"    it  must   he 
ohserveil  that  the  ^^e\ieall  ;^overnmeut  in   its  future 
(•niiduet   in   re«j;ard  to   the    revolted   province  showed 
iKitJiei-  pi'udeiice  nor  roresii,'.it,  aud  rench-ifd  the  \var, 
oil  her  part,  with  Texas  ji  t'aici'.     ^^Fexican  patriotism 
was  cxciti'd,  and  the  Texan  war  usid  as  a  j)retext    for 
levying  contrihutions;  henceforth    it  assumed  a  pas- 
sive character,  and  bi'came  a  rallvin>'  crv  of  pidltical 
jiarties  as  a  nu-ans  of  their  a<lvancement.     Says   a 
i\h\lean  liistorian  of  repute,    ''With   the  failure  of 
Santa  Anna's  ex})e(l'ition  aj^ainst  Texas,  and  conslder- 
iii;4  the  intentions  of  the  United  States,  the   Mexican 
.;(ivt  rnnu'iit  ouijjlit  to  have  rid  itself  of  that  jircnince 
l)y  a  convention  with  the  United  States,  as  did  Spain 
111  the  case  of  Florida  in    ISIH,  endoavoriniLj  therehy 
to  form   a  nation  between   ^Mexico   and   the   United 
Stales,  which  in  time  would  counterhalance  the  pre- 
iMMiilerance  of  the  north;  hut  the  ijjovernment  and  its 
•  iiriiiics  made  the  reconcjuest  of  Texas  an  ohji>ct  of 
tliailatanism,  and  a  ]uirty  weapon,  both  sides  urLnuL"; 
tlif  continuation  of  the  war  as  necessary  for  the  vin- 
ilitiitiiiii    of    the    national    honor,    thout>h    thev    had 
iicitlier  tlie  will  nor  the  power  to  carry  it  on.'" 


■.i 


1 


if 


11 


H     ,«' 


■is  oil 

1(1  111 


l^y  July  the  Texan  army  had  increased  to  2, '{00 
stroiiM-,  antl  (n'lierai  Rusk  exj)erlencod  nmch  difticulty 
in  itieventiuij:  confusion.  lT(>UHton  was  at  this  time 
at  Xa(o<rdoches,  and  accordln<jr  to  Yoakum  addressed 
siviial  conuuuuications  durinj^  that  month  to  (iaines, 
wliich  may  have  had  some  influence  on  his  decision 
to  occupy  Nacogdoches.  About  the  first  of  the  month 
the  ;j;overnment  appointed  Colonel  Mirabeau  Lamar 

^ lihtrti,  IflKt.  JnliijHi,  iii.  '21)0-1. 

Hist.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    19 


M  f 


is* 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


inajor-geiieral  ()f  the  army,  wlio  on  his  arrival  at 
liead-quartorH  on  the  14tli  found  so  strong  a  fct'lin;,' 
expressed  against  the  right  of  the  cabinet  to  hu\kv- 
sede  General  IIt)Uston  that  he  was  constrained  to  put 
to  the  vote  of  the  troops  the  (juestion,  whether  tlic 
army  were  willing  to  receive  him  as  commander-in- 
chief.  This  heinjj:  done,  onlv  170  votes  were  foiiiid 
to  be  In  his  favor.  Xeverthcless  Lamar  began  to  jut 
as  connnander-in-chief,  which  caused  such  dissutist'ar- 
tion  that  many  of  the  nu-n  began  to  leave  tlie  caniji 
Whereui)on  Lamar  called  a  meeting  of  the  ofliccis. 
the  discussion  at  which  resulted  in  his  retirin''." 

As  tlie  ^Icxicans  were  unable  to  carrv  out  tin  ii' 
meditated  re-invasion,  JUid  th(>  rumors  of  such  havin.; 
proved  deceptive,  it  was  proposed  on  the  part  of  tin 
Texan  leaders  to  make  a  descent  ui)on  Matanioins. 
and  with  that  objoct  detachments  wei'e  sent  to  l^t'jar 
and  San  ]\itricio  on  the  river  Xueces.  Two  niouiitnl 
companies  were  des[tatclied  to  the  former  place,  wliiji' 
aOO  men,  also  mounted,  were  stationed  at  San  Vatri- 
cio,  under  Brigadier-Cileneral  Felix  Houstt)n,  who  liail 
lately  arrived  from  the  ITnited  States  with  a  consid 
erable  force.  Owing,  however,  to  the  want  of  nuaih 
to  coo[)erate  by  sea,  the  project  was  abandoned, 

Kailv  in  -Tuly  the  commissioners,  Austin,  Arclin. 
and  Wharton  returned,  having  accomplished  much  in 
arousiuii'  svmnathv  in  the  ITnited  States  for-  Texas. 
On  tin*  -.'Jd  of  the  same  month,  tran<{uliritv  f  »}•  tlif 
time  assured  by  the  political  confusion  in  ^Mcxicn. 
President  Burnet  issued  a  proclamation  for  th<'  elec- 
tions of  president,  vice-president,  and  senatoi^  and 
representatives  in  congri'ss.  The  first  Monday  in 
Septcml)er  was  appointed  election  day,  and  the  sena- 
tors and  representatives  wen>  to  assend)li^  at  Colum- 
bia on  the  first  Monday  in  October  following.  "     Tin 

"Laiimr  argued  tliat  lloustiin  liad   ffirfoicod  lii.s  jm.sition  a.-*  CDinmiiulc: 
in-ohief,   liy  leaving  Te.xas  Mitlioiit  a   furlough.     See  (Jen.    Felix    Hu-ti>n- 
aeeount  of  this  affair  in  Yoiihini,  ii.  I8.S  8;   '/V.r.  Alin..  I8(il,  4ti. 

*C'opy  of  proulamatioa  iu  Id.,  1801,  4b-').     It  provided  that  in  tiic  pn 


'Im 


ELECTION". 


201 


iiianat;ors  of  the  elections  were  to  ask  each  voter 
whether  he  was  williiig-  to  clotlie  his  senators  and 
n'|tiesentatives  with  conventional  })ower  to  revise  and 
aiiund  the  constitution;  also  whether  he  was  in  favor 
of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  as  i-.  stood,  or  of 
its  rtjeetion,  or  revision  and  amendment  by  the  con- 
(frc'ss.  Moreover  as  it  was  important  for  the  inter- 
ests of  the  country  that  the  people  should  determine 
wliether  they  were  in  favor  of  annexinjjf  Texas  to  the 
United  States,  the  manasjjers  were  required  to  put 
tht'  (|Uesti(>n  clireet  to  each  voter,  and  make  a  return 
of  the  immhei  of  votes  for  and  ai»ainst  it. 

Tlirce  candidates  were  nominated  for  the  j)residency. 
Sto|>ht'n  F.  Austin,  Sam.  Houston,  and  the  late  jyfov- 
iriinr  Henry  Smith.  Houston  at  first  was  uiiv/illin<»' 
to  iii('e))t  his  nomination,  but  was  induced  to  <!o  so  on 
tlif  consideration  tliat  there  l)eing  two  jtoritieal  parties 
in  Toxas,  known  as  tlie  Austin  and  W]iart<»n  parties 
-tlio  ostensible  jiead  of  the  latter  beiuij;  Governor 
Sinitli — lie  became  ini])ressed  witli  the  belief  tliat  wiTe 
rltlicr  Smith  or  Austin  elected,  the  opposition  to  the 
administration  would  bt;  su»'h  as  to  be  most  detrimeii- 
tal  to  tiie  interests  of  the  vouno'  republic.  The  situ- 
ation  recjuired  the  united  eft'orts  of  all,  and  as  he  was 
idi  ntitied  vith  neither  ])artv,  he  was  of  the  opinion 
tliat  in  case  of  his  election  he  would  be  able  to  har- 

iiiictdt'  Austin  tlic'i'i!  Mlumlil  lie  cli't'tcil  one  ropri'sontativo  to  conj^ress;  in 
Ura/oriu,  two;  Ht'jai',  two;  Coldrailo,  one;  Saliino,  one;  (lonzale/,  one:  .letl- 
ci'soii.  one;  (ioliad,  oni';  Mataf^oiila.  one;  Mina,  two;  Nacogtloelie.s,  two; 
Itiil  JliviT.  tliree;  Victoria,  one;  San  Augustine,  two;  Sheli>y,  two;  Uefugio. 
"lit;  Sail  I'atrieii',  one;  Waslunjjlnn,  two;  .Milan,  one;  and  Jackson,  «ine. 
I'miii  tile  senatorial  (listriet  of  He|ui',  tliere  .sliould  lie.  eleeteil  one  senator; 
tiniii  San  I'atrieio,  lU'l'uijio  ami  ( ioliail,  one;  fioui  Urazoria,  one:  from  .Mina 
.iii'l  <  Ion/ale/,  one;  from  Xaeoijiloelies,  one:  from  Ivetl  Itiver,  one;  from 
^liilliy  ainl  Saliiui ,  one;  froiii  .Matagonla.  .lackson  and  Victoria,  one;  from 
•Vustiii  and  Coliu'ado,  one;  from  S;\u  .\uj,'Ustine,  one;  from  .Milan,  one;  from 
•lasper  anil  .lellerson,  one;  from  J^ilierty  and  Marrishurg.  one;  and  from 
\\adiiiii;ton.  one.  In  eoiisideratioii  tliat  a  large  numlier  of  persons  were 
Mi'viii^;  ill  the  army,  and  nuglit  tliereliy  lose  their  right  of  .sutt'erage,  it  was 
iMii.iiiiiil  that  all  such  persons  entitled  to  voti!  Miiglit  do  so  hy  holding  an 
ilcctiiiM,  and  sending  the  returns  to  the  managers  of  tlu^  election  at  tin; 
lajiital  of  the  ])recinct  of  wliieli  they  were  citizens;  the  name  of  each  voter 
hfiiii;  taken  down  in  writing  and  forwarded  with  the  returns.  The  same 
rule  a|i|ili(.el  to  persons  ab^^but  from  preeincta  that  had  been  temporarily 
aliamUiaeiL 


I'm 


ill  I 


Hi-! 


I 


■•/ 


f 


M 


r,  I    lip' 


I 


u 


'f 


292 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


monize  the  two  factions,  and  organize  a  governiiicnt 
tliat  would  triumph  over  all  difficulties."  Houston  s 
popularity  at  this  tiate  is  evidenced  by  the  result  of 
the  polls.  He  was  electetl  i)resident  by  a  laiu;!' 
majority,  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar  behig  chosen  vict - 
president. ""  The  constitution  was  adopted  almost 
unanimously,  as  also  the  pro}>osltlon  c)f  annexation. 

On  October  3d,  the  first  Texan  congress  met  at  C'n 
lunibia,  and  on  the  following  day  President  Burii.t 
delivered  his  message.     It  is  a  somewhat  lengthy  joc- 
umeiit,  but  re[)resent»  too  truthfully  the  events  ion- 
nected  witli  his  administration  ami  the  condition  of 
the  country.      He  describes  the  state  of  the  army  .'uid 
navy,  and  calls  attention  to  the  defectiveness  of  tlif 
militarv  oruanization  and  the  want  of  more  war  vt^. 
sels.      The  judicial  department,  he  stated,   was  in  a 
very  imperfect  state,  and  the  land  question  was  om 
which  would  require  serious  consideration.    He  tiust'd 
that  the  titles  of  the  early  settlers  would  not  be  oii- 
croached  upon,  and  that  the  present  congress  and  all 
succeedhig  ones  would  i)romptly  and  decisively  put 
the  seal  of  their  reprobation  upon    all    sinister  aii<l 
unrighteous  speculations  in  the  public  domain.     H< 
concluded  by  urging  the  mend)ersto  banish  from  tlioii 
council  all  party  s])irit  and  political  intrigue.''^ 

After  using  his  best  endeavors  to  conciliati'  tin 
Indians,  Houston  left  Nacogdoches  for  Colunil>i;i, 
wliere  he  arrived  on  October  i)th.  By  a  provision  of 
the  adoi)ted  constitution,  he  could  not  enter  u)>on  tin' 
duties  of  his  office  before  the  second  Monday  in  De- 
cember next  succeeding  his  election,"  but  both  I'lvsi- 
dent  Burnet  and  Vice-])resident  Zavala  were  ('<|nallv 
willing  to  retire  from  office,  and  on  the  2'2d  of  Octolxr 

■•"See  his  letter  to  (luy  M.  Bryan  of  Nov.  15,  ]8r)2,  qnoteil  in  Yn'ihnn,  ii. 
193-4. 

'•''- Hoiistoii  received  4,.'i74  votes,  Smith  7411,  and  Austin  .WT,  the  tula!  mini- 
her  of  votes  east  heing  5,704.     Ijainar  liad  a  majority  of  2,(i99.    Tlin'!i'<  //'*' 

■^Copy  of  Burnet's  message  will  ho  found  in  NHvm  Hcj.,  li.  IS!)  !tl. 
*  Art  vi.,  sec.  2.,  of  tlio  constitution,  in  Laivs  of  the  Jlivul'Uc  <>/'  7V.i"<,  vol. 
L  15. 


|i"    'H 


HOUSTON  AN1>  LAMAR. 


293 


Si  lit  in  their  rosii^iiations.  Tlic  con<^rcs8  considered 
tliiit  tliei'c  Avas  no  radical  oUstruction  to  tlie  premature 
i!ist;illatl<>n  of  tlie  nt!\v  ])resident,  and  on  tlie  same  day 
Hciuston  was  in<lueted  into  office. 

Ill  liis  inaugural  addri'ss,  Houston  referred  to  tlie 
K  lations  of  the  coordinate  dtipartments  of  the  «^overn- 
iiniit  as  ju'culiarly  vlelicate  and  important,  maintaininin' 
tliat  if  he  failed  t(»  obtain  tlie  coopi«rat'ioii  and  support 
(if  the  congress,  wreck  and  ruin  would  he  inevitahlc 
If.  tlieref  »re,  he  failed  in  i]\r.  attainment  of  the  i^reat 
(ilijccts  in  view,  it  would  he  the  duty  of  the  house  to 
ciirrect  his  errors  and  sustain  him  hy  its  superior  wis- 
(Idin.  The  administration,  he  said,  was  frauiL;ht  with 
|i(  iplexities,  hut  zeal  and  a  s[)irit  of  patrotism  would 
suiiiiouiit  all  difficulties.  He  recommended  that  the 
tVieiMlsliip  of  the  Indians  should  heohtained  hy  treaties 
if  |teace  and  a  strict  maintenance  of  o-ood  faith  witli 
tlieiii :  and  urged  ahstlnence  from  all  acts  of  aggri'ssion, 
flic  estal)lishment  of  commerce  with  the  diflereiit 
fiilies,  even-hande<l  justice  to  he  wvv  maintaiiu'd  with 
'ln'iii.  He  contrasted  the  har-harous  mode  of  warfare 
juactiscd  hy  thc^  enemy  with  tlu;  humanity  and  for- 
iiraiaiice  disitlaved  hv  the  Texans  in  the  hour  of  vie- 
t(ir\.  The  moral  efleet  of  such  conduct  had  done  more 
toward  the  liheration  of  Texas  than  the  defeat  of  the 
army  of  veterans.  Her  cause  had  rect-iv(>d  tlu"  warm- 
est sympathy  and  manly  aid  of  friends  in  the  land  of 
their  origin.  Lastly,  he  dwelt  in»(»n  the  (jue.stion  of 
annexation  witli  tin;  I'nited  States,  a  c<»ii,>-umination 
unanimously  wished  for  the  Texan  ])eople,  who  Wi-re 
•  lieeit'd  hy  the  ht»])e  that  they  Wt>ul<|  he  welcomed 
into  the  great  family  of  fnH'men."  (Jeneral  Lamar. 
ill  liis  two-fold  capacity  as  vice-pi'esideiit  of  the  r.- 
imlilic  and  president  of  the  senate,  also  delive/ed 
aiMivsses  in  which,  hreathliig  a  s|>irit  of  pati'iot- 
i^iii.  lie  deprecated  party  antagonism  and  contro- 
Vd'sy. 

Cnpv  ,,!'  tlie  atlilress  in  Peim''n  Ifisf.   I'/ric  '/V.i-.,  iv.  Mlvx'  Soulli  Amtr.  >nid 
i/'r.,  I.  :t."-«o. 


!     {'I 


:■< 


1    » 
I 


' 


4  (I 


2!M 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TKXAS. 


Conjjjrcss  havinj^  authorized  the  prosi<lont  to  a]»})(»iiit 
his  cabinet,  liis  selection  proves  his  anxiety  to  \vi  !<| 
together  in  liarmony  tlie  two  opposing  factions  by  :ii. 
impartial  appointment  to  office  of  the  sejiarate  1(!p.u(  i  s. 
Stephen  F.  Austin  was  made  secretary  of  state,  Hem  y 
Smitli,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  Thomas  J.  Rusk,  ot' 
war,"  S.  Khodes  Fisher,  of  the  navy,  Robert  Burr, 
postmaster-general,  and  J.  Pinkney  Henderson,  attor- 
ney-general. On  Novend)er  IHth,  congress  passed  an 
act  empowering  the  president  to  appoint  a  minister  to 
the  United  States  to  negotiate  with  that  g<wernin(iit 
for  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  Texas,  and 
her  annexation  to  that  republic.  Houston  accordiii-^lv 
api)ointed  William  H.  Wharton  to  the  position." 

Another  of  the  first  acts  of  the  congress,  dated 
November  18th,  authorized  the  })resident  to  issue 
bonds  of  the  republic  hi  sums  of  .$1,000  each,  to  an 
amount  not  exceedhig  $5,000,000.  These  bonds  wi  iv 
to  bear  interest  not  exceeding  ten  per  centum,  and 
be  made  redeemable  in  thirty  years  from  the  day  of  datt . 
Two  conmiissioners  were  to  be  appointed  to  negotiate 
them  in  the  United  States  or  Europe,  the  counnis- 
sioners  being  authorized  to  sell  bonds  to  the  amount 
v^  .$2,000,000,  redeenuible  in  not  less  than  five  years. 
lEolders  should  have  the  privilege  of  purcliasinu 
puldic  lands  of  the  republic  at  the  lowest  government 
price  payable  in  bonds.  In  regard  to  volunteers  froin 
the  United  States  the  congress  displayed  great  lilter- 
alitv,  extending  bv  a  ioint  resolution  on  tlie  2.'3(1  tlie 
same  pay  and  bounties  in  lands  to  those  who  eiitend 


-''Tlio  coimiiuiul  of  the  aniiy  was  givou  to  rjonoral  Felix  TTmistoii. 

-^  Linn,  page  '2~'.i,  narratfs  tliat  Wliartoii  was  not  pleased  with  tlio  m- 
pointmeiit,  and  remarked  that  tlie  president  was  sending  him  into  hniiiiiMtn' 
exile  to  get  him  ont  of  some  one  else's  way.  Houston  did  not  hear  ef  tl.i- 
till  some  montlis  after,  when  three  eommissioners  were  to  he  named  hy  Ir.iji 
whoso  duties  were  the  purchase  of  a  navy.  Jolm  A.  Wharton,  hrntlirr  "' 
William  Wharton,  was  one  fif  the  candidates,  and  to  the  surprise  of  iiiaiiy, 
M-as  not  appointed,  greeting  the  latter  after  his  return  from  the  U.  S.,  tli« 
president  could  not  refrain  from  delivering  a  home-thrust.  'I  did  not ap- 
jioint  John  A.  Wliarton,'  he  .said,  'one  of  the  throe  naval  eommissioiii  is  !"• 
cause  1  did  not  wish  to  drive  any  more  of  tlie  Wharton  faiiiilv  into  exile' 


CONGRESSIONAL  MEASURES. 


295 


ihc  service  after  July  1st  as  to  those  who  had  entered 
it  ]irior  to  that  date." 

The  duties  of  the  coui^ress  were  not  Hght,  and  dur- 
iiiij;  its  first  session,  wliioh  lasted  to  the  close  of  l)e- 
ciinber,  numerous  laws  were  passed  for  the  orijjanization 
(if  tlie  <:jovernnient  and  promotion  of  tin-  }ml)lic  weal, 
I'lovisions  were  mad<'  for  tlie  increase  of  the  navy  by 
the  imrchase  of  a  24-jj;un  sloop  of  war,  two  armed 
steam  vessels,  and  two  I  l-i^un  schooners;  rules  and 
iiitu'lcs  were  established  for  the  i^overnment  of  the 
navy  and  army,  the  latter  of  which  the  president  was 
aiitliorizeil  to  reorganize;  and  measures  were  adopted 
for  tlie  })rotection  of  the  frontier,  and  for  the  national 
ilefcuce  by  the  organization  of  militia.  The  judiciary, 
moreover,  was  fully  organized,  a  supreme  court,  courts 
of  justice,  and  inferior  courts  being  established,  and 
tlioir  powers  and  jurisdictions  defined.'"  Enactments 
wwo  also  passed  for  the  raising  of  a  revenue  by  im- 
]iort  duties;  establishing  the  salaries  of  the  president 
and  ixovernmeut  officers;*"  for  the  creation  of  a  'jen- 
rial  post-office;  and  for  the  establishment  of  a  general 
land-office.'" 

A  national  seal  and  standard  for  the  republic  wt're 
adopted  Decendjer  10th.  The  former  consisted  of  a 
slu;^de  star  with  the  letters  Hepublic  of  Texas  circular 
(ui  tlie  seal,  which  was  also  circular.  The  national 
flag  was  to  have  an  azure  ground  with  a  large  golden 
star  central,  and  to  be  domhiated  the  national  stan- 


'■  .^1,  :!i 


«  L! 


Hi  h 


■■^Tlie  pn'sident  vetoed  thia  act,  but  it  ■was  passed  l)y  a  constitutional 
maimity  in  liotli  liouaes.    Tcr.  Lnir/i,  i.  34. 

•'  l'rcsid(.'ut  ]iurnet  had  created  a  district  judge  for  tlie  district  of  IJra/.os, 
cniit'crriufj  the  ajijioiutnient  on  Benjamin  C  Franklin,  \\]\o  was  tlio  liist 
judgii  iu  Texas  invested  with  common  law  and  maritime  jurisdiction.  AV/cv' 
Jli;!-,  li.  I'M. 

^ The  salary  of  the  president  was  fixed  at  .*10,000  a  year,  of  the  \  ice- 
president  .s3,000;  that  of  each  mend)er  of  tlie  cahiiiet  at  .*<.'{. HCK);  of  the 
attiiriiey-general  §3,000;  of  the  postmaster-giMit^-al  S'J.OOO,  ami  other  civil 
otliiTrs  in  jiroportion.  Congressmen  received  each  S")  a  day,  ami  were 
allnwcd  a  mileage  of  $5  for  every  25  miles,  going  and  coming,    Trr.  A-n/w,  i. 

t)i>-7n, 

•' Tliis  act  was  vetoed  hy  the  president,  but  passed  by  a  constitutional 
inajdrity  in  both  houses  Dec.  22,  I8S6.  The  above  synopsis  of  tlie  labors 
if  the  tirst  congress  is  derived  from  Iif.,  i.  27-227. 


i 


:    ■  :;; 


2M 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


III 


m  I 


Ni! 


'■-1  , 


dard  of  Texas.  The  flag  for  the  naval  service  was  to 
be  the  same  as  that  r.Jopted  by  President  Burnet  at 
Harrisburg,  April  9,  1836,  its  conformation  b(  iii.r 
unif)n  blue,  star  central,  with  thirteen  stripes  pro- 
longed, alternate  red  and  white.** 

Congress,  however,  did  not  display  the  hii^host 
wisdom  in  all  its  legislative  acts.  On  ])ecember  lOth 
a  bill  was  passed  to  incorporate  the  Tt^xas  Kailroatl, 
Navigation,  and  Banking  Company j  witli  a  ca])ital 
stock  of  $5,000,000,  and  the  privilege  of  increasing  it, 
when  the  welfare  of  the  company  should  require  it, 
to  $10,000,000.  The  enactment  granted  to  tlie  com- 
pany the  right  of  connecting  the  waters  of  the  Rio 
Grande  and  the  Sabine  by  means  of  internal  naviga- 
tion and  railroads,  with  the  privilege  also  of  con- 
structinjj  branch  canals  and  railroads  in  evcrv 
direction.  As  soon  as  the  bank  went  into  operation. 
which    it  could  not  do  until  a  specie  capital    of  $1.- 

^'OuJaii.  "J."),  IS;!'.),  aa  act  M";is  pissed  adoptiii;^  as  tlio  iialiinial  anus  i 
vliito  star  <if  live  points  on  an  a/uro  grouinl,  ciicirclcil  liy  an  olivo  ainl  liv.' 
nak  hraiiclies.  Tlie  national  llag  was  to  consist  of  alilue  pcrpt'ncliciilar  Htri|"' 
of  tl  10  width  of  onetliirdof  tlio  wliolo  Hag  villi  awliito  star  in  ilio  cciitir. 
and  two  horizontal  stripes,  the  U])per  M'liito  and  tlie  lower  red.  Tiio  oiii; H 
vi  tlie  lone  star  Hag  is  somewhat  ohscure.  it  is  claimed  hy  the  Savannah 
C«or;//'(M  that  it  was  first  unfurled  within  the  iiriisent  limits  of  Louisiana  in 
1810,  by  a  gallant  hand  of  Americans,  who  ft",  suddenly  upoix  tlio  fort  at 
Baton  llouge,  drove  out  the  Spaniards,  and  raised  the  lone  star  ll.ig  in  pliiru 
of  the  banner  of  old  Spain.  J'rr.  Aim.,  18(11,  T-J.  The  date  of  its  first  ap- 
pearance in  Tex.aa  ia  also  in  disimtc.  Guy  .M.  llryan  in  a  speech  hcfuri!  tho 
I exan  Veterans  delivered  May  14,  187."?,  says:  'The  first  lone  star  tiaj,'  t!iat 
I  can  find  any  account  of  was  made  at  llarrislmrg  and  presentid  to  tin' 
company  of  (.'apt.  Andrew  llohiiison  in  ]H'.\o.  The  lone  star  was  vliii<>,  livi 
pointed,  and  set  in  ground  of  red.'  Buhr/i  T<.r.,  1!1.").  Lcwi.s  Wasliinc^'ton. 
an  assistant  in  the  oliico  of  the  Oiilrcx/dii  A'"/w,  in  I8."»t,  stjites  that  it  was  I'i 
plain  white  silk,  bearing  an  azure  star  of  live  points  on  either  siile.  On  cnr 
side  was  the  inscription  Lilierty  or  Death!  aiui  on  the  other  the  Latin  niott' 
Uhi  Lihertaa  habitat,  ibi  nostra  patri  est.  This  Hag  was  unfurlccl  at  \(ii>' .. 
.Tan.  8,  183G.  Gen.  SIcLcod  of  Galveston  .i.sserted  that  it  was  tiie  M-ori{  ni 
Miss  Troutman  of  Knoxvillu,  Georgia.  A  correspondent  of  tlie  ('ciilf'l 
j^V.nm  denies  the  claim  of  Georgia,  and  insists  that  the  first  lone  sl.ir  \\\d 
unfurled  ia  Texas  wa.s  the  one  raised  in  llarri,sburg  in  bSU.").  Tir.  Aim.,  IStll. 
75-7.  Thrall  makes  the  curious  statement  that  the  lone  star  emhlein  was  a 
fortunate  accident.  Gov.  8mith,  for  want  of  a  seal,  used  one  of  tlio  lir}.'i' 
brass  buttons  of  his  coat,  which  bore  the  impress  of  s\.  five-pointrd  star. 
The  Mexican  government  in  a  circular  of  Jan.  'IS,  ISHO,  describes  tlic  Tixaii 
rebel  Hag  as  consisting  of  stripes  like  that  of  the  U.  >S.,  but  instead  of  t!i>' 
blue  square  containing  the  stars,  the  Texan  fiag  had  a  white  sipiare  with  .. 
cross  ami  the  nundier  1824.  Arrillwia,  llcrrrp.,  En. — .Tun.,  IH.'fti,  ■_':U.  Tli' 
'flag  of  independence,' says  one,  first  hoisted  at  Goliad,  boru  a  bl(ii«liii 
sword  grasped  by  a  hand.    Tr.r.  Aim.,  1801,  70. 


HOUNDARY. 


•JOT 


TiOCOOO  was  paid  in,  a  bonus  of  $25,000  was  to  be 
jiaid  into  the  Texan  treasury;  but  iu  tlie  event  of 
Slid  sum  not  being  paid  within  eigliteeu  niontlis  after 
tli>'  passage  of  the  act,  tlie  cliarter,  whicli  was  to  con- 
tihue  in  force  for  forty-nine  years,  was  to  be  forfeited." 
This  act  was  regarded  by  many  with  great  disfavor 
ami  denounced  by  Anson  Jones  as  corru}>t,  and 
t'  nding  to  render  tlie  pul)Hc  lan<ls  worthless  if  tlie 
scliiMue  had  been  practicable.""  The  necessary  capital 
uf  .•?."), 000, 000  was  subscribed  by  eight  individuals  and 
linns,  but  the  payment  of  $1,000,000  In  specie  Ix'foic 
rln-  bank  couhl  commence  o})erations,  was  a  stundiling- 
iiluck  which  fortunately  overthrew  tlui  })roject.'" 

With  regard  to  the  territorial  extent  of  the  infant 
irpublie,  congress  was  not  backward  in  defining 
the  lioundarics.  By  an  act  of  J)eceniber  IDth  it  was 
(li  ( lart.'d  that  the  civil  and  })olitical  jurisdicti(»n  of 
Texas  extended  from  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  to  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Rio  Grande,  thence  up  the  principal 
stream  of  the  lattiT  river  to  its  souivt; ;  tlien<'e  due 
iiortli  to  the  forty-second  degn^e  of  north  latitude;, 
thence  aloiiLj  theboundarv  line  as  (letiiie<l  in  the  treatv 
hetweeii  the  Uiuted  States  and  Sjiain  to  the  bt- 
Ljiiining.  The  president  was  authorized  and  re(|uii'c( 
to  open  negotiations  with  the  government  of  the 
Tiiited  States  to  ascertain  the  b(»undary  line  as 
agreed  upon  in  said  treaty.  Thesis  boundaries  in 
fhided  the  greater  and  best  jxirtion  of  New  Mexico, 
t'l  which  Texas  had  not  tin;  shadow  of  a  right.  But 
it  is  more  easy  to  make  a  claim  than  substantiate  it, 
:i>  Texas  found  to  her  cost  at  a  later  date,  on  the 
"I  lasion  of  the  ill-conducted  expedition  to  Santa  Fe. 

•  IW.  hurs,  i.  l'.>8-32. 

■"  I  In  writes  :  'The  company  would  have  been  the  great  feudal  lan<ll(>rii 
iif  tlie  whole,  and  held  them  hy  a  feudal  teiuire.'  He  attacked  tlio  scheme 
>fvcrL'ly  in  an  article  signed  Franklin,  puhlisiied  in  a  Matagonla  pajter.  Tlis 
I'Pjiiisitiou  gained  for  him  many  lasting  enemies.   Ncpiih.  'JV.r.,  18- 19. 

■'•''( M)uge  states  that  even  as  it  was,  some  people  made  money  out  of  tiit; 
sciieine.  None  of  the  auhscrihers  pai(l  anythmg.  One  of  tliem  sold  liis  in- 
terest to  a  speculator  of  New  York  for  i>.'W,000.  Another  disposed  of  his 
interest  for  three  leagues  of  lani],  which  he  subsequently  sold  for  $2.50  per 
acrt.  Fiscal  Hint,  Tex,,  (50-1. 


298 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


After  two  months  of  assiduous  labor,  durinj^  whlcli 
the  members  of  botli  houses  appear  to  liave  bet  n 
guided  by  a  sphit  of  jmtriotism  and  singleness  of 
purpose/congress  closed  its  session,  and  adjourned  till 
the  first  Monday  in  May,  1837,  when  it  was  to  nii .  t 
at  the  newly  founded  town  of  Houston,  on  Buliiild 
Bayou,  wliich  l)y  act  of  December  loth  was  decliin d 
to  be  the  seat  of  the  irovernment  till  1840/'' 


f*l 


f  J    ' 


Toward  the  close  of  the  vea»'  Texas  was  bereaved, 
not  only  of  one  of  its  most  j)rominent  patriots,  but  nf 
its  father  and  founder  asa  great  state.  On  Noveml)rr 
15th  Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  whose  health  had  been  t'or 
some  time  past  failing,  died  at  his  residence  on  the 
San  Jacinto,  niuir  Lynchburg,  fifty -fiva;  ^ears  of  age. 
The  biography  of  this  true  friend  of  Texas,  })revi(>us 
to  his  exile  from  his  native  country,  has  already  been 
i>iven.  His  arrival  in  Texas  was  hailed  with  i<iv; 
and  the  api)reciation  in  which  his  worth  and  lo\e  of 
liberty  were  held,  is  shown  by  the  important  ;i|i- 
jtointments  which  were  conferred  upon  him  by  men 
of  a  differe.it  race.  His  name  will  ever  be  clit  ]- 
ished   among    Texans   as    a    champion    of    freedom. 

Within  little  more  than  a  month  aftt^r  the  loss  ef 
this  patriot,  Stephen  Fuller  Austin  breathed  his  last  ;it 
Columbia.  He  had  contracted  a  cold,  which  was  suc- 
ceeded by  an  attack  of  ])neumonia,  and  died  Decern! ter 
'27th,  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  forty -three 
vears — father  and  son  beimj;  thus  victims  of  the  same 
disease.  His  remains,  followed  by  the  ])resident  mid 
his  cabinet,  both  houses  of  congress,  officers  of  the 
government,  and  a  large  concourse  of  citizens,  were 
placed  on  board  the  Vcllovi^foiif-,  and  conveyed  tn 
Peach  Point,  Brazoria  county,  where  they  were  in- 
terred with  funeral  honors.  His  place  in  the  cal)inet 
was  filled  by  R.  A.  Irwin. 

Stephen  Fuller  Austin  was  born  November  3,  I7'.*'i 

^^ Anson  Jones  denounces  tlie  location  of  Hnuston  as  the  seat  of  g'lv- 
ernment,  as  being  an  unblushing  speculation  oy  members  of  the  leai-*- 
laturu.  Ji<'pub.  Tex.,  18-19. 


bio;rapiiy  of  austfn. 


299 


nt  Austinville,  Wytho  county,  Virginia.  In  1804,  he 
was  sent  to  Colchcstor  academy,  in  Connecticut,  and 
having  remained  there  one  year,  he  removed  to  an 
academy  at  New  London.  At  tlie  age  of  fifteen,  lie 
1»(  came  a  student  of  Transylvania  University,  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  completed  his  education.  When 
twenty  years  of  ago,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
territorial  legislature  of  Missouri,  and  was  regularly 
reelected  till  1819,  in  which  year  ho  went  to  Little 
liock,  Arkansas,  where  he  was  made  circuit  judge  of 
that  territory.  TlKnice  ho  moved  to  New  Orleans, 
in  order  to  cooperate  with  his  father  in  the  projected 
rolonlzatlon  scheme.  On  the  death  of  Moses  Austin, 
his  Hon,  hi  obedience  to  his  wishes,  determined  to  carry 
out  the  enterprise.  His  efforts,  trials,  and  final  suc- 
cess in  that  undertaking  are  already  before  the  reader. 
Stt^phen  Austin  was  eminently  ada])ted  as  a  hader 
.if  settlers  in  an  unknown  country.  Nurturi'd  in  his 
childliood  hi  the  wilds  of  a  frontier  state,  Ik;  imbibed 
a  familiarity  with  the  wilderness  and  a  fearlessness  of 
its  dangers  which  never  deserted  him,  while  the  liberal 
education  whicli  he  I'eeeived  well  fitted  him  to  occupy 
tlie  position  of  ruler,  diplomatist,  or  connnissioner. 
As  a  connnandt^r  oi'  an  armv,  ]k>  himself  admits  his 
want  of  competenc}',  and  with  eagi-r  willingness  he 
resigned  his  military  appointment  on  the  occasion  of 
Ills  l)enig  chosen  commissioner  to  the  United  States. 
With  regard  to  his  character,  I  cannot  do  better  than 
transcribe  his  own  words,  whicli.  however,  make  no 
mention  of  his  noble  qualitit's,  but  reveal  only  his 
Weaknesses.  Wrlthig  to  Edwards,  the  Fredonian 
leader,  in  1825,  he  siiys:  "My  tempi-r  is  naturally 
hasty  and  impetuous;  the  welfare  of  the  settlement 
re(juired  that  I  should  control  it  effectually,  for  one 
in  ]\\y  situation,  falling  suddenly  into  a  fit  of  passion, 
iiii^ht  do  hurt  to  the  interests  of  hundreds.  My  dis- 
{•osition  is  by  nature,  also,  open,  unsuspecting,  confid- 
ing, and  accommodating  almost  to  a  fault.  I  have 
been,  therefore,  subject  in  a  peculiar  niarmer  to  impo- 


iriil 


P  3 


f.  l' 


:i(K) 


THK  REPUBLKi  OF  TEXAS. 


sition.     Exporienro   has   enlit^htcncd  me   as   to   tliis 
latter  defiriciicy,  I  foar,  almost  too  late,  for  I  am  ii|» 
prchensivt!  t)f'  having  fallen  somewhat  into  the  opposite 

J.  )'  .17 

extreme. 

It  was  true  as  he  says,  that  uiuler  the  most  trying 
cinnimstances.  and  nsHJiilcd  by  (>n<'mies,  he  exeroist-d  a 
strong  control  over  his  impulses,  fearful  of  inHictiiij;- 
injury  on  others.  \\v  made  self-assertion  suhordiiiatc 
to  the  public  weal.  But  other  traits  of  his  charactd' 
remain  to  he  added.  ifis  sense  of  erjuity  and  his  con- 
stancy, his  perseveranci!  and  fortitude,  his  intelligenoL', 
prudence,  and  s.-iLjacitv,  and  lastly,  his  endurnii 
under  persecution,  hencivokint  forgiveness  of  injuii 
and  far-reaching  phi  Ian  thro)  )y  mark  him  asnooonmioii 
person,  and  place  him  on  the  pedestal  of  great  nu'ii. 
He  was  never  married.  Dui'ing  tlu;  first  years  of  liis 
residence  in  Texas,  his  home  was  the  liouseof  S.  Ca> 
tlenum,  on  the  C(»lorado.  Later,  when  his  hrotlici- 
i'l-law,  James  F.  Perry,  removed  to  the  colony,  1m 
lived,  when  in  'i'exas,  with  his  sister,  at  Peach  Point 
})lantation,  in  Bra/oria  county,  l^esides  this  sistn, 
he  had  a  younger  brother,  named  James  Brown  An- 
tin,  who  was  well  known  in  Texas."* 


cs. 


It  cannot  be  said  that  at  the  opening  of  the  ikw 
year  the  situation  of  the  young  republic  was  tlatterinn;. 
It  is  true  that  she  was  temporarily  relieved  from  in 


^' Copy  of  an  extract  from  this  letter,  wliiuh  well  descrihea  hin  dilliciik 
])ositi<)U  witli  reganl  to  ilecisioim  about  land  grants,  and  is  marked  l>y  ciinli'i' 
and  the  frank  adnii.ssiou  on  the  part  of  the  writer  that  ho  iiad  coniniitti'l 
errors,  M-ill  ho  found  in  Fonlc,  i.  .'{(K)-;"). 

^^  iVj:.  Ahii.,  18r>9,  15:!  ()().  From  this  article  I  quote  tlie  following  'V- 
tract:  '.Sometinie.s  the  voice  of  detraction  and  ohlocjuy  wa.s  lieard.  Snint- 
times  curse.s  were  lieape<l  upon  him  hy  men  whom  he  had  served  with 
conscientious  tidelity.  But  these  are  things  which  come  to  most  uieii  wlin 
act  a  principal  part  in  what  is  transpiring  around  them,  and  in  Austin's  cisc 
these  things  were  more  than  counterl>alanoe(l.  The  great  ))ody  of  liis  lol.i- 
nists  loveci  him,  and  he  knew  it.  Tiiey  had  tried  him,  and  Iiad  fouml  iiiiii 
to  he  true  to  them  and  to  tiieir  interests. '  Thrall,  H'ikI.  Tex.,  480-!)7;  K<'iiii<ihi. 
ii.  270-2;  B>tkcrx  Tex.,  25^-4;  Yonkum,  ii.  SCyi-.S.  Linn,  in  his  Rewhis..  'M-1. 
says  of  Austin:  'He  made  many  personal  sacrifices  of  liis  own  comfort  .uiil 
property  in  the  interest  of  his  colonists,  and  was  in  return  repaid  hy  ingrati- 
tude hy  too  many  of  them.  He  had  the  patience  of  Franklin,  and  was  a  man 
of  aolia  rather  than  of  brilliant  parts. ' 


CONDITION  OF  TITK  COMMONWf:ALTH 


801 


vnsioM ;  but  tlic  ciu'iiiy  .still  tlircateiUMK  and  there  was 
no  crrtuiiitv  tliat  a  powerful  anny  would  not  before 
](iiu^  he  put  in  motion  a<^ainst  lier.  Alt]i(>U!j;l»  in  an 
a;j;il<ultural  point  of  view,  siu;  liad  soinewJiat  reeov- 
( red  fronj  tlu^  wide-spread  clesdlation  to  which  she  liad 
hrcii  tht'  victim,  much  land  still  remained  abandoned, 
jiikI  tlic  people  wei'c  universally  im]»ovei'ished.  The 
aiiiiN .  which  it  was  still  necessarv  t<»  keej)  on  foot  to 
the  number  of  nearly  1,000  men, ^' was  reduced  t<i  a 
destitute  eomlitioii  for  want  of  food  and  clothini^.  The 
•^overinneiit  was  overwhelmed  with  claims;  tlx;  treas- 
uiy  was  emj>ty,  and  i»o  innnediate  pros[)ects  of  pecu- 
niiiiy  relief  coidd  be  expected. 

Hut  tlie  year  was  not  (.lestine<l  to  })ass  without 
Texas  meetint;  with  some.'  outside  encoura_<^enient. 
Tlie  recoi>'nition  of  her  independence  had  been  the 
suhject  of  much  discussion  m  the  conj^ress  of  the 
United  States,  and  manv  memorials  from  ditt'ereiit 
liai  ts  of  that  iKition  were  addressed  to  the  ^ovei'nment 
ill  lielialf  of  it.  In  the  north,  however,  considera})le 
n|i|i(isition  was  brought  to  bear  by  the  anti-slavery 
I'ariy,  which,  foreseeinij;  annexation  as  the  ultimate 
result,  was  sti'on^ly  op[)osed  to  tin;  atloption  of  a 
iiu  asure  that  would  create  additional  slave  territory. 
Apait  from  the  (jutistion  of  slavery,  there  were  others 
(if  a  connnercial  nature  which  also  had  wi'ioht.  In 
iiise  Texas  maintained  hei'  iiuK'pi'ndence,  sIk;  would 
lie  al)le  to  o[)en  a  market  for  English  manufactures, 
wliicli  would  prove  detrimiMital  to  the  interests  of  the 
I  lilted  States.  Attain,  if  she  were  admitted  into  the 
uiiiuii,  th(3  anti-tariff  party  wouhl  oain  i)rej)onderanee 
"Vtr  that  which  sought  to  })rocure  a  monopoly  for 
American  uoods  bv  protective  duties.  On  ]Jeceinber 
•--,  ls;')(;,  a  message  of  Prc^sident  Jackson,  on  the 
sui)ifet  of  the  riicosxnition  of  Tt^xas  was  laid  befoi'e 
coiinress.     At  its  conclusion    he  makes  use  of  these 


M 


i'"'  M 


"Ydakuni  states  that  at  the  close  of  18.%  the  Texan  army  coiisi-sted  of 
alioiit  TOO  men  enlisted  for  the  period  of  the  war,  and  80  wlio  had  still  six 
Uiouthi  tu  survu,  Jlkt.  Tex.,  ii.  205. 


f,.| 


:«(•_' 


TIIK  UKl'LULir  OK  TKXAS. 


L.M 


til   -iiv 


\iU 


wordis:  "Pnun'iK'c,  tlicroforo,  socnis  to  dirtato  tluit 
we  should  still  stand  aloof,  and  maintain  our  pntscnt 
attitude,  if  n(>t  until  Mexico  Uself  or  one  of  tlie  ^ru'nl 
foreisj;n  powers  shall  reco«;ni/e  the  independence  t>t' 
the  new  government,  at  least  until  tlu'  lapse-  of  Wwu- 
or  the  course  of  events  siiall  have  proved,  beyond  <iivil 
or  dispute,  the  ahility  <»f  the  people  (tf  that  <'ouutry  tn 
maintain  theii'  se)>arate  sovi'ieijj;ntv,  and  to  U|)1iip1i| 
the  iiovernment  constituted  hv  them."  '" 

But  it  was  well  known  that  Jackson  was  in  fjivdr 
of  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  Texas.  ( )ii 
January  II,  I  H'57,  Walkei',  S(Miat(»r  from  \rississi|i|ii, 
submitteil  a  I'esolutiou  to  the  senate  to  the  ett'ect  tlint 
the  independence  of  Texas  should  he  acknowledi^id, 
urjjjini^  as  a  reason  that  the  threatened  invasion  nf 
that  country  had  proved  ahortive.  tliat  the  army  of 
General  Bravo  "  had  been  reduced  by  desertion  pikI 
othei'  causes  to  a  very  small  number,  that  Bravo  had 
conse«|uently  rcsijurned,  and  the  invasion  m  all  proha- 
i)ility  would  be  abandoned.  After  several  efforts  (Hi 
the  part  of  Walker—who  expressed  himself  convincid 
tiiat  the  ]iresident  would  cheerfully  unite  with  cdii 
Ljress  in  rect>|L^nizin!L>;  the  independence  of  Texas- to 
l)rini>-  hi«  resolution  to  the  vote,  on  March  1,  18'{7,  it 
was  called  up,  and  after  some  discussion,  passed  hy  a 
vote  of  twenty -three  to  nineteen.*'  On  the  f(»llo\viii'4 
day  a  motion  was  made  to  reconsider  the  voti ,  Itut 
was  lost  bv  a  vote  of  tweutv-four  to  twentv-fniir.' 
The  negotiations,  iidwever,  for  the  annexation  of 
Texas  were  not  listenei,  to  by  the  Ignited  States  uov- 
ermnent. 

Shortlv  after  tlic  i)assaue  of  this  resolution  tlw 
Texan  minister  in  Washington  was  duly  recognised. 
and  Alcec  Labranche  appointed  by  Jackson  as  cliaige 

*^ //.  Ex.  Ddc,  t'Kiig.  'J4,  ses.s.  '2.,  No.  'A'l,  \).  4. 

*' Bravo  liiid  been  iippointnd  to  the  coiniiiaml  in  the  place  of  I'itim.  wlin 
was  removed  on  account  of  liis  loaning  toward  federalism. 

*-  Not  as  Yoakinn  states. — ii.  207 — twenty-three  to  twenty-two. 

"ro»7.  DelHit^-s,  18.%,  1837.  xiii.  3(J0,  527,797,  986,  1010-i:i.  101'^  Tt 
must  he  remarked  that  on  March  1st.  v/hen  the  resolution  was  pasjicil.  >it 
members  of  the  seuiite  wuru  abseut, 


ritKSlDKNTS   MKSSACK. 


:«):{ 


d'atlaiii's  to  tlu'  lU'W  i('pul»lic,  tlio  liouso  of  rcprc- 
s(  iitjitivi's  luivin«ij  inado  un  appntpriutioii  for  a  diplo- 
iiiiitic  U!j;«'i>t  to  that  uiovcMinicnt. 

It  lias  already  Ik-cu  iiu'iitioiud  tliat  <»ii  A.])ril  17. 

|s;!7.    tlic   finhixinlnicf  was    taken  l>y   two  Mexieaii 

riMS-(»t'-war.      On  the  vessel  was  William  11.  Wharton 


I)  ._ 

who  was  on  his  return    from  the  United  States.      He 

\\;i>  conveyed  to  Matainoros  with  the  otlier  captives. 


(I  confined  in  prison.  His  hrotlier,  Colonel  Jolin 
II  Whaiton,  havin;4  ohtained  |)ermission  and  a  Wix^jr, 
jiiucceded  thither  with  thirty  Mexican  prisoners,  in 
the  hope  of  effeetin;4  his  relea.se,  hut  on  his  arrival  he 
was  seized  and  thrown  into  a  duii'^eon.  William 
W'liarton  in  the  meantinu',  l)y  the  aid  <tf  Ca|>tain 
Tliompson  <»f  the  ^r<'xiean  navy,  escajied  and  reached 
Iioiiic.  His  hrotlier.  after  an  imprisonment  of  six 
(lays,  also  succee<led  in  escapin*^  and  returned  to 
Texas.  1'iiompson,  who  had  aj^reed  to  desei't  the 
ciHiiiy's  service,  had  )u-eviously  left  Matamoros.  his 
<li|iarturc  heino'  hast<.Mied  hy  information  ;jf*i\'en  ajjjainst 
liiiii  to  the  authorities. 

<  )n  May  1,  ls;{7,  conjjjress  reass(Mnl)led  at  the  town 
nf  {[oustoii,  and  on  tlie  5th  the  ])resident  read  hismes- 
sul^'c.  lieferrinn'  to  the  reco<;'n'itioii  of  their  indepcnd- 
riice  hy  the  United  States,  lit;  said:  "We  now  occupy 
the  ])roud  attitude  <.f  a  sovereii^n  and  independent  re 
liuhlic,"  and  towaril  the  close  of  jiis  address,  i-emarked 
that  Texas,  confident  of  her  power  to  sustain  the 
ri;j,iits  for  which  she  had  contend»'d,  was  not  willing;- 
tit  invoke  the  mediation  of  other  ])ovvei's.  Witli  re- 
.i'ard  tt)  the  financial  position  of  the  ni'v-rnment,  it 
cniild  hardly  have  assumed  a  much  wotsf  stat(>.  On 
account  of  tlu^  unfavorahlo  condition  of  the  money 
luarke^  in  the  United  States,  no  portion  of  the 
8.1.000,000  loan  had  been  realized,  and  the  land  scrip" 

'' III  iinlur  t(i  raisi' niwuis  to  iiioft  tlie  ino.st  pressing  wautu  until  sonic 
l"irtiiin  of  the  C.j,(K)0.(K)0  lo.aii  could  he  reali/.e<l,  tlie  iircHident  had  Ih'i'm 
^iiitliori/ed  hy  acts  of  necemher  10,  1SH(>,  to  Ik)^)^  S''.J0,00(),  and  to  Hell  land 
H'lip  to  the  amount  of  500,000  acres,  at  a  price  not  less  than  50  cents  per 


(i» 


III:! 


vm 


'  § 


«■ '  >'/ 


pi 


i 


304 


J'HK  UEPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


liad  produced  nothing,  owing  to  the  questional)lo  ac- 
tion t>f  the  agents  at  New  Orleans,  who  would  rend*  r 
no  account  of  their  transactions  to  the  executive,  and 
dishonored  drafts  drawn  upon  them  by  the  latt«f. 
Sjjeaking  of  the  land-bill,  of  December  22,  18:i(!, 
which  had  been  vetoed  by  the  president,  but  passed 
by  a  constitutional  nuijority — Houston  stated  that  liis 
views  on  that  (juestion  had  undergone  no  cliange.  lie 
considered  that  the  l)ill  was  not  adaj)ted  to  the  situa- 
tion,*' inasmuch  as  no  provision  was  made  for  section- 
iziiig  the  })ublic  domain;  and  he  recommended  that 
some  i>lan  should  be  devised  that  would  ascertain  all 
the  located  lands  of  the  country,  by  which  mctluxl 
the  vacant  lands  would  be  readily  indicated.  Unlrss 
some  such  precaution  were  adopted  endless  litigal'mii 
would  be  tlie  consequence.  ()n  the  subject  of  tlic 
lK)undary  question  with  the  United  States,  he  believi<l 
that  all  trirtin'j;  difhcultit^s  that  had  lu'eviouslv  existtd 
would  be  obviated  bv  reference  to  the  trcatv  of  IS  lit 
between  Spain  and  tliat  nation.  In  connection  with 
this  question  he  called  attention  to  a  treaty  recently 
made  by  the  govi'rnment  of  tlie  Ignited  States  with 
tlie  Caddo  Indians  on  the  nortli-eastern  frontier.  l>y 
which  the  latter  ci'ded  certain  lands  to  the  fonii'i. 
'riie  Caddo  Indians,  he  said,  were  the  princi}>al  ag- 
gressors on  the  Texan  frontiers,  and  showed  a  disjm- 
sitlon  to  amalgamate  with  the  wihl  tribes  undoubtedly 
within  the  unquestionable  boundary  of  Texas.  Urgent 
remonstrances  had  been  made  to  the  irovernment  nf 
the  United  States  by  the  Texan  representatives  ir. 
Washington  on  the  subject  of  the  condition  and  dis- 
position of  these  Indians.  The  army  of  Texas  ha' I 
never  been  in  a  mon;  favorable  condition,  and  its  ini 
provement  since  the  last  session  of  congress  was  cmi- 
spicuous.     It  had  been  successfully  reorganizc^il.  and 

acre.  This  scrip  was  issued  to  Toby  and  Bros,  of  Now  Orleans  ami  !  »avi.l 
White  of  Mobile,  wlio  were  appointed  agents  for  tlie  governiiiuiit.  '/';•. 
Lawn,  i.  76-7;  Oou/fe,iU  sup.,  ^^2,  (A. 

'■■The  constitution  provided  that  'the  whole  territory  of  the  ri'pulilio 
should  be  sectionized,  in  a  manner  liereafter  to  be  prescribed  by  law.'  <  '•'■»■ 
eral  provisions  sec.  10.   Tex:  Laii^,  i.  21. 


SLAVERY. 


305 


a  svstem  of  discipline  and  subordination  establislied. 
By  tlie  reduction  of  the  number  of  supernumerary 
oiiiccrr,,  its  expenses  had  been  diminished  to  $2l!!),0J{2 
1)  v  annum/"  A  similar  favorable  report  could  not  be 
iiiiub  witli  rcu^ard  to  the  navy,  the  insufficiency  of 
wliich  recjuired  the  serious  ccMislderation  of  congress. 
A  confidential  officer  had  been  despatched  to  the 
United  States  for  the  jmrpose  of  purchasijig  such 
vessels  as  would  enable  Texas  to  keep  connnand  of 
the  gulf  The  weak  condition  of  the  navy  had  not 
hixm  without  injurious  result  upon  connnerce,  which 
had  suffered  to  some  extent.  President  Houston 
next  makes  remarks  upon  the  African  slave  trade,  and 
ill  conformity  with  tlie  constitution"  denounced  it  as 
ail  uulioly  and  cruel  traffic.  It  being  known  tliat 
thousands  of  Africans  had  lately  been  im[)()rted  into 
the  island  of  Cuba  with  the  design  of  introducing  a 
portion  of  them  into  Texas,  tlie  ministers  of  the  re- 
puMic  had  made  the  matter  a  subject  of  representa- 

"■'Ou  DecemlKjr  15,  18.^6,  an  act  was  passed  appro])riating  .STOO.CXX)  to 
ilifi  ly  tlu!  u.\i)onscs  of  tlio  army  for  the  years  1831!  and  IS.'JT;  sl.">(),(MM)  lllll^^o 
(if  the  navy;  and  sir)0,()0(),  those  of  the  executive  and  civil  <lc[)artnicnts  of 
till' f^nviriinient — iil  all  S|,(H)0,()00.  lu  case  there  slioidd  he  u<»  inniieys  ill 
till'  tiiM-^iM'v  when  these  demands  were  made  upon  it,  according  to  law,  the 
stci'ctary  was  authorized  to  issue  scrip  to  persons  lawfully  entitled  to  the 
same.  A/.,  i.  8r>  (). 

*•  III  tlic  gi'Ucral  provisions  of  the  constitution,  sec.  9,  the  importation  or 
ad'.ii-i^mn  of  Africans  ornegroes  into  the  repnlilie,  excepting  from  tlie  U.  S.  of 
AiiR'pici,  was  forever  prohihited,  and  dccl  iixd  to  lie  piracy.  '1  he  phi'ase- 
iiligy  'i'X('c]'tiiig  from  the  U.  S.'  nii\  seem  at  first  siglit  singular.  But  it 
.lUHt  ln^  luiiiie  in  mind  that  most  of  t'lO  settlers  in  Texas  came  trom  tho 
4ivc  hdldiiig  stiites  of  the  norUiern  .  iiion;  tiiat  tlio.sc  stales  were  the  stanch 
iillirs  of  Texas,  and  hy  iinmigni  t'oti  from  them  slic  expected  to  increa  e  her 
li'piilation,  strei'gth,  and  prospeiity.  U-dc.-i-j  luture  settlers  were  allowed 
1"  liring  thiur  slaves  it  was  well  known  that  they  wotdd  he  very  few  ill 
imuilier.  Moreover,  the  sea' city  of  LJ'orand  tiie  almndance  of  rich  land 
iiwiile  the  tolerance  of  slave  lahor  an  iiiijiortint  item  in  the  future  progress 
"i  the  country.  Thus,  though  Texas  projuTly  denounced  the  tr.itiie  in 
African  .slaves,  her  vital  interests  rcijuircd  that  she  should  not  refuse  to  ad- 
mit a  .system  legalized  in  the  states  from  whii'h  most  of  her  immigrants 
i'aii.(>,  liy  allowing  them  to  hriiiif  their  pi.>i)crty  with  them,  and  employ  it 
lirntitalil}- ali''e  to  themselves  and  the  rcimlilic.  Hut  her  law  on  the  suli- 
ji'Ct  was  ,;  ent.  By  act  of  Dee.  "Jl,  is;i('»,  all  ]iersons  convicted  of  iiitro- 
ilui-iiiL,'  .\liii.:uii  shivcs,  witii  the  ahove  cxctption,  were  to  .  ulicr  death,  with- 
nut  liciiilit  of  clergy;  the  same  penalty  Win  to  he  inllicted  upon  ner.-ons  w'lo 
''liniilil  uiirodiue  any  slave  or  slaves  from  the  U.  S.,  exec])t  such  as  had  !'■  iii 
liriviciusly  introduced  and  held  in  slavery  iu  thut  republic,  iu  ooulonuiiy 
with  tiic  laws  of  that  government. 

lIisT.  Me.x.  States,  Vol.  U.    "iO, 


m'. 


306 


THE  REPXJBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


T^ 


tion  to  the  government  at  Washington,  to  enable  it 
to  devise  means  of  preventing  the  landing  of  slaves 
in  Texas,  which  the  hisufficiency  of  her  own  navy 
precluded  her  from  doing.  This  last  consideration 
should  be  a  sufficient  reason  to  redeem  the  rcpuhlic 
from  the  suspicion  of  connivance,  and  induce  liutli 
England  and  the  United  States  to  employ  sucli  a 
portion  of  their  force  in  the  gulf  as  would  arrest  the 
tjraffic.  England,  he  believed,  would  not  regar<l  the 
prosperity  of  Texas  with  unkind  feelings.  A  corres- 
pondence with  the  Mexican  consul  at  New  Orhaiis 
had  been  opened,  containing  propositions  for  the;  ex- 
change of  prisoners.  No  official  response  had  Ite  •, 
received  from  that  government,  but  nevertlui ',<.s 
Houston  was  of  opinion  that  all  the  i)risoners  slidLiid 
be  released  and  allowed  to  leave  the  shores  of  TexaL^ 
as  soon  as  thev^  could  do  so." 

The  most  important  question  which  occupied  con- 
gress during  1887  was  that  of  the  land  bill.  ])iniiiu' 
the  two  sessions  held  this  year,^'  the  niattej"  mis 
brought  up  again  and  again,  and  several  acts  amend- 
ing the  original  one  were  passed.  One  difficulty  arose 
from  the  requirement,  by  the  provision  of  the  consti- 
tution, that  the  public  domain  should  be  sectioniz((l, 
histead  of  being  laid  off  in  leagues  and  labors  afi(  r  tlic 
Spanish  land  system.  The  older  settlers  were  opposed 
to  this  new  plan,  and,  as  seen,  it  was  not  adoi)ted.  It 
was  no  easy  matter  to  solve  this  problem  of  the  dis- 
posal of  the  public  lands.  There  were  many  knotty 
pohits  involved  in  it.  On  the  closing  of  tlie  land- 
offices  in  November  1830,  hundreds  of  land  titles. 
many  of  them  C()rrui)tly  issued  by  the  legislature  of 
Coahuila  and  Texas,  or  fraudulently  obtained  by  land 
speculators,  were  lying  hicomplete  in  the  couunissiun- 

^'Tho  Mexican  prisoners  were  first  placnl  nndor  guard  on  <l,ilvi'stiin 
Islaml  where  their  privations  were  very  severe.  On  August  \0,  Is.'iii,  tiny 
were  removed  to  Aniihuac,  nntl  thenoe  to  Liberty.  On  April  'J"),  |s:',7,  tiny 
were  finally  released.  Di'lijuiinx  Dhmi;  Liini'n  livmhih.,  246. 

<'The  ])reHident  called  a  H])ecial  seiiBiun  of  congress  iu  Sept.  L'jtli,  whiili 
merged  iutu  thu  regular  aussiou. 


i.     :Si 


LAND  MATTERS. 


807 


NVI'S 

ucihI- 

msti- 
lizrd. 

■rtlu' 
iiosrd 
I.  It 
'  (Us- 
notty 
laiul- 

IssKii*- 


Vl'i,  llli'V 

I'.T.  tluv 


crs'  offices.     The  grants  to  einpresarios  and  titles  de- 
i)t'ii(lin*j:  thereon  had  to  be  considered.     To  distinuuisli 
Itoitiinate  claims  and  guard  against  fraud  was  a  most 
difiicult  matter;  and  to  frame  a  bill  that  would  ditVat 
tlic  ingenuity  of  land-stealers  without  violating  the 
ri'j,lits  of  citizens  of  Texas,  justly  acquired  uiuier  the 
legislations  of  Mexico,  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  and 
ivcn  of  Texas  herself,  was  almost  an  impossibility. 
Auain,  land  bounties  had  been  granted  to  the  volun- 
teers who  had  so  valiantly  stejiped  forward   to  aid 
Texas  in  her  direst  need,  and  land  scrip  had  Inen  sold 
ill   the   United    States.     To  protect  the  soldi(;r  and 
(•(tldiiist  in  the  priority  of  choice  of  location  against 
uu{)iincii)led  speculators,  who  sui)poi-ted    their  prior 
claiins  by  perjury,'^*  was  no  easy  matter.      Head-rights 
tit' iinhviduals  were  purchased  by  numbers  of  persons 
who  never  intended  to  n)ake  Texas  their  home ;  names 
of  natives — to  whom  exceptional  privileges  as  to  ex- 
tent of  grants  were  extended — were  used  to  substan- 
tiate claims,  and  in  fault  of  this  recourse,  fictiiious 
iiaiiies  were  sup))lied,  and  head-rights  und<'r  tliem  ob- 
tained.    No  legislature  has  ever  had  the  task  of  un- 
ravelling a   more  com])licated    entanglement  of  just 
witii  unjust  claims,  or  has  been  called  uj»on  to  devise 
a  law  tjiat  could  dlscrinunate  between  rights  almost 
i'()i;' noised  in  the  scale  of  justice.     When  the  de(  ree 
"1  No  •'  :nber  ISSf)  was  passed,  many  old  settlers  ami 
lii.iy  (soldiers  entitled  to  the  land  bounty  were  in  the 
ii  III,  ,  1(1  rr,ntinui.d   in  service  long  afterward.     By 
epeiiing  ^iie  land-ofKce  and  reconmiencing  the  distri- 
Initiou  of  grants,  these  men,  in  their  absence,  wouKl 
l)e  tleprived  of  their  just  right  to  j)rioi'  choire  of  loca,- 
tieii.     This  was  one  of  Houston's  reasons  for  opposing 
the  passage  of  the  land   law  of  l)t!cend>er  '2'2,  IH'M>. 
The  law  was  to  have  gone  into  etlect  June  1,  IH;!?, 

'SjuNik'ug  (if  tlio  lantl  law  of  1838 — of  wliich  mention  will  l>f  made  in  tlu! 
1.  ■  \ii«iiii  .lones,  who  voted  in  favor  of  it,  says:  'The  greatest  fault,  after 
«!•.  '  .,'  ail  lie  found  with  this  l)ill  is  that  it  did  not  stop  perjury:  for  asido 
''•■■•  ,  I'iiiiy,  whicli  no  law  can  st'']),  few  evils  have  grown  nut  ni  it,  Tlio 
Uw  .;:,uU  [iu;jtius»ea  uvury  pusttiblu  sat'uguurd  ugaiust  fraud.'  livyuh.  Tex.,  2U 


m 


w 


.%8 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


U 


lij. 


l)ut  the  opposition  to  it  caused  it  to  be  suspcndod  till 
October  1st  of  tliat  year;  and  on  Sei)teinber  IJOtli,  in 
consideration  of  the  president's  statement  tliat  prcpii- 
rations  were  bein^   made  to  run  the  boundary  liiu' 
between  Texas  and  tlie  United  States,  which  would 
doubtk!SS  increase  the  limits  of  tlie  former's  civil  iind 
political  jurisdiction,  a  johit  resolution  wius  adopted  to 
sus[)end  the  o[)eration  of  the  land-office  until  the  fur- 
ther action  of  congress.     Finally,  on  IX^cendter  Utli, 
the  stweral  acts  bi'hior  amended,  were  reduced  to  unc 
act,    I     '       general  Ian  1  law  ado[)ted."     Under  tlii-^ 
law,  a         missioner  of  the  general  land-office,  witii  a 
salary  oi  ^.'{,000  a  year,  was  to  be  a[)pointed  by  tlie 
president,    with    the    advice    and     consent    of    tlic 
senate.     For  t!ach  county  a  surveyor  was  to  Ix^  iip- 
pointed,  and  a  board  of  connnissioners,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  investigate  claims  for  head-rights,  and  giant 
certificates    upon    proof  of   right    being    establislnd. 
]*ersons  advancing  claims  under  the  tdd  colonization 
laws  were  recjuired  to  take  oath  that  they  were  rcsj- 
<lent  in  Texas  at  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  IikK  - 
pendence,  that  tlu^v  had  not  left  the  countrv  during 
the  campaign  of  the  s[)ring  of  IH.'3(),  and  prove  by  two 
or  more  creditable  witnesses  that  they  were  aclually 
citizens  of  Texas  at  the  date  of  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence.    In  this  provision,  widows  and  orphans 
wvvv.  excepted.      Conflicting  claims  were  to  bi;  triid 
before  the  nearest  justice  of  the  |K>ace  and  six  disin- 
terested jurors.     Enii»resario  contnu'ts  having  ceased 
at  the  date  of  the  independence,  all  vacant  lands  in 
cludi'd  in  such  grants  were  declared  the  propeit\  (it 
the    republic.       Surveyors'    field-notes,    with    C(»unt\ 
commissioners'    certificates,  were   to    be    sent  to  tlu' 
connnissioner  of  the  gencra,l  land-office,  who,  on  tluir 
being  foun<l  to  i)e  correct,  and  the  locations  theiviii 
(lescribed  situate<l  on  vacant  lands,  was  authorized  t" 
issue  patents  signed  by  the  president  and  countersign!  il 


"'TliiM  law  was  also  vetoed  by  the  president,  but  was  speedily  passed  i" 
both  liuu:;iua  by  u  cuiutitutioaal  uiajurity. 


GENERAL  CONDITION  AND  I'KOSrKCrS. 


309 


bv  liimsclf.  Each  county  was  dcclai-od  to  constitute 
a'>t'(tioM,  and  each  surveyor  was  required  ti)  make  out 
;i  iiiai»  of  his  res[)e('tivo  county,  on  wliicli  t]ie  plots  of 
(let  (KhI  lands  wore  to  ho  fairly  shown.  Lastly,  audited 
claiuis  a*rainst  tlio  government  were  made  reoeivable 
ill  pavment  of  puhlic  dues  on  lands  for  a  cjuantity  not 
excci'ding  two  leagues  and  two  lahors  for  any  one  in- 
dividual. 

The  lan<l  oftico  was  to  ho  opened  for  old  settlers  and 
s()l(!i<rs  on  tlio  first  Thursday  i>»  Fehruarv,  18M8,  and 
tor  otlier  claimants  six  months  later.  Thou«ji"h  the 
law  was  detect  'o,  and  under  it  many  frauiluleiit 
claiiiis  were  passed  through  the  formaliti(^s  necessar\' 
t(i  secure  titles,  it  was  tlie  host  that  could  1m'  secured 
at  that  tniie,  witliout  contiicting  with  rights  ucijuiicd 
uiid«r  former  legislations.  Early  in  IH:?S  a  large 
miiid)er  of  clanns  were  presented  and  d(H*ided  up<»n, 
did  Spanish  grants  being  generally  sustained,  owing 
to  tlu!  contlict'ng  interests  hi  the  T(!xan  legislatui'e, 
wliith  had  the  power  to  s<'t  asi<le  grants  only  on  the 
<^!onii(l  of  non-peiformance  of  coiulitions. 

Among  th(^  acts  of  congress  in  IH.'?7,  mention  nuist 
]■'  made  of  one  which  was  passed  .lune  I'Jth,  [iro- 
VKHiig  for  the  sale  of  (lalveston  and  other  islands 
liclonging  to  the  republic,  in  lots  of  from  ten  to  forty 
arn  s.  Anson  Jones  denounced  tliis  action;  but  it 
must  he  observi'd  that,  while  affording  some  relief  to 
the  govermnent  in  its  financial  straits,  it  gave  a  great 
iiiil)ulse  to  the  growth  of  the  new  town  of  (Jalveston, 
Avliich  soon   became  the    most  important   seaport  of 

Tr\as. 

During  the  last  session  of  the  congress  in  this  year, 
iiiU(  h  attention  was  jiaid  to  incorporating  towns,  to 
(li'lining  the  boundaries  «)f  <dd  countit's  and  creating 
iH'W  ones.""'     Having  remained  in  session    from  St'p- 

"I'lic  towiiH  of  Sliulbyville,  IJrazoria,  Ricliiiinncl,  San  Folipe  dc  Austin, 
l.:ii;i'.iiii;c'.  Sun  Aiitiiiiid,  Vii'toria,  < idiizalu/..  Matiinnnla,  Miiia,  Houstdii, 
\\  MsliiMutim,  (Viickctt,  Kc^fugio,  ('<iluiiil>ia,  Clarksvilli',  IjOxiiiL'toii,  Mil.iiii, 
f'lil'iiil,  Siiii  I'atrii'ii).  aiul  .Joiie.slionmgli,  wcro  all  iiiriiiiiiinitc'cl  diiiiii)^  this 
.■"ussma.     Xlii;  u\iw  couutica  of    Moutgomcry,  I'ayctto,  Fauuiii,  Itybcrtaoii, 


'1       f 


.     ! 


if. 


t 


i  i 

f  ! 


I 


j-'i 


I! 


W'l 


SIO 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS, 


toiiiber  25th  to  the  end  of  December,  it  adjourned  till 
May,  1838. 

The  prospects  of  the  republic  now  held  out  prom- 
ises of  pcnuanency  and  success.  The  crops  of  18;57 
had  been  unexpectedly  good;  immigrants  were  flink- 
ing  into  the  countrj'-,  whereby  the  imports  were 
increased,  and  the  revenue  from  tariff"  dues  projxjr- 
tionately  augmented ;  lands  were  rising  in  price;  and 
commerce  was  assuming  a  prosj^erous  condition. 
From  Mexico,  Texas  had  nothuig  to  fear  for  the 
present,  as  that  nation  was  embroiled  with  France, 
whose  navy  blockaded  her  ports  in  April,  18;i8,  to 
enforce  the  payment  of  certain  clahns  against  Ik  r, 
made  by  the  French  government.  Relieved  from  the 
presence  of  the  enemy  in  the  gulf,  trade  was  not  onlv 
Siifolv  1  arried  on  with  New  Orleans,  but  was  extended 
to  eastern  cities  of  the  United  States,  while  the 
western  frontier  enjoyed  rest  from  war. 

Though  military  operations  during  these  two  years 
may  be  said  to  have  ceased,  considerable  trouble  was 
caused  by  Indians  in  the  frontier  portions  of  the 
repulilic.  In  search  of  the  best  lands,  locatiis 
pushed  forward  hito  regions  regarded  by  the  Indians 
as  their  hunting  grounds,  and  the  latter,  instigated  by 
]\texican  agents,  ojiposed  these  encroachments,  not 
unreasonably  believuig  their  assertions  that  the  Avliite 
p('o[)le  would  deprive  them  of  their  lands.  A  nunilicr 
of  murders  were  committed  by  the  savages,  and  a 
special  corps  was  organized  to  suppress  their  depreda- 
tions.    Several   conflicts   of  minor  importance  wove 

and  Fort  Bond  were  created.  7V,r.  Lnwn,  ii.  I'i-lSi  passim.  Tlie  origiiiiil 
coiintius,  accdrding  to  a  li.st  supplied  hy  TliniU,  Jlixf.  Trx.  'JS7,  wcrf: 
Austin,  Bra/oria,  Bejar,  Sabine,  <ionzaIc/,  (ioliad,  Harrisliurg,  J:isiiii\ 
JuiltTson,  Lil>crty,  Mafcigorda,  Alina,  Xacogdociie,s,  Red  Riv(!i-,  Viitoria, 
San  Augustine,  Shelby,  Refugio,  San  Patricio,  Wa-sliington,  Milam,  .laiksmi, 
and  L'olorado.  It  should  he  remarked  that  8<mie  of  the  towns  alien  u  men- 
tioiicd  had  been  incorporated  in  the  previous  session  by  act  of  Juiir  -"itli, 
whidi  declared  Nacogdoches,  San  Augustine,  Texana,  Washington,  Thazmi;!, 
(\)hinibia,  Velasco,  Richmond,  Matagorda,  Columbus  in  Colonido  county, 
Independence  in  Washington  county,  Hou.ston,  Bejar,  Nasliville,  Sar.ilivillc. 
Anahuae,  Bevilport,  and  Harriaburg,  were  all  declared  incorporated  towus, 
AS  was  aUio  Liberty  two  days  later. 


INDIAN  DIFFICULTIES. 


311 


emraijed  in,  which  did  not  always  result  in  victory  for 
tlio  Texans.  The  fight  most  disastrous  to  the  white 
HUH  took  place  in  Navarro  county,  hi  the  fall  of  1838. 
Ciiptaiu  William  M.  Love,  with  a  party  of  twenty- 
four  men,  while  engaged  in  a  land-locating  expedition, 
met  a  large  number  of  Indians,  who  declared  their 
intention  to  kill  them  if  they  did  not  desist  from  their 
survey.  Love,  with  another  man,  at  this  juncture, 
returned  for  a  compass  to  supply  the  place  of  one 
which  had  got  out  of  order,  leaving  urgent  injunctions 
to  his  comrades  to  desist  from  their  work  and  join  the 
Indians  in  buftalo  huntiiiij  until  their  return.  Love's 
advice  was  neglected ;  the  Indians,  true  to  their  word, 
attacked  the  Texans  and  killed  seventeen  of  them. 
The  Indians  lost  three  times  that  number.  This  en- 
"lairement  became  known  as  the  fight  of  Battle  Creek." 
On  October  25th  of  the  same  year.  Colonel  Neil  en- 
ua'j;cd  in  a  fierce  battle  at  Jose  ^laria  village,  later 
Fort  Grahan^,  with  the  Comanches,  General  Rusk 
liaving  a  few  days  previously,  at  the  head  of  200 
HKii,  fought  with  a  combined  force  of  Indians  and 
^loxkan  marauders  at  the  Kickapoo  town,  near  Fort 
Houston,  on  the  Trinity,  In  both  these  conflicts  the 
savages  were  defeated. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  commissioner-general 
of  the  land-office,  10,890  certificates  had  been  i.ssued 
by  the  diftereut  county  boards  up  to  November  1, 
1838,  rtpresenthig  20,242,11)!)  acres,  wliile  the  secre- 
tary of  war  reported  tliat  up  to  October  loth,  2,900,000 
acii's  had  been  distributed  to  soldiers  as  land  boun- 
tit  s.'*     The  issues  of  land  scrip  amounted  to  2,193,000 

''An  account  of  it  is  given  in  Ti'.r.  Aim.,  ISiJS,  5"J-.'?.  Further  particulars 
Mitli  regard  to  Indian  iitl'airs,  ■will  lie  fdiiiul  i:i  Ailci'  Ilcj.  liii.,  iiulox,  p.  vii., 
II.,  iv.  1«»,  05,  05),  1)8,  178,  11)8,  IMT);  //..«.,yo»',v  Mrs.-,.  1„<I.  Af.,  Nov.  I'.t.  1838; 
I':ii«rt'.i  Tv.e.  Vol.  Dor.,  Nos.  H),  Go,  MS.  FilLsala,  Mi'in.  Oiurra  Tr.r.,  ii.  l'M-5; 
T<x.  J//V.  Pnmph.,  Nos.  11,  1.3. 

''M) wing  to  ik'feot  in  the  laws  regulating  Ixninty  lands,  many  instances 
liiid  (iceurred  of  a  soldier  claiming  twice  the  amount  it  was  intendeil  that  ho 
shiiuld  receive.  Enlisting  for  a  delinite  period,  he  obtained  his  discharge 
mill  received  his  lanil;  then  reeulisting,  ho  claimed  the  same  amount  again. 
Kiport  of  Sec.  of  War,  in  Tvx.  Jlinc.  Pavmh.,  uo.  7,  p.  13-14,  L'S;  Oouge, 
Fi.-:  nut.  Tt;r.,  S2-3. 


!        I 


ffl! 


J! 


I 


if'ii; 


1^1 

H'>' 

1;: 

liRnl 

^pj:.  y ;; 

Pllnl^p 

H^ra:r-'  .    f!  i  • 

If 

m 

1 

312 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 


acres,  of  which  scrip  to  the  amount  of  870,000  acres 
had  been  returned  by  the  agents,  and  a  portion  rcjuc- 
senting  00,800  acres  had  been  funded. 

In  a  financial  point  of  view,  the  outlook  was  bad. 
The  public  debt  liatl  been  increased,  and  the  credit  of 
the  republic  was  well-nigh  exhausted.  On  June  7. 
1837,  an  act  was  passed  for  funding  the  debt,  by  tlic 
provisions  of  which  the  government  stock  th(  ichy 
created  sliould  bear  an  interest  of  ten  per  centum  a 
year,  and  be  redeemable  at  the  discretion  of  the  gov- 
ernment at  any  time  after  September  1,  1842.  Two 
days  later,  another  act  autliorizeil  tlie  president  to 
issue  promissory  notes  to  the  amount  of  $500,000, 
which  were  made  receivable  hi  payment  of  dues  to 
the  government.  From  the  report  of  the  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  November  3,  1838,  it  a})[)ears  that 
the  funded  debt  amounted  to  $427,200,  consisting  of 
military  scrip  in  the  sum  of  $31)6,800  and  land  scrip 
of  $30,400.  With  regard  to  promissory  notes,  a  lilll 
was  passed  through  both  houses  early  in  May  autlior- 
izlng  the  issue  to  be  increased  to  $1,000,000.  This 
act  the  president  vetoed,  and  in  liis  message  on  tlic 
subject  urged  as  his  main  reason  the  de})reciatioii 
which  such  notes  had  already  suli'ered  in  the  moiny 
market.""  Another  bill  was  then  introduced,  author- 
izing the  president  to  reissue  the  promissory  notes  jis 
they  returned  into  the  treasury,  and  leaving  the  ques- 
tion of  increasing  the  issue  to  $1,000,000  to  his  discre- 
tion. After  some  discussion  the  bill  was  passt'd,]\lay 
1 8th,  and  approved  by  Houston.  The  amount  of 
promissory  notes  in  circulation  at  the  end  of  Novem- 
ber 1838,  according  to  a  connnunication  from  the  stc- 
retary  of  the  treasury  to  the  senate,  was  $73!),73'.i. "' 
As  the  unpaid  audited  clahns  amounted  to  ov(  r 
$775,000,  it  appears  that  the  indebtedness  of  the  re- 

^'"  When  the  first  issue  reached  New  Orleans  last  antnmn,  it  was  jius^iil 
at  a  sliglit  (lisoouiit,  hut  as  tI;o  diiaiitity  inuroasoil  in  tliat  market,  the  (Upiv- 
ciation  increased,  until  the  value  of  the  pajiiT  was  reduoed  to  forty  cents  dii 
the  dollar.'  Himxloti'-i  Mrssn,,,;  May  I'J,  ].S:iS,  in  7'r.c.  .l//,c.  I',iiii]i/i.,  no.  Id. 

^"Tho  communicatiou  bears  the  date  of  Aov.  ii'J,  l6oS;  copy  iu  Id.,  uo.  'X 


riNAXCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


313 


puhlir  at  the  close  of  1838  was  nearly  .Sl,04'2,000." 
N (it withstaiul in ji;  tills  debt  and  the  diminution  of  iii- 
(uiiu'  by  making  tlie  pnnnissoiy  notes  receivable  in 
jiii\  iiieiit  of  public  dues,  the  })rospects  of  relief  were 
111  it  wanting.  A  deep  interest  was  taken  in  Texan 
securities  by  persons  in  the  United  States;  from  im- 
jidit  (Uities,  up  to  SeptendxT  18IiS,  the  net  rec(M})ts 
liad  amou?ited  to  .$278,1. '34,  and  this  source  of  revenue 
^v.ls  expected  pro[)ortionately  to  increase  with  the  rap- 
idly increasing  population  and  connnerce.  Gouge,  in 
liis  Fiftcal  Jlisfory  of  Texas,  sneers  at  the  financial  op- 
tiatioiis  of  the  new  government;  but  it  is  difficult  to 
coiiceive  by  what  other  methods  it  could  have  main- 
tained itself  durhig  this  period  of  poverty  and  neces- 
sitv. 


l>y  a  provision  of  the  constitution,  the  term  of  office 
(if  the  first  presi<lent  was  limited  to  two  years,  without 
liis  being  eligible  to  reelection;  succeeiling  ])resi(lents 
were  to  hold  their  offit-e  for  three  "ears.  Houston's 
ti'iiii  consequently  expired  on  the  secontl  jMonday  in 
DecendxT  1838.  The  elections  were  held  on  Septem- 
licr  ;{d,  the  candidates  being  Mh-abeau  11  Lamar, 
IVtcr  W.  Gravson,  James  Collinujsworth,  and  ](()bert 
Wilson.  Before  tlie  election,  Gravson  and  Collinsjfs- 
Wdith  i)ut  an  end  to  tlieir  lives,  the  former  at  Bean's 
station  in  Tennessee,  and  tlie  latter  by  throwing  him- 
si  If  from  a  steamer  into  Galveston  Bav.""  Mirabeau 
11  Lamur  was  chosen  president  almost  unanimously,"" 
and  David  G.  Burnet,  vice-president. 

'"Tlio  excact  amnunt  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Sept.  .30,  18.3S,  was 
.*I.S,sil,4-_>5.  .bV.  (;/■  7'm(.s7//v/'N  ^r-ji.)/-/,  Nov.  .S,  1S;{S;  }'.»(/•»///,  ii. '24!).  (.'(insult 
d' 'iiji,  lit.  mip.,  11,"). 

"Till!  taiiva?s  was  a  very  bitter  (ino,  and  tlio  Texan  newspapers  alMHuidtd 
ill  n'criminatioii.s  and  alnise  in  the  political  disoission.  Yduhuiii,  ii.  '_'!."),  '.."(I; 
Tlii-'ill,  ,'!(10,  iVJS,  ,'}4().  Jiilui  A.  Whartiin,  nieniher  of  congress  from  IJra/oria, 
alai)  ilied  tliis  year. 

^' The  votes  cast  were:  for  Lamar,  6,99,");  for  Wilson,  252.  /(/.,  300. 


^■'i 


J  ? 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


'.■  r,  f. , 


i:J 


I  i  '% 


LAMAR'S  ADMiyTSTRATION. 

1838-1841. 

Presipents'  Views  on  Annexation — His  Message  to  Conoress— Oukiin- 
OF  THE  Texan  Kanoeks — Financial  Maiters — H.^milton'b  Mission  tm 
EuKoi'E— His  Faiu'ke  to  Effect  a  Loan — Indian  Waufahk  Tiik 
Nacogdoches  Revolt — Mexican  iNTUiorEs— The  Mission  and  Dkatii 
OF  Flores^Exitlsion  of  the  Cheuokees — FhiHT  AT  San  Antonio— An 
Indian  Raid— Massacre  of  the  Comanches — The  Federal  ('AMi-AiiiN— 
Battle  of  Alcantro — Uei'urlio  of  the  Rio  (Jrande  Prcx  i.aimkfi— 
Treacherocs  Allies— liArrLE  of  Saltillo — The  Santa  Fe  Kxi'k.dition— 
Its  Oii.iF.cr  and  DisastrousT Result — The  New  Catital — Rkcocmtkin 
iiY  France  and  Kn(;land — Relations  with  Mexico  Ksoi.isii  Mkiha- 
tion  Rejected — Houston  Re-elected  Rkesident — Condition  ok  iiik 
REruiiLic. 

Presidknt  Lamar  delivered  liis  inaujxural  address  to 
couiicress  on  the  Dtli  of  December.  The  most  note- 
worthy  portion  of  it  is  that  in  which  he  expicsscd 
hia  views  in  rej^ard  to  annexation  to  the  United 
States.  On  that  subject  ho  said:  **I  hav(!  never 
been  able  myself  to  perceive  the  policy  of  (lie 
desired  connection,  or  discover  in  it  any  advaiita.;!' 
either  civil,  political,  or  commercial,  which  could  pns- 
sibly  result  to  Texas.  But  on  the  contrary,  a  loii;^ 
train  of  cons(>quences  of  the  most  appallino;  (diaiaetd' 
and  mai^nitude  have  never  failed  to  present  themselves 
whenever  I  have  entertained  the  subject,  and  fmced 
U[)on  my  mind  the  unwelcome  conviction  that  the 
step  once  taken  would  produce  a  lasting  regret."  ih' 
then  enumerates  the  ri<»'hts  which  Texas  would  liave 
to  give  up  with  the  surrender  of  her  indepeiideiice, 
and  draws  a  bright  picture  of  her  possibllitiis  as  a 
sovereign  nation,  remarking  that  he  could  ni't 
"regard  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  Anieiican 

(314) 


PRESIDENT'S  MESSAOE. 


:U5 


union  in  any  other  light  than  as  the  grave  of  all  her 
liKjK'S  of  ha]>i)inL!S!4  and  greatness.'" 

( )ii  Doconiher  2 1st  ho  submitted  his  message  to  the 
t\V(»  houses.  It  is  a  lengthy  doeument  and  sets  forth 
unreservedly  the  president's  future  line  of  policy,  lie 
alvocated  the  sj)eedy  adoption  t)f  measures  to  provide 
fill' a  system  of  [)ublie  edueation,  and  urged  eongress 
to  promote  a  general  diffusion  of  knowledg(^  and  in- 
dustry hy  the  appropriation  of  lands  for  educational 
]iur[)<)ses  and  the  establishment  of  a  university.  The 
iiiuiiicipal  code,  which  embraced  a  portion  of  two 
systems  discordant  in  their  provisions  recjuired 
rt'l'orms. 

Withr(\gard  to  the  frontier  question,  he  said,  thattlie 
outlying  settlers  were  continually  ex})osed  to  predatory 
aggression  on  the  part  of  ^lexican  banditti  aiul  the 
Ii.iiIku'ous  warfare  waged  by  hostile  Indians;  tliat 
iiiiMleration  extended  to  the  natives  had  been  (bllowcd 
liy  the  perpetration  of  atrocious  cruelties;  a  merciful 
])  iliiy  had  only  acted  as  an  incentive  to  sava--  tribes 
til  persevere  hi  their  barbarities,  and  it  was  tune  that 
ail  exterminating  war  was  opened  against  them, 
vliicli  wt)uld  "admit  of  no  com})romise,  and  have  no 
ti  iiiiiiiation  except  in  their  total  extinction,  or  total 
(•\|tulsion."  He  did  not  consitler  that  the  governnu>nt 
Avas  under  any  moral  obligation  to  carry  out  the;  con- 
ditions of  the  "solemn  decree"  })assed  Noviunber  13, 
L^.')5,  bv  tlie  consultation,"  and  the  treatv  made  con- 
.S'(|ueiit  upon  it  in  February,  183G,  iiiasnmch  as  the 
Indians  had  repeatedly  violated  its  provisions. 
Frl'iidly  tribes  should  bo  allowed  to  occu])y  suitabL' 
jioitions  of  land.  For  the  protection  of  tlu'  frontiers, 
lie  !)ro[)osed  the  establishment  of  a  line  of  military 
jxists,  and  as  a  general  protection  of  the  country 
ii'^ainst  possible  invasion  by  ^lexieo,  the  organization 
<'f  a  militia,  and  the  encouragement  of  volunteer  asso- 
ciations. 

^Lnmm;  Inatiij.  A<{ihi'-<i.%  in  Tex.  Miic  PampJu,  no.  12. 
^Sue  note  40,  cliap.  ix,  this  volume. 


,',>  ! 


I    i 


i 


h  \  '\ 


a    I    1 


':   ;i 


310 


LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


Lamar  cHaouasofl  at  Icn^tli  the  aubjoct  of  finnnco. 
Tliou^h  o|;|)<)S('(l  to  lovyiiig  burdeiisoiiio  taxes  on  a 
people  still  strujj;«j;lin^  to  re[)air  the  tl(!Holatioii  cuu.smI 
by  the  war,  t»i'  laboi'iiiijf  under  the  eiiibarrassiiitnts 
incident  to  now  s»'ttlenients,  the  exi<^i'nc'y  of  the  tiiiMs. 
nevertheless,  urgently  n'(|uired  that  the  land  tax 
should  not  be  al)atetl,  Tjands,  however,  ought  to  If 
iiu)ro  e(|ually  and  uniformly  asstssed.  AVhilea<lniittiii;4 
the  same  necessity  for  continuing  the  tariH'  laws,  under 
the  existing  straitened  circumstances  of  the  gov<  in- 
ment,  he  expressed  his  decided  bias  for  free  tradi . 
"I  look  forward,"  ho  says,  "to  a  period,  I  hope  mar 
at  hand,  when  we  shall  be  able,  and  will  find  it  to  lir 
our  interest,  to  invite  the  commerce  of  the  wold  to 
our  free  and  opi>n  ports."  *'The  radical  policy  <  f 
Texas  Is  anti-tariif,  because  its  connnercial  connnoditK  s 
are  of  raw  material  which  fears  no  impost  rivalry,  and 
paying  no  contributions  to  maimfactories."  The  im- 
mediate ado))tion  of  fno  trade  would,  hov  >. 
exhibit  a  recklessness  and  imprudence,  which  ' 

not  fail  to  aliect  tlio  credit  of  Texas  abroad. 

Ho  then  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  national 
bank  to  be  "the  exclusive  ])ro}>erty,  and  under  tlic 
exclusive  control  of  the  republic,"  branches  of  wide  li 
were  to  bo  established  at  every  convenient  jtoiiit. 
Such  a  bank,  he  maintained,  would  be  suppoitid  ly 
the  triple  security  of  the  hypoth.ecation  of  a  com- 
petent portion  of  the  public  domain,  the  guaranti  <■  "f 
the  plighted  faith  of  the  nation,  and  an  ad('(|ua{i' 
deposit  of  specie  in  its  vaults.*  With  regard  tn 
the  deposit  of  specie  he  remarks:  "It  is  evidtnt. 
that  a  bank  so  const'tutcd,  the  exclusive  property  of 
a  stable  and  popular  government,  and  combining  t!  r 
three  guarantees,  of  land,  specie,  and  the  ])ublic  i'alili. 
would  not  require  to  retain  hi  its  vaults  as  laima 
proportion  of  dormant  capital  as  is  acknowledg*  <l  ti> 

^He  does  not,  however,  state  where  the  specie  was  to  come  fmiu.  ^n 
the  remarks  of  (!ouge  on  this  ilhisory  scheme,  whidi,  if  carridl  out,  voiiU 
liave  entailed  untold  evils  on  the  people  of  Texas.    FUc.  Hist.  Tex.,  ST-'.'-. 


MILITARY  AND  FINANCE 


:u: 


\h'  iiulisponsable  to  the  safe  conduct  of  a  private  insti- 
tution.* 

In  ortler  to  follow  consecutively  the  financiiil  policy 
Mhicli  ruled  durlnuj  tin)  administration  of  Jjuniar,  it 
ulll  he  nec(!Hsarv  to  furnish  tlit!  reader  with  the  most 
iiii|ini'tjint  particulars  down  to  the  end  of  his  term. 
On  JXcemhi-r  21,  18.'58,  it  was  enacted  that  a  re^i- 
iiit  lit  of  840  mounted  men,  rank  and  fih;,  shouUl  he 
rnist'd  for  the  jtrotection  of  the  frontiers,  their  term 
of  service  to  be  three  years;  and  that  ,$l{00,000  in 
pidiiiissory  notes  of  the  govermm-nt  should  l)eap|)ro- 
]iiiatc'd  for  that  purpose.  On  tlie  21)th  it  was  ]>r«»- 
vidcd  tliat  this  force  should  he  Increased  hy  another 
rc'inient  consi.stin«j  of  472  niounted  volunteers,  rank 
ami  Hie,  for  which  an  aj^propriation  was  made  of 
.s7.').0()0.  These  volunteers  were  called  to  serve  for 
six  mouths,  and  to  these  corps  is  ascribed  the  oriiLjin 
(if  the  famous  Texan  lianncis  who,  tlrawn  to  a  <jreat 
oxtc'it  from  the  frontier  settlers,  formed  a  bulwark 
to  the  interior  st^ttlemcnts  as  very  successful  Indian 
fi^liters.'  On  January  -0,  18.'?!),  1 12  additional  rano- 
crs  wer(^  orderi'd  to  he  raised,  a  sum  of  .$1,0()0,00() 
liaviiio'  been  appropriated  two  days  ])reviously  for  the 
protection  of  the  frontier  and  general  military  pur- 
poses. 

As  a  Texan  navv  no  longjer  existed,  on  January 
Kuh   a   contract    made    bv    ao-ents    of  the    republic 

I/O  1 

with  (hneral  James  Hamilton  for  the  purchase  of 
tlie  steam-sliip  Zavala  for  the  sum  of  .$120,000  was 
sanctioned  by  act  of  ctmgress;  and  on  the  20th 
S-TiO.OOO,  in  promissory  not(>s  of  the  government. 
Were  approj)riated  for  the  povmont  of  the  price;  of  an 
.^i«^iiteen-gun  ship,  two  war  brigs  of  twelve  guns  each, 
and  three  schooners  of  six  guns  each. 

'Wliii'h  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  the  cstablishinent  could  lie  main- 
tain' -1  liy  paper  ninney  of  the  ])ul)lie  credit  witlinut  anxiety  alxuit  the 
aiihiiiit  (if  metallic  deposits.  A  hill  to  incorporate  the  l^mk  of  the  Kcjndilie 
111  'I'rxas  was  read  a   second  time,  January  21,  1839,  and  then  laid  on  the 

tilhlf. 

'■'Maraj,  Thirty  years  of  Army  Life,  63;  Hay's  Lift,  7-11,  17,  33. 


M    1 


<* 


fllUlli' 


1 1 
'11 


\^\ 


V' 


'    ll 


3!S 


LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


A  suTiplcmentary  act  was  passed,  January,  2 2d, 
bearing  upon  tlic  $5,000,000  loan  authorized  to  be 
raised  by  act  of  May  16,  1838,  By  provisions  of 
tlic  first  mentioned  enactment  the  pk'(l<j;es  of  security 
were  strengthened.  The  president  was  authorized  to 
affix  the  seal  of  the  republic  to  bonds  or  certificates 
of  stock  issued,  and  when  the  government  sliould 
deem  it  expedient  to  sell  tlie  pubHc  lands,  $300,000 
of  the  proceeds  were  to  be  annually  set  apart,  ond  a 
sinking  fund  formed  for  the  redeir.ption  of  the  loan. 
On  the  same  day  the  president  was  authorized  to 
issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $1,000,000,  at  eight  per 
centum  per  annum. 

The  United  States  had  lately  passed  through  a 
crisis  in  banking  speculations.  All  reliable  banks 
were  extremely  cautious  at  this  time,  and  Texan 
securities  were  not  regarded  by  their  managers  as 
worth  investing  in.  It  was,  therefore,  necessary  to 
lool:  to  some  other  country  for  relief  Accordingly, 
General  James  Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  who 
had  shown  himself  a  warm  friend  c>f  Texas,  was 
offered  the  appointment  as  conmiissioner  to  Europe 
to  procure  the  loan.  Ho  accepted  the  position  and 
his  mission  beinof  known  in  the  United  States  a  loan 
was  obtained  of  $280,000,  dependent  on  his  eveiitnal 
succcsfcj.  But  of  this  amount  little  niore  than  .i^()i2,000 
was  recei»7od  in  the  treahuiy,  the  balance  being  in- 
vested In  arms  and  supplies  for  the  forces  n(»\v  en- 
gaged In  opposing  the  serious  inroads  of  the  Indians. 
Hamilton  went  to  London  and  Paris,  but  while  liis 
neijotlatlons  were  beiiiir  conducted  with  every  ])rol»a- 
bility  of  success— having  reported,  Februar}?  4.  I84(\ 
that  lie  had  "concluded  a  contract  with  tl.e  bank  ef 
Messrs  J.  Lafitte  &  Company  for  the  Trxan  loan"  - 
a  quarrel  occurred  between  ]Vt.  D.  Stdigny,  and  tlio 
French  minister  to  Texas,"  and  an   hotel-keeper  iu 


PUBLIC  INDEBTEDNESS. 


319 


wliicli  tlie  Texan  minister  of  state  became  involved. 
S;'li,4iiy  was  the  brother-iu-law  of  the  Frencii  minis- 
ter of  finance,  and  as  the  i)rotection  of  Frcnoli  gov- 
ernment liad  been  procured  for  the  negotialiviii  uf  tlie 
loan  in  France,  the  representations  of  Saligny  wore 
sufficient  to  upset  previous  arrangements.  Owing  to 
this  ridiculous  personal  quarrel'  Hamilton  failed  He 
was  etiually  unsuccessful  in  England. 

Meantime  treasury  notes  had  been  issued  and  re- 
issued as  fast  as  they  came  hi  in  payment  of  import 
<liK\s.  The  credit  of  Texas  now  became  exhausted. 
]?a<l  as  was  her  financial  condition  at  the  beginning 
of  Lamar's  presidency,  when  the  end  of  his  term 
arrived  it  was  infinitely  worse.  Gouge  states  that  as 
hv  as  it  can  be  ascertained,  the  public  debt  increased, 
(lui'ing  his  three  years  of  service,  from  $1,887,526  to 
s7,.'K)0,000,  and  the  securities,  which  at  the  time  of 
liis  entry  into  office  were  at  from  sixty-five  cents  to 
(ML^lity-five  cents  per  dollar,  were  not  worth  more  than 
fifteen  to  twenty  cents." 

Though  Lamar's  administration,  in  a  financial  point 
of  s'ii'w,  cannot  l)e  looked  upon  as  a  success,  consider- 
ation must  be  allowed  for  his  position.  The  greatest 
ditlicultv  which  he  had  to  contend  M'ith  at  home  was 
tlio  hostile  and  aggressive  attitude  of  the  Indians  on 

li.iinliiiu'e  lictween  the  U.  S.  minister  at  Paris  and  tlio  French  minister  of 
I  lit  igii  atlairs  I'l'giinliug 'i'cxas.  xV  prcite-:t  vas  (Milort'il  liy  Mt'xico  against 
tlio  ahovc  rocognitidn.  Jli.r.  Mem.  Omrri},  1S40,  40-0;  Mcx.  Mem.  liebtc. 
Erie,:,  l.S4(>,  in  Ml  rh  del  Gol>.  Me.c,  May'JO,  1840,  in  Mcx.  Mem.  Min.  JM., 
i.  Doc.  I'J. 

'See  Oimje,  vtitfip.,  108-11. 

■"Coiinilt  J/' ««/'•■•;(  J/iiiif.'sAtlthrss,  Nov.  .10,  1048,  4  G,  in  which  he  remarks 
in  .1  fiiot-niite  that  'the  hirgo  api)n)|)riati(iiis  and  issues  of  treasury  tiuLes 
iiiiilcr  Lamar's  adininistratiiin  were  made  m  anticiiialion  of  the  .'j<."i,(KK),(HX) 
111  liiiiids  wliieh  were  autliori/.ed  )iy  cie  law,  and  the  .SLOOO.OK)  uf  hdnd-j 
aiit!iiiri/cd  hy  another.  Oouge's  stateiiieni  witli  reganl  to  Texan  securities 
ii  at  variance  with  Pres.  Houston's  assertiou  tliat  promissory  notes  had  dc- 
pi  related  to  forty  cents  on  the  dolhir.  Tins  as.ertion  "as  made  in  his  ines- 
••^igc  iif  May  12,  18.18.  It  is  not  easily  to  J)0  understood  how  tin'  governnieiit 
Mii|i,  after  an  increase  of  issue,  could  over  have  douhled  its  v.due.  From 
t'li'  lirst  issue  of  the  treasury  notes  tlio  credit  of  Texas  dt-cliiied.  Findina 
'ill'  iiajicr  oI)ligations  lia<l  no  effect  in  raising  it,  and  during  tiio  period  of 
lirr  rcpiihlican  existeucu,  tlio  linaucial  operatiuu8  of  her  guvurmnont  wore 
never  suecosaful. 


#1 1 


i    \ 


Ui 


1      ff 


,1     .1 


lj 

^  i 
t '  I 

'  ''■   ■    i 

^ 

lilllM 


320 


LAMAllS  ADMINISTRATION. 


Uii 


n 


a 


! 


liil 

ii 

the  frontier.  New-comers  were  very  careless  alioiit 
making  encroach  merits,  and  frontier-men  were  feurKss 
of  rislvs.  Provided  that  they  could  obtain  rich  hind, 
tlicy  were  prepared  to  take  tlie  chance  of  holding  it 
aixainst  the  savaufes.  A  great  immigration  into  Texas, 
after  the  battle  of  Sau  Jacinto  and  Santa  Anna's  suh- 
sequent  pledges,  had  taken  place ;  speculators  invested 
in  the  government  scrip,  and  settlers  flocked  into  the 
country  in  such  numbers  that  their  influence  overpow- 
ered that  of  the  pioneers.  The  new-comers,  in  tlirlr 
greedin(!ss  to  grasp  the  best  lands,  pushed  forward 
into  donuuns  occupied  not  ordy  by  friendly  Indians 
but  by  hostile  tribes.  The  speculator  with  his  sur- 
vtiyor  penetrated  into  districts  which  hitherto  liad 
been  admitted  to  be  the  hunting-grounds  of  the  native 
race.  It  is  not  difficult  to  diawtlie  conclusion.  Tliou^li 
Texas  was  relieved  from  fear  of  invasion  by  her  na- 
tional foe,  her  borders  became  subject  to  ceaseless  ir- 
ruptions made  by  Indians.  It  is  beyond  the  nco\)v  of 
this  woi'k  to  enter  into  details  of  this  frontier  waifaie, 
or  describe  the  many  atrocities  conunitted,  the  liard- 
contested  struggles,  and  the  numerous  exhibitions  ( if 
personal  courage  on  both  sides,  rvrany  a  housoliold 
was  made  desolate,  women  and  children  being  carried 
into  captivity  worse  than  death.  jVIany  a  tinu;  tiie 
rangers  fought  and  beat  thrice  their  number,  and 
many  a  de(>d  of  individual  heroism  remains  unrecorded. 
Tlu'  narration,  however,  of  the  main  events  cannot 
be  omitted.  ])uring  the  latter  part  of  18;{8,  a  I'evolt 
oceuri'ed,  whitdi  has  been  called  the  Naeogdoclies  re- 
bellion. In  August  of  that  year  the  Mexican  settlers 
assembled  in  considerable  nund>ers  on  the  banks  of 
the  Ang(dlna,  and  l>eing  joined  by  'M)Q  Indians,  by 
the  10th  their  force  amounted  to  000  men,  under  the 
leadership  of  Nathaniel  Norris,  Vicente  Cordova,  and 
others.  President  Houston,  who  was  then  at  NaoK- 
doches,  received  a  connnunication  from  these  leaders, 
dlsclalmiu'jj  allcLjiance  to  Texas :  the  malecontents  then 
directed  their  march  to   the    Cherokee   nation.     A 


INDIAN  WARS  AND  REVOLUTION. 


321 


n  (|uisit'iou  for  iiion  liavliiL!;  bct-ii  injul(\  GoiuTal  Kusk 
was  s'-nt  forward  with  i\\v  iiuiin  hotly  toward  th(^ 
headquarters  of  BowIoh.  the  Clierokeo  cliief,  while 
Majer  Aui;ustiu,  with  a  detachinont  of  150  men,  fol- 
lowed the  trail  of  tlie  inaleeoiiteiits.  Rusk  presently 
discovered  that  the  Mexican  leaders  had  !j;oiie  to  the 
head-waters  of  tlio  Trinity  river,  his  followers  had 
(lis|)(iseil,  and  many  of  them  returned  to  their  homes 
witJiout  any  hlood  Ix'inijr  shed.''  T\\v  ohiect  of  this 
(•(uious  ivttenii)t  at  revolution  has  nexcr  hiun  fully 
e\|)laine<l,  hut  the  leaders  soon  recognized  the  liope- 
lessiiess  of  it. 

(Jiadova  liad  heeu  in  e(»rresj)ondence  with  theenemy 
at  ^[atamoros,  and  ap[H'ars  to  liave  lield  a  commission 
iViiiii  Filisola'"  to  raise  the  Indians  as  auxiliaries  to 
the  ^[exiean  army.  Early  in  l8-{!),  Filisola  was  sue- 
lecdcid  by  (jreneral  Canalizo,  who,  on  i<\d)ruary  '27th, 
issued  instructions  to  the  captains  antl  chiefs  of  the 
friendly  nations,  incitinjjf  tliem  to  wiv^e  inces.sant  war 
ajraiiist  Texas,  and  laynijjj  down  a  plan  of  cam[)aign 
for  their  j^uidanco.  Mexico,  hf  said,  hein«r  enoaijjed 
ill  war  with  France,  could  not  at  present  I'esunie  oper- 
ations ajjjainst  the  revolted  provuice,  hut  tht  fi-iendly 
ttil)es  had  it  in  their  power  to  ])revcnt  the  cm  my  fiom 
lakino-  advanta«^e  of  fortunate  circumstanees.  They 
Were,  jiowevcr,  cautioiu'd  not  to  {idvanee  too  near  the 
frontier  of  tlu;  United  States,  hut  should  occujn'  the 
line  of  San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  about  the  (Juadalupe, 
and  from  the  heads  of  tlie  San  Marcos  to  their  mouths. 
This  jiosit'.on  Would  liave  the  advantao'e  of  kt^iping 
the  enemy  in  front,  and  a  friendly  nation  in  the  rear, 
lii'si(K's  cutting  ott'the  enemy's  comnuM-ee  with  the  in- 
terior of  Mexico,  antl  furnishino-  abundant  spoil.  Thoy 
W':'re"notto  eease  to  harass  the  enemy  for  a  sinijfle 
'l:iy;  to  burn  their  habitations;  to  lay  waste  their 
tiilds,  and  to  prevent  them  assenddino;  in  ufreat  num- 

''Hiiustii.i  IssikmI  a  proclamatidii,  Aii^;.  Wli,  ]-('()uiring  tlnuii  to  ri^turn  t(v 
tluir  Imiiu'.s,  iiiuler  penalty  of  being  duularod  t'lioinics  ol'  the  ri'jJuMii;.  J{e(f' 
I'lii'l-r.  S(  i,t.  \X\S,  in  Y(xik-ilni,  ii.  ai.'i-C). 

''I'ili^^ola  had  boeii  rciiiHtatud  in  )iis  ooiiiinaiid  on  tliu  Kio  Orandu 

HiKT.  Mk.x.  Statks,  Vol.  U.    -'I 


iU  ;■ 


>%J 


v>^. 


I  ;i    ' 


1  .:'■ 


i-2-2 


LAM  AILS  AUMINLSTIIATION. 


11 


•'] 


to 


H; 


I' 


ijl  ■;1 


bors,  by  rapid  and  woll-concortcd  efforts."  Tn  ra.so 
they  should  succuL-d  in  unitinjj;  in  a  conHldcrablc  miiii- 
l)er,  tJicy  were  to  be  liiirasse<l  day  and  night,  and  opii'. 
ations  to  be  directed  with  the  u'reatest  vi«j:or  aiiaiiist 
distant  })olnts. 

Sucli  was  Canalizo's  plan  to  launcli  against  T(>\;(s  a 
thunderbolt  of  desolation.  Manuel  Flores  was  ap- 
pointed connnissioner  to  tlie  Indians,  and  pr<)\i(|((! 
with  lett"rs  of  a  like  tenor  to  tlie  ])rinri[tal  chiefs  and 
C'Ordova,  who  was  instructed  to  concert  witli  him  in 
conducting  the  pro[)ose(.l  operations.  Happily  fni' 
1\'xas,  an  event  occurred  wliich  wanned  ]\vv  of  In  r 
danger,  and  prevented  tlie  dire  ]»lot  from  i)eiiig  ciuiii  li 
into  eti'ect.  Flores  started  on  liis  mission,  and  mi 
INfay  14th  ])assed  between  Bexar  and  Seguin  a\  itli  a 
party  consistin<;  of  twentv-five  IMexicans  and  Indians 
Having  connnitted  several  nnii'dei's,  they  were  pin 
sued  by  Lieutenant  James  ( ).  l^ice,  with  si'vcntciii 
men,  and  wvvo  overtaken  about  fifteen  miles  from 
Austin.  Tn  th*^  engagement  which  followed,  i-'loivv 
and  two  of  his  maraudei's  wei'e  killed,  the  rest  l)ein'j;' 
]>ut  to  flight.  I^y  this  ibrtuna1t>  result,  (  analizeV 
corn 'spondeiici;  and  instructions  fell  into  the  hniids  ef 
the  victors,  and  the  whole  ])lot  was  revealed  to  tlir 
Texan  governnuMit.  A  considerable  (piantity  of  jiiii- 
munition  and  over  M>()  muli's  an/i  horsfs  weiv  nUn 
captured.'' 

Lam.'ir's  Indian  policy,  as  the  I't^ader  is  awaiv. 
was  t\\o.  very  reverse  of  that  of  the  piu  \ious  ad 
ministration.  But  conciliatory  nu'asures  werr  im 
longer  possible;  pionocrs  would  ])ush  forward  intn 
lands  occupied  by  native  tril)es,  and  the  Indiiiii^ 
would  take  their  reveng(>.  Texas  was  no  excejiti'Mi  to 
the  rule  that  wherever  the  aboiiginal  American  luid 
the  Euro[)can  came  in  contact,  the  t\)rnier  had  to  give 

'H'oiiyof  tlu's(!  iiistnuitidiis  will  lie  fnuinl  in  If.  .*.  .j-h.  Ak'.,  cmiu.  li'j, 
MUSS.  2,  no.  14.  ;<!-  '2. 

'-Some  of  tlie  iutcrcepted  letters  were  adili'.'s.sed  to  tlieeliief?(  of  tlir  Caij- 
iloe.s  Jinil  SeininoUi.s,  .-iiiil  to  JJig  Mush  and  IJowles  of  the  ('herokecs.  /■/.,  '-'•. 
IJT);   Yoakum,  ii.  U57-0O. 


1  I' 
-  I 


k  ', 


\v;iit  . 
lis   :>'! 

I'C        1111 

int" 

|\(liaiis 

,1011  to 

11  iiiitl 

I)  .rive 


ImU- 


;v.' 


lb.'  ^'a'l- 
If/., '2^. 


CHKUORKlvS. 


.■i'J.T 


wav  The  lands  occupied  for  many  yi^irs  hy  tlu^ 
Cliorokt'os  hccaMK^  su1)j('ct  to  similar  invasion.  Tlirir 
titl"'  liad  lU'VcJ"  lHH>n  disputed.  They  had  lu-cn  rccoo^- 
iii/.t'd  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  had  never  iiitru(h'd 
(111  the  whites,  and  in  a  i:!^reat  measure!  had  become  an 
agricultural  trii)e.  But  their  tei-rltory  "in  ponit  of 
liihness  of  soil,  and  the  beauty  of  situation,  water, 
and  productions  would  vie  with  the  best  portions  of 
I  »'\as. 

Their  lands  were  consc(juently  (Microached  on,  and 
tlir  usual  retaliatory  nmrders  fi)llowed.  When,  how- 
(  \ri'.  thf  ])apers  of  which  Manuel  Floras  was  bearer 
t'l  iIh'  chiefs  of  the  CherokcH's  came  into  tlie  possi'S- 
simi  of  the  5jjov(>i'nment,  it  was  d(!termined  to  remove 
tlh'  ti'ibr.  Colonel  Burl(>son,  from  tlie  Colorado, 
Ci  lo!i(>l  Ijandrum,  with  his  reijiment  from  e;isiri-n 
Ti  \as,  and  (Jeneral  Husk,  witli  the  Xacoi^doehes 
ifniuioit.  wcr"  oi'd'-red  to  inxade  the  territory,  and 
aicoi'din^ly  took  up  ])ositions  near  the  Clun'okec  vil- 
lage about  the  middle  of  July.  Th(>  whole  f ))•»•(>, 
iiliitut  jOO  men,  was  ]>laced  under  the  eoinmau<l  of 
'Irnci'al  1  )ou'j,lass.  Ne'.!;otiations  f»r  the  pcaecabh^ 
1- iiioval  of  the  tribe  to  Arkansas  w^en^•('  tliey 
li;i(i  migrated,  haviu!.^  faiU'd.  on  duly  ir)tli  JJou^lass 
;i(|\a!ii-cd  against  the  Indian  camp,  on  arrivini>'  at 
wiiifli  ]]r  f>ninl  tliat  th(!  Indians  had  I'l -treated  hii^her 
u|»  the  river.  IJeiiiL:;  ]>ursued  the  Clierokeivs  took  up 
;i  iiositioii  in  a  raA'ine  from  whicli  thi>y  wei'e  (h'iven  at 
iiiuht-fall,  with  tin;  loss  of  eiL^hteen  killed,  tlie  I'esans 
lia\i';^  three  killed  and  live  wounded.  ( )n  the  follow- 
iii'j,'  day  tlu!  jjursuit  was  contimied,  and  the  Indians 
wciv  overtaken  in  the  afternoon.  haviiiLi,'  strongly 
jinstrd  themsi'lves  in  a  ravine  protected  in  tlu^  rear  by 
a  (|riis(^  thicket.  A.  well  conte.';ted  eiiL^aL^'emeiit  of  an 
li'iur  and  a  half  ensued,  but  the  Cherokees,  after  los- 
iii.;  ahout  100  men  in  kill(;d  and  w'ounded,  weic  dis- 
Ind^cd  from  their  position  and  i)ut  to  Hight,  taking 

''I'lnis  writes  (jcii.  Douclass  in  his  reports  referred  to  iu  the  sccrekiry  of 
war's  ii'iiort,  Nov.  1831);   Yoak-uiii,  ii.  i»70. 


1  1 1    ,1 

i'  '    ' 
"  !i  1 


I  'I 


11 

ii 


i  ■ 


if! 


i 


Wm 


i  : 


it:  I 


324 


LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


rcfui^t^  in  tlic  thickets  ami  swamps  of  the  Noches 
bottom.  Amon'jj  their  dead  was  the  famous  cliicf 
Bowles.  Tlie  Texan  loss  was  five  killed  and  twenty- 
seven  wounded.  About  800  Indians  were  engaged  in 
these  two  contests."  Thus  were  the  Clun'okei's 
driven  from  their  homes  and  cultivated  fields;  more- 
t)vcr,  the  crops  of  other  civilized  Intlians  were  de- 
stroyed, under  the  natural  belief  that  they  were  beiiij; 
raised  in  order  to  cooperate  with  the  Mexicans.''  ]hit 
the  expelled  owners  did  not  all  leave  the  country; 
Cherokees  were  encountered  on  the  western  bank  of 
the  Colorado;  and  depredations  on  the  frontier  con- 
tinued. The  nativb  tribes  were  deeply  exasperated 
against  the  Texans. 

The  most  hostile  and  troublesome  Indians  were  the 
Comanches,  and  their  depredations  exceetled  those  of 
all  other  tribes.  In  February,  1840,  they  showed  a 
disposition  to  make  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  on  Maicli 
19th  twelve  of  their  principal  chiefs  met  the  Texan 
commissioners  in  council  at  Bejar,  where  General  H. 
D.  McLeod  was  in  command.  It  was  known  that 
the  Comanches  had  thirteen  white  captives  in  tlicir 
power,  and  the  release  of  these  was  demanded.  Tlic 
Indians  produced  only  one,  a  little  girl.  After  a  brief 
discussion,  in  which  the  Indians  displayed  a  defiant 
demeanor,  an  order  was  sent  to  Captain  Howard,  t<» 
bring  his  company  h)to  the  council-room,  and  as  soon 
as  the  men  had  taken  their  position,  the  chiefs  were 
informed  that  they  would  be  detained  as  prisoners 
until  the  captives  were  surrendered.  A  terrible  con- 
fiict  ensued.  The  twelve  chiefs,  who  were  fully 
armeil,  were  killed  in  the  council-room,  while  the 
warriors  in  the  yard  outside  maintained  a  ilesj)erut(' 
fight.  All  were  finally  slain,  either  there  or  in  the 
l)ui'suit.     Thirty-two  Indians  were  killed  and  tweiity- 

"/r/.,  ii.  '^6^■,  Kmtmlij,  ii.  341-4. 

'■''<!eii.  Douglass  says:  The  Clierokees,  Delawarea,  Shawnees,  CaiMm's, 
Kickapoos,  Biloxies,  Creeks,  Ouchies,  Muskogees,  and  some  SciniiKilc-i,  liml 
cleareil  and  planted  extensive  fields  of  corn,  beans,  peas,  etc.,  j)re]i:iriii!5 
evidently  for  an  efKcient  co-operation  with  tiie  Mexicans  in  a  war  with  tliw 
country.  Sec,  of  War's  Report,  Nov.  1839. 


COMANCHES.  325 

<,(\c'n    women    and    cliildivii    made     ])risoners.     The 
Tcxans  had  soveii  kilh^d  and  eight  wounded.'" 

Maddened  by  tlie  loss  of  so  many  of  tlicir  chiefs, 
and  wliat  they  deemed  an  infamous  act  of  treachery, 
the  Cf»manches  rtiturned  to  tlieir  liomes  to  prepare  for 
rt>venge.  On  August  4th,  a  body  of  them,  000  strong, 
suddenly  appeared  at  Victoria,  sui-rounding  the  town 
before  their  presence  was  known.  Their  attack  was, 
however,  repulsed,  and  they  then  turned  their  at- 
tention to  driving  off  the  horses  and  stock,  and  mur- 
dering all  those  who  fell  into  their  power.  A  second 
attack  on  Victoria  also  failed,  and  on  the  8th  they 
ciossed  the  Guadalu})e  and  sacked  and  burned  Linn- 
viUe,  most  of  the  inhabitants  escaping  on  a  lighter  in 
tlie  bav.  Having  thorouijhlv  raided  the  neiixhborhood 
of  A^ictoria  and  Lhmville,  and  killed  twenty-one 
persons,  the  Conianches  retired  toward  their  homes, 
witli  a  large  number  of  horses  and  an  innnense  (juan- 
titv  of  booty.  Meantime  their  trail,  as  they  had 
passed  down  the  Guadalupe,  had  been  discovered,  and 
a  force,  quickly  raised  at  Gonzalez,  was  in  hot  pursuit. 
On  tlie  9th,  the  Tcxans — who  had  proceeded  to 
\'ictoria — came  up  with  the  Indians,  and  a  slight 
skirmisli  took  place.  But  tlie  Coinanches  declined  a 
•jicneral  <'ngagement  and  conthmed  their  retreat.  Th.e 
news  of  their  inroad,  however,  had  spread  through 
the  siittlements,  and  a  large  number  of  volunteers  was 
jiosted  at  Plum  Creek,''  to  intercei)t  them  on  their 
retain.  General  Felix  Houston  in  command.  On  tlie 
l-th  tlie  approach  of  the  Coniaiiclu>s  was  reported  by 
the  scouts  and  preparations  were  made  to  recitne 
tliem.  In  the  contiict  whicli  followed  the  Indians 
werc^  completely  routed,  and  scattering,  were  pursued 
for  fifteen  miles,  up  to  the  San  Antonio  road,  leaving 
tVom  fifty  to  eighty  dead  on  tlie  line  of  tiieir  flight. 
-Stn-eral  hundred  horses  and  mules  with  packs  and 

'Trom  Gen.  Mcljood'a  official  rej)ort,  Bakers  Tex.,  154-5. 
''  Plum  Greek,  a  tributary  oftlie  .'".u  Marcos,  was  some  distatiuc   l>oyond 
tliu  ijuttlemgut  of  Goiusales. 


mf 


w 


l-i 


HI 

HBffil^l 

iii 

wl 

I^H^pSjl 

m 

1^1 

iI^n'  M^'^n 

m 

i^H 

^^Hu.'    L  .  :.  .3 

ni 

ill 

BHti ' "'  '^ 

'ff 

1*11 

"ViNt-    '  -  '  I 

'ii 

1 

■1 

1 

1 

mm 

1 

826 


I.AMAU'.s  ADMINISTRATION. 


ba<j;«^a<ijo  \vv\c  rccovorotl  by  the  victors.'" 

Tlic  Texan  L'^ovcruineiit  now  (lotci'miiicddircn'vciinT 
on  tlu!  C<»injnirliL'S.  On  Octohcr  5tli  ('oloiicl  .Inlm 
U.  jNEoorc,  witli  ninety  Texaiis  and  twelvo  Lilian 
Indians,  wen;  sent  u)>  tlic  Colorado  in  |)ursuit  of 
those  wlio  esca])ed  at  IMuni  Cn-ek.  Pursuuii^  a 
devious  course  for  many  days  in  search  of  the  trial. 
he  at  last  f<tund  it  on  the  lied  l^'ork  of  the  Coloiadd. 
and  on  October  -JUl  his  Iji|)an  spies  discovered  the 
Comanche  villat2;e.  At  daybreak  on  tlie  follow iiiu 
niorninjjf  the  Texans  ma<lt!  their  attack.  Tlu;  Indians. 
un|)ri'pared  to  fioht,  fled  to  t\n'  liver  on  tlieir  ajiproadi, 
a  iimnh'rous  fln^  beiiiij,"  opened  u})on  tliem.  Manv 
were  shot  or  drowned  In  the  stream,  while  thos(>  wlio 
succeeded  in  crossinuj  it  met  their  death  at  the  liands 
of  a  detachmeiit  that  had  been  sent  across  undci' 
Lieutenaut  Owen.  Lamar's  system  of  extermhiadon 
was  well  carried  out.  Men,  women,  and  cirildnii 
alike  were  put  to  death.  The  work  of  anniliilati(»i) 
m  the  village  lasted  half  an  hour,  and  the  })ursui(.  was 
continued  about  four  miles.  Havino-  killed  li!<s  of 
botli  sexes,  the  Texans,  who  had  only  two  woundrd. 
spartHl  the  lives  of  thirty-four  captivcvs.  When  tlir 
massacre  was  ended  the  villai.^t^  was  burned  to  tlic 
ground,  and  Moore,  having  collected  500  horses,  k  - 
turned  to  Austin,  where  he  arrived  Novembei-  7tli, 
one  of  his  men  having  died  on  the  road.'" 

Although  the  revolutionary  movements  of  the  Wd- 
eralists  were  one  of  the  causes  which  secured  tm 
Texas  so  long  an  interval  of  [)eace,  she  was  not  Irt't 
entirely  out  of  the  influences  of  them,  extending  as 
they  did  to  the  states  bordering  on  the  Kio  (Jrandc 
General  Canalizo's  force  at  Matamoros  at  the  end  (»t' 
this  year  did  not  exceed   1,500  men,'"  and  they  wt  ic 

"•  /Jim's  Remind.,  "iftS-l),  :m-44:  Yodhiiii,  ii.  i.W  :{04.  Tlu'.sc  writfi-s  aic 
not  ill  ai'CDrd  fis  to  tlie  iixact  tliito  of  tlio  attack  on  Victoria.  Linn  was 
presont  at  Victoria  in  that  town  on  the  occasion,  an<l  1  consider  his  accdiiii' 
jn  Ril  re.'ipectM  reliable. 

'*  Moore's  report,  Nov.  7,  1840.    Yoahuii,  ii.  304-5. 

'^  'En  Matamoros  solamento  se  encontrahan  1,500  hombres  almandi'  'Iil 
general  Canalizo.'  Jtimra,  IfM.  Jahpi,  iii.  4'JO. 


HATTLK  OF  AI.CANI  i;(i. 


.•i27 


|ii  iM('i|>iilly  tKCupied  in  li(»l(liii<^  the  federalists  inclutk. 
in  tlir  s|)riii*jj  of  IS:}*,)  (uiicral  Aiiaya,  wlio  was 
Indkcd  u|»<m  as  the  clik'f  of  tlu'  federalist  j>artv,  visited 
Texas  ill  person,  and  iiiach'  certain  |)ro[)ositions  to  tln' 
Moverniiieiit  on  condition  that  permission  ^vere  planted 
liiin  t(»  convey  arms  for  the  federalists  thi'oujj^h  (he 
t.  rritoiy  and  raise  troops  therein.  '  Bofh  ri'(|Uests 
Were  I'efused;  but  there  is  little  douht  of  th(^  anxioiis- 
hiss  on  th(?  ]>art  of  the  northern  federalists  to  entei' 
into  a  coalition  with  Texas.  I'rom  the  fact  that  thi-y 
(l(|iiited  Francisco  X'idaurri,  L;<»vernor  of  Coahuila, 
\n  make  ovt'rtures  of  alliance  betweiMi  Texas  and  tin- 
stales  of  NiU'Vo  Ijeon,  Tamaidi[)as,  Coahuila,  (-liihua- 
liiia.  Xew  Mexico,  l)urano;o,  and  the  (  alifornias, 
iiiid  se|iarate  from  the  n-st  (»f  the  ^lexican  states.  ' 
TlioU^li  these  overtures  Were  not  acce[>ted  l»y  the 
Texan  ^-overmnent,  '  many  jieople  in  Texas  were  in 
litMir  of  the  formation  of  such  a  i'ei>ul)lic. 

Some  time  later  (General  Antonio  (  anales,  Colonels 
,F(is('  ^^arl'a  (lon/alez,  Jind  Antonio  Zapata,  who  werc^ 
iii'4a^ed  in  revolutionizin;j;  the  noi'thern  towns,  esta!)- 
lislicd  themselves  for  safety  at  tlu'  town  of  Lipantitlan 
ell  the  Nut'ccs  river,  with  a  mind)er  of  followers. 
Tliere  Canales  issued  a  ]>roclamation  inviting!;  the 
Texans  to  join  him.  Having;  miited  a  mjinher  of 
-Mexicans,  and  about  180  T\'xans  uikKt C'olonels  l^i-u- 
bi'ii  i{oss  and  S.  \V.  Jordan,  on  Septembei-  -'{(),  \<'A\\ 
with  a  force  of  GOO  men,  ho  crosse<l  the  itio  (liuudc, 
iiii(!  inarched  against  (luerrero,  then  occupied  bvCen- 
I'liij  Pavon  with  500  regulars  and  four  pieces  of  aitil- 
Iciy.     Pavon,   however,    retreated   towarf^l    Mier  and 


11 
t. '  I 


'/'/.,  iii.  4'J7-iS.  llu'  ri'CdHiiitiiiii  <it  tlic  iiKKjiciiilciici'  of  Texas  was 
il(Mili||i'ss  jindiiisctl  liy  Aiiaya  in  case  cciitralisin  was  ovci'tliniwii.  'i'liu 
|nriiiiliial,  /,!(  Eiistiin,  }>iii)lislicii  in  tlii'  Mexican  ea]iitai,  iiriied  it,  and  a  large 
muiilirr  (if  Mexicans,  reeogni/iiig  tliat  feeoiujuest  was  innicissilije,  was  in  favor 
iii  tlie  sarric. 

■"I'aken  from  tlie  llnu.itoii  Til<'(jf(t}ili,  in  Xilcx'  /iV;/.,  Ivii.  !!). 

■' IVihajis  tliero  was  sonu^  truth  in  IxivcM-a's  remark  tii-'^  tlie  Texans  liad 
no  wish  to  mix  tliemselves  iij)  in  the  doniestie  (piarrels  a.  .>!"xieo,  'mt  while 
<trrni_'thening  tli(>niselves  leave  her  to  grow  weaker,  /fi.if.  J(i!ii}m,  iii.  4'JS. 
lie  IK  vertheless  states  that  the  Texans  wished  to  form  a  Nortli-Moxiean 
rtiml)lit. 


328 


LAMAR'S  ADM INISTRA'JrOX. 


! 


Canales  occupitKl  the  town  October  Lst.  On  tlio  nj 
Pavon,  wlio  liad  taken  up  a  position  ahout  twelve 
miles  southwest  of  Mici',  offered  l)attle.  In  tlic  en- 
gagement whicli  (ensued,  nothing  could  rostrahi  the 
inip(!tuosity  of  the  Texans  wlio,  in  defiance  of  tin- 
orders  of  Ross  and  Jordan  ruslied  within  point-1)Iaiik 
range  of  the  enemy,  and  opened  tire,  while  tlieir  ^\v\- 
ican  allies  coolly  looked  on.  Whereupon  Ross  and 
Jordan  gave  the  order  to  charge.  In  twenty  miiiutt's 
the  Texans  had  carried  everythnig  before  them,  and 
the  centralists  were  in  full  Hight.  The  victory  cost 
them  fourteen  in  killed  and  wounded,  while  the 
enemy's  loss  was  about  1.50  in  all.  This  eno-aijenient 
is  known  as  tlie  battle  of  Alcantro.  Pavon,  owiiii,' 
to  the  confusion  and  incapacity  of  Canales,  made  good 
his  retreat  to  a  stone  rancho  five  miles  distant:  l)Ut  (ni 
the  following  morning,  being  without  water  or  ))io- 
visions,  suri'enden^d  to  the  Texans.  The  artilkay 
and  350  prisoners  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  federalists. 

The  advantages  of  this  achievement  were  en- 
tirely lost  by  Canales,  who  after  remaining  inactive 
at  Mier  for  forty  days  marched  against  Mataniorns. 
his  force  havinji  increased  to  over  1.000  men.  On 
December  I'lth  he  laid  siege  to  the  place  which 
was  defended  by  1,500  men  and  18  pieces  of  aitll- 
lerv.  Of  course  lie  effected  nothing!:,  and  on  the 
16th  declared  his  intention  of  raisin^:  the  sieo-e.  This 
decisu)n  disgusted  both  the  federalists  and  Texans,  the 
latter  of  wlumi  offered  to  lead  as  a  forlorn  hope  in 
storming  the  place.  The  proposal  was  rejected  and 
Ross  with  fifty  Texans  returned  to  their  homes. 

Canales  then  directed  his  course  to  Monterey  wIkmc 
General  Arista  connnanded.  On  December  23d,  hear- 
ing that  the  centralist  general  had  received  a  laruc 
reenforcement,  he  entrenched  himself  within  six  miles 
of  the  city,  and  hi  the  morning  was  confronted  !»> 
Arista  with  an  army  of  about  2,000  men.  A  few 
insignificant  skirmishes  took  place,  but  Arista  sec  ins 
not  to  have  been  anxious  to  draw  on  an  engagement 


RKruHLic  or  Till;  imo  (juaxuk. 


■{•20 


wliilo  the  Tcxans  were  in  the  opposin«j^  ranks.  He 
.-lUTceded,  liowever,  in  detarliing  hy  intrijjjuc  njoat  of 
Ciinales'  troops.  Coiiipcllcd  to  retreat,  lie  recrossed 
tin;  Rio  Grande  with  the  Texans  and  a  few  faltiifnl 
^^t•\if•ans,  .lanuarv  7,  1840,  wlieii  foi-tv-five  of  tlie 
I'liiiier  returiu'd  to  tlieir  lionies. 

The  force  of  Canales  was  now  very  small,  yet  he 
issued  a  proclamation  calhnsj;  a  convention  of  d(!le- 
nat"'S  to   organize   the  reimhlic   of  the   llio  Grande. 

,^  ~  I. 

Til  is  was  done,  January  18th,  Jesus  Cardenas  l)ein^ 
cliosen  president  and  Canales  commander-in-chief 
Havinyf  receivetl  some  addition  to  his  force  Canales 
proceeded  to  (4uerrer<),  where  he  remained  till  Febru- 
.11  y  IStli,  and  then  went  to  the  old  presidio  of  Kin 
(hande.  Here  Jordan,  with  sixty  Texans,  displeased 
lit  his  refusal  to  march  to  the  Nueces  for  reenforci;- 
iiiciits,  left  him,  and  returned  to  Texas.  After  this 
Canales  advanced  to  Morales  where  he  sustained. 
March  15th,  a  severe  defeat  at  the  hands  of  Arista 
and  harcly  escaped  into  Texas. 

After  these  disasters  and  his  repeated  exhibitions 
iif  bad  g'encralship,  it  is  astonishing  that  he  should 
have  met  with  any  mort;  encouragement  In  T(!xas. 
Xevertheless,  having  fixed  his  headquarters  at  San 
Patiicio,  and  raised  tlie  l)anner  of  the  Kejiublic  of 
the  Rio  (irande,  by  June  lu'  was  again  joined  by 
Jordan  with  110  volunteers,  by  Colonel  William  S. 
Fisher  with  200,  and  Coh^iel  John  N.  Seguin  with 
lUO.  These,  with  300  Mexicans,  raised  his  force  to 
710  men.  He  now  set  out  on  a  third  expedition, 
.Tnidan  with  his  connnand  and  150  ^fexicans  undt^r 
Coluiicls  Lopez  and  Molano  behig  sent  in  advance  of 
thi!  main  army.  What  his  object  was  in  thus  divid- 
iiiu'  his  force,  and  especially  the  Tcxans,  is  inexphcable. 
[  can  only  su})))ose  that  he  was  influenced  by  Lopez 
and  Molano,  whose  treachery  became  evident  by  sub- 
^^t'(Juent  events. 

Jordan,  unconscious  of  any  design  to  de.strov  him, 
successively   occupied  Laredo,   Guerrero,    Mier,   and 


1 

i 

ijH 

f 

r 

i|| 

|o 

-1 

1 

fi     V 


Ilia 

III 

m  pi 

£B  i 

HI  9| 

■WBrt    }\ 

S80 


LAMAK'S  AhMINi.vrUATIOX. 


( 'aiii.ir^ii.  lii(lut'(!tl  l)y  llu;  i('|»re'S('iitiitions  of  L(i|)./. 
and  M( llano  lio  tlicn  pushed  rii[)idly  t'orward  into  the 
interior.  Icavin*^  Caniari;o  Juni;  'ifitli.  Tula,  Moiallo, 
and  Jilnarcs  were  in  tui'n  (tcrupii'd,  and  on  Au'^iist 
I7lli  till'  t'fdcralists  cntcnHl  Victoria,  tlio  capital  nf 
Tainauli[>as,  \vh(!re  tlicy  wcro  received  with  deniun- 
stfations  (»t'  iov.  Here  a  new  state  trovernnient  Wiis 
estaMished  and  some  time  was  H))ent  in  recruitiai;. 
Reports  havino'  arrivisd  that  Arista  was  a[)proaeirni^' 
with  a  stron;;;  force,  Lo|)e/  and  Molano  decided  to 
retreat  to  the  mountains,  a  moveiiuMit  so  strongly 
op[»osed  hy  the  Texans,  that  the  ai'my  was  halted 
three  miles  from  Victoria  and  took  up  a  positinn  in 
which  it  remained  for  a  week  without  the  I'lieniy  a]i- 
peurniiL!^.  It  then  proceeded  to  Jaumai'c,  a  mining 
town  in  Siei'ra  Mach'e,  and  a  counsel  of  war  lia\  in.;' 
been  held,  it  was  <lecided  to  march  against  Sahilld. 
The  route  was  unknown  to  the  Texans,  and  Lopez 
,i\\d  ^folano  Were  n.'ally  conducting  tlu'm  toward  San 
Luis  Potosi.  Fortunately  all  the  Mexicans  were  iidt 
so  treacJuTous,  and  .lordan  ^'as  secretly  informed  hy 
Caj)tain  Peha  of  the  direction  in  wliicli  they  wi  iv 
marching;',  wliereupon  the  Texans  insisted  upon  tin  ir 
course  heinjjf  altered.  In  twelve  days  they  airivcd  at 
the  hacienda  del  Potosi,  one  day's  inarch  from  Saltilio, 
whore  Jordan  received  an  express  from  a  friend  at 
Victoria  informing  liim  that  he  was  betrayed,  am! 
that  the  Mexican  leaders  for  a  sum  of  money  had  r\\- 
gaged  to  place  the  Texans  in  such  a  position  that  tluy 
would  be  overwhelmed  by  the  enemy.  They  now 
prepared  for  the  worst,  and  on  October  2 '3d  set  out 
for  Saltilio.  Three  miles  south  of  the  citv  the  eiieiiiv 
was  discovered  entrenched  on  a  hill;  wliereupon  tlic 
federalists  took  u[)  a  position  on  an  eminence  sepa- 
rated from  it  l)y  a  ravine. 

The  centralist  army  was  1,000  strong,  with  two 
nine-pounders;  that  of  the  federalists,  ^^3.")  stioiii;'. 
consistiiifj  of  1 10  Texans,  150  mounted  rancheros.  ami 
75   infantrv.     At  one  o'clock    in   the    afternoon  tiic 


FKDKRALISTS  AND  rKNTKALlSTS. 


381 


rciiiralists  uikIit  «^L'iirml.s  N'ascjucz  uikI  ^^()nt()ya  j^rc- 
jijnv,l  to  attack.  The  Textms,  coiivinccMl  of  tin-  iii- 
tciiilfd  tn'aclicfv  of  tlif'ir  allii  s,  at  once  inovc<l  rajiidly 
iildiij,'  tlic  I'aviiK'  and  took  possession  of  an  old  liaci- 
(IkI.i  within  IJO  vards  of  the  cncnivs  cnticnchnicnts. 
Till'  infantry  lu'inn"  ordered  to  occupy  a  stone  Imuse 
(III  iheir  left,  uidiesitatinnlv  marched  over  t(»  the 
(iniiiv.  And  now  the  centi'alists  oju-ned  firt;  with 
tJK  ir  iirlilleiy  upon  the  position  of  the  Texans.  At 
till'  tirst  shot,  JiOpez  rode  onci'  to  them  with  the  ran- 
clicios  under  his  connnanil,  takinnj  with  him  the  ani- 
iiiiinition  (»f  the  fi'derals,  'I'he  situation  of  the  Texans 
\v;is  desperate'.  Yet.  deserted  as  they  were,  and  with 
111)  more  aimnu.  ition  than  tliat  which  they  had  on 
tjitir  jiersons,  they  determined  to  fiuht  to  the  death. 
Foi"  Seme  time  the  enemy's  j^uns  jilayed  ui)on  them, 
liut,  crouchin'j^  low  bi'ldnd  tlie  old  walls,  they  sulfered 
!iii  jiaiiii.  At  four  o'clock  the  centi'ali.'-'ts  a<lvaiic((l  to 
tlir  assault.      Hithei'to  the  Texans  had  not  tired  a  shot 

thiv  had  mi  powder  to  waste  in  lon^'  ranne  i»ractice. 
Will  II,  h(»wever,  the  assailants  liad  advanced  to  within 
thiitv  vards  of  the  walls,  thev  rose,  and  with  a  shout 
nf  (|(  fiance  )»(»ureil  into  them  a  dreadful  xolley,  every 
liull(  t  striking  its  human  mark.  ]5ut  tlu;  enemy 
fiiu;j,lit  well.  The  inhabitants  of  Saltillo,  informed 
that  the  trium{)h  of  the  centralists  was  certain,  had 
sallii  (I  forth,  men,  women,  and  childrcsn,  to  witness 
tlif  ciiiiiljat,  and  colunm  after  colunni,  encouraged  i)y 
their  ('hirers,  advanced  to  the  attack,  onlv  to  ))e  sue- 
iissfiilly  re]»ulsed  by  tlu;  witlu-ring  fire  of  the  Texans. 
At  length  the  centralist  ranks  became  disordered  and 
(IciKoralizcd.  A  panic  followed,  and  the  soldiei's  fled 
to  Saltillo,  with  thousands  of  frantic  spectators,  in  the 
ulnidst  confusion.  They  left  408  men  dead  on  the 
field — few  were  the  wounded  on  that  day-  their  two 
guns,  and  a  great  cjuantity  of  small  arms  and  ammu- 
nition.   The  Texans  had  five  killed  and  seven  wounded. 

Jordan,  after  this  victory  and  experience  in  Mexican 
good  faith,  wisely  took  up  his  retreat  to  Texas.     On 


■  'Sj 


«4 


ii    :  -'ilf 


332 


LAMAK8  ADMINISTRATION. 


1?H 


his  I'Duto,  lie  encc>u.rtcrccl  a  body  of  the  enemy's  cav- 
alry, 400  strong,  which  charged  him  on  an  open  jiLiin. 
But  the  riHe  soon  put  them  to  flight,  and  he  uiul  his 
heroic  band  reached  thi^  Rio  (^Irandc  without  nns]i;i|). 
Meantime,  Canales  had  cfl'ected  nothing.  After  the 
departurt^  of  Jordan,  he  crossed  the  Rio  Grande  and 
marched  against  the  small  town  of  San  Marino,  in 
eastern  Tamaulipas.  Finding  that  a  centralist  Wnvr 
was  near  that  place,  he  retreated  to  Camargo,  wlurc 
having  remained  for  some  months  m  comparativo  in- 
activity, he  finally  entered  into  a  capitulation  with 
Arista,  in  Novemlxir,  by  which  he  submitted  to  the 
government  and  surrendered  up  his  arms  and  anniiu- 
nition.  He  stipulated,  however,  for  the  lives  and  lih- 
erty  of  his  Texan  auxiliaries."* 

Thus  ended  the  attempt  to  establish  the  Repuhlic 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  a  scheme  which,  wholly  ignored 
by  the  Texan  government,  may  be  regarded  as  a 
chimerical  aspiration  of  the  northern  federalists.  It 
nevertheless  decoyed  into  their  ranks  a  njmlxM"  of 
adventurous  Texans,  and  was  undoubtedly  of  service 
in  keeping  the  Mexican  forces  occupied,  thereby  })ir- 
ventiuij  invasion. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  Texas  cdainu-d 
the  Rio  (irande  to  its  main  .source  as  her  boun(hiiy 
Ihie.  The  claim  was  a  thoroughly  arbitrary  one,  nm 
had  any  attempt  been  made  by  the  government  tn 
establisji  Jurisdiction  over  that  portion  of  New  ^Mcxicn 
lying  within  the  limits  defined  by  the  act  of  Deceiiilur 
l<),  1830.  But  hi  1841  an  expedition  to  Santa  F^' 
was  i)rojected,  which,  it  was  hoped,  would  lead  t<>  tii^ 
acquirement  «)f  th{.t  territory.  Congress  not  h;i\inL: 
made  an  apj)r()priation  for  the  regular  army,  it  was 
disbanded,  and  many  adventurous  men,  thus  thrown 
on  their  own  resources,  were  very  anxious  to  take 

"PrnU'.'<  Xotci  nf  iiic  Fiilfntl  CamjHivjn  of  IS3U-/,n,  closely  ioll>w,>il  l'\ 
Yoakum,  ii.  274-9,  288- it?;  JiiiM(i)iiaiite,  Maiiif.,  in  Arp.  Var  ,  I8"i,  no.  1: 
Rh'i'ra,  llixt.  JaluiMi,  iii,  440,  441-2,  4G5-t);  Tliml.l,  :W7-10;  Xlkx'  Jlfj.,  li^ 
225-0. 


II.  I!) 


\n 


EXl'KDl'JIOX  TO  SANTA  FF, 


333 


lillUH'il 

indaiv 

ic,  iii'V 

ita  F.' 

Itn  til' 

|\ii\in;i 
Jit  ^va^ 

liiwc'il  ''!■ 
no.  '• 
L.V;/.,  lis- 


part  in  such  an  entcrpris(\  Tlio  project  was  reconi- 
iiKudf'd  by  tlic  secretary  of  war,  wlio  propof-cd  tlm 
(iliculuL!;  of  a  niilioary  road  from  Austin  to  Santa  V6, 
and  it  was  regarded  witli  especial  favor  by  Lamar. 
An  extensive  trade  had  been  carried  ow  for  many  years 
hetwcen  the  latter  place  and  the  United  States  tlirouiifli 
St  Louis,  and  it  was  expected  that  it  would  be  di- 
verted and  take  a  direction  through  Texas  if  that  as- 
suiii."d  portion  o.^  her  territory  could  l)e  conciliated 
and  uiiitid  by  the  bonds  of  commercial  interests.  The 
sclieine  was  an  ill-digested  one.  Betwi'cn  tlie  settled 
districts  of  the  tw'»  sections  extended  a  region  GOO 
iiiilts  in  width,  uni-diabited  except  by  roaming  hordes 
(if  savage's;  the  population  of  Santa  ¥6  was  entirely 
Mt'xlcan,  under  Mexican  rule,  and  the  governor,  whose 
]iii\ver  was  autocratic,  would  not  be  likely  to  sanction 
aiiv  chanofe  that  would  affect  his  pettv  sovereii^nty. 

In  tlio  spring  of  1841,  active  pre})arations  wi-re 
made  for  the  expeditit)n,  which  was  organized  on  a 
ii'.ilitary  basis.  The  friends  of  the  movement  intro- 
duced a  bill  into  congress  which,  if  j)assed,  would  have 
autliorized  it  and  provided  a  portion  of  the  necessary 
niitfit.  The  bill,  however,  was  rejected  in  both  houses. 
The  responsibility  of  tlie  undertaking,  which  thus 
wanted  the  sanction  of  law,  rests  therefore  upon  La- 
mar," who  officially  supportetl  it.  and  addressed  a 
inoolamation  to  the  authorities  at  Santa  Fe  setting 
t'erth  the  object  of  the  expedition.  If  they  were  will- 
nii;',  lie  said,  to  submit  to  the  laws  of  the  Texan  re- 
Ituluic,  and  acknowledge  her  jurisdiction,  arrangements 
would  l)e  made  to  extend  the  laws  over  that  territory ; 
but  in  case  tlie  people  were  averse  to  changing  their 
allegiance,  then  he  wished  to  establish  friendly  com- 
mercial relations  with  New  Mexico.  The  instructions 
:.,nven  to  the  commander  of  the  expedition  prohll>ited 
him  from  attempting  the  subjugation  of  the  connti'v 
it  tli(!  people  were  unwilling  to  submit.     The  military 

■'I«uti;ir  liail  obtfiined  permisaioii  from  conj^ross  to  absent  liinisulf,  and 
ilic  LMv tiuniuut  wus  buing  admiuistcrud  by  liuruct  i^t  this  time. 


'f 


334 


LAMAR'S  ADlNIlNISTltATION. 


R'? 


".  s 


Ml 


onyjanizatioii  of  tlio  oxpcxlition  was  only  for  the  purpftsa 
of  st'lf-protcc'tion  Jinain.st  tlic  savages. 

On  June  20t]i,  IM4l,thc  expedition  started  fiom 
Brusliy  creek,  about  t\v<'ntv  miles  from  Austin.  It 
consisted  of  five  companies  of  mounted  infantry,  and 
an  artillery  company,  which  had  one  brass  six- 
|)ounder,  in  all  270  soldiers.  They  wen;  acconipaniid 
i)y  about  hfty  othei'  ))ersons— traders,  ti-anistcis,  and 
adventurers.  William  (t.  Cooke,  K.  F.  Brenliaiu, 
and  J.  A.  Navarro,  were  ap})olnted  as  connnissjoiiers. 
and  charo-cd  by  the  president  with  the  execution  oi 
his  instructions.  The  ox})('(liti()n  was  ])1accd  undiT 
the  conn)iand  of  Brigadier-(}i'neral  Hugh  j\[cL(od. 
From  the  first  start  difHcuhJcs  wore  encouiitcicd. 
The  wagons  were  overloaded,  and  much  delay  occui ml 
therefrom;  the  gui<les  were  ill-acquainted  witii  tlic 
route,  and  tinallv  lost  their  wav  in  the  Washita  nieun- 
tains.  The  distance  to  Santa  Fe  had  b(>en  uivallv 
under-estimated,  and  having  started  too  late  in  tln' 
season,  both  grass  and  watc^r  were  sadly  wanting. 
After  great  suli'erings  and  losses,  exposed  t<>  at- 
tacks by  IiKhans,  who  cut  olf  all  str'agglers,  the  expc- 
tlition  arrived  August  J  1th,  at  a  ])()int  which  avus 
sujijiosed  to  b(!  aijout  st-venty-five  or  (Mghty  mlli's  (ioiu 
ISaii  jMiguei.  Here  three  of  the  party,  Howlaiid, 
Baker,  and  Kosenbury  were  sent  in  advance  to  tliat 
place  to  procure  provisions  and  consult  with  the  inlial)« 
Icants  as  to  the  probable;  rece[)tion  of  the  exjMHhlieii, 

1'he  main  body,  slowly  continued  its  march,  nicii 
aiKi  animals  gaunt  and  feeble  with  hunger.  A  few 
days  after  the;  departun;  of  Howland,  Lieutenant 
Hull  and  four  men.  being  in  adviiice,  were  lilled  l>y 
Indians,  and  their  bodies  mutilated.  Tin;  -'5 1st  ot 
August,  after  a  consultation,  it  was  decided  to  (hvide 
the  command,  and  send  in  advance  those  best  able  to 
travel.  Acconhngly  ninety-nine  men  were  detachid 
and,  under  Captain  Lewis,  left  the  main  body  for  San 
JMiguei.'" 

-''KcikIuU,  the  liistoriau  of  the  expedition  says:     'llowcvur  iiupolitic  it* 


I< INO.MIXIOL'S  FAILUKK. 


;!:i,') 


Tlie  final  disaster  now  approaoliod :  Howland, 
IJakor,  and  Ilosenhuiy  had  made  tlieir  way  t<>  vSan 
Mii^ucl,  wlierc,  as  soon  as  their  mission  was  known, 
tlicv  were  arrested  and  sent  tt^  Santa  Fe.  General 
Manuel  Arniijo,  governor  oi  New  Mexico,  was  the 
last  man  In  the  world  to  allow  his  authority  to  he  in- 
tert'orod  with.  He  was  a  tyrant,  and  hated  hv  the 
'vcater  portion  of  tlie  people;  if  the  Texans  reaehrd 
>->aiita  Fe  and  tlie  iidiahitants  became  aware  of 
Lamar's  invitation,  lic^  knew  well  that  they  would  turn 
anainst  him,  and  he  determined  to  crush  the  hivadi-rs 
hcroie  tliey  reached  tlie  capital.  Proclaiming  to  the 
]iro]tl(^  that  the  Texans  were  approaching  to  kill  and 
destroy,  he  marched  out  of  Santa  Fe  with  a  strong 
fdivo  to  attack  them.  Meantime  Ca])tain  Lewis  and 
his  conmiand  had  reached  the  Rio  Gallinas  where  they 
found  settlements  and  Hocks  .»f  sheep,  which  su]i])licd 
tlicm  with  abundance  of  food.  From  this  place  Lewis, 
with  four  others,  one  of  whom  was  Kendall,  we're  sent 
forward  8e|)tembcr  I4tli  to  San  i\Iigucl,  with  a  letter 
to  tlie  alcalde,  informing  hitn  thata  trading  ])a.i'ty  was 
;i]t|ir(iaehing,  and  taking  with  thema  number  of  copies 
in  S]>anish  of  Lamar's  proclamation.  Before  reaching 
their  destination,  however,  they  were  mad«'  ])risoners 
and  sent  to  Santa  Fe.  ]M(>eting  Armijo  on  the  way, 
tli(  y  were  brought  l)ack  by  him  to  San  Miguel,  where 
tliey  witness(>(l  tlu^  execution  of  JLowlaiid  and  l^nkei-. 
These  unfortunate!  men  with  their  companion,  had 
cHected  their  escaj)e,  but  wen*  rc^captured  after  a  des- 
|H  rate  resistance,  llosenbury  being  slain  on  the  sj)ot. 
I'i vents  now  followed  (piickly.  Lewis  provi'd  a 
traitor,  and  by  his  ri^presentr.tions  the  advance  troops, 
then  under  Colonel  Cooke,  one  of  the  connnissiouers, 
Were  induced  to  lay  down  their  arms  and  surrendi'r  to 
Salazar,  who  had  almost  surrounded  them  with  (!00 
nun.     This  was  ou  the  J 7th.     On  the  foUowuig  day, 

may  in:  cimsiilcrcd  to  ilivide  a  cominiiiul,  in  tliis  iiiHtauce  .siu^li  ii  coursu 
C'liil.l  nut  lio  avoidiMl.  Wo  were  coiiiplotcly  Ici.st,  ami  without  ]iii\vur  of 
ni'iviiii,'  liirwanl;  our  provisions,  whicli  liail  for  weeks  liocn  scanty,  nmit  iiow 
alinu-t  entirely  exhansteil'   Tc.r.  Sniitu  /•'<•  Erju'/.,  i.  'Jl  I. 


lAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


Arrnijo  canio  up  with  tlic  rest  of  liis  forces.  By  lii.s 
orders  the  i^'isoiiers  were  tied  together  iii  compaiiios 
of  four,  six  or  eiglit,  according  to  the  diiferent  leugtlis 
of  tlie  lariats  with  which  they  were  hound,  and  sent 
forthwith  to  Mexico.  He  then  marclied  against  tlic 
main  body  under  McLeod,  whicli  liad  })ainfully  ad- 
vanced to  Laguna  Colorado,  about  thirty-five 
miles  from  Rio  Gallinas.  Most  of  the  horses  had 
perished ;  many  of  the  men,  in  desperation  induced 
by  ftimino  and  exhaustion,  had  thrown  away  tluir 
arms,  and  few  of  them  had  strength  enough  to  figlit. 
Upon  assurances  being  given  that  they  should  receive 
good  treatment,  the  Texans  surrendered ;  which  was 
no  sooner  done  than  they  were  plundered,  bound  to- 
gether in  batches,  and  marched  off  to  San  Miom  1, 
where  the  last  of  them  arrived  October  r2tli.  Fioiii 
that  place  tliey  were  sent  on  the  same  long  jouriuy 
on  which  their  companions-in-arms  were  toiling  in 
advance  of  them. 

Such  was  the  miserable  end  of  this  foolishness," 
from  which  so  much  had  been  expected.  The  misei'ies 
of  the  captives  during  their  march  were  almost  insup- 
portable. On  their  arrival  at  the  Mexican  capital, 
tliey  were  thrown  into  noisome  dungeons,  some  in 
Mexico,  and  others  in  Puebla  and  Perote.  Fortunate 
were  those  who  could  prove  themselves  citizens  of  the 
United  States  or  subjects  of  European  nations;  tlie 
representatives  of  their  resjiective  countries  strenu(  »usly 
interested  themselves  in  their  behalf,  and  obtained 
their  release"  in  the  spring  of  1842,  On  the  l.'kh 
of  June,  1 1  i)  prisoners  were  released  by  the  clemency 
of  Santa  Anna,  who  had  again  risen  to  the  supreme 
power,  on  the  celebration  of  his  birthday.'"     But  tlio 


'■(Icn.  Jackson  in  a  letter  to  Houston,  of  May '2.'),  1S4'J,  writes:  Tin' 
w  ild-goose  campaign  to  Santa  Fo  was  an  ill-judged  aflair;  and  their  i-iir- 
render  without  the  lire  of  a  gun  has  lessened  the  prowess  of  the  Tca.uis  in 
the  minds  of  tlie  Mexicans.'   Yotdniii,  ii.  329. 

'■'*'See  r'nUan  nnd  Loatno,  Lvij.  Me.r.,  iv.  l.')4,  1{KS. 

''^ KcrjlitlCn  Xdrrat'iis'  of  the  Tc.nin  Savl/i  I'V  Er}yiHlmi,  New  York,  IS44, 
2  vol.,  pp.  40.'),  4(Mi;  Ymbani,  ii.  '^'2\-M,  'XW,  ."Ul  ."!:  Thonipmn'x  h\ruL  M<.r., 
cVJ-;;,  77- y,  t»2-a,  l.^iS,  279-81;  Ihin-ho,  Intern.  M>.r.,  pte  'A  a  2:?7;  Bmi,m<nit'; 


SEAT  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


337 


unfortunate  commissioner,  Navarro,  having  incurred 
till  s})ecial  hatred  of  the  tyrant,  was  incarcerated  first 
in  tho  capital  and  afterward  hi  a  dungeon  in  San  Juan 
dv  IHua,  where  he  languished  for  fourteen  months, 
finally  escaping  from  Vera  Cruz  in  January,  1845/" 


The 
haiis  in 


IS44, 


It  soon  became  evident  that  the  situation  of  Hous- 
ton was  not  such  as  to  entitle  it  to  become  the  i)er- 
niaiient  seat  of  the  government.  On  January  1 4,  183!,), 
an  act  was  passed  by  congress  ap[>ointing  five  commis- 
sioners to  select  a  site  for  the  future  cajntal.  Tlie 
fonnnlssloners  were  Albert  C.  Horton,  Lewis  P.  Cook, 
Isaac  W.  Burton,  William  Menifee,  and  J.  Campl>ell, 
wild  made  choice  of  tho  location  where  Austin  now 
stiinds.  Although  at  that  date  tlio  new  town,  which 
was  innuediately  laid  out,  was  situated  on  tho  extreme 
t'loiitier  of  the  settlements,  the  commissioners  showed 
tliiir  wis'lom  in  the  selection.  They  aimed  at  estab- 
lisliing  a  permanent  capital,  which  would  occuity  a 
central  position  when  Texas  had  become  a  tliiekly 
l)o[iulated  country;  and  though  the  govornment  and 
Colin  less  would  be  withm  strikino;  distance  of  hostile 
Indians,"  Austin  as  their  seat  would  draw  westward 

lli<i.  S'liit'i  Aitii'i,  MS.,  iii.  S-!);  A/.,  DiiirioMrx.,  MS.,  xliv.  SI,  10",»;  xlv.  71: 
r,  S.  II.  Kr.  /Mr.,  'J7  ci'llg.,  -  soss..  Vol.  v..  Doc.  'HW. 

".lost;  Antonio  Navarro  was  lioru  in  San  Antoni.i  ilo  BOjar,  Fol).  •27. 
lT'.i."i,  his  fathi'r  liuing  a  native  of  Corsica,  and  an  olliccr  in  tlio  Sjiaiiisli 
ariiiy.  Ho  vas  a  Htanoli  fo<k'ralist  and  a  foe  to  military  depotisni.  hi 
IMU-I!."  Navarro  was  land  couiniissioiu'r  tor  Ki'jar  district;  a  niciiilpcr  of  the 
i,"iivi:iitii.u  ill  |.SI{(i,  and  u  nicnilicr  :if  coni^ross  in  ISHS-H'.t.  lie  Mas  coii- 
iliiiiiuil  by  Santa  Anna  to  inll)risonnl■^nt  for  life,  though  during  his  captivity 
\w  was  several  times  oll'ered  pardon,  lilierty,  and  liigh-ollicc,if  in;  Would 
.ilijiire  forever  Texas,  his  country.  These  propositions  were  rcjcctod  with 
>ci>rii.  iu  Uec.  ISW,  just  hefore  the  fallof  Sant;i  Anna,  ho  was  removed  from 
>.m  .liiau  do  Uhia  and  allowed  to  ren\aiu  a  prisoner  at  largo  in  Vera  Cru/, 
wliLiiie  he  escaped  .Ian.  'Jd,  arriving  at  (ialvostou,  Kelt.  .'<,  IS-l."),  after  an 
iili<i'iK(!  of  nioro  than  tlireo  years  an<l  a  half.  On  his  return  ho  was  elected 
'liliuate  to  the  convention  lield  that  year,  to  decide  upon  the  nuestiou  of 
aniu'x.iUou,  and  was  afterward  senator  from  IJcjar  district  in  the  state 
iiiiigi'e^s.  Ho  died  in  his  native  city  in  1870.  C(Vilorii'.-<  Tix.,  IJ.'kjI?; 
Tlimil,  .•('.Hi. 

"Nor  did  the  Indians  fail  to  strike.  I  copy  the  following  from  tin-  memo- 
itBila  of  .\us(in  .Tones  for  the  year  1S40:  'Antji,^  Marcli  KUa.  UOKe  uji  at 
"iijht  with  the  alarm  of  Indians.  Tiio  suliu::is  of  tlio  town  were  plundered 
lit  al!  ilu)  horses,  and  Ward  and  Hedley  killed  and  scalped;  heard  the  cries 
"i  the  latter  while  under  tho  hands  of  tho  Indians.  April  (Jth.  Constant 
iilariiinf  Indians  and  ^Mexicans.     Our  wise  government  haa  resolved  upon 

Hist.  Mex.  St.itks,  Vol.  II.    'Ji 


,    1  h 


I  %\  I 


^1 


M 


l-ij!i 


338 


LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


settlors,  who  would  populate  that  portion  of  the  coun- 
try, and  serve  as  a  protection  to  an  ever-extentlinjr 
frontier  of  civilization.  In  August,  the  town-lots  of 
the  now  capital  were  sold,  buildings  were  soon  erected, 
the  offices  of  the  government  were  transferred  thither, 
and  in  November  congress  assembled  in  a  hall  sur- 
rounded by  the  wilderness." 

Durinijc  the  admhiistration  of  Lamar,  the  relations 
of  Texas  with  European  powers  wore  as  favorable  an 
aspect  as  could  possibly  be  expected.  Wliile  Houston 
was  president.  General  J.  P.  Henderson  had  beiiu  sent 
as  connnissioncr  to  London  and  Paris  to  obtain  an 
acknowledgment  of  her  independence.  The  Britisli 
government  was  kindly  disposetl  towaixl  the  new  re- 
public, inasmuch  as  It  was  plainly  foreseen  that 
Texas,  l)eing  chiefly  an  agricultural  country,  lier  ]>eo[iIt' 
would  become  large  consumers  of  foreign  maimfiutures. 
while  her  ca[)acity  for  the  production  of  raw  inaterial, 
especially  cotton,  England's  great  demantl,  was  ini- 
men.se.  Moreover,  the  known  tendency  of  tlie  Texans 
to  free-trade  principles  was  another  inducement  for 
that  great  ))ower  to  hold  out  the  hautl  of  friendsliip 
to  an  infant  nation  that  would  *;row  robust  in  time. 
Gre-at  Bi'itain  desired  to  find  in  Texas  a  market  foi' 
lu!r  merchandise,  "without  having  to  clindt  over  tin 
United  States  tariff.""  Henderson  therefore  experi- 
enced no  difficulty  in  making  a  commercial  treaty  in 
1838  with  tlie  British  ujovernment,  under  the  re.serv;i- 
tion,  however,  tliat  until  that  power  formally  reeoir- 
nized  Texas,  it  would  consider  her  as  a  part  of  ]\rexiee. 
In  November  of  the  same  year,  a  similar  treaty  \va> 
made  with  France,  but  without  the  reservation;  -hkI 

fortiliciitions  at  Austin,     .funo  I'itli.     Stood  gnanl  over  the  town  aU  im;iit 
liilJ.  Ten.,  US. 

^^  Austin  did  not  retain  her  uniineuce  as  the  capital  of  Texa.s  witliont  i 
.struggle.  In  1872,  however,  that  city  waa  proclaiuicd  by  poimlar  voir  ih' 
permanent  capital  of  the  state,  Austin  receiving  03,207  votes,  Hountoii  :!.'>,  I^"*. 
and  Waco  12,77(>.   Tlimll,  300. 

'■'These  are  Lonl  Aberdeen's  words  to  Ashbel  Smith,  the'Texaa  miuiater 
to  England  and  France  iu  1842.  Smith,  Remiim.  Tex.  Hep.,  30. 


TREATIES. 


3.JJ) 


ill  Septonibor  1839,  the  treaty  was  ratified,  and  the 
iii(l('[)endence  of  Texas  acknowledged  by  the  French 
.'nvtrnment.  Owing  to  the  ridiculous  att'air  before 
nicuLioncd,"  diplomatic  intercourse  was  soon  afterward 
suspondtMl  between  the  two  nations  until  1842,  when 
fViciidly  Halations  were  resumed. 

VVlun  (General  Hamilton  arrived  in  London  as  tlu; 
T*'xan  representative,  he  negotiated  a  convention  with 
the  British  govermnent,  in  which  it  was  stipulated 
that  Texas  should  assume  <£!, 000,000  of  tlie  debt  due 
hy  Mexico  to  English  holders  of  her  bonds.  This 
convention,  as  well  as  the  connnercial  treaty,  as  finally 
aLfn'ed  U})on,  was  signed  in  London  November  13, 
1840;  both  were  ratified  by  Texas  in  Fe])raary  1841. 
The  treaty,  however,  met  with  much  opj>«)wition  by 
flic  British  and  Foreign  Anti-slavery  Society,  which 
urgently  remoDstrated  against  its  being  ratified  by 
the  l*]n<j;lish  (jovernment.  Ashbel  Smith,  the  Texan 
minister  to  London,  arrived  in  that  city  April  1842, 
hearing  the  ratified  copies  of  both  agreements,  which, 
after  some  delay,  were  exchanged  with  Lord  Aber- 
<l('cn  in  face  of  opposition,  a  treaty  granting  the  recip- 
rocal riglit  of  search  for  the  sujtpression  of  the  African 
slav(!  trade  having  been  first  exchanged.'"  The  inde- 
ju'iidence  of  Texas  was  thus  recogni/ed  ly  two  of  the 
«j;r(at(!st  powers  of  Europe.  It  remains  to  be  added 
that  Holland  and  Belgium  recognized  her  hidependence 


■'^''I'lie  piirticulars  are  as  follows:  Tlie  horses  of  ^f.  Saligiiy,  the  Fmich 
rciiroseiitative  in  Texas,  wt^re  fed  on  eorii.  The  pigs  heloiiging  to  Mr  nnllock, 
a  i)iit(!l-kiH'])er,  intrudoil  into  the  stahles  to  pii'li  n]>  the  corn  wliieh  the  horst's 
let  f:dl  to  the  ground.  One  of  M.  do  Saligny's  servants  killed  some  of  tlie 
pigs.  IJuUock  whipped  the  servant.  This  enraged  M.  de  Saligny,  and  Ihil- 
Iiick  was  arrested  for  assfviilt,  and  hound  over  to  answer  at  the  next  term  of 
tlip,  (listriot  court.  Atl'ronted  .soon  afterward  hy  Bullock,  Saligny  demanded 
(lis  immediate  punishment,  and  a  warm  eorrespoudonue  hetween  him  and  the 
'IVxan  sec.  of  state  followed.  Not  ohtaining  the  satisfaction  he  wished,  the 
txispcrated  Frenchman  demanded  his  passports  and  Jeft  his  post.  Goiiiic'h 
/v.  J/ii'l.  Tr.r.,  110-11;  Smith's  Jiemiim.  Tex.  Hep., '32.  Saligny  retunied  to 
Tix.is  in  1842.  Id.,  34, 

A/.,  .S:{,  38;  Miullard's  Jlist.  Ihp.  Tex.,  180-«2,  411-29;  Niles  Re<j.,  Ix. 
•'S,  177;  Ixii.  337,  384;  Kennedy,  ii.  353-4;  Iliveni,  HUt.  Jaltipa,  iii.  515-lG; 
llii..i<n,iiuite,  Gabinete  Jlcx.,  ii.  7-14;  Id.,  MS.,  iu  158-70,  183-5;  Rivero,  Mex. 


m 


m 


.  ij. 


340 


LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


in  1840,  a  treaty  of  commerce  with  the  former  country 
being  signed  at  The  Hague  September  i8th  of  tliat 
year. 

While  Texas  was  thus  successful  in  obtaining  the 
acknowledgment  of  her  independence  by  foreign  na- 
tions, all  her  efforts  to  secure  the  same  from  Mexico 
failed.  In  1839,  the  Texan  government,  entertaiirinu- 
some  expectation  tliat  Mexico  would  l)e  inclined  to 
listen  to  proposals  for  peace,  sent  Bc^rnard  E.  Bi'c,  as 
diplomatic  agent  to  that  government.  Bee  anivtd 
at  Vera  Cruz  in  May,  wliere  he  remained  for  ten 
days,  pending  the  decision  of  the  government,  with 
regard  to  tlie  question  of  his  reception.  He  was 
courteously  treated  by  General  Victoria,  governor  of 
Vera  Cruz  during  his  stay  in  that  city.  Tlie  Mexican 
authorities  finally  decided  not  to  receive  him,  and  lie 
embarked  on  the  French  frigate.  La  Glocrc,  bound  t'oi 
Habana."  Ti^xas,  however,  had  a  secret  agent  In  the 
Mexican  ca[)ita]  who,  in  I  S40,  under  the  aus[)iccs  of 
Packenham,  the  English  mhiister  in  that  city,  suc- 
ceeded in  sul)mittinu:  to  the  o()vernnient  the  basis  n( 
a  treaty  of  peace.  Pack(>nham,  moreover,  olFeicd  \n 
act  as  mediator.  The  treaty  and  the  offer  wviv  alikr 
rejected  by  ^loxico.  In  1841  the  British  goveiiiiiiciit. 
without  waiting  for  the  excliange  of  ratifications  of  tlio 
mediation  convention,  officially  instructed  Packeiihaiu 
to  brhig  before  tlio  AFexican  authorities  the  ])roHi  r  nf 
Great  Britain,  to  mediate  bt'tweeii  that  power  aiwl 
Texas,  and  jNfr  Burnley,  provided  with  a  letter  of  in 
troduction  to  him  from  Lord  Palmerston,  procccdi  il 
to  Mexico  as  negotiator  on  the  part  of  Texas.''*'     ihi' 

*'Tlu;  Mcxifaii  lllilli^iL(■^  of  foreign  ri'latioiis  f(mn<l  fault  villi  llolI;nhl  nr 
not  having  previously  ailviscil  tin;  Mcxifau  govcrniucut  of  lior  intention. 
M>:r.,  Afrni.  Mill.  I!rl.,  i.  doc.  I.'!;  ] )iii rh>  ihUlnh.  M,j:,  .Ian.  '2\,  I.SII,  y.  •-'. 

■''  IJue'rt  letters  in  .N'/Aw'  /i',./.,  Ivi.  i.'4'J,  'J,')!),  •IT.i-i.  Victoria  was  iustnutol 
to  .say  to  ]{eo,  tliat  lio  iiiiglit  reiiri'sont  to  liim  tlio  olijoet  of  liis  luis.sioii  i'l 
writing,  not  in  any  imhlii;  cliaracter,  Imt  as  a  coninii.ssioner  of  tlio  ri'Velti'i 
colonists  of  Texas.  If  tiio  onjcet  was  to  ask  tlic  rucogiiitinn  of  tin;  iinl'- 
peniloiiuo  of  Toxas,  Jk'c  was  to  l)c  iniiin'cliatcly  rui^uirud  to  reii/iliaik 
liiciro,  //ix/,.  JatiiiKt, -iiH-W);  BiistdiiKiiitr,  (liiliuicta  Mcf.,  ii.  7-8. 

^'■Jaincs  Wol)l)  was  also  scut  from  Texas  as  coniuiissioiicr,  to  (Hh'Ii  .iiih 
coniluct  tho  ncgotiatioua.  lio  waa  not  ruceivod,  aud  iuiuiud  lately  ntunn  (L 
Youkuttif  ii.  31b. 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION. 


341 


|\Ul*'llt. 

of  the 

■nliaiu 

\\\v  "' 

V  au'i 

o\'  ill 

,va.>i 

Inlrllti'lU. 

tin;  iii'l'' 


;iV>' 


u   .111' 


Ivi'Hinu'ii- 


Mexico  paid  no  more  heed  to  the  British  nation  than 
sill'  had  done  to  her  diplomatic  agent.  She  unhesi- 
tatiiijjjly  declined  any  such  mediation,  refused  to  cn- 
t.  itain  tlie  ([uestion  of  peace,  unless  Texas  resigned 
]i(  1'  claim  to  independent  sovereignty,  and  preparetl 
tor  Avar. 

Ill  Septend)er  1841,  the  presidential  election  was 
111  1(1,  by  which  General  Houston  was  a  second  time 
cliosen  president,  receiving  7,915  votes  against  3,0 1 (! 
(a>t  for  David  G.  Burnet,  Edward  Burleson  was 
cKctcd  vice-president  with  G,1G1  votes,  his  compet- 
itor, Mennican  Hunt,  havhig  received  4,n;?n. 

When  congress  met  in  Novemher,  Lamar  opened 
his  message  with  congratulations  upon  the  prosperity 
of  the  country.  The  relations  Avith  ^Mexico  were  sucli 
that  he  advised  hostilities,  and  stated  tluit  he  had 
made  arrangements  to  send  the  Texan  navy  to  coop- 
(.r.ite  with  the  government  of  Yucatan,  whicli  had 
lately  declared  her  hidependence  of  Mexico.  He  was 
>osed  to  a  military  invasion  of  the  enemy's  country, 
ut  advised  the  establishment  of  military  posts  west 
f  the  Nueces,  for  the  protection  of  that  portion  of 
Tixas.  He  reconunended  congress  to  take  into  con- 
siilrration  the  traffic  conducted  by  the  people  of  the 
western  fnmtier — a  trade  of  which  lie  highly  approved; 
and  spoke  in  glowing  terms  of  the  probal)le  results  f)f 
the  Santa  Fe  expedition.  In  his  sanguine  hopes,  he 
already  saw  the  rich  n^sources  of  the  connnerce  of 
Xt  w  Mexico  pouring  wealth  into  the  coffers  of 
Texas  I 

Lut  Lamar,  distinguished  thougli  he  was  for  his 
courage,  unquestioned  integrity,  and  pure  patriotism, 
utterly  failed  as  a  ruler;  and  when  ho  retired  from 
the  presidency,  the  repubMc  was  in  a  dilapidated  con- 
dition. The  public  debt  had  been  increased  nearly 
four- fold,  and  the  public  c  edit  had  fallen  to  zero;  by 

''Univsthid,  Dktamcn,  1S40,  in  Pap  Vttr.,  212,  no.  8;  liiwrn.  Hist.  Jalnpi, 
iii.  440;  Bu.iUimniite,  Oahimte  Mex.,  ii.  11-12;  Id.,  MS.,  iv.  17;  Mlc^'  L'l,/., 
li\.  I'.C),  '2.-)7;  Youn'/s  IIi.il.  Mex.,  .305;  Otero,  Ohms,  MS.,  i.  31.^7;  ii.  1^4; 
Ttx.  Col.  Doc,,  uo.  5,  in  Pinart'a  Col.  Smith's  Jieminin.,  Tix.  Jh'p.,  38. 


1) 
1 1 


i 


ft 

i 

i 


Hit 
■IIP"''' 

siiii  I  'M 


>f; 

■J    . 

,    ;■ 

1  *ji"- 

^H'^ 

H 

■h^-'  'fi'JH 

i 

HH|; 

342  LAMAR'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

Ilia  aavagism  as  displayed  in  tlio  extermination  creed, 
the  Indians  had  been  driven  to  the  higliest  dcgrt  •  of" 
exasperation;  the  bahmoe  of  trade  was  heavily  on  tin- 
debit  side;**  and  n is  last  pet  scheme,  the  Santa  V6 
I'xpedition,  ended  in  a  climax  of  disaster. 

During  Lamar's  administration,  the  question  of  an- 
nexation to  the  United  States  lay  in  abeyance.  As 
the  reader  is  aware,  he  was  violently  opposed  to  such 
a  union,  and  in  Texas  the  subject,  though  sf)metinu'.s 
alluded  to,  was  apr  arently  dropped.  In  the  United 
States,  however,  it  was  not  only  discussed  by  the 
press,  but  was  brought  from  time  to  time  befoiv 
congress.  The  application  foradmission  into  tlie  Union 
had  been  peremptorily  refused.  On  August  4,  l>i;57, 
Mennican  Hunt,  the  Texan  envoy  to  Washington, 
addressed  a  letter  to  Forsvth,  the  American  sccrctarv 
of  state,  making  a  proposition  for  annexation.  Foi-- 
syth  replied  on  the  2oth,  rejecting  thcj  overture  in 
decided  terms,  and  the  subject  was  dismisKed  witliout 
reserving  it  for  further  considtTation.  The  govern- 
ment at  Washington  justly  maintahied  that  so  longu.s 
Texas  was  at  war  with  Mexico,  and  the  United  States 
at  peace  with  her,  annexation  would  constitut((  a 
breach  of  treaty  with  Mexico,  not  only  dishonorable, 
l)ut  also  cert.ain  to  involve  the  United  States  in  war 
with  that  nation." 

The  labors  of  office  and  the  animadversions  to 
which  he   was  exposed,  induced  Lamar   to  apply  to 

'•The  following  table  of  imports  and  exports  is  obtained  from  Oow't 
Fine.  Hist.  Tex.,  84,  128: 

IMPORTS.  EXPORTS 

Year  ending  Sept.  30,  1838 $1,740,376.87        818.%:iii.(X) 

Year  ending  Sept.  1,  18.39 1,506,897.67  214JASM 

Year  ending  Sept.  1,  1840 1,378,568.98  220,401. 15 

$4,625,843.52        $(57  8, 24  2. '.'J 
Showing  a  balance  of  trade  for  these  three  years  against  the  republii;  <>l 

$3,947,600. 

*' Copy  of  correspondence  in  Hunt's  Address,  21-43;  U.  S.  //.  LV.  /'»;■. 

25  cong.,  1  sess.,  Doc.  40;  and  Con/j.  DelxUes,  1837,  xiv.,  app.   117-22.     Fur 

further  discussions  on  the  subject  in  the  U.  8.  congress,   see  //.  Ej:  Jh"-. 

vol.  iv.,  25  cong.,  2  sess.,  Doc.  196;  U.  S.  Sen.  Doc.,  25  cong.,  2  sess.,  Dof. 

50;  Congress  Globe,  18.37-8,    p.   12,    25,  app.    555;  Jd.,  1838-9,  p.   IS;  M, 

1839-40,  p.  274,  281,  541. 


rUllXKT,  ACTINC  (lOVKHNOR. 


343 


(dii^^rc'SS  for  pormisHion  to  absent  liiinsolf;  and  his 
ii(jiu'st  l)oinj^  j^rantetl,  clurin*^  tlie  last  year  of  his 
term,  the  «rovoninient  was  administered  l)v  Vice- 
rresidcnt  Burnet/' 

"Tlirall,  317.  From  Dec.  15,  1840  to  Fob.  3,  1841,  the  acta  of  congreas 
art^  iijiproved  by  David  G.  Buniet,  after  which  date  no  signatures  are  at- 
tacln m1  to  tlie  acts  passed  in  tiio  copy  of  Tfif  Lawn  of  the  Ki'pMk  of  Texas  in 
uiy  |iiis»eH8iou,  only  the  word  'approved,'  with  the  date,  being  used. 


ll  I'M 

Hn 

'Wm 

||« 

i,' 

1 

If-..   I 

','  '■'■ 

1  ^ 


*■«. 


./ 

\m 

ri  I 

15  i 
ll 

V  ,  1 

! 
t 

[ 

1 

1 

CHAPTER   XIV. 


Ml 

jii 

lii 

1  i' 

H 

i 

■  I 

M 


M 


II  ('  ■ 


END  OF  THE  TKXAN  KEPUBLIC. 

1841-184(5. 

liousTuN's  Second  AnMiNi.sTiiATiox— Heddction'  ok  Expenses — V.nsi^cf.z 
Takes  Bkiau— Cokihispondencb  with  S^nta  Anna— Operations  ny 
the  Navy— The  AitniivE  Waii— llEciLAions    ani>    Modeuatoin— 

EnOLAND's  NEUTHALIrY-- WoLI.'s   iNftOAO — DaWSON's    DeKEAI-  -SiiMKII- 

ville's  Di'itinrs  Conduct— Baitle  ok  MtKi!— Mexican  Crii.i',  Tiik 
Ciiahok  on  the  fjluAito — AfJitiEVous  Mistake — The  Death-lmttoiv 
—Tub  I'ltisoNEiis  ai"  I'euote — Snivelv's  Exi-ediiion— Koiunshns 
DiPLOMArv — The  AuMiSTioE — Rivau:  Y(  if  the  United  States  am  i  Km  • 
land — Anson  Jones  Eleoied  Piiesideni' — lIorsroN's  Fauewei.i,  Mkh- 

SAOE — His      DiFFICl  LT      I'OSITION — ANNEXATION — TUE     STATE     CoNSlI- 
Tl'TION. 

Presidf:nt  Houston  sent  in  liis  lucssagc  to  roiiL^rcss 
Dcccinber  13,  1841,  He  did  not  conceal  the  fkct 
that  his  administration  would  be  jjfuided  by  a  jxilicy 
diametrically  opposite  to  that  of  his  predecessor.  IL 
deprecated  the  interference  on  the  part  of  Texas  in 
the  revolutionary  movements  in  Mexico,  and  ricniii- 
mended  that  kindness  should  be  extended  to  tliat 
people,  and  an  armed  neutrality  maintained.  As  all 
overtures  for  peace  had  been  rejected  by  the  Mexican 
government,  no  further  effort  would  be  made  in  that 
direction.  On  the  subject  of  relations  with  tlu"  Ind- 
ians, he  declared  his  policy  would  be  different  frnin 
that  lately  pursued.  H<j  urijjed  the  establishment  nf 
trading-posts  on  the  frontier,  each  protected  liy  a 
garrison  of  twenty -five  men,  and  recommended  that 
treaties  should  be  made  with  the  savages.  This  sys- 
tem, he  believed,  would  concillatv^  them,  and  could  1h 
carried  out  at  an  expense  of  less  than  one  quarter  of 
the  appropriations  that  had  been  made  in  the  attempt 

1 344) 


^i,li 


$ 

..I 


riiK8iin:Nrs  messa»;i;. 


:t».-. 


I' 


to  cxtrrininato  tlicm.'  With  ro<j;artl  to  the  dcplorah 
fiiiiiiK'iiii  coiulition  of  tliu  n'puhlic,  lie  rt'inark»;(l  that 
till  11^  was  not  a  dollar  in  the  treasury;  the  nation  was 
"net  only  without  money,  l)Ut  without  credit,  and  for 
wjiiit  of  punctuality,  without  character."  The  amount 
(if  liahilities  had  not  been  ascertained,  hut  ho  a«ivist'd 
a  total  suspension  of  the  reilem[)tion  of  the  natictnal 
ilrht  until  such  time  as  tlie  government  could  rcdei-m 
ill  Mond  faith  those  liahilities  which  it  oUij^ht  to  redeem. 
To  sustain  the  <^overnment,  the  president  recommended 
the  reduction  of  taxes  by  one  half,  and  that  all  taxes 
;iiiil  customs  should  he  paid  in  specie  or  paper  at  pai- 
value.  He  then  expressed  himself  in  favor  of  a  new 
issue  of  exchequer  bills  to  the  amount  of  ,$.'} 50,000,  for 
tlie  ri'ilemption  of  which  he  proposed  that  1,000,000 
acii'S  of  the  Cherokee  country  siiould  be  reserved.  \[o 
also  suggested  raising  a  loan  of  $300,000  on  the  i)ul)lic 
(Idinain. 

Aetinu;  upon  the  president's  suij^jL^cstiiui,  congress, 
nil  .biiiuary  19,  1842,  authorized  liim  to  issue;  excho- 
i|Uri  1  tills  to  the  amount  of  8200,000,  the  law  furtlu-r 
piov  idino-  that  only  o-old,  silver,  and  such  hills  should 
lit  leceived  in  payment  of  duties  and  taxes,  and  that 
wiicii  tlie  bills  returned  to  the  treasury,  they  should 
Im  cancelled.  But  this  paper  soon  suft'eri>d  the  same 
fate  as  the  treasury  notes,  or  red-backs  as  they  wri' 
called  from  the  color  of  the  paper.  The  same  act 
declared  that  the  treasury  notes  were  no  longer  re- 
ceivable in  payment  of  public  dues,  and  no  oiu;  could 
assert  that  congress  would  not  adopt  a  similar  meas- 
ure with  regard  to  the  new  issue.  The  consecjuenco 
wastliat  the  bills  sank  rapidly  to  thirty-three  ci'uts, 
and  before  the  end  of  the  year  to  twenty -five  cents." 

As  long  as  Texas  had  been  able  to  borrow,  she  bor- 


i 


'  Soo  note  6,  this  chapter. 

^  A  special  session  of  eongrcss  was  convenud  .June  27,  IS-t'J,  and  on  .fiily 
'.'l!(l  ,'ui  act  was  passed  re(juirmg  the  collectors  of  revenue  to  receive  exclieiiiur 
Kills  (.Illy  at  the  current  rate  at  which  they  were  sohl  in  tlie  market.  7V./., 
Lnrt  II, -p.,  1S42,  4.  This  measure,  however,  did  not  cau.-ie  them  to  rise  much 
in  value.     Consult  Omild's  Fix.  Ilkt.  Tex.,  llC-19. 


346 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REFUBLIC. 


:I4: 


!        M 


i»  ti 


rowed,  and  as  long  as  her  paper  was  of  any  value  at 
all,  she  issued  it  and  lived  on  the  proceeds,  no  matter 
how  ruinous  the  rate.  But  at  the  close  of  Lamar's 
administration,  the  treasury  notes  had  sunk  to  fifteen 
and  twenty  cents  in  the  dollar, "*  and  though  econoniv 
was  regarded  with  no  high  favor  by  the  Texans,  it 
became  evident  that  retrenchment  was  the  only  re- 
course left.  Under  the  first  administration  of  Hous- 
ton, the  salaries  of  the  president  ard  all  n:iembers  of 
the  government  had  been  fixed  exorbitantly  liigh, 
while  a  great  number  of  superfluous  offices  had  been 
created.  To  do  away  with  this  exi;ravagance — ridic- 
ulous in  a  nation  whose  Anglo-Saxon  population  did 
not  amount  to  100,000* — congress  passed  a  law  De 
ceuiber  1 1,  1841,  abolishing  many  offices,  and  j.-educing 
salaries  to  less  than  one  half."  This  was  striking  at 
the  root  of  the  evil,  and  produced  efiect.  The  system 
of  economy,  moreover,  was  practised  in  all  branclie,*, 
as  is  evidenced  bv  the  fact  tliat,  accordin*;  to  the  best 
accounts  to  be  gathered,  the  payments  made  b}'  the 
treasurer  during  Lamar's  administration  amounted  to 
$4,855,215,  while  during  the  three  years  of  Houston^ 
second  term,  tliey  only  amounted  to  $493,175,  and 
$17,U07  disbursed  on  account  of  mail  service  and  tux 


*Tlie  passage  of  the  Exchequer  Bill  act  deprived  them  of  what  little  va.luu 
they  luid.  Tiiey  rapiilly  fell  to  ten,  five,  four,  and  two  cents  in  tiie  dollir. 
lill  linally  no  j>i  ico  at  all  ccmld  l>e  obtained  for  them  in  many  parts  of  IVxas, 

'Kennedy,  ii.  '.\%),  who  pul)lisheil  Ins  work  in  1841,  while  ailmittiiiu;  tln' 
difficulty  of  f.ir'iiiiig  ;i  close  estimate,  fixed  the  average  of  the  Anglo-Aiinii- 
can  population  at  L'OOjiXiO.  Fournel  gives  480, (KK)  as  the  totiil  poptdatimi  in 
1840.  Bnth  of  these  estimates  aj'e  far  beyond  the  mark.  Coim  <l'(hii,  ^\. 
Maillanl.  who,  as  .Xshbel  Smith  says,  'pulilislieda  voluminous  lihcl  ot  .")00 
or  (}(K)  p€i>(cs  on  Texas,  its  climate,  its  jT.iductions,  and  its  people,'  llvin.  T  j. 
l\'i}i.,  .'$8,  pl.ices  the  nunilier  of  the  Anglo-Americans  at  about  .^4,088;  tliatef 
the  Indians  at  80,()00;  and  of  the  negroes  at  10,()00  to  l'_',000;  in  all,  14i;,(lNV 
Hist.  Ji'if).  Ti:r.,  2()'2-A.  Thrall,  page  31G,  says  the  whole  pojiuhitioii  w;i.i 
less  than  ■")(), 001)  at  this  time.  In  1647  the  first  cen.sus  was  taken,  showing  :i 
total  of  liri,7"r),  exclusive  of  Indians.  Of  that  nn-uber,  l()0,r)08  were  win  tt", 
H.5,'2G7  shives,  a  ul  ten  free  negroes. 

■'The  presidi  ut"s  salary  was  reduced  to  85,000 per  annum;  vice-president, 
to!?l,000;  mendiers  of  the  cabinet,  to  !ii!|,r>00j  att'y-gen.,  to|il,000;  I'oni.  i,"ii. 
land-otlice,  to  ^1, '200;  treasurer,  comptroller,  aud  auditor,  to  }?1,000.  Tlic 
ohief  justice  wa.s  to  receive  .*1,7.T0  instead  of  .$5,000  as  heretofore;  and  so  nu 
in  pro})ortiou.  Tex.  Lnw.t  li<i>.,  C  eong.,  13-14.  Cousult  act  ti  T^^.  c  1S3G, 
Id.,  i.  00-70,  and  chap,  xii.,  this  volume. 


,'l 


ANNEXATION. 


347 


roUecting.*  It  is  true  that  the  limit  of  credit  had 
l)ocn  reached,  and  that  Houston  could  not  obtain  the 
money  to  spend  which  his  predecessor  had  commanded  ; 
l)iit  it  is  equally  true  that  Lamar  carried  his  paper- 
money  principle  to  the  height  of  extravagance,  and 
rode  his  horse  to  death. 

One  of  the  arcjuments  used  bv  the  advocates  of 
annexation  was  the  failure  of  ^Mexico  to  attempt  to  re- 
conquer Texas.  For  six  years,  M.'\v  said  no  liostile 
army  had  invaded  the  territory  aiul  the  war  might 
be  coiisidered  as  virtually  en-io,]^  tliough  no  formal 
rt'oognition  had  been  made  by  Mexico,  her  inactivity 
displayed  an  indifference  which  had  all  the  appearance 
of  a  tacit  acknowledgment  that  she  considered  re- 
conquest  impossible.  In  older,  therefore,  to  main- 
tain her  claim,  it  became  necessary  to  make  some 
military  demonstration,  and  at  the  close  of  1841  prep- 
arations were  made  to  invade  Texas.  On  Januarv  9, 
1842,  General  Arista  issued  a  proclamation  from  his 
headquarters  at  Monterey,  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Texas,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  Mexican  nation 

'Giiiiiie,  vtmip.,  126-7.     Yoakum,  ii.  ."UO-l,  supplies  a  comparative  state- 

uieut  of  the  salaries  paid  the  officers  emjiloyetl  at  the  seat  if  goveruiaeiit  in 

t!ic  j'cars  IS40-'2,  made  out  by  .Tames  B.  Shaw,  comptroller,  Dec.  lo,  1812. 

As  the  figures  show  an  astonishing  retrenchment.  I  reproduce  them: 

1840 ?<174,200 

1841 n.lDCM) 

1842 32.800 

'I'ht  .same  oomptroHer  oxliihited  a  statement  dated  March  20,  18.")4,  showing 

ttie  cxyinnses  inciirred  hy  the  republic  in  protecting  her  frontier  against  the 

Indians  during  iiio  years  1837-44  inclusive.     Yoakum,  ii.  282,  compiled  the 

fdlldwing  table  from  it; 

1837  )  Tj      4     •    «    4.  *  i  *  20,000 

,^.^^  [  Houston  8  first  term  j     ^.^^^^ 

$190,000 

1839  ^  (  $1,4.30,000 

1840  \  Umar's  terra  {      1,027  319 

1841  I  t  9.").000 

$2,.552,3Ifl 

1842  \  r    ^,000 

1843  Y  Houston's  second  term  -!       ()l),9Ji0 

1844  J  [       17,142 

flM,092 


'1  1 


\        \^ 


li     j' 


END  OP^  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


^jSl'l 


would  never  consent  to  the  separation  of  the  territory, 
and  that  it  was  only  owing  to  the  civil  wars  in 
Mexico,  that  revolutionary  men  had  compelled  tin  in 
to  constitute  themselves  as  an  independent  nation. 
He  solemnly  declared  that  Mexico  was  determhied  to 
recover  lier  rights  tlirougli  the  only  means  left  lur. 
namely,  persuasi(m  or  war.  After  stating  that  lio.s- 
tilities  would  only  he  directed  against  those  who  sus- 
tained and  fouglit  to  niahitain  the  Texan  nationality, 
he  called  upon  the  people  to  reflect  and  consider  their 
own  interests,  and  to  return  to  their  allej>-iance.' 

On  March  5th,  General  Rafael  Vasquez  ajipcared 
before  Sail  Antonio  de  Bejar,  at  the  head  of  500  nion." 
The  Texan  force  stationed  there  was  too  small  tocopi' 
with  the  enemy,  and  evacuated  the  town  when  the  sui  - 
render  of  it  was  demanded.  Having  taken  possessidn 
of  the  place,  hoisted  the  Mexican  Hag,  and  declarci] 
the  Mexican  laws  to  l)e  hi  force,  Vasquez  on  the  7tli 
de[)arted."  About  the  same  time  small  forces  of 
Mexicans  occu})ied  Kefugio  and  Goliad,  but  likewise 
soon  retired. 

This  inroad,  which  was  intended  as  nothing  nimv 
than  a  mere  demonstration  by  Mexico  in  sup])ort  of 
her  rights,  thoroughly  roused  tlie  Texans.  On  tlif 
10th  of  March,  Houston  issued  a  proclamation  cjilliiiu 
upon  all  citizens  subject  to  military  duty,  to  Imld 
themselves  in  readiness  to  re])air  to  the  scene  of  ac- 
tion in  the  event  of  a  formidal)le  invasion  ;  and  on 
the  21st  of  the  same  month  he  addressed  a  letter  to 
Santa  Anna,  which  was  extensively  circulated  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  and  even  puldislnd 
in  Spanish  in  Yucatan,  whence  copies  found  tluir 
way    into  Mexico."     Houston  was  instigated  to  ad- 

"  Translation  of  proclamation  in  Kilm'  liiij.,  Ixii.  07. 

*  Yoakum  says  about  700  men, — ii  IMO, — but  Ari.sta  reporting  to  tlic 
comandantc  general  at  Chiluuihua,  gives  the  number  in  ♦ho  ttixt.  Tn'o  ilf 
Son.,  April  15,  1842,  i.,  no.  9,  p.  ."U. 

•^ BmUimautc,  JJi.4.  Siintti  Anmi,  49-50;  /'/.,  Dinrio  Mc.r.,  MS.,  10'.»,  I -'7; 
£'/.SV7/o,  xix.,  March  30,  1842;  Diario,  Ooh.  Mix.,  March  19,  1842;  Ya<knm, 
ii.  349-50. 

1"  besides  being  puljlished  in  pamphlet  form  it  ia  reproduced  in  /'A.  ii. 
644-58;  Houston,  Life  of,  211-24;  and  elsewhere. 


!f-'M;: 


MEXICO  INDTONANT. 


349 


(UlSS  the  Mexican  president  by  the  perusal  of  certain 
correspondence  which  had  lately  passed  between 
Santa  Anna,  and  Bernard  E.  Bee  and  General  Ham- 
ilton, and  to  which  his  notice  had  been  called.  These 
agents  of  Texas  had  written  to  Santa  Anna  on  their 
own  responsil»ility.  Bee's  main  object  was  to  pro- 
fuio  u'<^>od  treatment  of  the  Santa  Ke  prisoners;  hut 
lie  urufod  that  that  expedition  aftbrdod  an  oppoi-tunity 
of  a^ain  discussinu;  the  question  of  a  treaty  of  peace 
with  T(;xas,  and  somewhat  im[)rud('ntly  asserted  that 
^Mexico  would  never  be  able  to  coiuiuer  Texas  exci.'[)t 
ill  defiance  of  the  Ignited  States  and  (»f  the  law  of  na- 
tiiiiis.  All  the  inhabitants  of  tl.'^  valley  ofth(;  ]\Iis- 
>is.si[»pi,  JK!  said,  would  march  upo.i  Texas  as  soon  as 
tiny  ln'ard  that  she  was  invaded.  Hamilton's  com- 
iiiuiilcation  contained  a  proposal  tliat  a  treaty  of  peace 
1111(1  limitation  should  be  entered  int**,  on  the  basis  of 
ail  iiidenmiHcatlon  of  $5,000,000  bein;>'  paid  to  Mexico, 
and  ,s200,000  to  the  secret  agents  of  the  Mexican 
'•(ivernment.  Santa  Anna  was  professedly  verv  in- 
di;iuant  at  these  letters,  especially  that  of  Hamilton." 
In  no  measured  terms  he  expressed  his  profound  dis- 
gust that  a  ])roposition  should  be  made  to  him  for 
"tlie  sale  of  Texas  and  tlie  acquisition  of  infamy."  It 
was  a  miscalculation,  lie  said,  and  an  audacity  :  and 
the  (.flhr  of  $200,000  for  the  secret  ao-ents'of  the 
^TiAican  government  was  "an  insult  and  infamy  nn- 
Wditliv  of  a  e-entleman."  HaviiiLT  thus  t'-iven  vent  to 
lii>  \  irtuous  indignation,  Santa  Amia  asserted  that 
Mexico  Would  not  vary  her  hostile  attitude  until  she 
ii;id  [)lanted  her  I'agle  standard  on  the  l)aid\s  of  the 
Saiiine.  Santa  Aima  had  but  lately  emerged  fi'oiii 
liis  retreat,  and  again  won  his  way  t<t  the  (liief 
inagistracy  of  the  nation.  Hamilton's  proposal  af- 
I'ded  him  a  convenient  weapon  with  which  to 
tioy  the  bad  impression  caused  by  his  ]irevious 
"iiduct  with  regard  to  Texas,  and  deaden  his  coun 
lynien's  remembrance  of  his  readiness  to  barter  that 

"Cfi^jy  of  tho  correspoudence  will  liu  fouml  in  Nile-'*'  Ifi'i/.,  Ixii.  48-51. 


Ill 
.Irs 


i 

'  wt 

1  i 

i    :■ 

im 

11 

sllj 


mi 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBTJC. 


province  for  liis  life.     Nor  did  he  fail  to  make  use  of 
It.     Tliouijh  Ilainilton's  letter  was  marked  eonfidiMi 
tial,  he  caused  it  to  be  published,  together  with  his 
reply,  February  IS,  1842. 

Houston,  in  his  letter  above  alluded  to,  savs:  "You 
appear  to  have  seized  upon  the  flimsy  pretext  of  con- 
iidential  communications,  unknown  to  the  offic(!rs  of 
this  government,  and  unknown  to  the  world  until  di- 
vuloi'd  by  you  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  p()))u- 
larlty  at  home."  He  recapitulates  the  circumstaii('(\>, 
under  which  the  Anu'lo- Americans  were  invited  to 
settle  in  Texas,  and  the  causes  which  had  led  thi>in  to 
assert  their  freedom.  Haviiiij  contrasted  the  eiioniii- 
ties  of  Santa  Anna  with  the  clemency  experienced  i)y 
him  at  the  hands  of  the  Texan  authorities,  and  calliiio; 
attention  to  the  desire  for  peace  which  Texas  jiad 
shown,  he  adds:  "You  continue  aijrgression ;  vou  will 
not  accord  us  peace.  We  will  have  it";  and  concludes 
with  a  piece  of  counter  bombast:  "Ere  the  banner  of 
Mexico  shall  triumphantly  float  on  the  banks  of  the 
Sabine,  the  Texan  standard  of  the  single  star,  home 
by  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  shall  display  its  bright  fold-; 
in  liberty's  triumph  on  the  isthnuis  of  Darien." 

On   Alarch   "iOtli,  the  president  issued  a  j)roclain;i 
tion  declaring  all  the  Mexican  jM^i-ts  on  the  eastern 
coast  from  Tabasco,  hicluding  the  mouth  of  the   Hie 
Grande  and  tlu;  Brazos  Santiago,  to  be  in  a  state  ol' 
blockade.      And  here  it  is  necessarv  to  ojive  soni(>  ac 
count  of  the  condition  of  the  Texan  navy  antl  its  op 
erations. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  first  congress 
authorized''  the  purchase  of  a  certain  immber  of  war 
vessels.  A  contract  was  made,  November  183S,  wifli 
Frederick  Dawson  of  Balthnore,  who,  in  the  moullis 
of  June,  August,  and  October  1839,  delivered  to  tlic 
Texan  government   the    schooners  San  Jaciiifo,  >"" 

'-  Nov.  18,  183C;  does  not  seem  to  have  lieeii  acted  upon,  ;i»  atiotluT  niio 
was  passed  Nov,  4,  1837,  provkling  for  the  purchase  of  a  flOO-toii  sliip  nmniit- 
ing  18  guus,  two  300-toii  origs,  12  guns  each,  and  three  130-tou  schDoiurt,  i 
guns  each.   Tex.  Lnwa  lit-p.,  li.  1.3-14. 


THE  NAVY. 


3S1 


Ai,((iiU(),Rnd  San  Beintar(l,L'm'\i  mounting  5  guns;  tli<' 
sloop-ot'-war  ^i((sthi,  20  guns,  and  tlie  brigs  ('olnrado 
and  DnIpJiin.  (general  Hamilton  also  purchased  for 
tli(  goverinnent,  in  March  of  the  same  year,  th(> 
stciuiisliip  Zarala,  mountuig  8  guns."  Tii  June  1S40, 
this  naval  force,  with  the  exception  of  tlie  ('olnrnilo, 
\v;is  sent  to  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  vvhicli  state,  and 
iliiit  of  Tal).-isco,  had  revolted  against  the  ct'ntral  gov- 
i  rmiieiit.  The  Texan  authorities  were  theref()r<'  (It - 
siious  of  ascertaining  the  feelings  of  these  states  to\v;n<l 
Texas.  After  their  visit  to  Yucatan,  the  vessels  wei'e 
(irdered  to  cruise  about  the  eastern  cojist  of  Mexico 
i;ii(!  annov  her  commerce.  As  the  Afexii-an  navv  iiad 
Ikim  destroyed  by  the  French,  the  Texans  ai  tliis 
lime  were  masters  on  the  sea,  and  Houston  was  justi- 
rii'd  ill  in'oclaiminu;  the  blockade.  In  Mnv  IS4I.  Yu- 
ciitaii  proclainjcd  her  independence,  and  in  St')itend)er 
sent  Colonel  Martin  Francisco  Perazr,  as  t  nvoy  to 
Texas  to  arrange  a  tri'aty  of  friendship  and  alllaneo 
against  Mexico.  Arrangements  were  soon  concluded, 
Texas  engaging  to  furnish  a  naval  squadron  for  tlie 
protection  of  the  coast  and  conunerce  of  ^  uejttan. 
wliile  the  latter  agreed  to  pay  its  ex]»enses  in  })art 
(luring  the  time  it  oj)enited  against  the  conunon 
ciieiny."  In  t]i(^  autunni  (tf  that  year,  the  great(-'r 
|)i»rlion  of  tlie  1\'xa,n  iiavy  sailed  to  ^'ucatan.  The 
Vessels  returned  in  May  lcS4-J,  and  were  ordi'red  to 
Xew  Orleans  and  Mobile  to  undergo  repairs,  pre])ara- 
ti>r\  to  enforcing  the  blockade.  While  in  tlie  INIissis 
sipjii.  a  mutiny  (jccurred  on  board  tln'  Stui  AuUni'm, 
and  .several  of  the  ringleaders  were  hanged  at  tlu; 
yard-arm.  In  August  ot  the  sanu.-  y(  ar,  that  vessel 
was  sent  to  Yucatan  to  collect  dues  from  the  oovern- 
iiienL  of  that  seci'ded  state,  but  was  never  heard  of 
aitei  wai'd.      It  is  belic^ved  that  she  founderi'd  at  si'a 


The  frtst  iif  this  navy  was  nearly  ■'?S()0,000,  wliicli  wen'  jiuid  in  govern- 
n<tit  linniii.    liifioH  i\l' Sir.  of  tliv  Nui'tj,  Ndv.  S,  ISI?!);    Yiinhnii.  ii.  'Si'2. 

"  AVi" -.«,    l/i.-if.    JalttjKi,   iii.   44()-!,   'il-i   !.">;  Bnquciro,  Entnitjn    )'mc.,  42-3; 
!'<■    .1/  ,<i/iw<:i,  10-:C;  J\7t.w'  Roj.,  Ixi.  GG,  131,  1%. 


1' 


<M 


m 


{^1 


352 


i:\D  OF  THE  TEXAN  KEPUBLIC. 


and  all  hands  perished.  After  the  president  had  is- 
sued his  proclamation  of  blockade,  he  sent  instructimis 
to  Commodore  Moore  to  sail  to  Galveston  for  ordtrs. 
Moore  failed  to  report,  and  Houston  sent  a  messjiMc 
to  congress,  which  having  been  discussed  in  secret 
session,  an  act  was  secretly  passed,  January  16,  IK4;), 
autliorizing  the  sale  of  the  navy.  Moore,  however 
refused  to  deliver  the  vessels  up  to  the  conunissiomrs 
sent  to  receive  them,  and  went  witli  the  AiiKfiv,  niid 
Wliftrfoit — originally  named  tlie  Ihilph'nt — on  a  criiisi 
off  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  with  the  consent  of  the  com- 
missioner, Colonel  Morgan,  who  accompanied  Jiiiii. 
The  president  thereupon  issued,  Marcli*  2'kl,  a  proc- 
lamation declaring  Moore  suspended,  and  his  futiiiv 
actions  piratical.  The  naval  officers  of  all  frieiidlv 
govermnents  wisre  requester'  to  seize  him  and  tlie  twn 
v(!ssels,  and  l)ring  them  with  their  crews  into  the  ]M»rt 
of  Galreston.  This  proclamation  creatcid  a  great  sen- 
sation hi  Texas,  and  the  press  passed  numerous  com- 
ments  on  it,  most  (»f  wliicli  were  unfavorahlo  t^ 
Houston  and  violent  in  language.''  Tlie  fact  is,  tliat 
tlie  pojnilar  sympatliies  were  witli  the  suspeiidid 
commodore,  who  had  assumed  responsil>ilities  witli 
vgard  to  tlie  expenses  of  the  navy  incurred  at  Xt  w 
( )rleans.  Moore  [)ledged  himself  not  to  leave  tliat 
port  until  he  could  pay  for  provisions  and  repair> 
When  tlie  Texan  government  foiled  to  furnish  liim 
with  funds,  he  considered  tliat  in  honor  he  was  h<iuii(! 
not  to  leave  until  tlie  del)ts  wen?  ])aid,  and  cnnsi- 
fiuentlv  disreuarded  reiieated  orders  from  his  ''■overn- 
ment  to  proceed  to  Galveston.  On  tlie  arrival  oftlir 
commissioners,  James  Morgan  and  William  Brvaii. 
the  former  was  so  impn^ssed  witli  A[oorc's  explanalimi 
tliat  when  the  government  of  Yucatan  oflered  ikcu- 
niary  aid  on  tlio  understanding  that  Moore  slieuM 
I'epair  to  the  port  of  Cam[)ea(diy,  and  afford  rel  it' tn 
the  revolutionists,  who  were  then  l)esieged  by  a  M«  \- 
ican  army,  he  not  only  consentetl  that  the  conmii>d<»iv 

'■■'SfU  .V/fc«l'  AV;/.,  Ixiv.  'i'.MI-.Sl. 


IHK  ARCHIVK  WAR. 


3r>3 


siiould  sail  thither  before  ixoiiio;  to  Galveston,  but  also 
turompauicd  him.  The  o[)eratioiis  of  the  Texan  navy 
lit^t'ore  Cani})eachy  were  crowned  with  success,  the 
ciuiuy  s  land  batteries  beuig  destroyed,  and  his  war- 
vessels  tIaniaLjed,  and  driven  from  that  water.  Moore 
then  sailed  to  (Galveston,  whose  jHM)])le  j)resently  hv- 
caiiie  oreatly  exas])erate(l  when  it  leaked  out  that 
cnii'^itss  had  passed  an  act  for  the-  sale  of  the  navy. 
l*(i|iular  feeling  was  so  strong  tliau  the  sale  was  not 
iittcmpted,  and  the  act  was  repealed  February  5,  1844, 
and  authoritv  «j;iven  to  the  secretary  of  war  and  marine 
to  lay  the  vessels  up  in  ordinary.'"  When  the  amu;x- 
ation  was  effected  in  the  followiim"  year,  the  remainiiiLC 
vessels,  four  in  number,  were  transferred  to  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  March  IS,')?,  an  apjiro- 
jiriation  was  made  for  the  pay  granted  the  surviving 
ofticeis  for  five  years  from  the  time  of  annexation, 
[iiDvideo  that  all  claim  to  any  })osition  in  the  United 
States  navy  was  relinquished.'' 

W'uen  Vasquez  occupied  San  Antonio,  much  alarm 
was  felt  for  the  safety  of  Austin  and  the  government 
aichives,  especially  the  records  of  the  general  land- 
otficc.  The  president,  to  the  indignation  of  the  in- 
lial)itants  of  that  city,  removed  his  cabinet  to  Houston, 
where  congress  held  the  special  session  convened  June 
-7.  I S42.  But  the  exasperation  of  the  |)eople  of  Aus- 
tin was  so  great  that  they  determined  to  hold  pos- 
session of  the  archives.  A  vigilance  connnittee  was 
t'oniicd,  the  records  were  encased  in  boxes,  and  a  guard 
placed  over  them.  A  force,  moreover,  was  organized 
at  Bastrop  to  patrol  the  roads,  and  prevent  the  f)as- 
sugc  (»f  any  waijons  containino-  iroxcrnment  arcliives. 

"  'lli't  iiiivy  at  tliat  tiiuo  omisi.stt'il  <i{  the  Aii</iiK  tlie  WlmrUni,  Atr/icr — 
fiinnirly  tlie  ('()/rt/vj(/o — anil  the  Sun  11' nmrd,  tlic  otlicr  vessels  having  heen 
wrecUid.    Tt\i:    Luwh  Rcj).,  h' eong.,  Jlo;  ^V/As'   /1V7.  Ixiv.,  1,  IS,  51,  !>7,  117, 

1:11,  lit),  10(11,  192,  20S-10,  'J29-:n,  'i:^^:^  -Jiiivi,  2'.»:i,  wn),  .'wo.  n:5!»,  '^:^^,  384, 

404;  M,j:  M^i,,.,  Omrm  y  Mur.,   1844,    15-10.  98;  HohinMH.H  Mi'x.,  'i.TO-Ol; 
n-\   ;!.S',)-40. 

'nij.  Globe,  1850-7,  app.  427;  U.  S,  Sen.  Mine,  cong.  35,  bcss.  1,  ii.  doc,. 
1H2. 

Hist.  Mux.  Statbs,  Vol.  ir.  2.S. 


'^! 


:il 

(Mil 


fi 


:{54 


i;m)  of  tiik  tkxax  ukpublic. 


Oil  Drrt'inbcr  10,  1842,  Houston  gave  iiistructioiis  to 
Ctii)tiiiii  Thomas  I.  Sniitli  to  raise  a  coinpaiiy  secretly, 
and  l)ring  tlie  most  necessary  I )ooks  and  documents  tn 
Washington,  wliere  congress  was  to  convene  in  regu- 
lar session  tliat  month.  Smitli,  having  avoided  the 
patrols  by  taking  a  circuitous  route,  entered  Austin 
in  tlie  niglit  of  December  .'iOtli,  and  succeeded  hi  load- 
ing tliree  wagons  witli  arcliive  matter.  This  st([)  on 
tlie  part  of  the  president  was  a  surprise  to  the  inliaM- 
tants  of  Austin,  and  Smith  hastened  hack,  after  hav- 
ing been  fired  upon  without  effect  by  Cajitain  ^hwk 
B.  Lewis,  who  liaving  rallied  a  volunteer  coiiipaiiy, 
and  pro<>ured  a  cannon  from  the  arsenal,  fired  it  at 
the  intruders.  Having  reached  Kinney's  fort,  on 
Brushy  creek.  Smith  encamped,  but  on  the  following; 
mor?iing  discovere<l  that  Lewis,  with  jiis  caiiiKtii 
pt)inted,  liad  taken  a  jiositioii  in  front.  After  sonic 
parley.  Smith  agreed  to  take  back  the  wagons  to  Aus- 
tin. This  artltir  has  been  called  the  Archive  Wai'. 
N<»  further  attempt  was  made  to  I'emove  the  records; 
the  peo[)le  of  Austin  ictained  possession  of  them  till 
1845,  when,  on  the  occasion  of  the  annexation  ((in- 
vention being  summoned  to  meet  in  July,  they  dtdiv- 
ored  them  over  to  the  administration  of  Anson  Junes, 
on  condition  that  the  convention  should  asseiulik'  at 
Austin.'" 


During  the  second  atl ministration  of  Houston,  Texa> 
was  o'rcatlv  aoitated  by  what  has  been  called  the  war 
of  the  Kegulators  and  Moderators.  Tin;  first  niit- 
oreak  occurred  in  184'2.  The  reader  will  not  fail  to 
remember  that  in  the  early  years  of  the  nliieteciitli 
century  the  ''neutral  ground"  became  the  asylum  of 
adventurers  and  desperate  men,  who  can  only  be  classi- 
fied as  marauders  and  fugitives  from  j  u.stice.  Altiit  iul;1i. 
in  cho  course  of  events,  these  land  buccaneers  had  heeu 
suppressed  with  regard  to  then'  banditti  organization,' 

«/ri.,  322-f.;  Morphh<,  }li.-<i.  'l\x  .  4;W-7. 
'"See  pages  10  and  '20  of  thia  volume. 


ItEGULATUilS  AND  MOUEIIA  lOUs 


3-)-) 


til.  ir  social  olcmciit  still  prevailed  »>n  the  nortlieasterii 

holder.     As  inimi^rauts  iioi'kfd  Into  'I'exas,  ill-f'cclliin' 

\va>  (IcvtIoiK'd.  which  culniiiiatcd  in  liostilitirs.      'I'lic 

rountv  of  Slulhv  was  the  main  scene  of  action.     The 

land  coinniissionei's  in   that  county  ft)und  a  ])i()fitahle 

business  in  issuing  foi'u,rd    "head-ri^ht"  certificates. 

ami  it  hecanie  a  focus  for  such  illegal  operations  in  the 

.suiioundiu'L''  districts.      The  holders  of  such  certificates 

wore  not  men  inclined  to  give  up  land  v.hich  they  had 

,s<'ttlcd  upon.      In    iS42,   one,   Charles  \V.  Jackson,  a 

fugitive  from  justice,  arrived   in  Shelhy  county  from 

Louisiana,  and  ofiercd  himself  as  a  candidate  for  the 

Ttxan  conu'i'ess.      Beini»-    defeated,  he    uniK'rtook   to 

(■\|)ose  tlu!  land  frauds,  declaring  that  his  defeat  was 

nwing  to  the  opposition  of  the  party  conneeted  with 

tlirhi.      Having  notified  the  general  land-office  of  the 

illegal   proceedings  which  had   taken   j)lace,   Jackson 

nicived  an  hitimatiou  from  Josejdi  Goodhrcad  that, 

if  he  did  nt)t  desist  from  hiterferino',  his  life  would  be 

tak(  n.     Whei'eujtou  the  former,  while  presenting  his 

reply,  shot  the  latter  dead  in  the  town  of  Sliell»y\  ille. 

(h'eat  excitement  followed;  Jackson  wascalled  totiial; 

the  court  wa.s  thronged  by  armed  men,  and  the  judge 

failed  to  appear.     The  fugitive  from  Louisiana  now 

(iiganized  his  party,  and  formed  a  society  which  as- 

^^UllU"l   the   name  of  llegulators.      The  operations  of 

this  soeietv  were  somewhat  aibitrarv.  and  there  is  no 

(leulit  that  many  honest  men  lost  their  lands,  and  the 

in'esjH'ctive  fruit  of  their  industry.      ( )[)posltion  therc- 

foiv   a])]>earod.     A    society   which    st\'led    itself  the 

Mnderators  was   organized,   and  a  kind   of  vendetta 

warfare  was    carried    on    for    three    vi>ars.      Matters 

tiiially  assumed  so  serious  an  as})ect  that  the  two  fac- 

tiuiis  drew  up  in  battle-front  against  each  other.     The 

t'Xeeutive  now  interfered.     The  country  was  threat- 

tiii'tl  with  civil  war,  and  Houston  ordeicd    (Jeneial 

Smith  to  raise  a  militia   force,  and  j)ut  a  sto}»  to  this 

internecine    struggle.      With  a-lxmt    jOO   men.   Smith 

uiarohed  to  the  scene  of  action,  finding  the  opposing 


ii 


!  'a 


K, 


350 


KM"  (U'    INK  TKXAN   ItKI'UHLK.'. 


forces  in  front  d'  caoli  otlioi'.  By  tlu^  oxcrrisc  of 
pruclciK'i'  iind  u;()(mI  judj^iMcnt,  lie  iiKluccd  tlu;  bcllincr- 
cntH  to  lay  dnvvn  tlu'ir  arms.  an<l  suhniit  to  tin'  la\v> 
of  the  n'public;  "  l»ut  foj-  sonic  years  aftci'ward,  tlir 
sj>irit  dovi'lopcd  by  tills  clash  of  interests  found  ex- 
pression in  niany  a  homicide. 

In  vXuL^nist,  1842,  tlic  British  jjrovcrnmcnt  dccland 
its  intention  to  remain  neutral  durinj^  tlu!  strU|L!,'4lf  "f 
Texas  for  iiidt  |)en<K'nce,  and  prohihited  F^nt^lisli  sea- 
men from  serxiiin'  in  the  cause  of  ^Sfcxico.  In  Ainil 
of  the  same  year,  Ashhel  Smith,  minister  to  l*]nylaii(l 
and  Franc(\  discovered  that  two  heavily  armed  wm- 
ships  were  heiiiLj  constructed  in  l^]nu;land  for  the  Mexi- 
can jj,()veniment,  the  ( hiddahijic  and  tlu;  Moiilcjuiin. 
On  representations,  forcihly  exprt^ssed  by  the  Texan 
rejm;sentative,  these  vessels  were  forbidden  to  lavc 
port  in  an  armed  condition,  or  carryinjj^  jimn:uniti<>ii  of 
war.  British  officers,  captains  Cleveland  and  Ciiarlc- 
wood  of  the  English  navy,  had  been  a])poiiite(l  to 
command  thcni,  and  the  vessels  were  ])riiiei]tally 
maiUK^d  by  British  seamen.  With  some  tardim^ss  the 
British  <j!;overnment  yielded  to  the  enersjjetic  loiiioii- 
strances  of  Aslibel  Smith,'"  caused  the  vessels  to  (lis- 
charijf(!  their  recruits  and  armament,  and  notified  tlif 
above-mentioned  captains  that  if  they  took  part  in 
operations  aoalnst  Texas  their  names  would  be  stricken 
from  the  rolls  of  \\vy  Majesty's  service.  The  Monk- 
:iinia  and  diKidaJupe  sailed  to  the  Mexican  coast,  and 
were  roughly  handled  by  Conunodore  Moore  oif  the 
shore  of  Yucatan. 

'-'"' FuftluT  ]i;irtieulars  of  tliis  war  of  the  Regulators  ami  Modoratdr.s  will 
bo  found  ill  Ytxik-iiiii,  ii.  4S7-40,  where  notice  will  be  fouiul  of  ^Ioihiikui  kill- 
ing 15riulloy  at  tiie  churcii  door  of  San  Augustine  at  the  close,  of  div  iiic  ser- 
vice, ill  the  isuiiiiiier  of  1844.  Uuring  the  iiostilities  at  tliis  time,  ,iliinit')0 
])crs()iis  wore  killed  or  woundi'd.  Moorman  was  killed  by  Burns  two  m-  three 
years  afterwai'd  as  ho  was  crossing  the  Sabiiu-.  A/.,  Dc/rnsor  Jiitr,/.  K'tf.,  Oct. 
L>:{,  1844,  :?;  Toild'.-!  SkHi-h,  MS. 

-'l?y  act  W),  Oeorge  III.,  di.scretionary  powers  were  coiifcnvil  on  the 
jirivy  council  relative  to  British  naval  officers  entering  the  service  of  a  for- 
eign power.  For  general  particulars  consult  Smith,  Rem.  Tex.  Rif. ,  '<^-^- 
3!»-40;  Jlaiminl'n  Pari.  Record,  l.xv.  964-5. 


AFFAIllS  WITH  MKXICO. 


:«J7 


President  Houston,  in  hiss  niesHa^r  to  ronL^'css  in 
June  IH4*2,  <li(l  not  take  tin*  rt'S|)<)iisil)ility  of  advis- 
iiij;  all  invasion  of  Mcxi<'o.  'l'liou,i;li  lie  did  not  i)e- 
lii'vc  that  any  ioi'iiiidalilc  lii\asiou  would  vwv  Im- 
iicciiniplislH'd  l)y  Mexico,  ]\v  t'clt  convinced  that  every 
iiii|icdiiiient  would  l>e  intei'|K)se<l  (,<»  tlie  peace  and 
nres|)ei'ity  of  the  frontiers,  and  urijjed  eoiiiL'ress  to 
;ulii|)t  nieasui'es  for  their  ))rote('tion.  ConL>"ress,  how- 
ever, passed  a  hill  authoii//in«jf  an  oU'enslve  waraujainst 
Mexico.  As  th(;  carryin*;-  out  of  such  a  measure 
witiild  recjuire  at  least  ."),()()0  troo|>s,  and  it  was  iin- 
|)iissihle  to  devise  means  for  the  ])aym(!iit  of  .so  lar^e 
a  hody,  the  pn^sident  vetoeil  the  hill, — a  proceeding? 
which  hrouin'ht  out  strong  feelinuj  against  liim.  I'^arly 
ill  .1  Illy  ( Jeneral  Davis  on  the  Nueces  was  attacked 
1)V  Canales  with  70()  men,  500  of  whom  werecavali'v. 
Tlie  former,  however,  re])ulsed  th(!  enemy,  though  he 
had  only  IU"J  Nolunteers.  Two  months  later  (jreneral 
Well  took  possession  of  San  Antonio,  Se[)t(>mher 
llth,  after  some  rcislstance  on  tin;  [tart  of  the  .\iiglo- 
Tcxau  citi/>ens.  After  some  parley  the  Texaiis,  fifty- 
two  in  numher,  surniiidered  on  condition  that  they 
shduhl  he  treated  witli  all  the  consideration  of  jtri.son- 
i.'ts  of  war.  Woll's  forc(!  was  nearly  1,000  jiieii, 
iwrlve  of  wliom  vvei'e  killed  and  twenty-niiu!  wounded. 
The  Texans  sustamed  no  <'asualties  whatever." 

\\  hen  it  hecame  known  in  (jion/alezthat  Bejar  was 
a;j;aiti  occupied  hy  tlie  Mexicans,  a  foree  of  about  220 
iiuMi,  under  Colonel  Matliew  Caldwell  assembled  in 
the  Salado  bottom,  about  six  miles  east  of  the  town. 
A  ■UH)d  position  was  taken  up  in  a  thick  wood,  and 
Ca|itain  John  C.  Hayes  sent  forward  with  his  mounted 
iniiipany  to  draw  out  the  enemy.  The  ruse  was  suc- 
cessful,   a   strong    body    of  cavalry   advanced    upon 

'-'ii'i'  ii'.i  JniiriKtl,  20-80.  WdU  in  iiis  roport;  s,ay.-i,  tliut  his  l(ns  was  diii! 
killid  iuiil  'JO  woumk'il,  tliat  of  tiu>  Tuxaiis  I  "J  killt.'il,  .S  wouikKhI,  aiid  S'i 
prisimc'i's.  E.i-pci/ir.  /icr/iii,  I'li  Tvjiu,  1">,  I!");  also 'JO- 1 ,  wlu'iv  a  list  of  the  naiiiert 
•if  till'  prisonors  will  In;  fouiul,  and  among  thuni  those  of  the  district  jiidgi!, 
ot  liiwyurs,  jiliysicians,  surgi'ou.s,  and  other  civilians.  According  to  Woll  a 
uuiiikr  iif  coujbatauts  escaped. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


i 


1.0    :f:«^  IIM 
IIIIIM 

m 

1.6 


I.I 


1.25 


If    li£ 


1.4 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^ 


v 


<^ 


[V 


O^ 


23  west  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


'^^ 

^^^ 

^A' 


z 


:{.")8 


KM)  Of   iHE  TKXAN  liEl'UliLlC. 


Hayes  who  retreated  toward  tlie  main  body.  Woll 
j)resently  eaiiK!  up  with  the  reiuaiiidiT  of  his  fnicis 
and  inaiiitaiiu'd  a  figlit  for  about  an  Iiuur,  losin<jf  niiiiiy 
nu^n  hi  killed  and  wounded.  Meantime  a  e»ini)>aii\  nf 
.").'{  Texans,  from  Favette  countv  under  eonniiaiid  dt 
Nicolas  Dawson,  liastened  to  the  assistance  of  Cald- 
well, and  behig  perceived  by  the  enemy  on  tlnir 
approach,  were  presently  surr<»unded.  The  ciiciny. 
hoNv^ever,  kept  well  out  of  rauii^e,  and  bnnginn-  ^ip 
a  llLfht  field-piec(!  poured  showers  of  grape  upon  tlic 
exposed  Texans.  In  a  short  time  two  thirds  of  tlinii 
liad  fallen,  and  nearlv  all  of  their  horses  were  killed. 
Dawson  now  hoisted  a  white  flag,  but  several  of  liis 
men  continued  to  fire  and  were  put  to  death.  By  tlie 
exertions  of  the  Mexican  officers  the  lives  of  fifteen 
wen^  spared;  five  of  these  prisoners  were  wounded. 

Two  men  only  made  their  (escape.  After  this  atfiui'. 
which  took  place  Septend)er  1  Htli,  Woll  returned  tn 
San  Antonio  having  lost,  according  to  his  own  state- 
ment, 21)  killed  and  08  wounded. '''  He  took  with  liiiii 
07  prisoners  who,  as  usual,  were  sent  on  foot  to  the 
city  of  Mexico.  On  tlie  20th  he  departed  for  the  l»in 
(Irande,  while  C;  ell,  whose  force  was  now  ever 
500  men,  followi  lose  upon  his  heels,  and  on  one 
occasion  engaged  in  a  skirmish  with  his  rear  ^uaid. 
For  some  reason  that  is  not  clear  the  Texans  failed  te 
attack,'*  and  after  a  pursuit  of  thirty  or  forty  miles 
returned. 

When  the  news  of  this  second  invasion  beeaiiie 
known  the  demon  of  war  was  aroused,  Houston  liav- 
ing  issued  a  proclamation,  Septendjer  IGtli,  callin;.:  ter 

'^■' Among  the  killed  was  V^icente  Ojrdova,  tlie  Mexican  agent  at 
Js'acfigddva. 

*'*  (It'iicral  I'lmniaH  (rrecn  .says:  'Much  lian  heen  .>*aitl  against  CiiMwill  .mcl 
others  for  not  so  «loing,  auil  the  lilanie  has  liceu  charged  upon  scvcmI;  luit 
he  regarded  it  a  mischance  in  war  rather  than  the  want  of  I.iimiv. 
Joiiniiil,  S.").  Besides  the  authorities  on  Woll's  campaign  already  ijii'tnl, 
see  Pup.  V(ir.,  1&2,  no.  4;  .To.se))h  C.  Roliinsons  account  in  Tir.  Aim..  i*>tiS 
4.")-<S;  L<i  Mliirriyi,  May  ].'),  1S4.'),  3;  li'mni,  J'ist.  Jnhpt,  iii.  ri:t!M  I ;  A'"-''- 
niiudi;  Hl.it.  S.  Amid,  8:i-4;  I)i>irio  </,l  Ooh.,  June  1.  l.S4'2,  and  Feh.  .S  :iiiait, 
184.'?,  in  I'l.;  Dhrh  Mi.,:.,  MS.,  xlv.  r)3,  xlvi.  77,  87:  A'ifev'  Jieih,  Ixiii.  177-8, 
338;  Dnmenech,  Hitt.  Mix.,  ii.  177-8;   Ymdiim,  ii.  3C:i-6. 


Hi:sLi;r  of  invasion. 


SAO 


viilunteors  to  cross  the  Rio  Grande,  .and  assiorning 
hr\nv  as  the  phiof  of  rendezvous,  a  eunsiderahle 
mniiber  <»f  troops  was  soon  in  motion  toward  that 
jihiie.  General  Sonit-rville  had  been  sent  by  Hous- 
ton, from  Matagorda,  to  take  eonnnand,  an  a])])oint- 
iiu  lit  wliieh  did  not  meet  witli  tlic  favor  of  the  militia 
iiH'ii  <lraftod,  wlio  wished  to  be  led  by  (General  Burle- 
son. On  arriving  at  Colundms,  on  the  Colorado. 
Soniiiville  found  between  "200  and  MOO  men  collected. 
Wlicii  he  learned  that  Burleson  had  been  sent  for, 
ami  was  expected  to  arrive  presently,  he  forthwith  dis- 
Kaiided  the  men  and  returned  to  Matagorda.  Never- 
tli<ltss,  on  October  I3th,  a  special  order  was  issued 
to  (Jeneral  Somerville,  instructing  him  to  organl/x; 
and  drill  such  volunteers  as  would  be  ol)edient  to 
onjers,  and  to  establish  his  cam})  some  distance  frtnn 
Hejar.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  found  about  1,'JOO 
jiiilitia  men  and  volunteers  encami'cd  in  the  vicinitv  at 

1  V 

six  or  eight  different  points,  at  distances  varying  from 
(iiic  to  ten  miles.  Much  disc<nitent  soon  numifested 
itself,  owing  to  want  of  provisions,  annnunition,  and 
clotliing,  and  disorder  was  occasioned  by  the  insubor- 
dinate tendencies  of  some  persons  and  the  aspirations 
of  others  to  the  chief  command.  Somerville's  indif- 
triciice,  moreover,  and  want  of  interest  in  the  cam- 
l»ai;4n,  caused  much  murnmnng,  and  gave  encourage- 
iiiciit  to  these  ambitious  malecontents.  The  result  was 
that  a  large  imnd)er  of  the  volunteers  returned  home. 
On  Xovend)er  18th,  however,  Somerville.  with  750 
iiH  II,  c(»nnnt'nced  his  march  to  the  liio  Cirande  an<l 
itached  Laredo  on  the  Texan  side  of  the  river,  De- 
ctinlifr  8th. 

That  Somerville  had  no  control  over  his  troops  Is 
ai»|iarent.  But  it  nmst  be  borne  in  min<l  that  the 
111'  II  under  him  were  bent  on  inva<liiig  Mexico,  a 
iiiovenient  contrary  l)oth  to  the  executive's  secret 
wislns  who  saw  reasons  to  change  his  })revious  views," 

'"Miincrville's  iiistrni-tiims  weiv:  '  Wiieii  tliu  t'nrct;  shall  liiiVf  .'iMscitililed, 
It  tliiir  strciijftli  ami  coiulitiiin  will  warrant  a  iimvi'incnt  iiptiii  tin;  ciicniy,  it 
Is  i|i>iralplL'  tliat  it   sliimlil  In:    txcoited    with  jiniiiiiitiicfis   and    (.Ilit.'ii.iK.'y.' 


*l 


360 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN   REPUBLIC. 


and  to  the  inclinations  of  Somcrvillr.  On  tlic  .l,iv 
after  enterinj^  Jjaredo,  whicli  was  evaeuated  on  tlir 
ai)[)roarl)  of  tlu;  Texans,  SomervilK'  moved  down  tlu' 
river  Jistead  of  crossin;^  as  was  expected  hy  t||(. 
troops.  Tliis  nioveinent  was  rcMjarded  as  an  indica 
tlon  on  ]iis  [)art  to  return  liome.  Alxmt  .'JOO  iik n 
marched  to  Loredo  and  plundered  the  town;  hut  tiir 
spoils,  foi'  the  most  ])art.  were  restored  to  theowiniA 
On  the  loth  a  council  of  war  was  held,  the  <;(iit  i.il 
addressed  the  troops  with  rci^jwl  to  the  (juestion  nt' 
crossinii,'  the  Ri(»  (:rrande  or  returniniL;  honu\  .'<tatiiin 
his  readiness  to  lead  them  if  it  was  still  their  desire  tn 
jmrsue  tlu;  enemy.  About  200  voted  to  return,  and 
were  permitted  to  do  so. 

The  Texan  force  was  still  some;  5.30  stroni^,  I'Ut 
Somerville's  L^eneralship  disjjjusted  the  men.  Ih 
caused  them  t(>  march  tlirou^h  thick  cha])arral  down 
the  left  side  of  the  llio  Orande,  and  arriving;  »)])p()siti 
Guerrero,  l^ecendjer  1 4th,  ci'ossimI  the  river  on  tliiit. 
and  the  followin<j;-  day,  and  made  a  re(i[uisiti()n  on  tLr 
t<»wn.  This  was  vi'rv  indifi'erently  com])he(i  with, 
and  Somerville.  instead  of  enforcin;4  it,  recros.se(,l  tin 
river,  the  passao-e  heim^  <j;reatlv  facilitated  hv  the  usi 
of  six  large  Hat-hoats  found  near  (iluerrero.  Tlii> 
retrograde  moveuK'nt  increased  the  contemitt  for  tin 
general,  now  oiu^idy  exj^rcssed.  On  DtM-endxr  llMli 
he  issued  an  order  of  nuirch,  to  the  eftect  that  tlif 
army  would  })roceed  to  (Gonzalez,  and  there  he  dis 
banded;  whereupon  ca])taMis  Camer()n,  Easthiiiil. 
Reese,  Pierson,  Ilyan,  and  Ruster,  suj)ported  by  tlu  h 
companies,  refused  obtMlience,  declaring  it  theii'  in- 
tention t()  march  tlown  the  river  and  acconijili^l! 
something  that  would  redetun  the  expedition  tVein 
contempt.  Somervill(%  with  about  200  men,  niestly 
drafted  nulitia,  returned  to  Bejar,  leaving  800  \(il 

M.  C.  Haiiiiltaii,  Sir.  q/'  iVnr,  to  A.  Soiiu'rvillc,  Oct.  l.S,  184'2!  YiMibiin,  n 
3G7-8.  (Jroeu  asserts  tliat  tlie  president  never  inteiuleti  tn  |muii<li  tin 
enemy,  and  therefore,  niaintatned  .Somerville  in  coniinund,  knowinit  thiit  ii 
Burleson  vas  appointed  aeeording  to  tin'  wish  of  the  army,  an  invasion  mI 
Mexico  would  tollow.  ,/oiiniiil.  40. 


ARMY   .M0\  IvMENTS. 


:mi 


untecrs  to  ojx^rate  against  Mexico  as  tlioy  pU;asod." 
On  the  (jcpartuie  of  JSoiiiervilK',  Coloiirl  William  S. 
Kislier  was  elected  ct)nuiiaiider,  and  it  l>ein>;  decided 
t(t  descend  the  river  to  Mier,  a  portion  of  the  force 
was  embarked  with  hag^jiage  and  provisions,  on  Ixtaid 
the  Hat-boats,  which  wi^re  placed  under  the  direction 
of  (General  (xreen."'  The  Hotilla  and  land  force  pio- 
(veded  ill  company  until  December  2 1st,  when  tlu; 
tr()()|)s  encamped  together  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  aliout  seven  miles  above  Mier.  On  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  a  council  of  war  being  held,  it  was 
(Itcided  to  march  into  the  city,  and  make  a  re(]uisition 
on  it  for  supplies.  A  sufficient  number  of  men  havhig 
Ix'tii  detalK'd  for  a  camp-guard,  Fisher,  with  tin;  main 
body,  crossed  over,  entered  the  town,  and  made  the 
requisition,  the  alcalde  })romising  to  deliver  the  stores 
demanded  on  the  next  day  at  the  river.  Fislier  th<'n 
ivtiirned  to  camp,  taking  with  him  the  alcalde  as 
security.  On  the  23d  the  army  was  moved  down 
stitain  to  a  point  o[)posite  the  town,  where  the  '[>- 
plies  were  to  be  sent.  Nothing  trans])ired  till  the 
25t]i.  The  rofiuisition  had  not  been  tilled,  nor  had 
any  intelligence  of  the  appnjach  of  the  enemy  been 
brouufht  in  bv  the  scouts.  But  on  that  dav  a  Mexican 
was  captured,  who  gave  the  information  that  (lenerai 
Am[>udia,  and  the  former  federal  leader,  Cf)lonel 
Caiiales  had   entered  the  town  with  700  men,  pre- 

-"/(/.,  41-Cl);  StH]t]>'.t  /'rlioners  of  Pcrote,  22-:«).  Botli  this  autlior  auJ 
'icii.  Tlioiiia.s  J.  Orci'ii  ;n'C(iiii|i!inioil  tlio  i'\p(((litioii,  iind  were  felluw-prin- 
"iicis  at  I'ei'oto.  Tlu'y  imlilislnd  tluir  narr.itivcs  from  jotiniaU  kcjit  liy 
tlii'iii-it'lvos.  AloxaniliT  Somcrvillu  viis  a  iiativi;  of  Marvlaiul,  ami  iiii^'rati'il 
t  I'lVxasiu  18.'{;i,  wlicrt,'  lio  folloWfil  liis  InisiiU'ss  as  a  iiicrcliaiit  at  Sail  Fili])f. 
Ill  ISH,")  he  i)arti('i])atiMl  in  the  <i|Ki'atiniis  an>uiiil  San  Aiitdiiio,  anil  (in  tlio  rc- 
"I'^aiii/atiou  <>f  tiiu  army,  early  in  JS.'i'Ci,  vas  inailc  licntcnant-ciilnncl.  Al'tor 
the  hattlc  (if  8aii  Jacinto,  in  Avhi(.'h  lie  tonk  jiart,  Ikj  lit^iami;  sinator  in  tlio 
T(\:iii  congress  in  ISHG-T.  Ai'tor  his  rt^tuni  from  tlic  ill-i^Minilnctcil  cxik;- 
ilitinii  to  the  P.in  Oramlc,  lie  was  iiiadt!  ciilluctiir  of  I'listoms  at  Saluria. 
SdiiiiTville  vas  aociilentally  drowned  in  IH")!.  Votdiu/i,  ii.  MlJS;  Tlmill.  (•'."J. 
I'liitli  of  t!iese  authors  write  '  I'ionu'rvcll. ' 

■  'I'la!  aaihor  of  the  Jmnutlo/tlu:  Tix/in  EjyfiiUiim  "nninst  Mii  r,  ....  New 
\"ik.  \S{\  8vo.  \>\t.  487.  <Irceu  was   an  oiinont'iit  of  llnimton's,  and  in   his 

li''}i';l  fttlii-  Spir/i  nj'OitumlSillll.  llniltliil  in  f/irSiiiilt'  •)/  Ihf  I'tt'ilr-I  Slid  s,  Aug. 

1.  l.*i')l,  makes  use  of  a  stylo  <if  vituperatioii  which  could  ouly  h  ivi-  l)c(,'n  en 
joyt'd  liy  Houston's  liitterest  efiemius. 


fi 


,t,;. 
.l-i 


til! 


l>         - 


11 


302  1:NU  of  the  TKXAN    KKrUBLIC. 

vented  the  perforniaMco  of  tlie  alcalde  s  promise,  and 
taken  u})  a  pttsitioii  on  the  river  two  miles  below. 
The-  Texaiis  decided  to  cross  tin*  river  and  enir.i'^'c 
the  AL'xicans,  Captain  Baker  with  his  sjty  coni|>aiiy 
boinj^  sent  in  advance.  Ampudia,  however,  on  the 
approacli  of  the  army  retreated  into  the  town. 

The  Texans  now  marched   in   tht    direction  ot"  the 
city,  and  at  7  o'clock  in  the  evening,  took  up  a  pnsi- 


Rdl-TKS   OF   AinilKS. 

tion  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  Alcantro,"  a  small  stream 
flowini;  into  the  Kio  (Grande,  after  describinjjj  a  sciiii- 
circle  n>und  the  northern  portion  of  the  town.  Tlu' 
niiijht  set  in  very  dark.  At  the  lower  ford  the  ^FcNi- 
can  cavalry  was  stationed,  and  a  constant  fire  was 
kept  upon  them  by  Baker's  company,  distracting  at- 
tention while  Green  succeeded  hi  disco verin<»'  a  cross- 
inj.^  some  little  distance  above.  Haviui^  crossed  with 
.some  dilficultv — the  bluff  beiny  about  fortv  feetahnw 
the  water's  ed<jje,  and  very  steep — the  Texans  haviiiLj 
fired  into  a  picket,  atlvanced  into  a  street  leading  tn 
the  principal  square  and  protected  by  a  cannon.  Fr<  mi 
this  thoroui^hfare  they  turned  to  the  right  and  took 
possession  of  some    stone  houses,   where  they  main- 

•'■  Called   by  Amputlia,  in  his  report,    the  Alamo.  Diario  ilil  Goli.  M<j.. 
Jan.  19,1)>43. 


HARl>   FI(;HTIN'(J. 


;!(•.:{ 


tiiiiied  themselves  till  moiiiiiijjf.  Thus  lodged,  tlic 
TiNiins  ceased  their  fire,  husbandiiii;  their  ainiiiunltloii 
fur  the  coming  confUet.  The  Mt'xieans  kept  up  a 
continuous  but  useless  tire  for  the  rest  of  the  night. 

Wlien  mornhig  dawned  the  artilhrv  of  the  eiuinv 
Wiis  soon  silenced  by  the  rifles  of  the  Texans,  and  the 
.M(  xieans  had  recourse  to  the  house-tops,  from  wliieh 
tli(  y  poured  down  volleys  of  nmsketry  at  the  win- 
dows and  loopholes  of  the  buildings  occupied  by  tht( 
Texans.  But  while  the  fire  of  the  former  had  little 
(rt'tct.  that  of  the  unerring  Texan  marksmen  was 
deadly.  Several  times  the  enemy  cliarged  the  in- 
vaders, but  was  re[»ulsed  with  slaughter.  Thus  the 
c(»iit(>st  was  carried  on  till  noon. 

Captain  Berry  on  the  previous  evening  had  fallen 
down  a  precipice  and  broken  his  thigh.  He  was  re- 
moved to  a  hut  some  little  distance  from  the  place  of 
his  accident,  and  Doctor  Sinnicks<tn  and  a  guaid  of 
seven  me!i  were  detailed  to  attend  upon  him.  About 
tills  time  the  men  with  Berry  attacketl  and  routed  a 
troop  of  the  enemy's  cavalry,  and  were  presently  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  body  of  horsemen.  In  attempting 
to  \\'j^]it  their  way  through,  two  Texans  onlv  sue- 
ceedid  in  joining  their  comrades  engaged  in  the  t<twn; 
three  were  made  prisoners,  and  three  killed;  while 
Captain  Berry  was  killed  in  his  bed.  Captain  Cam- 
einii  had  lost  three  men  killed  and  seven  wouiided, 
and  Home  little  confusion  for  the  first  time  showed 
itsdf  in  the  Texan  command.  It  was  so»»n,  however, 
suppressed;  and  the  men  were  well  prepared  to  resist 
another  charge  njomentarily  expected,  when  a  flag  of 
truce  arrived  from  the  enemy's  line  borne  by  Sinniek- 
sen, — one  of  the  captives  just  taken  by  the  Mexican 
(avalry, — who  was  unaware  of  the  heavy  losses  sus- 
tiiinedby  the  Mexicans,  and  the  shattered  condition  of 
the  force. 

Yes,  the  Mexican  commander  had  recourse  to  the 
old  ruse  of  the  white  flag;  and  again  the  Texans  were 
hoodwinked    by    their   crafty    and    treacherous    foe. 


m 


:khi 


KND  Oh    llIK  TKX^UN   liErLULIC, 


pii 


If  « ' 

in:' 


Siiuiiekson '*  was  diroctctl  to  statt?  to  Fislier  that  tlw 
Mcixicaii  io«rular  foivc  in  tlic  city  was  1700  stion,;, 
and  that  a  reonforccnjont  of  800  more  troops  Wiis 
lioni'ly  t'XjH'cied  from  Monterey.  Ainpudin,  then 
foie,  in  ti»o  oaUHo  of  humanity,  ottoi'cd  the  1\'xans  an 
lionorahlc  surrciKler,  promising  them  tliat  tlicy  slioiild 
hi'  tn^atcd  as  prisonns  of  war,  and  should  not  hv  scut 
t(>  Mexico.  An  liour  was  allowed  them  to  elux.si 
hetween  capitulation  and  <leath.  ^^ucil  dlscussjn!! 
followed  the  arrival  of  the  Hasjj-.'"'  Most  of  the  nitii 
wore  not  disposed  to  Ix-comc  duju's,  and  wished  to 
hold  their  position  till  nii^lit  and  then  retreat;  Imt 
still  ther«!  were  many,  who  in  view  of  tlui  supposed 
s'i|)erior  numhers  of  the  enemy,  tlu;  diminished  supjtlv 
of  tluiir  ownannnunition,and  thea])parent  h(»pilessn(ss 
of  retreat,  W(>re  willinu;  to  surrender.  Anjonn'  tli- 
latter  was  Fisher,  who  believed  that  a  retreat  wniilil 
involve  the  loss  of  two-thirds  of  tluf  force.  Ad 
dressinjjj  the  troops,  he  recomnu^nded  them  to  ac<rjit 
the  terms  olf'ered.  One  half  of  the  f(r)rce  tlK^reujioii 
marched  into  the  square;  and  di'livor^>d  up  their  arms, 
followed  by  tlu;  rest,  furious  with  indi»»:natit»n. 

In  this  enjjjaijjement  the  nij^.u'rc^nati;  force  of  tin 
Texans  was  -i'>\  men,  42  havin?^  been  left  on  the  ea>i 
baidv  of  the  KioOrande  as  camj)-t;uard.  These  latti  i 
returned  home  in  safety.  The  loss  of  the  invadiis 
was  1(1  killinl  or  mortally  woumled,  17  Si;verely,  inid 
several  slightly  wounded. ""  The  immber  of  Mexicjiiis 
engaijjed  was  over  2,000;""  what  their  loss   was  can 

-'"Siiinicksoirs  part  has  been  severely  coiuleimieil.  See  S(<i})p,  Pmomrt 
o/r<n>fr,  101-2. 

*'  Ai)i]iuilia  states  in  his  otlicial  report,  that  the  Tcxans  sent  iii  the  tla^'  ■'' 
triune,  ami  tliat  lie  <liet;ite(l  his  terms  to  them.  D'uirio  dii  d'oli.  M'.i.,.),in 
M),  I84;{.  Tlie  fact  is  ho  M-as  prejtaring  to  retreat  in  ease  the  white  tl.ii,'  va- 
nut  reeeiveil. 

"List  of  those  cncngeil  at  Micr,  who  were  killeil  and  miU'tally 
wounded  will  he  found  ni  Gmn,  w/. ■<»;>.,  4.'}7-4:i.  fn  /  i,<tiudia's  otlicial  re- 
port,  as  aliove  quoted,  a,  list  «if  the  prisoners,  248  in  nu  Mhor,  and  thfir  avo- 
cations in  Texas  will  also  ho  found.  The  Mexican  geii'jral  states  that  the 
Texans  had  ;W  killed,  and  50  woumled. 

^-The  army  was  composed  of  the  hattiilion  of  zapaiiores;  a  compaTiy  I'f 
regular  artillery;  several  companies  of  the  7th  infantry;  several  corripaiiie.-< 
of  the  Yucatan  infantry;  the  '.id  cavalry  regiment,  and  lome  couipauic-  nl 
citiiieu  defenders — '  defeusores. ' 


KWl'MM-:   Ol'    I'ClSONKHs. 


:ir.o 


only  b»'  0(»nje(*tvii('(l ;  but  it  was  juohably  .'jbdut  (100 
ill  killed  Jiinl  wiiiuuUmI/'' 

Alter  their  surrcMuh'r  tlio  Texans  were  closely  con- 
tiii' (I  ill  (ToNvxled  ami  tiltliy  ii|»artments  till  ])ee"inlKr 
'M>l,  when  Aiiipiulia,  K'avhii;  hvhind  the  more  seri- 
niisly  WdUiuled  of  tlu;  Texans,  took  up  his  iii.ireh  to 
Miit;imoros,  where  he  arrived  with  his  fodtsore  [)ris- 
•  Miers  to  th<'  HUinher  of  'J.'Ja,  January  !),  1H4.'{.  The 
iiiifurtunate  captives,  who  already  realized  the  niis- 
t;ike  that  had  boon  iiiado  in  relying'  upon  AfexieaM 
vtiiicity,  were  starteil  on  tlu'  14th,  under  a  stronji; 
(;i\ahy  i^uard,  on  their  journey  U)  Mtxico.  Their 
Lirdships  and  )>rivations  on  the  road  were  similar  to 
tliose  sutt'ore<l  by  the  Santa  Ke  prlsoiurs.  but  at  the 
Lir''C  towns,  especiallv  at  Monterev,  thev  rec<  ived 
kind  treatment.  Aforeover  Colonel  Iiarra;^an.  an 
iiccoinplished  and  humane  officer,  took  command  ol 
tlieir  escort  at  this  city.  But  the  deception  that  had 
l»(  (11  ])iactised  upon  them  adtled  gall  to  the  bitterness 
of  captivity,  and  they  determine*!  to  strike  for  fi'ce- 
(Idin.  Preparations  were  made  to  char|jfe  the  ouard 
at  the  liacienda  of  ]linconada,  but  the  plan  was  frus- 
tiated  by  the  vij^ilance  of  tlie  commandiui^  otHcer, 
\vl lo suspected  the  ploi;.  Havinuf  passed  Saltillo  and 
n  ached  the  hacienda  del  Salado,  fortv  lea<jrues  be- 
Vdtid,  on  the  evening  of  the  lOtli,  it  was  determined 
no  longer  to  defer  making  the  attempt  to  i^scape. 
The  prisoners  having  matured  their  plans,  Captaii? 
Canieron  was  appointed  to  give  the  signal  next 
ni<. riling. 

Between  daylight  and  sunrise  their  breakfast  was 


■•■'(irciu,  page  108,  says betweun  700  and  800  killed  and  wounded.  Stiiiiji, 
tilfiiji.,  ',Vi,  ctiiLsideii  d  that  U)>\\.inl  of  WK)  were  sbtiii,  and  tliat  tliu  niimli»'r 
t'f  wiiundod  M-as  luikiiowii.  But  he  i)lace3  the  Mexican  army  at  the  lii^'h 
iiiiiiiKir  iif  over  3,U00.  Anipudia  reported  his  hiss  to  he  Xi  kilh^i  and  <)."> 
miiiiikIlmI;  and  that  2*2,000  musket  cartridges  had  l)een  expended  in  tliehattle, 
Im>i.1(s  iMM)  douhle-slioti'.'d  ones,  and  a  quantity  of  artillery  aniniunitioii. 
'ihc>r' tigures  do  not  agree  with  OreenV  statement  on  i)agc  lOlt.  Me  says, 
uc(  urdiiig  to  the  officiiil  report  to  the  war  department,  !KM)  eannon  eartriilges, 
4:t,(Hl(»  musket  cartridges,  and  300  rockets  were  expended.  Mexiean  ac- 
iniiiit-*  <if  the  Mier  expedition  will  he  found  in  El  Sinlo  A' /A'.,  Jan.  11,  1843; 
Bu-^tniiinitte,  Ilut,  SaiUa  Anna,  110-12;  Jiivera,  Hut.  Jalupa,  iii.  571-2. 


'i  :\: 


III 


fC-J' 


U' 


hi:- 


3(Mi 


KN1>  OF  THK  TEXAN    iChl't'HI.U  . 


dealt  out  to  the  captives,  wlio  were  coiifiinMl  in  a  Ijh  -  - 
corral  8urrouiui«'«l  l»y  liiijli  walls.     TIic  cavalry  wi  \< 
picketed  outside,  and  the  infantry  ()C(Ui>i(d  a  quad 
riUiLjular  j^tonc  court  nnd  the  buiidiiii^s  connected  with 
it.     A  larue  doorway  opened  from  the  couit  int()  tin 
corral.   Cameron  car«']«'ssly  loun«^ed  up  to  the  dooi\vii\ , 
till!  eyes  of  all    his    fellow-pris«mers  intt-nsely  llxid 
upon  him.     Suddenly,  shoutinjv  out  tiie  si«rnal  cry,  h. 
Seized  one  of  the   sentinels  and  disarnie<l   him.     S 
H.    Walker   dealt   sinularly   with   the   other.      TL 
Texans  rushed  like  unleashed  hounds  into  the  couit 
and  seizinu^  the  nmskets   stacked    au^ainst    the    \\i\]\- 
drove  out  the  infantry  after  a  few  shots.     But  whih 
iirminiyf  themselves  a  company  of  infantry  and  8<iiii. 
cavalrymen  rallied  outside,  and  prepared  to  re((i\r 
them.     Then'  could    be  no  hesitation  now.     Doctm 
Hreidiam  and  J?atr*ick  ]iVons'*  leadin«j:  the  wav,  tin 
Texans  ruslii-d  through  the  gateway,     l^renham  aiiu 
I^yons    inunediately    fell,    and    several    others   \vv]< 
wounded.     But  the  Mexicans  had  too  nmch  dread  et 
Texans  with  firearms  in  their  hands,  and  fled  alter  a 
feehle  resistance.     The   loss  of  the  victors  was  tiv( 
killed    and    five    wounded;""  that    of    the    JMexicnii- 
prohably  not  many  more.      By  this  bold  chargi ,  sd 
suddenly  and  successfully  executed,  the  Texans  oli 
tained    possession    of    100   muskets   and    carbines,  a 
dozen  swords  and  pistols,  three  nmle  loads  of  anniiu 
nition,  and  m-arly  100  nmles  and  horses. 

To  the  number  of  11)3/"  the  fugitives,  at  10  o'cltu  k 
A.  M,,  started  for  home.  Leaving  Saltillo  on  tlirir 
right,  they  struck  the  road  to  Monclova,  about  tlihtv- 
Hve  miles  north  of  the  former  place.     Thus  (nr,  all 

■'♦'Both  released  Santa  F6  prisoners.'  Stapp,  lit  giip.,  68.  Brenham  vi 
one  of  tlio  foreiiKi.st  to  counsel  a  charge  upon  the  gnani.  Jil.,  50. 

■'•'''rhe  names  ot  tlie  killed  were:  Brenhain,  Lynns,  Rice,  Capt.  FitzjicniM. 
and  John  Uagerty;  of  the  wonnded  Captain  Bakrr,  and  privates  JlaiKi'il^. 
Harvey,  Sanslmrj'.  and  Traliern.  /(/.,  T)!!. 

•""Tlie  wounded  were  left  behind  witli  about  20  others,  who  refused  t"  .u  • 
lonipaiij  tlieni.  Sfiij'p,  iV.I.  Col  Fisher  and  (Jen.  (Jreen,  with  sonic  otlni* 
had  lieen  started  in  advance  that  morning  before  the  charge  was  niaile.  iiiii 
could  not  take  part  in  it. 


KKC'AlTrUK  ANf»    KKt'lMA HON 


:«(•.: 


had  ijjonc  well ;  Imt  on  Fclmmrv  I4tl).  Canu'ron.  wlio 
luiil  Ix'oii  ch<tst!ii  conimaiKk-r,  was  iiHliictd  l»y  tlic  (>1> 
siiiiai'V  of  tilt'  inoi'f  timid  of  tlir  party  to  altaiidoii  the 
i..ad  and  takf  rcfiiu;*'  in  tlic  mountains.  '!'liis  was 
(Miitnii'V  to  tl\o  urnt'nt  advlci'  of  a  Kui'ojxan  friend, 
will)  liacl  met  tlu'in  on  tlic  way,  and  assured  tliem 
that  if  they  kt>|>t  on  tlie  road  to  Moiiclova,  no  deta<li- 
iiK'iit  I'ould  innned'iatcly  In*  sent  in  [>arsuit  larj^c  enou^li 
to  rerapturo  them.  Th«!  step  taken  was  fatal;  tiny 
oiiti'ied  a  barren  an«l  watorK's.s  mountain  rooion.  I  fa'n- 
■iard  with  huiiijfer,  crazy  witli  tliirst,  haviii!.;'  killed 
xtiiie  of  their  animals  for  food,  aiwl  abandoned  the 
ivst,  tlu\y  wanderi'd  on  till  tlie  ISth,  when  the  main 
hddy,  scattered  and  exhausted,  surrendered,  without 
show  of  resistance,  to  a  hodyi  f  cavalrymen.  Cameron, 
witli  about  fifty  of  the  stron^-er  men,  had  preceded 
the  rest,  and  been  already  recaptunil.  J)urin'4  tlie 
tollowiui^  days,  straLjgler.s  were  continually  i)rouo;lit 
ill.  till  the  number  of  prisoners  ret  iken  ainountetl  to 
ISJ."  On  March  2.')th,  the  forlon.  captivt-s,  heavily 
t'ttered,  reC'iitered  the  hacienda  ilel  Sahido,  the  se«iie 
ot'  their  former  desjjerate  achievement.  Here  they 
weiv  presi'ntly  informed  that  orders  had  been  reeeiveil 
t'loiii  Santa  Anna  to  dechnate  theni.  N()  tinit-  was 
lo>t.  The  same  eveniui^  1j9  white  ))eans and  I7l»laek 
ones"  were  }»laced  in  an  earthern  crock,  and  the  pris- 
oneis  matle  to  draw  one  consecutively,  a  bhuk  bean 
si''uitVinij:  death.  (Ainieron  was  made  to  (haw  first, 
hut  escaped  the  fate  it  was  lioped  would  fall  ui>on  him. 
Three  fourths  of  the  beans  were  drawn  befon;  the  inn 
yielded  uj)  till'  last  fatal  htt;  then  the  irons  were  struck 
off  the  victims,  and  at  sunset  they  were  led  forth  to 
dii'.  Seated  upon  a  log  near  the  eastern  wall,  they  were 
hiiiidfolded,  and  tired  upoiitill  they  ceased  to  breathe. '" 

'  Acuoriling  to  (linn,  lt»,")-8.  Tlu-  Hiuiic  aiitlior  states  that  .">  iin'ii  dicil  iit 
til'' iiiiiuiitiiiiis;  5  were  luft  there,  ami  were  siipjxised  to  liave  jierisheil;  aiiil 
4  iii'  .timI  their  cseajie  to  Texas.  /(/.,  444,  44ti.  There  is  therefore  a  <lisire|i- 
aiiiv  III  lime  between  tlio  uriginal  mimher  lU.'iaucl  tlie  latter  ligiires  given  hy 
this  writer. 

'^  Itepre.senting  1 70 prisoners,  the  sick  having  been  lefton  the  road.  Stapp 
says  the  numher  was  174. 

"Tiieir  names  were:    Jolin  S.  Cash,  .Tames  D.  Coeke,  Major  llohert  l)uii- 


\'l'> 


an  KM)  OF  TIIK  Ti:XA\   UKI'UHI-R'. 

Tlu'  survivors  were  nmrvli<Ml  to  tlio  city  of  M<'\ito, 
aovcnil  <lyiM'^  on  tlic  way.  At  Ifiicliuttoca,  nKoiit  six 
l«'!i<^uc.s  fVoiii  the  capital.  C^iptiiiii  ('aiiicitm,  wlio  Imd 
cscii|n(l  tlir  (lontli-lottny  <»f  Marcli  'i.Otli,  was  cxi- 
cutcd,  April  L'oth,  by  (tnlcr  of  Santa  Anna.  Tlif  r. . 
inaiinlcr  of  tlu>  ))ris<)iu'rs  were  put  to  work  at  roiid- 
iiiakiiij:;.  Tii  SrjitouilK'r,  tlic  <jfr(»at<'r  poi'tion  of  tin m 
were  «ciit  to  tlic  foilress  of  IVrotu,  wheii!  they  found 


Fortress  of  Pkrote. 

most  of  the  Bejar  prisoners.  General  Green,  Colonol 
Fislicr,  and  some  others  had  been  sent  direct  to  this 
stronghold,  and  on  July  2d,  Green  and  seven  otlui 
captives  effected  their  esca})e,  havuig  tunnelled  through 
the  foundations  of  the  fortress.     Through  the  intci- 

ham,  Captain  William  M.  E^itland,  Edward  E.  Eatc,  Robert  Harris,  Tliniiia- 
L.  Jones,  Patrick  Mahan,  James  Ogden,  Charles  M.  Roberts,  William  R.l^^■:ln. 
James  J,.  Shepherd,  J.  M.  N.  Tliompsou,  James  N.  Torrey,  James  Turiilmll, 
Heiiry  Whaling,  M.  C.  Wing.  Shephenl  being  struck  in  the  face  at  the  tirst 
lire,  the  ball  inflicting  only  a  bad  flesh-wound,  fell  forward  and  fcigm'il 
deat)i.  AVHien  night  came  on,  he  crawled  away  to  the  mountains,  but  turn- 
polled  by  hunger,  after 'wanderinc  for  several  weeks,  surrendered  hiii.^tj'- 
wa»  taken  to  Saltillo,  recognizee!,  and  shot  in  the  public  s<piare.  /</.,  '^; 
Thrall,  331. 


Of'SSK 

Jicja; 
On 

IIHIrli 
irilliH 

<  i  Vi  a  t 

»'VJH(| 

s;iiicfi( 

(i.'iiicc 

iJvth. 

,L:;M(icd 

i'''iiionf 

""sitioi 
'I' 

I  « 

tlirv  ^V( 

'"yon(i 
Mcxicai 

f'»  tlio 
uliicJi  t. 


•  77-..,, 


7 


"'•|.ii-  j.ri.s,,! 
NiiMiliir  of 
IMra-.'d  l.\ 
l;'l>;is,.,|  t)] 
lMr;..,..|  tl, 
'\illi.l  .it  Ma 
'.'■'■'I  HI  [iris 

I.  r,,j„.,l    ,-,,, 
'J'liHsrd  JV„ 

'Niiiiilji-r  ,ii' 
to  iiavf' 


Tot 
.  "On  t),is 
'iiiif  ili.irgc.d 
'''fliriM.iiiT.s 
'I'll  111,1,1,.  on 
'•;l"'i  .III  a.l.l 
^■I'lui,,,- tliL. ,] 

'ii'l  entt-rci  A 
'■r«n.'.s  /.■,.;./„, 
"""II  <h/f,i„.4 
'"■"ni-'lit  lorwa 
"'«  1h'  d.nou, 
"'  «-liicli  lie  w; 

IllST 


I'ELKASK   OK   PUISONKHS. 


3fl9 


rf  ssioii  of  GoiuTal  WjuMy  Tlioiii|ts(»ii.  tlic  last  of  the 
Jn  jar  prisoiMTH,  to  tilt'  number  of  thirty -eight,  wore 
ivli  as.<l  ill  March  1844." 

On  tho  .-;ul>ject  of  the  roloascof  tho  Micr  prlsoiurs, 

iiimh  corn  .  'tohflcncc  was  carried  on  hctwcoii  thc<xov- 

ti  iiiiuntH  of  '1  >  \uH  and  those  of  the  United  States  and 

(in  at  l^ritain    throuijh  their    rej)res('ntatives.     'I'he 

(•\1M  (htion  under  Fislier  was  conducted  without  the 

sanction  of  tho  Texan  j^ovtrnnun^',  and  in  direct  de- 

tiaiice  of  (ieneral  8«)nicrville's  order  lo  march  home. 

r.v  the  United  States  and  Great  Bcitain  it  was  re- 

uaiili  <1  as  a  marauding  incursion    and   those  ^towers 

1.  iiiMiistrated  with  Texas,  when  .i  soUi/ht  llieir  inter- 

iM.sition  in  behalf  of  tho  prisoners.      'I'he  defi'nce  of 

;ie  Texan  government,  however,  wa.s  based  on  nason- 

;ilile   grounds.     Admitti'.g,  said    the  executive,  that 

tlii'V  went  without  orders,  and  were  therebv  t'laced 

ti'  yoiid  the  protection  of  tho  rules  of  war,  yet  tho 

Mrxican  ofHcers,  by  proposing  terms  of  capitulation 

to  the  men,  relieved    them    from    tho    responsibility 

whicli  they  liad  incurred.*' 

"' 77c.///}«oH,   Itiinl.  ^ft.r.,  77M).     Particulars  as  to  the  fates  of  tho  67 
11.  |iir  in-i.-iiiiur.s  are  stlppliud  l>y  (iroeii,  ]i|).  -HT-S. 

Niimlicr  (if  tlioHc  who  cscaiied  .July  '_',  IMIJ 5 

ill  IwimmI  liy  SauUi-Il(iI)iu«<)ii,  lii.i  oiiniuiissioucr 1 

l;iltascil  tliruugli  till!  iutiirt'osMUiii  of  U.  S.  minister 3 

IMi'.i-ii'il  tliriiugli  the  intercession  of  ( Jen.  Jackson 1 

KiUnl  .it  Salaiio 2 

I'li'l  III  iiri-^on  in  Mexico 8 

K  r,i|ii.(l  from  Mexico 3 

IMia..it.il  from  I'erote IW 

Xuiiilicr  ot  iirisoners  of  whom  there  is  no  knowledge,  hut  who  are  i>re.siune<l 
to  luive  perished (i 

Total t!7 

"Oil  tlii.s  suhject,  see  Ytmktim,  ii.  .'<J>5-8.  The  opposition  pajiers  of  tho 
tiiiif  iliargud  tho  president  with  endeavoring  to  jirejuchce  Santa  .Anna  against 
till- priMiiii^rs  hy  ailniittiug  that  tho  niovcmciit  aoro.ss  the  Uio(;raude  liad 
l<iii  iiiailc  on  their  own  responsibility.  On  .Ian.  10,  I84(>,  Oi-n.  (Jrcen  ptih- 
1  -IkiI  an  address  to  the  people  of  Texas  in  wliich  he  holds  Houston  respon- 
>;14e  i(ir  tliu  decimation  of  the  Mier  p.-soiiers  March  "J."),  ]S4;{,  on  the  ^jnnind 
that  lif  l)t'i;g('d  the  mercy  of  the  Mexic;.ii  government  for  them,  'though  tiiey 
hi.U-iitoriil  Mexico  contrary  to  law  and  authority.'  Copy  will  he  found  in 
' 'ricn'.s  Itifibj,  vt  mip.,  5I9-;iG  et  seq.  (ireen,  in  his  Ji  .irnnl  nft/ic  T<:riin  K.i-jx-- 
'I'li'i.ii  iiiiaiii.4  Mier,  expressed  himself  very  hitterly  against  Houston,  and 
'Tdiiglit  forward  charges  against  him  which  tho  latter  consiilered  so  seriou.s 
that  lie  ilciiounced  them,  Aug.  1,  18.54,  as  calumnies  before  the  U.  S.  senate, 
III  which  lie  was  then  member  from  Texas.  Uoustoa  dealt  equally  severely 
UisT.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  H.    24 


.  t-'r 


t 


I 


370 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


Meantime  the  captives  were  kept  in  oonfineniPiit. 
and  most  of  them  made  to  do  servile  labor.  From 
time  to  time  a  few  escaped;  eleven  wore  relciisid 
through  the  intercession  of  the  United  Statcr^  an. I 
British  ministers,  and  no  small  nmnbcr  of  them  di(<l 
under  their  privations.  Finally  the  remainder,  li  7 
in  nund:)er,  were  liberated  by  Santa  Anna,  ScptcinlKr 
16,  1844,  in  commemoration  of  Mexico's  national 
day/' 

Both  the  Santa  Fd  and  Mier  expeditions  prow 
that  Texas  was  in  no  condition  to  carry  on  an  otlln- 
sive  war  against  Mexico. 

with  Green,  ami  consideretl  that  his  book  should  receive  the  attention  r)f  the 
chairman  of  tlie  committee  of  the  lihrary  of  ctingrcss,  ami  he  ennilomncil. 
Houston's  speech  elicited  a  reply  from  (ireen,  who  in  scathing  terms  a>s,nii.l 
his  opponent.  Coii;f.  Oln'if,  18.">4,  app.  1214-18;  /(/.,  1855,  742;  «;wh.i  /,'.;/ 
to  Jfiiiixtoii,  Feh.  1.1,  1855,  p.  07. 

"  Di-/rnxi>r  fidi'ij.  Xtic,  8ept.  2.1,  Oct.  5,  1844;  tlio  names  of  tlie  rf'i'aL'il 
prisoners  being  given.  Three  of  tiieni  were  released  from  tin-  S.int.if-ii 
prison  in  tlie  cai)ital,  and  the  remaining  10-t  from  Perotc.  Rii^rn  !'■'. 
J(dii]xt;  iii.  G.'^:{.  From(Jreen's  Journal  I  gather  the  foUowiug  particiil.u^ 
relative  to  the  Mier  prisoners. 

Number  Texans  who  fouglit  at  Mier 'Jiil 

Number  of  killed  in  battle 10 

Number  of  men  who  died  of  Wi'iuds 6 

Number  of  men  who  escaped  from  M'nr 2    is 

Number  of  prisoners 2\'i 

Killed  at  Salado,  Feb.  1 1 ,  1843 5 

Te.vans  shot  at  Salado,  March  25,  1843 17 

Captain  Camero,  shot  Apr.  25,  1843 1 

Texans  who  die<l  in  the  mountains 5 

Texans  loft  m  the  mountains 5 

Texan  <  who  escaped  from  the  mountains 4 

Texans  left  wounded  at  Mier  and  who  escaped S 

Texans  who  died  in  Mexico  (1843) .35 

Released  through  intercession  of  U.  8.  niin 7 

Released  througli  intercession  of  H.  B.  M.'a  min 4 

Released  by  Santa  Anna  voluntarily 3 

Escaped  from  the  city  of  Mexico 9 

Escaped  from  Perote,  July  2,  1843 3 

Escaped  from  Perote,  March  25,  1844 !'  1  li 

Number  of  captives  remaining I'-S 

Released  in  September  1844 1"' 

'.'1 
Orlando  Phelps  was  released  by  Santa  Anna  on  the  arrival  of  the  priscnuK 
at  the  capital — Tfioinpnonn  Jiecolkc.  Mcj.,  75-6 — and  W.  P.  Stiip)!  aiitli'i' 
of  T/ie  Pmoiiers  of  Pv)-»U;  Philadelphia,  1845,  p.  KU-  was  libeiait  .1  Mo' 
10,  1844,  and  five  other  captives  a  few  weeks  previous  to  the  tiiiiil  i -Ifa-t'. 
Green,  477.  'Ihus  14  prisoners  are  unaccounted  for,  it  being  presuin  i'  K'  tWit 
they  may  bo  added  to  <lreen'8  list  of  those  who  died  of  sickiieso  an  I  I'riv.i- 
tions  during  their  incarceration. 


ANOTHER  ILL-FATED  AFFAIR. 


371 


ion  of  the 
nileiiincd. 


'.'111 


10 

I) 

2    l>i 

24;i 

5 
17 

.  1 

5 
.    5 
.    4 
.    8 
.  35 
.    7 
.    4 

.    9 
.    3 

.     9  111 

.  ~  I'JS 

lo: 

. — 

*ji 

pris(iiu'r-< 
itiii  Miy 

1  ,vlfa-o. 

:,l,l..t!'a: 

Ll  iiriva- 


One   more   unsuccessful    expedition  has  to  be  re- 
corded.    In  184*2  information  was  received  in  Texas 
that  a  richly  laden  Mexican  caravan  would  start  on 
its  return  to  Santa  F^  from  Missouri  in  the  spring  of 
IS 43.     On   application   to  the   government,   Colonel 
Jiutib  Snively  was  authorized  to  organize  a  force  for 
tlie  purpose  of  intercepting  it,  as  it  crossed  territory 
claimed  by  Texas,  south  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and 
tlirougli  which  the  Santa  Fe  trail  ran.     At  the  end 
of  May,  Snively,  with  about  180  men,  reached  tlie 
Arkansas  and  encamped  on  the  right  bank,  25  miles 
brldW  the  point  where  the  caravan  route  crossed  the 
river.     Here  they  learned,  through  their  scouts,  that 
a  Mexican  force  of  500  or  600  mm  was  in  the  nciiih- 
borliood  waiting  to  escort  the  caravan  when  it  arrived. 
On  June  I7th  the  Texans  received  news  of  its  ap- 
proach, and  moreover,  that  it  was  guarded  by  200 
U    S.    dragoons   under   Captahi   Philip   St    George 
Cooke.     On  the  20th  they  fell  in  with  a  large  ad- 
vance party  of  the  Mexican  force ;  an  encounter  en- 
sued, seventeen  of  the  enemy  were  slain,  and  eighty 
taken  prisoners,  the  Texans  obtahiing  a  good  supply 
of  provisions  and  horses.     After  this  feat,  dissension 
divided  the  command  into  two  partios,  one  of  which, 
alxiut  seventy  in  number,  abandoned  the  enterprise 
and  elected  Captain  Chandler  as  their  leader  to  con- 
duct them  home.     Snively's  cam}>  was  discovered  by 
Cooke,  June  30th,  who  thereupon  sent  for  the  Texan 
leader  and  informed   him   that    he  was   on   Unit(>d 
8tatis  territory,      biiively  protested  ;    Cookr  rcfnsod 
to  listen  to  any  explanation,  crossed  the  river  with  his 
dragoons,  and  compelled  the  Texans  to  give  up  their 
arms,     Snively's  party  numbered  only  107  m^:n,  and 
Cooke  had  brought  two  pieces  of  artillery  to  bear  upon 
tliem.     The  United  States'  officer  allowed  them  to 
retain  ten  muskets  for   self-protection!     They  were 
(')00   miles  away  from  home,  with  Mexicans  on  one 
side  and  hostile  Indians  on  the  other.     Fortunately 
Chandler's  party  was  still  not  far  otf  and  had  escaped 


■■■|l ' 


ii 


•  1*1 


372 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


(:;■ 


ii;i 


the  observation  of  Cooke,  who  offered  to  escort  to 
IiKU'pendcuce,  Missouri,  as  many  of  Snively's  nun  as 
niiglit  cliooso  to  go  thither.  About  50  ToxaiiK  ac- 
cepted the  hivitation;  the  rest  united  with  Chandler's 
connnand.  Some  attempt  was  still  matle  to  go  aft(  r 
tlie  caravan,  but  the  adventurers,  fearing  they  would 
bo  overpowered,  abandoned  the  project,  and  tunud 
their  ste|)s  homeward.  After  two  encounters  \vith 
Indians,  in  which  four  of  their  number  were  kilLd, 
the  Texans  reached  Bird's  Port,  on  the  Trinity, 
August  6th,  and  there  disbanded. 


a 


One  of  the  Bejar  prisoners  confined  in  the  fortress 
of  Perote  was  J.  W.  Robinson,  lieutenant-goveiiKir 
of  Texas  in  1835.  Probably  with  no  other  intention 
tlian  that  of  gaining  his  liberty,  he  addressed,  Janu- 
ary 9,  1843,  a  letter  to  Santa  Anna,  then  in  retire- 
ment at  Manga  de  Clavo,  stating  that  he  believed,  If 
a  [)ers()nal  interview  were  granted  him,  that  lie 
could  furnish  Santa  Aima  with  important  information, 
and  lay  before  him  a  plan  for  the  reunion  of  Texas 
with  Mexico,  the  details  of  which  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  explain  by  letter.  He  proceeded  to  state  that 
the  Texans  were  anxious  for  peace,  but  its  estahlisli- 
ment  could  not  be  effected  without  first  entering  into 
an  armistice;  that  if  this  were  done  great  benetits 
would  result  to  Mexico.  The  Texan  people,  he  saiil, 
discont(>nted  with  the  administration  of  Houston, 
would  become  disposed  to  a  reunion,  and  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  assure  his  excellency  that  Texas  would 
agree  to  reunion  under  the  following  nine  conditions: 
that  there  should  be  an  amnesty  for  the  past;  that 

«Yoakuin,  ii.  3»9-40r);  Thrall,  332-6.  Both  these  authors  consulttl 
various  manuscripts,  written  by  persons  who  accompanied  the  cxjHihtioii, 
aiiiiiiif?  which  nuiy  ho  meiitiouutl,  s.  A.  Milhru  Jimnuil,  and  tiie  accoinit  I'V 
('(iliiiil  JIwi/i.  F.  Yiiuwj,  of  San  Antonio.  Tlie  U.  S.  afterward  rccciu'iu/fl 
that  the  Texans  were  not  on  1^.  S.  soil,  and  finally  paid  JjlS.SO  for  c.u  li  tiiv- 
arm  tiikeu.  Wlicn  (ien.  Houston  was  senator  in  the  congress  at  \\  .i-limu'- 
ton  he  declared  that  the  expedition  was  unauthorized,  hut  Yoakum  (jimti's 
fn mi  the  letter  of  instructions  from  the  sec.  of  war,  and  Youug — occi'idiiig 
to  Thrall — states  that  he  saw  one  Higued  8am  Uoustoo. 


INTERPOSITION  im^OKKD, 


.S73 


Ti  xas  shoukl  rccogrnizo  tlio  sovurei«j:ntv  of  ^Mexico: 
tluit  Trxas  sliould  liave  a  separate  governnifnt;  sliould 
(1.  t(  11(1  la-rsclt'  against  liostilc  Indians,  and  assist 
Mexico  in  reducing  them  to  obedienee;  sliould  send 
I'l  juesentatives  to  the  jSIexican  congress;  would  pay 
lirr  contingent  of  Mexico's  national  debt;  contributi; 
Ik  r  ([Uota  toward  the  exj)enses<)f  the  general  gt»vein- 
iiKiit;  in  cases  of  litigation  Texas  should  have  the 
ri.;]it  of  aj)peal  to  the  supreme  court  of  ^Mexico;  and 
tli;it  Mexicans  who  had  taken  part  in  the  Texan  revo- 
lution should  not  lose  their  rights. 

Tliis  j)recious  connnunication  was  sc^nt  by  Santa 
AiiiKi  to  Jose  Maria  Tornel,  the  minister  of  war,  r^'- 
(|iii>tiiig  him  to  lay  it  before  the  substitute  presiileiit, 
Xiiolils  ]^ravo;  if  that  functuary  gave  his  appni\al, 
Santa  Anna  would  grant  liobinson  an  Interview. 
l)ia\n  did  ap})rove,  and  the  government  authorized 
till'  ntired  dictator  to  negotiate  with  liobinsitn  as  he 
iiiijlit  think  pro})er.  The  result  was  that  the  ]>ejar 
]iiis(Hier  was  released,  a})point'.'d  commissioner  by 
Santa  Anna,  and  <lesj>atched,  without  loss  of  time, 
wlrli  instructions  to  })ropose,  on  the  part  of  ^lexico, 
till  reincorporation  of  Texas,  on  the  basis  ajuiended  in 
tlic  note  below.*' 

Of  course  the  jiroposition  was  not  entertained  for  a 
imiiiunt;  in  fact  it  was  scoffed  at  by  the  j»eople.  Jiut 
ai!  tlie  world  might  laugh  while  ]\obinson  had  the 
satisfaction  of  havinijj  ijained  his  libertv. 

Ill  the  meantime  the  Texan  government  had  applied 


1 1 

I  i 


"McxiLd,  (lusirnus  of  toniiiiiiitinj;  tlio  war,  nrt'iTi'd  t'  gnint  an  uiiv- 
sti'icti  il  aiiiiiL'sty  ti)  all  wiioiii  it  might  urin'iTii;  the  sifurity  of  ]i('isoii  ami 
I'lnjiiity  Would  I»e  giiaiaiitcoil;  tliu  iiili.iliitaiit-i  nt  Tu\as  siioulii  lay  ilow  ii 
t'nir  aiMis.  ami  ai'kiiowli'clL'i'  tlic  so\  i  riij;iity,  law'^,  nilfs,  ami  oicl.  r.>  nf 
Mixiio.  without  tho  ^liglitt'.st  iiioclilicatioii:  tlii.s  t'umlami'iital  ha.-'is  hoiiij^ 
ailiuittijil,  Texas  might  aiiimint  iior  fumtioiiariL's  ami  autliontiis,  military 
ainl  [lolitical,  in  ii<(orilaiici.'  with  the  i'oM>tinitioii;  Mexican  troojis  shouhl  ii..t 
I'cMiit  into  'I'lxas  whili'  Toxa.s  .•^lioiilil  jnnvidr  tor  liur  own  M'ciirity  on  \\:v 
Irnnticis;  with  regard  to  the  legislative  jiower,  laws  eon>idered  inopir  Inr 
till'  i.'.mm1  government  of  Texas,  might  he  ]iro]iosod  to  the  genei'al  eon!,'fe-.s 
I'M' aii]ii'oval;  and  lastly  'lexas  should  eotiloiin  in  ail  other  miittei's  to  regu- 
lainiis  that  might  he  estahlislied  for  the  other  deiiartments  of  the  rcimlihe. 
/.  x.','.,.V/.V..Iuly  ]■_',  15-iU,  ill  whiL'li  tiiu  whole  ollieial  eorre.~pondenee  on  thij 

llUtti.1-  i-  puhlialnjil. 


374 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  KEPUBLIC. 


■I '  / 

1 

:       '! 

it 

a 

•■.■   ..  i  i  . 

R 

:tMi 

64  ■ 
1L>  'i 


to  tlic  three  powers,  the  United  States,  Great  Biitaiii, 
and  France,  invoking  their  joint  intcrjxjsition,  to  uut 
an  end  to  the  war." 

The  British  irovernment,  however,  while  sitifnifvinif 
its  readiness  to  mediate  alone,  declined  to  at^t  joiiitlv 
with  the  United  States,  believini^  that  the  rcljit'oiis 
Ijetween  the  latter  power  and  Mexico,  were  such  as 
would  not  tend  to  advance  the  object  aimed  at  hv  the 
projiosed  representation.  But  Great  Britain,  noiio 
the  less,  proffered  her  good  st'rvices  to  Mexic  sinuly."' 
That  a  more  nairow  than  usual  self-interest  uuidid 
En>']and's  policv  with  resjrard  to  Texas  caiuiot  lie 
denied.  She  would  gladly  have  seen  the  young  nati<iirs 
iiidei)endent  soveri'i«j;iitv  acknowledged  bv  ^lexicn, 
and  lastingly  maintahied;  and  was  corresponchiiuly 
unwilling  to  witness  the  aggrandizement  of  the  Ignited 
States  by  the  annexation  of  Texas.  When,  therefdic, 
the  annexation  question  was  again  agitated  in  the 
cabinet  at  Washington  early  in  1843,*'  Percy  ])o\lf, 
the  ]^ritish  rej)ri'sentative  at  Mexico,  mediated  so  suc- 
cessfully that  Santa  Anna,  secretly  disposed  to  tirat. 
agreed  to  an  armistice.  Doyle  was  authorized  td  In- 
form President  Houston,  through  Charles  ElHot. 
British  charge  d'affairs  to  Texas,  that  he  would  give 
innnediate  orders  for  the  cessiition  of  hostilities,  and 
would  be  ready  to  receive  connnissioners  from  Texas, 
to  treat  on  the  terms  of  peace  })ro})osed  by  liuii. 
Dovle's  courier  was  taken  bv  the  British  sh)oi>-of-\vai' 
*^7///a,  to  (xalveston,  arriving  there  June  9th.  Ibmston 
acce])ted  the  proposal,  and  on  the  15th  of  tlie  same 
month  issued  a  proclamation,  ordering  a  cessation  of 
hostilities  pending  negotiations  for  peace  between  the 
two  countries.*' 

^'{'opy  of  Houston's  address  to  the  Great  Powers,  dated  Oct  15,  1S4'2, 
is  8Ui)j)lii'd  in  Lixfcr/i  Jfoiisf/iii  nrnlhi'*  R<y.,  lG.{-7. 

*^ Smith's  Jti-m.  T<:r.  /f,p.,  44. 

♦"Tyler  and  liis  caliinct  were  favorable  to  annexation.  On  Feli.  10,  1st!!, 
Van  Zaiidt.  tiie  Texan  cliarjje  d'aHairs  at  Washington,  was  inforiniMJ  !■>  Iih 
giivennnent  that  he  was  autiiori/ed  to  intimate  to  the  (J.  S,  gov't,  it  the 
matter  were  hrought  up,  that  in  ca.se  any  advance  were  made  on  it.-:  part, 
Texas  woulil  renew  the  proposal  for  annexation.    YcxikHiii,  407 

""Copy  iu  yUai' Itvi/.,  l.\iv.,  307, 


COMMISSIONERS  ArPOIXTED. 


375 


Not^otiations  were  contlucted  slowlv.  Texas  was  in 
111)  liasto  ill  the  matter.  The  longer  tlie  interval  of 
ju'iice,  the  better  would  it  be  for  her  hiterests  in  every 
jxiuit  of  view.  Coininunications  were  interchanged 
tlii'oiigh  the  medium  of  the  British  representatives  in 
tlif  two  countries,  relative  to  various  matters  prelini- 
iiiary  to  the  appointment  of  commissioners,  such  as 
th«'  (juesti(^n  of  the  reciprocal  release  of  prisoners — the 
Mixican  government  complaining  that  all  the  pris- 
oners captured  at  San  Jacinto  had  not  been  liberated — 
tlio  recalling  of  the  forces  under  Snively,  and  the 
killing  of  Mexicans  lately  on  the  south-western 
lioider.  All  these  matters  were  successively  settled 
l»v  Houston,  who  stated  that  all  San  Jacinto  prisoiuTs 
lijul  been  set  at  libertv  in  1837,  that  Snively  luul  been 
ivialled,  and  that  the  Mexicans  killed  on  tlie  borders 
Wire  banditti,  who  assumed  either  nationality  as 
suited  tlieir  marauding  purposes. 

( )n  September  •JfJth,  (Jeorge  W.  Hockley  and 
Samuel  M.  Williams  were  appointed  the  commissioners 
on  the  part  of  Texas,  to  meet  those  of  (General  Woll, 
Avlio  liad  been  authorized  bv  Santa  Anna  to  treat 
with  Texas  concerning  the  terms  of  the  armistice. 
The  appointees  of  Woll  were  Senores  Laiideras  and 
.hiune(jui.  The  instructions  given  to  Hockley  and  Wil- 
lianisindicatethedesireofthe  Texan  jjovernmeiit  to  u'ain 
time.  They  were  to  endeavor  to  establish  a  »;eneral 
armistice  pending  negotiations  for  a  permanent  peace, 
and  tor  such  further  period  as  they  c<>uld  agree  upon, 
re(|uiring  du'^  notice  to  be  given  by  either  party  dis- 
posed to  resume  hostilities,  through  the  minister  of 
(beat  Britain,  near  tlie  eoiTL-sponding  governinent, 
six  months  previous  to  any  act  of  hostility.  They 
Were  also  to  agree  that  Texas  should  aj)pohit  com- 
missioners, clothed  with  full  })owers,  to  meet  at  the 
(•a|iital  of  Mexico,  to  negotiate  for  the  adjustment  of 
(litHeulties  and  the  establishment  of  a  permanent 
}»eaee. 

The  United  States  and  Great  Britain  were  watch- 


;i'' 


■ .      * 


I -I 


r:i 


*%■ 


376 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


n 


Ing  each  other's  action  as  bearing  upon  the  future  of 
tlie  young  republic,  with  jealous  eyes;  and  now  the 
trovernnient  of  the  former  nation  showed  its  intent  imi 
no  longer  to  look  quietly  on.  President  Tyler's  views 
with  regard  to  annexation  were  no  secret,  nor  was  it 
a  matter  of  doubt  that  the  question  would  be  broiiL^lit 
before  the  house  when  congress  met  in  Decenibrr 
1843,  The  Mexican  goverinnent,  accordingly,  in 
Autjust  of  that  year,  declared  that  the  passii«jfe  of  anv 
act  by  the  congress  at  Washington  to  incorporate 
Texas  with  the  United  States  would  be  considcivd 
equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war."*  Tyler,  in  his 
niessaije  to  couijress  December  5,  1843,  rcijarded  this 
threat  on  the  part  of  Mexico  as  extraordi?iary,  and 
after  remarking  that  since  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto 
the  war  had  consisted  for  the  most  part  t>f  })reduttiiy 
incursions,  stated  that  the  United  States  had  an  im- 
mediate int<^ri>st  in  seeing  that  an  end  be  put  to  the 
state  of  hostilities  existing  between  Mexico  and  Texas; 
that  such  a  svstem  of  warfare,  by  weakeninij  b(»tli 
powers,  rendered  them  subjects  of  interference  on  the 
part  of  more  powerful  nations  ;  that  the  United  States 
could  not  be  expected  to  permit  such  interferenee  to 
their  own  disadvantao;e,  and  that  the  <r<)vernment  was 
bound,  by  every  consideration  of  interest  and  sym- 
pathy, to  see  that  Texas  should  be  left  free  to  act, 
unawed  by  force,  and  unrestrained  b}^  the  policy  of 
other  countries. 

The  language  is  plain,  and  the  intention  eviilent. 
Mexico  was  not  to  wage  war  with  Texas,  nor  w  en 
European  powers  to  interfere  by  mediation  in  tlie  ad- 
justment of  the  difficulties  between  the  two  nations, 
or  endeavor  to  establish  ])eaee  between  them.  AVhilc 
tlu;  preliminary  neootiations  for  the  armistice  were 
going  on,  England  invited  France  to  join  her  in  tlie 
mediation,  and  these  powers  did  not  fail  to  conuneiit 
.severely  upon  the  ill-advised  remarks   of  PresiiK  nt 

*^  Biyaiu'ijiii  fn  Wiiihlii  'J'/i'V/ipirin,  in  [^.  S.  TJ.  Ex.  Dnr.,  28  eniip..  1  m-- , 
no.  'J,  iiG-7.     See  corresiioudcuou  ou  the  subject  iu  Id.,  -7-30,  35,  3S-'J:  il->. 


AJOTEXATION  AND  SLAVERY. 


377 


HMor,  made  at  a  time  when  a  cessation  of  liostilities 
liiul  actually  occurred,  and  without  considcritijj;  in  any 
(li  ._i{e  what  miuht  bo  the  wishes  of  the  people  of 
T<  \as  or  the  decision  of  her  <^oveniment  <m  matters 
toiK  liiiisjf  her  own  welfare.  But  the  United  States 
were  «j,reatly  agitated  by  the  idea  that  a  blow  was  be- 
iii!j:  aimed  by  En;j;land,  throujjfh  Texas,  at  one  of  their 
null  institutions.  It  was  b(>lieved  bv  the  entire  mass 
dt'tlu'  southern  people,  and  a  lar<j;e  portion  of  th(>  in- 
lial>itants  of  the  northern  states,  that  a  plan  was  being 
foiiiied  in  Great  Britain  to  abolish  slavery  in  the 
soutli.'"  Opposed  as  were  the  people  of  the  north  to 
slavery,  they  were  not  ijfoinj^  to  tolerate  the  iiitcrfir- 
ciict'  of  a  fori'ign  power  in  the  settlement  of  the 
nation's  domestic  conci-rns.  Texas  was,  therefore,  no 
Imi'^cr  to  be  regarded  unfavorably  by  them,  as  had 
liitlierto  been  the  case,  and  a  tolerably  strong  I'ai'ty, 
friendly  to  annexation,  sjirung  up  among  tli(>m.  As 
fdi'  Mexico,  when  she  became  aware  of  the  steps 
uliich  were  being  taken  in  the  United  States  and 
Texas  to  procure  the  incorporation  of  the  latter,  her 
indignation  knew  no  bounds. 

Meantime  the  peace  commissioners  met  at  Salinas*' 


M! 


fi 


'■"  It  was  considered  in  the  U.  S.  that  the  leading  motive  of  Knghuid  in 
tikiiii.'  sncii  an  ac'ti\e  intorost  in  the  atliiirs  of  Toxa.s  was  her  design  to  t'H'cct 
tin'  aliiilition  of  slavery  in  tliat  coiMitry.  Voakuni  takes  tliis  view,  and  goes 
sii  !ar  us  to  state  tliat  'Mr  Doyle,  the  Ih'itisii  eharge  ilattkires,  had  heen  in- 
.stnutcd  to  iiro[)ose  to  Mexico  a  settlement  of  iierditliculties  with'I'exas,  liased 
r.piiii  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  latter.'  This  is  untrue;  and  Aslilud  Smith, 
Tivan  minister  in  Lonilon  at  the  time,  takes  the  trouMe  to  correct  this  '  grave 
I  I'll  11' '  as  he  calls  it,  '  Mr  J>oyle,'  savs  he,  '  was  not  so  instructeil;  he  was  not 
iustiiuted  at  all  on  these  matters.^  AVwt,  Ti.r.  /tip.,  i,H.  '1  he  fact  of  the 
in.ittcr  is  that  it  was  the  British  and  Foreign  Anti-.>lavery  Society  in  London, 
mil  not  the  Knglish  cahinet  that  causccl  t!ie  huiihuh,  and  jiroduced  the  t'xas- 
jiinition  in  tlie  U.  S.  against  Orcat  Ih'itain.  It  was  the  meddlesome  mem- 
lii'is  of  this  society  tliat  hasti-md  the  annexation;  and  tiic  same  autlior 
exjiiesses  Ids  helief  that  the  Ihitish  government  had  no  sym]iatiiy  ■nn  itli  or 
rtsiiiit  for  them.  Consult,  on  tliis  suliject,  I'/.,  4'.>-.")8.  Anson  Jones  says — 
.Ui'iii..  1S.")().  ]>.  ,VJ,  in  T/inill,  'Ml — 'the  suhject  of  domestic  slavery,  aliout 
wliicli  so  much  alarm  existed  in  KS4-t"."),  was  never  so  nnich  as  mi'Utioned  or 
aliii'lcd  to  hy  the  British  minister  to  the  government  of  Texas,  eXeejit  to 
ilisclaiiii,  in  the  most  em]ihatic  terms,  any  intention  on  the  jiart  of  Kiit;Iand 
fvor  t.i  interfere  with  it  liei-e.'  See  also  XVr.v'  Rr,/.,  Ixiv.  404.  On  the  diiilo- 
liiiitii'  negotiations  with  Oreat  Britain  see  Si/ii/h,  iif  -•»;).,  r)'.)-(i4. 

'Xot.  as  Yoakum  has  it,  Sahlnas,  ii.  4".M ;  Thrall,  p.  337,  seems  t<>  have 
'■^i'lcd  tliio  error.  Sec  A'av/v,  Iliit.  Juiaim,  iii.  024. 


378 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN   REPUBLIC. 


1 

it' 

1 

113 

1  '  ■    ■'' 

1    '^  (ii  ;. 

:■■■,;■' 

on  the  west  side  of  the  Rio  Grande.  After  soino 
difficulties  tlie  j)r()oeedin<j;s  were  hastened  hv  the  aLM- 
tation  wlik'li  prevailed,  owinjj;  to  the  news  from  the 
United  States,  and  on  February  15,  1844,  the  ariiiis- 
tioe  was  signed,  the  arrangements  l>ein*;  made  that 
hostilities  should  cease  pending  ne«jjotiat ions  for  peace, 
the  duration  of  which  was  not  to  be  extended  beyond 
^lay  1  st,  unless  peace  was  probable.  Houston  refused 
to  ratify  it,  as  it  referred  to  Texas  as  a  department  of 
Mexico,  and  on  June  Ifith,  Woll  instructetl  l)y  Santa 
Anna,  sent  in  a  manifesto  to  Houston  announciiiif 
that  Mexico  had  resumed  hostilities.*'  But  duiiiit,' 
the  short  remaining  existence  of  the  Texan  rcjiuMic 
hor  foe  confined  her  hostile  intentions  to  menaces  and 
preparations  for  war. 

At  the  election  held  September  2,  1844,  Anson 
Jones  was  chosen  pres'idcnt,  and  Kenneth  L.  Andd- 
son,  vice-president.  No  more  important  election  liad 
yet  been  held  in  the  republic,  inasmuch  as  it  repre- 
sented at  that  date  the  feelings  of  the  pet)ple  on  the 
great  (question  of  incorporation  into  the  United  States. 
Edward  Burleson  was  Jones'  competitor  and  an  an- 
nexationist. The  total  number  of  votes  cast  was 
12,752,  of  which  Jones  polled  7,037,  and  Burleseii 
5,6G1,  the  remauiing  54  votes  being  scattering.'^ 
Jones  was  supposed  to  be  an  anti-annexatlonist. 

The  ninth  conijress  havinij  met  and  oroani/.ed. 
December  3d,  President  Houston  delivered  his  fare- 
well message.     He  represented   the  foreign  and  do- 

^'^  Assigning  a.s  the  reason,  tlie  failure  of  the  commissioners  to  pi-oiccd  to 
Mexico,  accoraing  to  the  4th  art.  of  the  armistice,  to  reguhite  ilitl'i riiias. 
Copy  in  Xiks'  Rcj.,  Ixvi.  3S'2.  Relative  to  this  armistice  and  English  rela- 
tions with  Texas  the  reader  can  consult,  /(/.,  Ixiv.  307,  404;  Ixv.  .'U.  17f>, 
*2I'_';  Ixvi.  %-8,  113,  280,  38'2;  Ixvii.  113-14;  Rivera,  IliH.  Juhpi,  iii.  l.iiO  1, 
(VJ3-7;  BuMnimtnte,  JImI.  S.  Aiimi,  112-16;  De  Bow's  Eneyc,  1844, 'Jil  id 
205-9. 

^^  The  number  of  counties  was  36,  which  sent  up  61  delegates  to  tl.o  cdii- 
vention  of  1845,  35  of  whom  were anti-annexatiouists,  and  20  annexatiniiists. 
hi  Xilen'  Rnj.,  Ixviii.  249,  will  be  found  a  tabular  form,  giving  tlu'  naims 
of  the  counties,  the  number  of  votes  cast  in  each,  and  the  niiiiiln'r  "i 
delegates  sent  by  each.  Only  five  counties,  namely,  Harris,  Harrison. 
Nacogdoches,  Red  River,  and  Washington  sent  tliree  delegates;  Mont- 
gomery sent  four;  eighteen  counties  sent  ouo  delegate,  and  thirteen  sent  two. 


ANSON  JONES,   PRESIDENT. 


870 


mcstic  relations  of  the  republic  to  bo  in  a  prosperous 

(oiidition.  Treaties  of  amity,  navigation,  and  com- 
merce had  been  exchan<(ed  with  several  of  tlie  German 
states.  The  most  important  part  of  tlie  message 
refers  to  the  subjects  of  the  proceeding  pages  of  tliis 
chapter.  "The  governments  of  Great  Britain  and 
France,"  he  says,  "still  maintain  towards  us  those 
sentiments  of  friendsliip  and  good  feeling  which  liavc 
ever  marked  their  intercourse  with  us,  and  which  it 
should  continue  to  be  our  studious  care,  by  every 
proper  manifestation  on  our  part,  to  strengthen  and 
reciprocate.  There  is  no  ground  to  suspect  that  tlie 
late  agitation  of  international  questions  between  this 
republic,  and  that  of  the  United  States,  has  in  any 
degree  abated  their  desire  for  our  continued  pros- 
perity and  independence,  or  caused  them  to  relax  their 
L;ood  offices  to  bring  about  the  speedy  and  iKMiorable 
adjustment  of  our  difficulties  with  Mexico.  That 
they  should  evince  anxi(>ty  for  our  separate  existence, 
and  permanent  independence  as  a  nation  is  not  only 
natural,  but  entirely  commendable."  And  he  adds, 
that  the}'  were  too  well  acquainted  with  the  history 
of  the  Texan  republic's  origin,  to  suppose  that  she 
would  surrender  one  jot  of  liberty  and  right  of  self- 
^  ivirmuent.  "They  will  not  ask  it,  they  do  not  ex- 
pi'ct  it,  we  would  not  yield  it."  "  Such  were  the 
^vords  of  the  president  some  ten  months  before  the 
|)o[)ular  vote  proclaimed  almost  unanimously  in  faxor 
of  amiexation.  But  Houston  had  some  reast)n  for 
expressing  himself  thus.  On  June  8th  the  United 
States  senate,  after  continuing  in  secret  session  till 
'.'  o'clock  p.  M.,  discussing  the  treaty  of  annexation, 
vliich  had  been  brought  before  it  by  a  joint  resolution 
of  tlie  house,  rejected  its  ratification  by  a  vote  of  35 
to  IG."  Politically,  Texas  was  not  in  an  enviable 
l»osition  at  this  time.  She  was,  unwittingly,  the 
shuttlecock  of  stronger  powers.     Influenced  by  agi- 

[".V/Vrv'/i'c//.,  Ixvii  '2r2. 

^Coii'j.  Globe,  28  cong.,  1  sess.,  xiiL;pt  1,  p.  692. 


m 


f 


I 


fi! 


880 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


tators  from  the  United  StatcH,  wlilcli  used  Engliind 
as  their  bugbear,  her  people  ru[)i(lly  cbunged  tli(  ir 
fcchiigs  against  annexation,  liather  than  occupy  tlio 
p(jsitioii  of  a  minor  natictn,  she  consented  to  tlirow 
d»)\vn  tlie  8ce[)tre  of  individual  sovereignty  under  tlir 
shield  of  her  powei-ful  sister,  while  saving  her  own 
«li<'nitv  hv  waitinLj  to  Ik;  invited  to  do  so. 

On  retiring  from  ofHce,  Houston  was  surrounded  l»y 
stanch  friends  and  bitter  enemies,  who  were  not  cIio'k  c 
in  the  language  they  made  use  of  in  denouncing  ea(  li 
other's  policy.  But  it  is  not  my  purpose  to  record 
the  ^liiny  unseemly  recriminations,  the  nunicroiis 
personal  insults,  which  at  this  time  and  later,*"  wenj 
bandied  to  and  fro  between  the  parties,"  or  to  con- 
stitute myself  a  judge.  But  an  unbiased  obseivi  r 
cannot  ignore  facts.  Houston,  by  the  close  of  liis 
second  administration,  had  again,  by  a  ])acific  p<»li' y, 
brought  the  Indians  to  terms  of  pf^ace;"*"  by  his  su-- 
gestious  the  expenses  of  the  government  were  so  iv- 

'"Consult,  Green's  Jonnml,  Mter  ESrped.,  passim.  Houston's  Speech,  Aug. 
1,  1854,  in  Vowj.  Glofie,  1854,  append.  1214-18.  Id.,  1855,  742.  OreetiK  Ifcjil/fo 
HoHxtou,  Feb.  15,  1855,  p.  07. 

•'•On  the  question  of  annexation,  Branch  T.  Archer — formerly  a  iiiemlur 
of  Jjaiiiar's  cabinet — came  out  with  a  letter  in  wliich  he  con-sidered  tliat  lio 
proved  tliat  Houston  and  Jonen  'pledged  themselves  to  the  Brittsh  govern- 
meat  that  they  were  opposed  to  annexation.'  ///.,  Ixviii.  .'J74.  How  iitii'ily 
at  variance  with  this  assertion  are  Anson  Jones' remarks  !  In  his  Miinor- 
auda  for  1850,  under  date  of  Feb.  1st,  we  read:  'The  annexation  of  Toxas 
is  an  event,  the  resulting  con.sc(]tiences  of  which  are  too  vast  to  lie  yi't  iva- 
li/cd  or  calculated.  Of  this  measure  I  Wfvs  the  arcliitect.  I  saved  it  siili-u- 
qucntly  from  the  destructive  violence  of  some  potent  enemies,  as  well  as  df 
its  best  fricmls  in  the  United  States  and  Texas,  wlio,  like  the  boys  in  tha  e 
of  tlie  butterlly,  would  have  cinished  it  in  tlieir  imprudent  and  imiiatuiit 
gi'iis]).  The  exciting  and  balancing  of  the  constantly  acting  and  re-actiiw 
rival  influences  of  England,  France,  Mexico,  and  the  United  States,  and 
Conveying  tliem  all  to  the  one  point,  with  the  view,  and  for  the  puriicv-io  of 
efl'octing  my  object,  was  a  labor,  in  which  for  live  years  I  did  not  give  slii  ]> 
to  my  eves  or  slumber  to  my  eyelids,  and  in  wliich  I  was  finally  succcs.siiil.' 
It'p.  T<x.,  44-5.  The  course  adopted  by  Jones  gave  mortal  oileucc  to 
Houston. 

*'' A  treaty  of  peqjetual  amity  was  concluded  Sept.  28,  1843,  witli  tru 
tribes,  viz:  theTiwaheones,  Keacliies,  Wacoes,  Caddoes,  Anadalikoes,  Inmits, 
Ciierokces,  IJoloxies,  Dela wares,  and  Chickasaws.  A7fes' 7^;/. ,  Ixv.  1'.).").  The 
celebrated  Texan  ranger,  Col  John  C.  Hays,  aays:  'Before  the  aniKx.itiiiu 
of  Texas  the  Indians  in  tliat  part  of  the  country  were  pretty  well  w  hii'pod 
out,  and  they  retreated  far  back  into  the  interior  witli  tlicir  families,  .iiul 
mostly  ceased  their  dejiredations  upon  the  wliites.'  Ifaijx'  Life  and  Aditiu, 
MS.,  11.    The  Comauches  are,  doubtless,  referred  to  by  the  coloneL 


CHABACrmi  OF  HOUSTON. 


381 


(luced  ihai  the  revenue  was  adequate  to  meet  them  ; 
jiiid  both  in  an  agricultural  and  connnorcial  point  of 
\u\v  Texas  tlirivod  under  Ids  nou-liostilo  policy. 

I  [ouston  was  a  singular  man.  Gifted  with  no  ordi- 
11,11  V  abilities  and  woll  educated,  he  was  fully  capable 
of  j^uiding  the  helm  of  government.  His  great  fail- 
iirs  were  vanityand  its  companion — ^jealousy.  ^More- 
o\  ri-,  he  clothed  himself  in  a  robe  of  mystery,  thereby 
causiiig  offence.  The  student  of  liistory  cannot  fail 
to  be  impressed  with  his  achievements  in  the  cause  of 
T.  xns.  Mistakes  he  matlc,  but  they  were  more  in 
tin  direction  of  giving  offence  to  opponents  than 
iiiiiisiHcs  detrimental  to  tlie  solidity  and  vitality  of 
Ills  adopted  country,  whose  interests  he  had  ever  at 
luait.  Houston  had  hard  men  to  deal  with — fiery 
spirits,  all  and>itious  of  fame.  During  the  struixijle 
till'  independence,  the  most  cnterpnsing  and  the  boldest 
iiicii  flocked  into  Texas  from  the  United  States — mm 
]'i<tiiiinent alike  bytheirphysicaland mental ca[)abiriti(s. 
T<  xji^-  offered  a  field  on  which  they  might  win  renown. 
Thus  it  was  that  high  position  in  the  army  was  ever 
a  coiitested  prize,  and  each  aspiring  officer  sought  to 
1)1  the  leader.  With  such  aspirants,  it  is  not  to  be 
MDiidered  that  every  move  and  every  act  of  tlie  gen- 
( lal-in-chief  were  taken  notice  of  and  criticised  un- 
favorably by  those  who  thought  they  could  do  bettir. 
His  I'^ibian  policy  in  his  famous  retreat  from  Gonzalez 
caust'd  much  murmuring  and  ill-will  among  his  impa- 
tl(  lit  followers.  But  his  principle  was  sound  in  the 
lilghest  degree.  To  lure  the  enemy  to  the  banks  of 
tlie  Sabine,  far  from  his  base  of  supplies  and  source 
of  recruits,  and  give  him  battle  on  a  broader  land, 
wluTG  the  Texans  could  confidently  expect  military 
aid  from  the  United  States,  was  matchless  strategy. 
This  engagement  with  the  foe  at  San  Jacinto  was 
doubtk'ss  brought  about,  to  some  extent,  by  pre£,3ure. 
l^ut,  if  Houston  had  not  had  a  clear  percei)ti'Mi  of 
ev,  ly  probability  of  victory,  he  never  would  lave 
fought  that  battle.     His   moral   courage  was  para- 


ni 


w 


m 


88S 


END  OF  THE  TEXAV  HKPUBLIC. 


mount  to  lnHuliordiiiat*!  dictation.  His  troubles,  also. 
with  nj^ards  to  iiniMiijrants  were  not  li»;lit.  Kv»iy 
iiifonuT  was  di'tcnnincil  and  rcadv  to  Hustain  his 
claim  to  the  land  on  wiiich  he  Hcttlcd,  whether  huM 
in"":  a  toryred  or  le«jal  certificate  of  "head-riiiiit.'  Tin- 
fact  that  Houston  nuiintained  himself  at  the  head  nt' 
such  a  c»>nnnunity  proves  his  ahility  and  worth. 

In  his  inau«ijural  adrlre.ss  Presid(!nt  Jones  .stated 
that  his  ohject  would  he  the  maintenance  (»f  pnlilir 
credit;  the  reduction  <)f  the  exiK'nsesof  j^overmiK  nt ; 
the  aholishment  of  |)a|)er  issues;  the  revision  of  tin- 
tariff  buv;  the  establishment  of  a  systeni  of  jMihlic 
schools;  the  attaniment  of  speedy  peace  wit] i  Mexico. 
and  friendlv  and  just  relations  with  the  Indians  dn 
the  frontier;  the  introduction  of  the  penitentiarv  sys- 
tem; and  the  encouraijjement  of  internalimin'oveMiriit. 
Not  a  word  was  said  on  the  subject  of  annexation. 

Joiu!s'  administration  wasdestined  to  be  short.  On 
February  28,  184.'),  a  joint  resolution  of  the  two 
houses  in  favor  of  the  incorporation  of  Texas  int()  tlic 
union  was  passed  in  the  United  States' congress.  On 
March  1st  President  Polk  signed  the  document,  and 
to  Texas  was  left  the  decision  of  accepting  or  not  the 
invitation.  President  Jones  on  Mav  5th  issued  a 
proclamation  for  the  election  of  delegates  to  a  gen- 
eral convc^ntion  to  consider  the  proposition  passed  iy 
the  United  States'  congress.  On  July  4th  the  ((in- 
vention met  at  Austin,  and  appointed  a  committee  tn 
which  the  question  was  referred  to  be  reported  upon. 
The  committee  drew  up  an  ordinance  in  the  form  of  a 
joint  resolution  in  favor  of  annexation,  recommend  inn;' 
its  adoption  by  both  houses  of  congress.  Only  one 
member  voted  against   the  ordinance,*'   which   was 

*' Richard  Rache,  a  gramlson  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  representative  f<ir 
Galveston.  Thrall,  350.  Cojiy  of  the  joint  resolution  of  tlie  U.  .S.  cdutirc-.s 
Buhmitled  to  Texas  will  be  found  in  U.  S.  Vharterx  aud  Coiuttit.,  ii.  ITiil  •'>• 
By  the  terms  of  it  all  puhlic  edifices,  fortifications,  barracks,  ports,  iiiiil 
harliora.  navy  and  navy-yards,  docks,  magannes,  arms,  and  armaneiit  nvito 
to  be  ceded  to  the  U.  S,,  while  Texas  was  to  retaiu  posseusiou  of  ull  livr 
public  lauda. 


CONSTITUTION  AND  ADMISSION. 


383 


siilnnittcd,  tot^ctlufr  wltli  a  now  ('(HiHtitution,**  fraiiH'd 
tiiitl  adopti'fl  by  the  ('<»iiv»'iitl<»ii,  to  tin-  tlicision  of  tlu; 
ii(n|tl('.  On  ()('tolH>r  I.'Hli  l)(>tli  tlu' onlinanc'i'  and  tlic 
I  iiiistitutloii  were  ratified  1)V  an  almost  unaninioiis 
vote.  Pivsidcnt  Polk.  DcccinlKr  '2\K  IHAl),  approved 
tlic  joint  resolution  of  tlu!  United  States  et.iiLjress 
tliat  Texas  should  b«>  admitted  into  tlie  union."  and 
oil  February  1!),  1840,  l^resldent  Jones  surrendered 
tlie  executive  authority  to  the  newly  elected  <:;overnor, 
,1.  Pincknev  Henderson."  The  lone  star  of  Tixas 
sjuik  hi  low  the  horizon  to  rise  a^ain  amidst  a  constel- 
lation of  unapproachable  splendor. 

'"  Ai'coriliiig  to  this  stato  conHtitution,  tlio  legiMlatiiro  was  to  meet 
Im(  niiially;  KciiiitorH  wore  to  l»u  fliosfii  fur  four  yi'ai'M.  oiu'-iialf  lii"iiiiiiill_v; 
iiiiiiHti  IS  of  tlif  j;os|)cl  Wert!  not  <'li'><ilil(;  to  tlio  Irm'islutiiri';  liiil.s  for  liii.^iii^ 
iivciiiu'  wori!  to  oriuiiuiti;  in  tlin  liousc  of  r('|iri'.-<(titativon;  tiif  (.'nvirnor's 
vito  to  iiiiy  liill  t'oul(T  1)1!  nullilit'il  liy  a  Hiiliscinniit  two-tiiinl.s'  vi>tu  of  imtli 
liiiiiM-  ill  its  favor;  after  I.S.V)  a  (•<'iis\in  of  the  free  white  iminilatioli  wa.-i  to 
he  t.ikeii  every  eight  years  for  the  aiijiortioiiineiit  of  reiireseiitatioii.  Tho 
jinliciiiiy  was  to  consist  of  one  «iii>i'eiiie  eourt,  liistriet  courts,  ami  inferior 
limits;  the  j\iclges  of  the  suiirerne  anil  ilistrict  courts  were  aiiiiointeil  liy  tho 
jjiiviriior,  with  consent  of  two  thinls  of  the  senates  aiul  hold  office  for  siv 
ji:ir-;  tile  snjirenK!  court  liail  apjiellate  jurisiliction  only,  ami  in  criiiiiiial 
ia<es,  ami  in  apiteals  from  interlocutory  judgnients,  it  was  regulated  hy 
tiie  legislature.  The  district  courts  had  original  jurisdiction  in  all  criminal 
cases,  and  if  the  ]iuni8liinent  was  not  siiecilically  determined  hy  law,  the  jury 
Were  to  determine  it.  County  courts  for  jiroliate  husiness  were  estahlislie  1 
iiiid  lield  in  each  county.  The  governor  was  chosen  hy  jilurality  of  votes 
fur  two  years,  and  was  only  eleyiole  for  four  years  out  of  six;  he  could  hul  I 
11(1  citluT  otiice,  civil  or  military  One-tenth  of  the  annual  revenue  hy  taxa- 
tiiiii  was  to  ho  ai^iropriated  to  free  puhlic  schools.  No  corporation  with 
liiiuiviiig  privileges  was  to  ho  chartered.  The  aggregate  of  state  deht  con- 
tiiiited  111  future  was  not  to  exceed  SI(X\0O().  Family  homesteacls,  not  ex- 
cel thug  'J()0  acres,  and  in  value  $!'J,0(K),  were  exeiiipteil  from  forced  sale. 
.•\iiiiiiiliiients  to  this  constitution,  after  having  heen  agreed  to  hy  two-tliinls 
of  eacii  house,  were  to  ho  suhiuitteil  to  the  people;  if  then  approved  hy  a 
iiiajurity  of  the  voters,  and  suh-seipieutly  hy  two  tliirda  of  each  lioii.ie  of  tlio 
iu\t  legislature,  they  hecanie  valid  larts  of  the  constitution.  Flslivr  iiiid 
foVfii's  Anivr.  SMm.  An.,  18?  1,  394-5. 

">  U.  S.  II.  Mltc,  vol.  1<>,  doc.  45,  pt  4,  122-4. 

''  For  fuller  particulars  on  tlio  suhject  of  the  Texan  annexation  see  lfi.<t. 
Mi-jr.,  V.  S22  :W,  this  series;  Na<:t'  j}ei/.,  bcxii.  222-.S,  2(i7-.S,  2S7;  Ixxiii.  II, 
:<!,  47,  147,  2.15-1),  280-2,  3!»8-4ll;  Ixxiv.  105  (J;  L'.  S.,  llry,,',.  „/,  (VJ;  ^^(//-l■ 
tin's  I'liiri'  with  Mi'X.,  7-0;  Otcrn,  ('o)intn.  Kcijoc.  Dip.,  in  I'np.  I'nr.,  87,  no.  14. 
WiUiiin  Kftiuetly,  Texan:  TL'  h'i.'<e,I'ro<iir.'<i,<iiiill'ra*i>irf^o/t/ir  liijwJMc 
(J  '!'•  xn.i.  Loudon,  1841,  8vo,  2  vols.,  pp.  lii,  .'{78,  and  vi.  TvlS;  2  maps.  '1  he 
aiillior  of  this  valuahle  work  served  in  18.'$8,  under  Lord  Durham,  (oivernor- 
•  ■cMiral  of  Canada,  as  assistant  conimissioner  for  eiii{uiring  into  the  muiiici- 
jKil  institutions  of  Lower  Canada.  Lord  Ihirhani's  a))ntpt  resignation  li.tviiig 
hii'Uglit  tho  commission  to  a  perniature  close,  Kennedy  took  the  oppmtunity 
"f  visiting  a  largo  portion  of  the  U.  S.,  and  extended  his  journey  to  'lexai. 
I'uriuij'  hia  residence  there  circumstances  were  so  favorablj  to  his  acipiiring 


w 


I  rSi 


4 

. 

i 

\ 

i, 

1 
■   1 

*  u 

t 

3S4 


END  OF  THE  TEXAN  REPUBLIC. 


II 


!lni: 


infurniatinn  on  the  political  condition  of  the  country,  as  to  induce  him  to 
undurtako  tlio  ta.-ik  of  pulili^liing  tlie  result  of  Iiis  enijuiries  and  oliscrvatiuus, 
lli«  Work  coiit;iin.s  a  coniprelieusivc  history  of  all  important  events  in  Tt'xas, 
from  l(ilH)  to  ]H4U,  and  supplies  a  vast  amount  ot  information  on  every 
subject  inchided  in  the  '  I'ise,  progress,  and  prosjiects'  of  a  new  cotintrv. 
Kennedy  was  a  keen  observer;  and  better  still,  his  fdtservations  were  ron- 
ducteil  without  prejudice,  and  are  correct;  his  reflections  were  (lii]ily 
thotightful,  and,  tliough  evidently  regarding  with  favor  tlie  Anglo-Anu-iicnu 
colonist-i,  and  vindicating  them  in  their  action  witli  regard  to  Mexicn.  iiis 
Conclusions  are  just.  His  style  is  particularly  graceful,  felicitous,  ami  at- 
tractive, rising  fre(juently  to  eloquence;  and  the  different  toj)ics  ami  sulijiits 
of  his  work  are  well  and  carefully  combined.  Two  good  maps  acconipaiiv 
it,  one  of  which,  facing  p.  3.'{(),  vol.  1.,  indicates  tlie  grants  of  land  coiiitiiill 
under  the  empresario  system  of  Mexico.  Another  edition  was  publislu'il  iu 
X.  Y.  in  1844. 

7/.  YiKi/.inii — Hixtnni  nf  Tc.nin  from  !/-•< Jirst  Kittkuind  in  J'lS't,  (o  i/.t  Aiiii'.i""- 
lio)i  tJ^  the  Uiiilnl  Sillies  ill  IS/fd.  New  York,  ISSti,  8vo,  2  vols.,  jip.  4>Si'.  .")7(|. 
lUust.  and  maps.  This  is  a  work  which  may  l)e  considered  as  one  of  tlio 
lK!st,  if  not  tlie  best,  liistoiy  of  Texas.  No  other  ])ro(luction  of  the  kiinl  iii 
English  supplies  a  more  complete  account  of  Texan  events,  the  author  hav- 
ing had  the  advantage  of  preceding  works  of  importancte,  such  as  tlinsi'  of 
Kennedy,  Foote,  and  other  writers.  His  account  of  tiie  early  missinTiar y 
labors  and  the  founding,  system,  and  decline  of  the  missions  is  good,  tlidHL'ii 
brief;  as  also  the  information  which  he  gives  about  tlie  Indian  trilics  anl 
their  wars  against  tlie  whites.  Yoakum  certainly  made  many  inistala  >, 
and  has  lieen  fre([uently  corrected  by  subseipient  writers  ;  lie  was  an  in- 
timate friend  of  (Jeneral  Houston,  and  displays  his  admiration  of  him  in  Ins 
Work;  but  this  d(H!s  not  warrant  Richardson,  in  saying  that  Yo.ikiiiu's 
jiartiality  was  carried  to  an  extreme  of  adulation,  and  habitually  igridii  il 
the  sanctity  of  truth.  The  .same  -writer  considered  that  there  was  im  duult 
that  Yoakum  received  his  data  and  voluminous  documents  from  lloiistnii,  in 
spite  of  tlie  hitter's  assertion  tliat  the  work  was  one  with  which  tiic  icim- 
uiander-iu-chicf  had  no  coiniection.  This  may  be  true  to  some  extent,  Imt 
wlicn  he  goes  on  to  say,  'we  entertain  no  doubt  that  there  are,  in  that  ImmiI;, 
letters,  de,-i>iatches,  and  documents,  which  were  concocted  for  tlu;  liook,  and 
long  posterior  to  the  events  they  refer  to,' — Tex.  Aim.,  IStiO,  Hli--siKli  a 
remark  is  not  only  reckless,  as  Richardson  does  not  jiroduce  a  shadow  nf 
proof,  but  bears  the  mark  of  enmity  and  nuilice.  Yoakum  sup]ilies  a  laiL't' 
niimlperof  documents  iu  his  appeiulices,  anuing  which  mention  must  be  niaili; 
of  the  copy  of  an  old  record  in  the  archives  of  Bejar,  bearing  the  date  uf 
1744,  and  which  contains  much  information  on  the  early  history  of  Tc\a  ; 
and  of  a  memoir  written  by  Col.  Ellis  J'.  Bean,  about  the  year  IMti.  in 
whicli  an  account  of  Nolan's  inroad  is  given,  and  of  Beiin's  sid>s(M|mnt 
rcimaiitic  career  in  Mexico,  first  as  a  prisoner,  anil  afterward  as  a  solihur 
ligiiting  in  the  cause  of  the  independence. 

llitirji  S'lrirt  Foote — Tiwnx  a,itl  tin'  Tf.rnns.  or  Adiyinrc  of  the  Aiiiilo-Aiinri- 
nnit  to  Ihf  S'liilh-WiKt,  etc.,  lie  Philadelphia,  1841,  j'Jino,  2  vols.,  jip.  viii. 
;U4,  and  v.  4{KJ.  This  author  opens  his  work  with  iv  review  of  tiie  Irmiing 
events  in  .Mexico,  from  the  couiiuest  by  ('ortes  to  the  terminatinn  of  tiio 
war  of  inilependencc.  He  then  enters  upon  Texan  matters,  and  discrilns 
the  numerous  expeditions  into  Texas  from  the  U.  8.  Of  the  I''redon;an  wm- 
he  gives  a  very  full  ai"'(Uiit,  preceded  by  a  sketch  of  the  progress  of  Austin  s 
colony.  The  secor.d  volume  is  devotecl  io  the  Texan  war  of  indepr'idiinx', 
and  the  causes  w'uch  led  to  its  outbreak.  In  a  postscript  some  iiifurina- 
tion  is  given  concerning  the  claims  of  the  U.  S.  to  iexas,  at  diU'cirnt  jn'muls 
after  the  ]iurcliase  of  Louisiana,  and  the  eU'nrts  to  confirm  a  title  to  tlie  ter- 
ritory. Foote  had  at  his  disposal  much  valuabls  material,  and  siipi'ln.s 
copies  of  a  number  of  important  documents.  He  had  been  inviteil  wliilf  in 
Texas,  he  informs  us  in  his  preface,  'to  undertake  a  History  of  the  War  "t 
Texan  ludepeudence,  by  more  than  twenty  of  the  most  conspicuous  actoi  >  lu 


BIliLIOORArHV. 


385 


«^J^;  fs 


th.it  Mar.'  This  niay  cxjilaiu  liis  stroiij,'  oiic-si(lt<lTics,s,  liut  is  iifi  cxoiise  for 
his  iri  ([ucntly  in'liilL'iii^  in  ciiritoitii)tu(iiis  aiitl  iimligiiilicd  cxjuv-tsioiis  wSieii 
siii-akiiig  ot  tlic  .Moxi(.'aiis.  His  work,  Imwevcr,  is  a  valiuiMt;  fontrihutidU  to 
'IcNaii  liistory. 

M^ii'ii  Anxtiii  Jlnllri/,  T'jit.^.  J^uxiiif^toii,  Ky.,  ISIJIi.  I'Jiiio.,  \\\i.  viii.  410; 
Mail.  This  aiitliorcss  imlilishcd  a  trw  yuars  jn'cviuusly,  Ti-.m.i,  OI'm  rni/ioiis, 
lli.ifi>ri''<il,  (!<'ii;iriipli>fiii,  iiin/  /)'.irrip/iri ,  hi  n  Si  riis  o/  Ijitti  i:<  irrillin  ihirimj  it 
Vlsil  t<i  Aiixltii's  (,'(ili)iiti,  irilh  II  Vit  ir  III  II  I'lriniDnnl  SiUli'iiii  lit  ill  tlinl  ('oilii/ri/, 
'ill  lie  Aiiiiiiiiii  of  IS-il,  JialtiiiKirc.  I.S.'!;{,  12  iiio.,  jip.  hVt.  The  work  uinlcr 
(■(msiiliratioii  is  an  oiilargLiuuiit  of  tlu;  f<iriiicr  issiU',  ami  coiitaiiis  a  very 
cnrn-i't  ik'siM'iptioii  of  tho  ](hysi(al  features  of  Texas,  liesicU's  a  lari^e  amount 
of  historical  matter,  wliieli  is  sujiported  liy  e  ii)ii's  of  iuijiortant  cloeuments. 
Mrs  llolley  eoiuhnles  her  narrative  with  a  hrief  reeital  <pf  the  haftie  of  San 
laiinto,  furuishini;  a  list  of  the  killuil  and  wounded  on  the 'lexau  side,  as 
also  Houston's  .Army  Orders  of  May  ."),  1S;!(>.  Attache<I  is  an  a])|iendix 
(■iir.taining  'The  Constitution  of  tlie  .Slexieau  United  States,' and  'Coustitu- 
tiiiii  of  the  lleinihlie  of  Texas,'  witli  a  list  of  the  signers  of  i'n^  'Heclara- 
ticiii  of  Rights.  In  Tin'  (^iinrfi rli/  H<  r'nir,  vol.  Ixi.  ]i.  XVl,  a  sligiiting  remark 
is  iiukU',  eharging  the  authoress  with  giving  the  most  favorahh  |irosjieet  of  the 
new  country  for  the  purpose  of  iiulueing  the  immigration  of  settlers  from  the 
r.  S. — the  writer  of  the  artieh:  sareastieally  printing  her  name  '.\ustin  '  in 
italics.  Hut  the  wiiole  tone  of  his  article  is  stanijied  with  a  lack  of  appreciat- 
ing wliat  a  struggle  for  free  principles  against  ilesp  itisin  rei.Uy  is.  With 
regard  to  .Mrs  JfoUey'sstyle  lijuote  the  following  passage  from  The  Xnrt/iAiin  r- 
hill  l,'i  rii'ii;  vol.  xliii.,  im.  xcii.  j).  2.")7.  'Mrs  Holley  has  given  an  agreeahlu 
account  of  her  visit,  in  her  own  femininely  graceful  style,  yet  hy  no  means 
(Icslitiite  of  expre.'ision  and  force;  and  lier  statements,  as  to  the  natural 
features  of  th.e  country,  are,  in  sulwtance,  correct.'  This  remark  refers  to 
lur  earlier  work. 

ir.  Ji.  Ih'iri'i.' — Liltirnj'roiii  nil  Earli/  Sitthr  nf  Tvxm.  Compiliil  hi/  Oirn 
t'liri/illi:  Loui.sville,  Ky.,  1S,")2,  I'Jnio.  pp.  viii.  ;^1'2.  There  is  internal  evi- 
(kiici'  that  his  work  is  not  what  it  purports  to  l)e.  The  compiler  stat(^s  in 
lnT  jircface  that  she  '  ciianced  to  find,  among  the  papers  of  a  worthy  friend, 
a  hirire  pile  of  letters  from  Texas,  some  of  them  bearing  an  early  date  in 
tlie  lustory  of  that  country.'  Interested  in  the  i)eriusal  of  them  she  professes 
to  have  obtained  leave  from  Dewees  to  publish  them,  and  remarks,  '  I  give 
tliciii  as  they  are,  from  the  pen  of  the  canthor,  lest  by  revising  and  correct- 
iiig,  some  gem  should  be  lost  or  beauty  marred.'  The  first  letter  is  dated 
'Lciiig  I'rairi'',  Ark.,  March  1,  ISl'.t.'and  the  last  'Columbus,  Texas,  Feb. 
M,  Ks.V_','  being  in  answer  tf>  the  compiler's  retpiest  that  Dewees  woidd  write 
licr  'coiici.niiug  the  prosperity  of  ymu"  country,  from  the  ilate  of  your  last 
litter  (.lamiary,  ]S.">0)  up  to  the  present  time; '  that  is,  .Ian.  lo,  IS.")'.'.  Nriw 
without  discussing  the  many  extraordinary  histfirical  mi.stakcs  scattered 
tiinm  'i  the  volume,  attention  is  called  to  that  in  the  third  letter  dated  .June 
10,  IVJI.  The  writer  says,  on  pp.  '20-'J'J,  '  Xii.cogdoelies  is  au  ohl  Spanish 
tnvn,  situated  on  the  San  Antonio  and  Louisiana  road,  about  sixty  miles 
wi'st  of  till'  Sabine  river,  in  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas;'  and  again: 
'[•uriiig  my  .stay  in  Nacogdoches,  I  learned  that  Mr  Moses  Austin,  of 
Missiiiiri,  had  received  permission  from  the  Mexican  governmeiit  to  estab- 
lish a  colony  in  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  'I'exas.'  Here  is  a  glaring  anach- 
ri'iii:.Mi  th  it  could  nut  have  been  perpetrated  by  I )ewees;  the  state  of  Coa- 
iii'ila  and  Texas  was  not  formed  till  May  7,  11S'J4 — see  index  this  volume. 
I  hat  at  least  some  fif  these  h'tters  are  sjiurioiis  there  is  incontrovertible 
■M'liuce.  ]n  the  ]'.»th  letter,  dated  Columbus,  Texas,  May  l.">,  bSlid.  the 
"iiti  r  lias  not  scrupled  to  copy  almost  verliatim  from  J//s  /AiZ/i //'.<  'JWn.i, 
]i|..  :i."i4  ,").  1  (juote  a  few  passages.  I)ewces  writes  '  Colonel  Travis,  on 
whose  head  a  price  wa.s  set,  when  wounded  and  dying  was  att.nked  by  a 
Mivic  an  odicer  who  seemed  intent  on  sfri/.iiii/  tin  Imdy  ql'  tin-  iliiul: '  .Mrs  llolh  y 
lias,  'who.  111  ii  .itation  of  the  western  savage  seemed  desirous  of  .■itrikhii/  t/n: 
'<"///  0/'  till  iliiiiil,  the  other  portion  of  the  passage  being  identical.     Dewees 

Hist.  Mkx.  staiks,  Vol.  ]1.    2."i. 


Ittili; 


\\t 


if 

i!"' 

w 

i 

fi ' 

h(; 

9 

1  '«  ''' 

^ 

1   ■'  "■''' 

'|^|.[;'  ■ 

^  -  *  !''i 

it  f 

<*:< 

386 


END  OK  THK  TEXAN  llEl'UBLIC. 


liaa,  '  Tnavia  met  and  pluiigcil  liis  sword  in  tiio  hroast  of  the  s^najry 
Mexican,  and  they  fell,  the  victor  with  tiie  vietiin,  to  rise  no  more.'  Mrs 
Ifolley  writes,  'Travis  inet  and  plunged  his  sword  in  the  hicast  of  the 
advancing  enemy,  and  fell,  the  victor  with  the  victim,  to  rise  .no  inure.' 
Again  the  following  pas.sago  is  almost  word  for  word,  the  same  as  the  coitcs- 
ponding  one  in  Mrs  HolTcy's  work.  '  Imirniliately  aft<'r  the  fall  of  the 
Xlamo,  Gen.  Santa  Anna  sent  Mrs  T)ie''enson  md  Col  Travis'  servmit  t<i 
Gen.  Hou.ston's  camp,  acconijianied  hy  a  Mexican,  with  a  tlag,  who  Imre  a 
note  from  Santa  Anna  oH'ering  tlie  T(!.\ans  j)eace  and  a  general  aiiiursty  if 
they  would  lay  down  their  arms  and  suhiuit  to  his  governniviit.  fitu 
Honston'.s  reply  was  "True,  sir,  you  have  succeeded  in  killiug  some  oi  diii 
hrave  men,  hut  the  Texans  are  not  yet  whip[n'<l."'  Now  Mrs  Holliy  jiiil' 
lished  in  her  work,  which  was  issued  in  I..exington,  Kentucky,  in  ISlii;, 
Army  Orders  of  (Jen.  Houston,  dated  May  ,5,  181{(i,  and  it  was  impussilil. 
that  Dewees  could  have;  had  the  work  hefore  him  at  the  time  wheu  l.is  Icttrr 
is  j)retended  to  liave  Ix^eii  written.  The  eouelusiou  t.iat  the  letters  wii. 
written  long  after  the  dates  assigned  to  them  is  indis])utal)le.  With  it^mi  i 
to  tluiir  matter,  they  contain  numerous  accounts  of  tights  with  Indi.ins.  an  I 
of  the  distressed  condition  of  the  early  settlers.  In  historical  matters  th' \ 
are  markeil  hy  inaccuracies  and  exaggeration. 

Aii.'<'Vi  ■/(iiii's  —Mi-iimrntnlii  oiid  Official  (^orrcxfHJiiitciici'  rrldiiii;)  In  tin'  l!']ml''w 
oj' Trxds:  i/.<    J/isfi>nf  iiiiif  Aiimxillhm.      IudwUn<j  (i    In-'tif  AlU€b'miji-'i]iliii  al'  Ihr 
Author.     New  York,  1850,  Svo,  ])p.  (>48.     The  author  of  this  wnik  wcntiu 
Texas  in  \KV.\,  and  fought  against   the  Mexicans  as  a  soldier  in  th(!  niiik;-. 
After  the   indei>endence  of  Texas,  he  was  successively   representative,  st'iiii 
tor,  secretary  of  state,  minister,  and  president.      Mis  hook  conse(|iuntly  imi 
tains  a  vast  amount  of  information;  as  he  gives  in  it  not  only  his  ])rivati 
memoirs,  hut  all   his  olilcial  eorrespondeiu'e,  especially  during   iS4I  to  KS4-). 
It  is  divided  in  'Private  Menu)irs,'  '  .Memoran<la,'  in  tiie  form  of  a  journal. 
and  'Letters,    etc.,' among  which  appear  extracts  from  a  numher  of  Tcvan 
and    U.    S.    newspapers.     The  work  contains  extensive  inforniatinii  on   al: 
political  aSaii's  in  '1  exas,  from  the  time  of  his  arri\al,  to  within  a  few  wiik- 
of  his  death,  -Ian.  7,  ISrKS.      Espct'ially  valuahle  are  his  remaiks  mi  tiie  cam 
paign  of  ISIiCi,  the  annexat  on  (piestioii.  and  the  schemes  of  lOngland.    IliirinL 
Jones' pi'esidency  <  len.   Houston  liecanie  estianged  from  him  and,   iccdrilini; 
to   his   own   statement,   pag(!  .'J'iO,  assunu-d  a   hostile  attitude  toward  liini. 
hoth  ]Hilitically  and  jKUsonally.      IKictor  Jones  was  .siihject  to  paro\y-in<  > 
gloom,  and  in  a  tit  of  desponilency  took  his  own  life  on  the  ahove  niiiitiniii  i 
date. 

An  elahorate  volume  hy  Homer  S.  'J'hrall,  —  .1  /'irfdrial  Jlklnrii  ij'Tu'i-. 
front  tlif  Kiir'ii<l  Vi'titti  of  I'Jii roprn n  A'/ri  nliin  r.t,  to  A.  />.,  IS7'K  ili'.,  </.•.,  St 
Louis,  Mo.  Svo,  pp.  xix,  and  Slil,  uiaii,  supplies  extensive  infoiiiiatiiiuri  ■ 
garding  T(\;»s,  the  autlior  having  had  access  to  many  oliicial  ilnciniKiit-, 
atid  the  o]i|iort\iMity  of  perusing  a  large;  mnnhei-  of  histories,  paniphlits,  anJ 
addresses  ln'ai'in^;  ii[)on  his  suiijei^t.  He  lias,  therefore,  lieeii  ahle  to  [ilai' 
before  his  reader,  in  a  condensed  form,  a  vast  accumulation  of  hi-iturioal 
events,  ami  in  all  main  features,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  he  is  geinTaliy 
correct.  Toward  the  close  of  the  period  which  'i  hrall's  work  covers,  he  i> 
scanty  and  very  delicate  ahout  expressing  any  views  of  political  niattiTs. 
The  wiu'ks  comjirises  all  matters  connecteil  with  the  history  of  the  state 
Lists  of  tile  executives  and  the  personnel  of  the  ditl'ereiit  departnieiits  will 
he  found  in  tin;  i>otes,  and  hrief  (lescri])tions,  in  al])hahetical  orcler.  of  thi' 
counties  are  snpjilied.  as  also  accounts  of  charilalile  and  educationai  insti- 
tutions and  churches.  Inforinalion  is  giviin  on  agricultiual  industries,  rail 
ways  and  commerce,  pojiulation  and  tlu^  growing  wealth  of  the  ^tate, 
I'erhaps  the  most  valuahle  and  interesting  portion  of  the  hook  is  that 
devoted  to  hiographical  notices  ofjirominent  Texans,  of  whom  he  fiiniishe'<a 
list  of  over '2(M>,  tlieir  nanu^s  arrangi'd  alphaiieticMlly.  'i'he  work  is  so  cdiu- 
prehensive  in  details,  iind  methodical  in  construction,  that  it  may  he  rrgurJeii 
as  a  miuiatuic  cyclopedia  rather  than  a  history  of  Texan. 


FULFiKR  UEFKRENCK. 


:w7 


Till!  following  is  a  list  of  tin;  principal  authoritii's  consulttMl  in  tiio  priiccd- 
iii4  rluiptcrs:  U.  S.  govurnmcnt  (loc'uniont.-i,  notahly  ro«;/.  Jhhitrs;  hi.  ilinlif: 
fiat.  Doc;  Sen.  Misrcl.  Dor.;  Sen.  Ji(p.;  Jl.  Ki\  />ixvv;  //.  Mi.tnl.  Ifor.i ;  II. 
Cum.  III']!.;  II.  Jour.;  ('lidHir.i  and  Coiis/i/ii/lnn-f ;  Sen.  Jour.;  to  tiie  rospi'clivc 
indicos  of  which  tin;  roailcr  is  rcfiirroil  for  'I'oxax  afluirs;  /{iilr.s  una  ■irlirlti 
/or  (I'oct  Aniiic.i,  ilolistoll,  l.S:!'.t,  ■_'()  pp. ;  T(.r(i.i  I'i]irillii/,  passim;  Tr.riis  ,St'itr 
li'ir...  iv.  ap]). ;  l,iiw.'<of  /,'<}>.  of  Tcni.^,  for  tho  yuars  lS.'{S-4r);  Tirn.s.  .Mi.kshij" 
(//■/'/•('.«.,  Jlniiston,  1S;{8,  Hlipj).;  Lai/iiii/  Vonicr-.itoin'  JS'nr  Slnlr  CniiHol,  Aus- 
tin, ISJS"),  4;{pp. ;  Tr.r.  Aliiiiiitiuv,  for  the  years  lSr)S  (il,  1S()7  0,  sec  iiidicc-i; 
t'llUdii,  Mini.  nut.  Iluir.  Trx.,  vols  i.  and  ii.;  h'('iiii<'/i/\t  'J'r.r.,  vols  i.  and  ii.; 
/>'//.'/•'•<  '/■'./•.,  passim;  Con/oni'.t  Tr.r.,  ;?  (i,  ]()•_'");!;  Jof.s  .Mr.r.  W<n;  '20  lOI^; 
//.i/A(/'.-f  V'./-.,  passim,  Jlon.ston'.t  Jjitlrr  In  SaiiUi  Ann;  l<l.,  lJfrof\-2\\  'Ji:  /'/., 
.!/.>«'(/-,  May  I'.'th,  Houston,  1S:W,  D  pp.;  /</.,  .l/c.«.  Itiiith-r  f'„  /»,/.  AjJ'(ur.<, 
lldiistoii,  IS;{S,  115  pp.;  l''oo(i''.i  'J'lX.,  passim;  M(.r.  Mniifrsf.  ihl  Ctii'i.  dm., 
\h\.,  ]S:{(;,  20  pp.;  A/.,  Jill.  Krfrr.,  1S:W,  lU  14,  IS;  A/.",  Afroi.  Jin,':,  \S\\X, 
7:  it..  Col.  Lri/r.'^,  lS'2!)-;{();  TliniU'.t  Tr.r.,  IS  701;  Ifirmi,  ,/,itii],ii,  lii..  jiassim; 
yoiui'i'.i  Hilt,  of  Mi'.r.,  'JO'i-WMi;  dnii/'s  Oiifliiir  /l!.<t.,  T  Hi;  Liini'.i  limiinis  , 
(i.'i,  L'L'.")  312;  U.  S.  Jfrpiili.,  r>S-2(>S;  liiirnrtt',t  A'/i/rr.i.t  to  thr  Sni.,  Houston. 
|s;!S,  S  pp.;  Lr.iti  !■'.'<  Jlou.'iton  (nid  /li.s  Ji'rpiih.,  45  201 ;  DhIiIhh  lUid  IaK'ino,  /,<«/. 
.I/'.,.,  iii.  141-SS;  iv.  154,  lOS;  v.  17;  llohirl.-!,'  lh:-<rnpt.  Tr.r.,  i.-iv.;  ]Vlti-<on.i 
.I,/,-/-.  //«)-.,  «)()5  72;  (,'iriu'n  Mrnin!r.-<,  MS.,  2-^,240  55;  /  VAv'.x  7V.;v,.s- /,V  c,./ , 
-7  |i|i. ;  Tr.r.  Coll.  J)or.i,  niw  3  7,  I'.*,  5.3-8,  (!5;  Jlini.-mrd'.-i  furl.  Ii'ir.,  Iv 
'.Mil  5:  Ixxiv.  1227,  13.30;  Id.,  Pari.  J)rh.,  xxxvii.  l<)l-202;  //-///'.s-  /,//;■,  M.S., 
Ii.  7.  1 1  -33;  A'ilis  Jt'c'/Mrr,  covering  tho  period,  se(!  indiees;  I'rdinirioti  n 
T.r:i.-;  3'.tpp.;  Dr,rrr.s''L(ltrr'<froin  Tr.r.,  223  <)S,  304  S;  I'atton'.-<  JIUt.  U.  s'.. 
(iMi!II;  l>o,iiriirrh,  J/Ut.  dn  Mr.r.,  177- S,  IS7  '.••>;  /'/.,  Join:  MUiionnirr.  10, 
•J5.  32.')  442;  l''olrowr-t  Dixror.  M;.«.,  .'U  52;  ///.</.  Dor.  Col.,  i.  72;  ii.  21,  31); 
/■'(■//'•>■  /,{/''  <f  Toi/lor,  71-Sti;  (,'olliil!ii\s  I'riur  irilh.  Mr.r.,  7  '.>,  15-23;  (/rrin's 
./"iir/i'd,  ]passini;  Id.,  I'(plii  ro  l/niiy/on,  2!)  (i(»;  Id.,  SjHrrli  in  I',  S.  ,Srii.,  3  (17: 
Hiitloii'.t  Cir.  Aiiirr.,  ii.  2(il  5,  27S  311;  l/onft)ii'.'<  St  Loui.<  l.tli ,  Jiond.,  I.S47, 
•.'111  pp.;  Jiidciiis  Mr.r.  Il'«(/-,  passim:  Id.,  IJfr  of  Polk,  120  3,3,  2:{t)  45;  I'rirn'.^ 
I!  •irih  ak'trh.  M.S.,  <»3  S;  Id.,  Join:,  MS.,  KM)  !»;  ynrio-i  //»;<;•< .v,w,  2,  no.  vi. 
I  '.Iti:  (I'fdiliii'j.-i  S}>'<rlir..<,  <,)7  118;  Siiii/li'.i  /'rifuii!".  Tr.r.,  (Jalv.,  lS7(i.  S2  pp.: 
Il'irluii,  Trj.;  Jiriiloii'-'^  JMi.  in  Coii'j.,  xii.  (i.")0  2,  805;  \iii.  !S02;  xx.  073  I; 
/./.,  'i'liirtil  Yror.t'  Virir,  ii.  58l-(i24,  ()(i5  7(1;  Jiiixli'iiiniilr,  Dinrin  Mi.r.,  .M.S., 
\liv.  SI,  io'.t,  127.  ItiO:  xlv.  53,  71.  KiS;  xlvi.  31,  77,  S7:  Id.,  i;ol,;„it,  .\l,.r.. 
MS.,  i.  ,->,  23  4,  45;  ii.  7  14,  I5S  70,  183  5;  iv.  17;  /'/.,  Mmi.  IIkI.  .Mr.r..  .MS.. 
II.  4ii  .">0.  (>l  2,  71  (),  00  .3,  l(i(i  7:  Id.,  IIUl.  S<nitnAnwi.  5  (!,  42  .50,  JIO  |(i, 
;iOI:  t\ludi).-<,  I'iml.  dr  .]Iij:,  A'.]  .50,  73  7;  C/idniiini/'.H  Lrit,r  to  (loii:  Conijiloiiit 
•  '/  .l/i.i. ;  Jinnihll'.i  Ih.tu'ip.  Tr.r.,  117  .50;  KrndiiU'.i  ^orr.  of  Tr.r.,  SiUi/n  Fr 
k.ip'd.,  ii.  11  400;  K(iinri!if.-i  Sprirh  in  U .  S.  Srn.,:  Jiliinrlnn-d'fi  S.  Jmin.  522 
Ii.  5(3  72;  Abnontr,  Xotir.' /•Jstiidi.it.  Tr.r.,  5  10,  51,  (>8  70,  70  7;  Allows,  Dis- 
rnr.-iii  dil  K.r.prrsidrntr,  Mex.,  18,30,  22  ]>!).;  A'rp.  Mi.r.  Jiordir  Coninii^-:,  245 
itsc(|.;  Tornil,  Trjo.t  h'x/ml.  Unid.,  1  08;  Xii  ,<'  S.  .\inri:  owl  Mr.r.,  [. 'IM  (iO, 
:l.')(i  (i'.l,  ,372;  Ji'iiniMi/'.f  Oflnr  Sidr,  21  4;  Cnnir'.-i  U'ils/i.  Co.  T.r.,  25  0.  .33; 
'/'<..  hir/iiinin  dr  Coiiii<  / '/i/'/if.-',  24  pj). ;  Tr.rox,  lli^titrii  if,  or  Kmii].  <!iiid<  tt\ 
N.  N..  1844.  275  pp.;  Fonrinl,  i'mip  d'n,;/.  20  I,  38,  4 1."  53  0;  7V/-/.V,  /■'.,;.,,/. 
l"-hi,<n,  1  .5(i;  Id.,  Vonl.  Aijrfl-  h'^'od.  I'nid.,  3  30;  Port,  r  •<  1,'rr.  \\l<.,:  H',/,. 
••  35:  .\l,.r.  Conmnir.  Aiim',.  Ti.r.,  7  30;  .l/'»//.-/(r7'/'.s'  J/-.-'.  \\',ir,  0  10.  22  1; 
.I.//M-.  Stolr  Pop.v:'<,  vi.  412  27;  Arnlt<';,,i,  l,'rr,.p.,  hStO.  231.  ;!3I  3;  1837,  4(1, 
Mi  7.  2ii8  0,  308,  .50()  7;  1838.    187,  212   13;  Aiiy/hi  .Dlrrriorii,    1877  8,    I   :',;{; 

200  22,   218  .5(1;  Morrf.1  Ann/    l.il'r,  0,3,  3.5(1  0(1; 

TrniA..  lloii.ston,   |S:!,8;  1(1  p]i.,  (;o<\lrirli'.i  Jli.^t.  N. 

hirki  n-on  .f  S]iiir/ir.<    ,.    127  50;    Lcrinniidli  /-i . 

I.ilirr  on  A  mil. r.  ff  Tr.r.;   Id.,  /innt;/.    .lildri.i.i, 

.Mi.r.  rn  IS',:,   P8,' 223;   (in,  rni  rntn   Mrr.  ;/ Iim 

Pior.,  1(1  ,37;   P' >  Irr  iiiiil  Miirii/.i 

•r     Virir,  701    2;    Thoiiip.inn'i    Itirnt. 


T'.r.  ;,i  is'fi,  23-8,  01  7, 
'/'•  fis  I'ltni.  from  Sir.  of  tin 


10,1  ,S'.  .1 /«,;•..   2(18  70,   810  (il; 

II.. I, 

/.'    /.  /■///./.,  17,  2i-'2;    Yiir.  Mnnifsl  (,V-. 

.l/./i'M-  Ciloni/  Cii.ii:   McCidii\-i   Coinpn Inns', 


fi  Uiml..  2.30  40;    Lninitr 
ton.  IS38,  11  ])]!.:   Pin  ro. 


.1/''.,  passim;  Olihstid'.i  Jtwrni n,  472  4-  Snnnn  r'.-<  Ornlioii.'i,  ii.  107   Id;  Pnliin- 
i />  .U' c,  250-01:  liiplrifi    War  .t/c.c,  i,  DS;  T<..i:xn  Ikvolxtiijii;  MorCnjorii 


m 


f 

4. 

i< 

I: 

1 

w 

V\ 

1 

B 

\ 

. 

m. 

■« 

.1 
ft 

St* 

* 

p 

■m 


I 


ji 


lullt 


m 


ll 


■I? 


388 


END  OF  THE  TEX  a:;   UKrUllLIO. 


rroi/rrMof  Amrj:,  ii.  103(),  l'2.">fl;  Bwiunro,  Kunnjo  Ym:,  i.  4'2-i);  Bnrn.rn, 
Jtiinmen,  3Gi.).. ;  IhUchUonK  JtniiiiiU.,  I'.tS  'iO!-;  11''//-///  j'ovm,  04  jip. ;  y,\;',/(, 
Cnrnirio  JKsfifinirmi,  I-:!');  7/»///^  Afldirss  to  Prnplr  „/  T<  .r. .  '1\  VA;  l<l.,  I'<ih. 
Ih-  fMil(fs(i»i/'jM./orT':r.,  It)  pp.;  I'<il<irlo  Lri/rs,  lS4t  C.  11.)  !,;  <  >t,-ro,()l,r.u, 
MS.,  1.  :^i:}-17;  ii.  1-4;  !/<'./■.,  6''/<.   <'oiiiuiti<\,   ,Mc.\..  IMl).  --'  I'l)-;  l)''im<r,;<i„- 


Monthhj  Mil].,  iii.  1S.'<  '••^:  iv.  IW!M4;  //<.W,".v  117/'/  /./>;■  iit  For  W<.<l,  IS  H'J; 
}iV/(/".-  ')'/■(!//';),  4-  •),  •''-;  /'"i/iir'.s  Hi.<t.  Kiiropmii  Col()iiii.-<,  'MO  \\;  lliinliiKtii- 
Fmiliii-  L!t'<;  lit?  "-MS;  Midhr,  Ihhni  ni  J/'.'.,  iii.  ^^I''*-'".  I"  foiiiKTtii.ii 
with  thu  piccudiiig,  u  ktigi;  uiiinbcr  of  newspaper  auUioritic.s  have  heeii  ux- 
iiiuiuud. 


"""^SSp 


.Sral  of  Texas. 


CHAPTER  XV 

TEXA.S  AS  A  STATE. 

184G-1851). 

■Social   Conditios    of    tkk    Tkx,\n.s — PoriLArtos — rosmov    ok    Malk- 
KAcrroKs— Simplicity  ok  HorsEiioLDs — Thk  Litkiiaik  Elkmknt — (rov- 

KItNOH   IfKNDKKSON'.S  lNAU(iUUATION — TkXANs'  DoINtiS   IN    THK   MkxICAM 

\V\it — Woon's  Administration — Disi-ittk  auovt  i'hk  Posskssion  ok 
Santa  Fe — (Jovehnor  Bkll — The  Texan  Deut — Peahce's  JJili, — The 
Santa  Fe  ano  Puhlic  Deut  Questions — Scalinu  the  Deiit — Pease's 
Ahminisiuation — PaosrEuiTY — Indian  ])ei'kedations — Native  Colo- 
Mi'.s — PudscEiTS     OK    Success — Vicious     Indian     Settlkks — Ankkv 

FUONTIEK-MEN — A    BARBAROUS    MaSSACKE — REMOVAL    OK     THE     InIMAN 

(.'iii.oNisis — Final  Ad.ustment  ov  the  Pum.ic  Dehi — Financiai, 
.Matters — Hostiliiv  to  Mexicans — The  Cakt  War— Political  J'ar- 

TIKS BlOORAl'IIV     OK     RuSK ADMINISTRATION     OK       UuNNELS TllE 

Slavery  Acitation — Houston    F.lected  (Iovernor. 

Tkxas  now  entered  upon  a  now  pliase  of  oxistoi\ce. 
Slio  Iiad  pivscnited  to  tlie  world  the  extraordinary 
spectacle  of  a  nation  voluntarilv  surrenderin«>'  its  na- 
tionality,  of  a  sovereign  pcoine  laving  down  their 
.scc[)tro  of  autonomy.  But  her  gain  was  not  small. 
Xo  longer  had  she  to  sui)poi't  an  army  and  navy,  or 
near  tlie  expt'nses  of  a  di[)lomatie  corps  and  ])ostal 
servieo.  With  regard  to  her  internal  condition  It  had 
un\'itly  improved.  Agricultural  productions  had  in- 
creased, and  hy  1845  the  exports  nearly  ('(juallcd  the 
imports.'     Having  arrived  at  a  distinctive  period  of 

'  For  till'  yciir  liiidiug  .hily  'M,  ISU,  the  iiiiixirts  aiTioiiutcil  to  StiSO.oO.'J, 
and  tlio  uxjiorts  to  !:<0l."),  1  lO,  sliciwiiig  a  lialaiicc  of  tradu  a;iaiiist  the  rc- 
|iulilio  of  .S71,;{S4.  In  ISIW  tlio  corruspoiuling  lialaiioo  ^^•as  Si, '-!;}-, S70,  or 
iiiiiri;  than  17  tiiiius  as  iiiucli.  (ioiigi',  in  liis  t'lwil  //i^/.,  \-X,  supplios  tlioso 
ligiin  s,  and  j)(iint.-<  nut  tlio  otTect  of  cxcx'ssivo  issues  of  iiapcr  lurroiicy  in  »!ii- 
^'iiiirai.'inj,'  imports  and  discnuragiiij^  exiiorfs.  'J"liimi:;li  tlicrti  is  some  truth  in 
liis  niriark,  lie  fails  to  take  notieu  of  the  faet  that  tlie  ])rf)duL'tion  of  raw 
in;itcn:il  in  Texas  waa  rapiiUy  incruasiug,  and  would  naturally  afl'ect  the 
Ijcilaiico  of  trade. 


■1'  ■  ?.- 


air 


P5>'-*: 


I » 


■^1 


'  f: 


i 

i 

i'lr.'' 

V 

:J 

1? 

300  TEXAS  AS  A  STATK 

Texan  li'story,  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  take  a 
rctroHpective  glance  at  the  social  condition  of  tlioso 
extraordinary  men  who  wrested  from  a  powerful 
nation  this  fair  portion  of  her  territory. 

It  is  impossible  to  arrive  at  any  certain  estimate  as 
to  till'  number  of  the  Anglo-Texan  population  bcfdii! 
the  year  1847,  when  the  first  census  was  taken,  sliow- 
hig  the  number  of  that  race  to  bo  100,508."  A  cil- 
culation  based  upon  tlic  number  of  votes  cast  in  Sep- 
tember, 1844,  at  the  presidential  election,  gives  tlio 
fiiiurt'S  51,008  \  but  when  it  is  considered  how  widely 
the  population  was  dispersed,  and  the  consequiut 
])robability  that  no  small  number  of  the  country 
voters  would  be  unable  to  appear  at  the  polls,  these 
figures  may  be  regarded  as  too  low.  The  INIexlcan 
element  at  this  thne  nui.  bered  about  4,000  souls. 
Tlu'se,  with  the  exception  of  the  Mexicans  resident  at 
Bejar,  Goliad,  and  Nacogdoches,  wore  scattiTcd 
among  the  settlements.  Some  few  European  imnii- 
grants,  for  the  most  })art  English,  Irish,  and  Germans, 
were  also  to  be  found. ^  San  Patricio,  which  was  t's- 
sentially  an  Irish  colony,  contained  quite  a  nund)or  of 
that  race.  English  settlers,  also,  shortly  before  the 
aimexation,  were  constantly  arriving,  some  of  wliuin 
engaged  in  raising  sheep,  bringing  with  them  tloeks 
of  the  best  bred  wool-producers  in  Great  Britain. 

When  it  is  borne  in  mind  fromhow  many  states  oft  he 
northern  union  the  early  settlers  of  Texas  proceeded, 
that  descendants  of  the  pilgrim  fathers,  an<l  Hollanders 
from  the  north,  of  the  old  Virginia  cavaliei's,  and 
of  the  ancient  Huguenots  who  settled  hi  South  Caro- 
lina, that  hunters  from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and 
ilhterate  frontier  farmers  all  flocked  to  this  land  of 
promise,  it  will  be   recognized  how  motley  was  the 

'Consult  note  4,  chapter  xiv. 

"Tlio  nuiuber  of  votes  was  12,752,  and  each  voter  is  estimated  to  npir- 
sent  four  jicrsons,  including  iiinisulf. 

*  In  I84.">  a(Terniaii  colony  wai  founded  l>y  Prince  de  Solms,  on  tlie  '^'lail- 
■,\\\\\M-.  river.  At  first  these  settlers  suffered  much  from  sickness,  hut  ''loir 
county  capital,  New  Braunfels  is  uow  a  thriving  iilace.    fAuii'n  Hmn.,  'M"^ 


ELE.MKNTS   OF  SOCIETY. 


891 


roiiiinunity  at  this  time.  But  on  their  arrival, 
])nvious  rivalries  and  jealousies,  arising  from  dif- 
k'lviit  orii^ins  and  local  interests,  to  a  great  extent 
irisii})peared.  They  had  met  in  a  new  land  under  a 
foiiiinon  name,  and  were  ready  to  aid  each  other 
ami  live  in  friendsliip,  liut  as  yet  no  national 
character  distinguished  the  people  of  Texas.  Neither 
ill  maimers,  customs,  nor  dress,  did  they  display  unl- 
toi'iiiity ;  and  each  new-comer,  finding  no  general 
iiiodrl,  retained  tlie  hahits  he  had  brought  with  him. 
Ill  tlieir  intercourse  with  each  other  and  with  strang- 
ers, tliev  e.\hibited  a  freedom,  and  a  want  of  the  tinsel 
of  politeness — so  often  the  cloak  of  insincerity — which 
iiii;j,lit  not  always  have  pleased  the  transient  traveller; 
hilt  if  he  possessed  ordinary  connnon  sense,  he  soon 
discovered  the  virtues  of  frankness,  truthfulness,  and 
hos])itality  hi  the  Texan  settler. 

With  regard  to  the  criminal  element,  the  murderei's 
and  fugitives  from  justice  of  which  the  people  were 
said  to  be  largely  composed,  I  fall  to  find  these  liasty 
assertions  verified.  Either  the  Texans  were  intention- 
idly  maligned,  or  else  they  were  intrcnluced  to  the 
wmld  by  writers  who  had  no  personal  knowledge  of 
tlicm.  That  numbers  of  malefactors  found  their  way 
into  Texas  caimot  be  denied;  but  they  were  in  so 
Miiiall  a  minority  that  they  possessed  no  influence;  and 
it  may  justly  be  said  that  in  respect  to  this  social 
detriment,  Texas  suft'ered  no  more  than  the  settle- 
ments in  all  the  frontier  states  of  the  union.'  Over 
tlie  class  of  people  which  is  the  subject  of  these  re- 
marks a  vigilant  watch  was  kept  by  the  connnunity, 
and  an  innnigrant  guilty  of  crime,  who  had  made 

•''Uiil)iiisseil  travellers  recognizeil  this.  Cousult  Parkvr'n  Trip  to  the.  Wisi 
'"/'/ '/'.'■.,  l(i9-70;  IWa.'i,  A  VUil  to,  U/'m/ //le  Jonnnil of  <t  Tnirilr,;  214-lt); 
'/Vr'.v,  ,t  Ilixtor)!  of,  or  the  Eiiiii/roiifi^  (>n!il>;  'JI50.  'I'licse  works,  jmhlisheil  re- 
spuitively  in  \S'M}.  hS.'U,  ami  IS-W,  contain  much  cxcelleut  information,  ami 
ari'  evidently  reliaMo.  Jake  .lohnson,  a  native  Texan,  and  son  of  an  (dd 
imiiu-cr  who  in  early  «lays  was  a  stock-raiser  and  f  irmer  in  ( ronzalez  county, 
Mritiii^  in  lS8(i,  says,  'Tlie  reason  'i'exas  lias  such  a  had  name  is  that 
will  M  tlu!  lawless  of  other  portions  of  tiic  c<inntry  commit  depredations,  they 
ciiiiii  to  'I'exas,  tnnd  thus  give  the  stiite  a  bad  name.'  Jiiwe  J/orM',t  in  Trj-., 
Ms,,  I. 


I5if 


F 


392 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


t   ij 


lU 


I; 


Texas  his  place  of  rofuge,  was  ofcnorally  careful  not  to 
repeat  the  offence  wliich  had  caused  liis  ('X[)atriati(Pii, 
To  suppose  tliat  no  murders,  or  no  violence  occuncd 
in  Texas,  would  be  to  inuioine  a  millcMnium.  M;my 
aboniinable  crimes  were  perpetrated;  but  they  weie 
not  in  j^reater  proportion  tlian  every  newly  settled 
country  in  the  United  States  has  been  subject  to; 
while  at  the  same  time  theft  and  burylary  wore  car- 
ried on  to  a  much  less  extent.  In  manners  and 
morals  the  conduct  of  the  Anglo-Texans  would  bear 
comparison  with  those  of  any  new  country. 

In  most  of  the  towns  could  be  found  a  billiard 
room,  and  in  the  suburbs  a  race-course.  The  anuisi  - 
ments  derived  from  these  sources  were  greatly  in 
voixue  amonix  the  Texans.  Though  the  Wislatmv 
attempted  to  suppre'ss  ejamblinjjf,  tills  vice  was  oreatly 
practised  in  private.  With  regard  to  the  use  of  in- 
toxicating liquors  the  Texans  could  not  be  charged 
with  too  strict  temperance. 

In  the  older  settlements  some  conifortablr  franii' 
houses  could  be  seen  at  this  date,  and  occasionally  a 
few  of  brick.  In  these  might  be  found  good  imported 
furniture  and  articles  of  luxury,  such  as  pianos,  sofas, 
and  bureaus.  But  the  dwellings  of  most  of  the  set- 
tlers, especially  in  the  countr\',  were  of  logs,  witli 
furniture  of  the  simplest  kind,  generally  made  or.  tlie 
spot  out  of  materials  at  hand.  A  few  boards  mUIi 
supports  roughly  put  together,  constituted  the  ]i(ius(- 
hold  table,  and  chair  frame-works  were  covered  with 
raw  hides.  The  female  part  of  the  comnmnity  pei- 
formed  nearly  all  the  household  duties;  and  refined 
as  were  the  wives  of  many  immigrants,  they  were  net 
exempt  from  severe  toil  unless  they  held  slaves. 

Food  was  of  the  simplest  kind,  except  in  the  towns 
and  the  better  class  of  country  establishments.  Cern- 
meal  bread,  meat,  and  sweet  or  Irish  potatoes  consti- 

"On  May  '2(i,  18S7,  an  act  was  passed  making  all  games  of  chance,  iilavnl 
by  persons  liolding  hanks  fci  the  ]mrpose  of  inviting  hetters  thon^to.  piiiil 
offences.  L'tiri  Rejnih.  Tex.,  i.  2*28-9.  This  law  hail  the  ett'ect  of  AW]\\>n  -uig 
gambling  in  public  only. 


m 


llENl>Klt.sOX,  FIHiST  (iOVKltXOH 


sua 


I 


tuti'd  tlio  principal  viands  in  tlie  outlv'ng  districts. 
Tin'  ctTu  was  frequently  left  standing'  in  the  field,  and 
(j-ntlicrcd  <»nly  as  it  became  wanted.'  The  chief  ex- 
[iiiits  were  cotton,  sugar,  live-stock,  and  peltries. 
1  IP  led,  the  agricultural  productions  as  yet  were  very 
fi  w.  and  confined  to  those  of  the  first  necessity. 

A  large  portion  of  the  settlers  at  this  time  was 
(•(.iiiposed  of  Illiterate  men,  drawn  from  the  class  of 
industrious  husbandii:en  whose  tastes  and  avocations 
juvrhided  the  acquirement  of  an  education.  But, 
ik\ I  ith.eless,  amonu"  the  earlv  imm'i<jrants  into  Texas 
were  manv  hiijhlv  cultured  persons.  The  various 
professions  were  represented  by  numerous  indi- 
viduals who  displaycil  great  intelligence  and  skill  in 
tlirir  particular  callings;  many  were  gifted  wath  con- 
vnsiitional  i)owersand  versed  in  literature  and  science. 
During  the  last  years  of  the  republic,  graduates  from 
half  tlie  colleges  in  the  United  States  could  be  found 
111  lexaa 

Oil  the  IGth  of  February.  184^,  the  inauguration 
ot'  J.  Pinckney  Henderson,'"'  the  first  gcn-ernor  of  tlie 

•  Parker — writing,  however,  a  duciKlu  liefore  tiiu  annexation — says;  '  It 
useil  to  amuse  nic,  wlieu  wo  roilo  up  to  a  Imuso  at  niglit  and  lalleil  tor  a 
iiiLiil,  to  hear  the  women  sing  out  to  a  hoy,  "  Run  to  the  tiehl  and  l>ring  two 
(ir  three  ears  of  corn,  I  want  to  make  some  bread  for  the  gentlemen's  supper. '  " 

i'l.-'iir.,  i.w-i. 

•~  T,.r,i.<,  A  Hi-^t.  «j\  230-1. 

'•' iU'Uclerson  was  horn  in  Lincoln  county,  N.  f'.,  March  31,  ISOft.  T.ir 
>(VLi"d  years  he  studied  at  the  university  of  Chapel  Hill,  and  having  ado[)ted 
tile  iir.'ifessiou  of  law  was  admitted  to  practise  in  N.  (.'.  at  the  early  age  of 
niiiftecii.  His  intense  application  vhile  preiiaring  for  his  profession  injured 
lii-;  inustitution.  He  wont  to  Texas  in  IMUi,  and  in  1837  was  appointed 
iiiiiii>ter  from  the  repnhlic  of  Texas  to  England  and  France,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  olitaining  a  recognition  of  the  indepindcnceof  Texas.  He  marrieil 
Fniiiiis  Cox,  iu  London,  in  October,  1S:1'.),  On  his  return  to  Texas  in  ISIO 
111  jTuitised  his  profession  till  1S44,  wlien  ho  was  appointed  niini-ter  ]ilcni- 
iMit.  Mtiary  to  act  in  concert  with  Colonel  Van  >^;uidt,  the  charge  d'  atlairs  of 
Tix.is  to  the  United  States,  to  negotiate  a  treai,"  of  annexation.  The  treaty 
wa'i,  howev(>r.  rejected  hy  the  U.  S.  senate.  In  the  war  witli  .Mexico,  Hcii- 
(lorson  signalized  himself,  especially  at  the  capture  of  Monterey,  ami  was 
<iiie  of  the  connnissioners  appointed  hy  Taylor  to  treat  Mith  Ainpudia  for 
the  sr.rrcmler  of  that  place.  On  his  i-eturn  to  Texas  lie  declin(.'d  a  renoiiii- 
natMii  as  candidate  for  the  governship,  and  resumed  the  pi'aetise  of  his  pro- 
lessioii,  II,.  died  in  .Tune,  IS.'vS,  at  the  federal  capital,  having  proceeded 
tliitlier  tn  till  the  vacancy  in  the  I'.  S.  senate  occasioneil  hv  tlie  death  of 
Senator  Rusk.  7V.r.  Ah,t.,  ISCS,  Tij-S;  ThrM,  551;  fowj.  CWh;  IS.JS,  89^1; 
T'j:.  Stntv  Ot'z.,  iv,  ajip.,  lGI-0. 


f  i1 


HU 


i  .i 


I 


I 


i| 

11 

:'• 

II 

L 

9.H 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


new  stato  took  place.  By  the  constitution  wliich  liad 
been  drawn  up  by  the  convention  an<l  ratitied  by  pnj)- 
ular  vote  tlie  year  before,'*  tlie  i^overnor's  term  df 
office  was  fixed  at  two  years,  tlie  power  of  veto  Ix  iii.j 
granted  him.  H(^  also  had  tlx^  [)rivilege  of  noniiiiat- 
in<^  tlie  justices  of  the  suprenuj  court,  and  tlie  judi^is 
of  the  eiiiht  judicial  districts  which  were  formed  l»v 
the  legislature.  His  nominations  were  to  be  con- 
firmed by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  the  senate,  and  the 
up[>ointees  were  to  hold  office  for  six  years. 

When  the  joint  resolutions  of  the  United  States 
congress,  in  favor  of  annexation,  were  officially  j)ul)- 
lislied,  Marcli  7,  1845,  General  Almonte,  the  Mexi- 
can minister  at  Washington,  denounced  the  proce((liii.r 
hi  a  vehement  protest,  and  demanded  his  passports. 
As  there  could  now  be  no  doubt  of  war  with  Mexico 
— a  result  which  the  United  States  was  really  playing; 
for — General  Taylor,  who,  pending  negotiations,  liad 
been  stationed  on  the  Sabinti  with  a  strong  force  ef 
United  States  troops,  was  ordered  to  establish  his 
headquarters  at  Corpus  Christi,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nueces.  This  significant  movement  was  eftected  at 
the  end  of  June.  The  Mexicans  were,  however, 
making  vigorous  preparations  for  war,  and  were  mass- 
ing troops  at  Matamoros,  evidently  the  fir.st  point  to 
))e  attacked  if  the  enemy  invaded  Mexican  territory. 

As  the  events  of  the  IMexicnn  war  are  fully  nar- 
rated in  another  volume,"  I  shall  not,  of  course,  enter 
into  particulars  here;  yet  it  would  be  an  injustice  to 
the  Texan  volunteers,  who  bore  a  noble  part  in  that 
struggle,  that  in  the  history  of  their  country,  no 
mention  of  their  achievements  should  be  made. 

As  soon  as  hostilities  seemed  inevitable,  the  Texan 
legislature  passed  a  bill  authorizing  Governor  ihii- 
dcrson  to  take  command  of  the  Texans  who  might  he 
mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.     <  ^n 

"•It  was  approved  hy  the  people  on  the  second  Monday  in  Oct.  184t'>. 
^  HM.  Mex,,  V.  340-548,  thi.i  series. 


TlIK  MKXKWN  WAK. 


n!>« 


M.i\  2.  IStr»,  ji  requisition  for  two  nj^fimonts  of  in- 
faiiiiv  and  two  <»['  cjivaliy  was  niadf  on  Texas.  On 
Mav'stli  and  Utli,  the  l)attles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Jle- 
siici  d(!  la  Palnia  were  fou;j;lit,  hut  it  does  not  aitpear 
(IiMl  many  Texans  took  part  in  them,''  and  it  is  prol»- 
,ililc  that  Henderson  did  not  join  Tavlt>r  with  his 
cuiiiiiiand  until  the  annv  had  reached  Caniai^o.  The 
limilttl  means  of  transportation,  and  une«'rtainty  witli 
regard  to  Hup})lic's,  induced  Taylor,  whih^Mi  his  march 


City  of  Monteuky. 

against  Monterey,  to  leave  a  large  number  of  volun- 
tt'cis  on  Liiarrison  duty  in  towns  on  the  llio  (Jrande. 
Thus,  tlie  1st  and  2d  rejjjinients  only  of  the  Texan 
division  accompanied  the  army  on  that  memorable 
campaign.  In  the  attack  U[)on  Monterey,  the  1st 
ivgiment  mounted  volunteers  uiuler  Colonel  John  C 
Hays,  tlu^  celebrated  ranger,  was  detaclu>d  and  sent 
A'itli  (Jeneral  Worth  to  make  a  denu>nstration  on  the' 
wtst(!rn  side  of  the  town,  while  Taylor  assaulted  on 
the  cast. 

' Cipt.  Sannicl  H.  Walker,  of  the  Texan  llaiiKerH,  however,  jH'rformed 
vniiiiLiit  s(,Tvice  as  a  acout.  He  was  afterward  killed  at  Hnamantla,  while 
8ur\iiig  iu  Gen.  Lane's  command. 


\ 


J  '* 


m 


I  '.jl 


•  :?i 


)  :•: 


i 


31M> 


TKXAS   AS   A   SI A'IK. 


TIm*  citv,  whlcli  WHS  stronjilv  t'oititif*!  and  '•aiiis- 
0!U'<1,  was  assuiliMl  1)V  Tavli)i'  ScptrinlMT  "J  1st.  Tlir 
attack  last<'(l  tliice  <la\'s,  on  the  last  <>t*  wliicli  lli ml.  i- 
son  led  ill  ju'i'son  the  'id  ri'L^iincnt  ot"  'I'cxaiis,  wlio, 
disiiiouiitiii''-,  a<'t('(l  as  iiifaiitrv.  Bciii'''  cut  oil"  t'ldin 
liis  iiifii  l>y  a  luurdi'rous  fire,  lie  narrowly  csciiimiI 
deatli. 

Meanwhile  Worth,  makin<jj  a  detour,  had  ;j,aiiii(l 
the  other  side  of  the  town.  On  the  -Ist,  he  eii^ii'^cd 
a  hodv  of  i\[e\leans  1 .5 00  stroinj;,  and  it  was  injiinK 
owiii;4  to  the  stratejjjy  of  Hays,  and  the  deadly  liiv  nf 
the  Texan  ]lani:;ers,  who  were  in  advance,  tliat  ;i 
furious  cavalry  ehargt-   was  repulsed   and  a  vutni\ 


gamed. 


On  the  western  s'id(>  of  Monterey  lie  two  fortiliid 
heights,  one  on  each  side  of  th(^  river  on  whidi  iln 
town  is  situated,  Thi'se  stroiigiiolds,  known  hy  iIk 
names  of  La  Federacion  and  Cerro  (h-l  Ohispadn, 
c<»minanded  the  ap[>roach  to  tlie  place.  That  aftti- 
noon  a  forco  of  J500  men,  half  of  them  Tcxans,  .-rninidl 
and  occupiid  J^a  Federacion  on  the  south  side  ;  ami 
l>efore  davliu'ht  on  the  followin<>'  mornuig  -00  Texaiis 
led  hy  Hays  and  Walker,  witli  three  com})uiiies  of  tlir 
artillery  hattalion  antl  three  companies  of  tlie  Stli  in- 
fantry, scaled,  in  two  columns,  under  cover  of  a  mist. 
tln'  almost  ])erpendicular  height  of  El  01)ispad().  and 
Well  nigh  reached  the  summit  hefor*'  the  alarm  \v,i^ 
given.  Tlien  a  volley  was  poured  down  upon  tlirhi. 
l^ut  f\o  work  was  soon  carried,  and  as  fresh  lron|i> 
arrived  in  support,  the  strong  fort  of  El  Ohispado  \v;> 
assaulted  and  taken.  The  Texans,  liowever,  had  t'l 
mourn  the  death  of  Captain  (jrillispic,  whose  loss  wa- 
deeply  lamented. 

The  investment  of  the  cit}'  on  the  west  side  w;i> 
complete;  and  during  the  next  two  days  the  Ann  ri- 
cans  so  successfully  pushed  their  way  uito  the  citv— 
the  Texans  hearing  a  prominent  part  in  the  stnijiili 
- — that  on  the  24th  Ampudia  ca])itulated,  Ciciu  ral 
Henderson  beiiig  appointed  by  Taylor  one  of  the  cein- 


Hl 


TEX.W  IIKUOKS. 


."tiT; 


iiii-^idiici's  to  treat  aKdUt  tlir  tiiiiis  nt'  siint'iidcr. 

All  tliniULili  tli«'  war  tlie  'I'rxaiis  distinijui.slu'il 
tliriiiM'Kcs.  Hays'  rrj^iiM'jnt,  of  wliicli  tlir  old  rangers 
tniiiitd  tli«'  nucleus,  and  anions;  whom  were  such 
s|mits  as  I-Jenjansiii  ^reCulloeh.  .\rajoi-  Mike  ( 'hevalie, 
S.iiiiuej  A.  Walker.  McMullen,  Kit  Aeklin,  .).  IJ. 
M(<io\\an,  and  others,  at'tei*  sei\iii<>'  in  'l\i\  lor's  earn- 
|);ii-ii  on  the  liio  (Jraiide,  was  ti'ansfeired  to  Scott's 
ciiiiiinand.  The  ejlieicney  of  these  mounted  troojier.-; 
wax  iiiarki'd  wherever  the  arm\'  marched.  Servinu' 
rijuajly  as  well  on  foot  as  on  horsehack,  tiny  would 
stuiiii  a  hei'_jht  or  char-'e  the  enemv's  cavali'V  with 
the  same  indiflerence,  hitr(.'i)idity,  and  success.  ( )n 
tin  road  they  were  tlie  terror  of  the  «,'Ui'rrilla  hands, 
ami  in  the  towns  ohjects  of  dread  to  antagonists,  and 
nt'awe  to  non-c(»nd)atants.  Their  uncouth,  wild,  and 
til  ivc  appearance,  their  stran<i;e  j^arh,  and  their  re[>u- 
tatinu  for  coutemi>t  <.)f  everv  form  of  danuer,  Ljaini'd 
for  them  in  Mexico  the  belief  that  they  wi>re  uujre 
than  human — tliat  they  wore  l)ehij.5s  internu'diate  ])e- 
tween  man  and  devil.  In  the  city  of  ^Ei'xico,  some 
of  these  bravo,  single-hcarti'd,  and  patriotic  men  fell 
beneath  the  knives  of  assassins,  and  the  snutuldered 
remains  of  many  others  He  buried  in  Mexican  soil  all 
the  way  from  Vera  Cruz  to  tlic  capital.''' 


$ 


1    '  '■' 

I 

i 


'i    'l^ 


,1 


;   am 


-11 


While  Governor  Huud(!rson  was  absent  in  command 
(if  the  Texan  volunteers,  his  })lace  was  filled  by  Lieu- 
tnia  I  it-governor  Horton.  ()n  December  21,  1847, 
(Ititrge  T.  Wood'^  was  hiaugurated  an  the  second 
uuvernor  of  the  state,  and  John  A.  Career  as  lieuti'U- 
ant-governor.  During  Wood's  administration,  a  con- 
tidversy  arose  between  Ti'xas  and  the  Tnited  States 
wliicji  could  not  fail  to  make  the  former  reflect  s<»me- 
wliat  seriously  upon  the  surrender    (jf  her   separate 

•//.'vv'i//;,  MS.,  39-60;  Ti'x.  Aim.,  1SG8,  58-9;  'i7*n»//,  .'WS-'t;  Mniyh,/, 
l"iO  I.     ' 

'■\\ 1  was  a  native  of  Georgia;  came  to  Texas  in  18.%,  and  in    iS4ti 

rai.M  .1  ,1  regiment  for  the  Mexican  war,  in  wliich  lie  served  with  distinetion. 
llf  aini  ill  I'aiiola  county  iu  1850.    T/irull,  035. 


i 


i  I  }\ 


31 


it] 


TKXAS  AS  A  STATK. 


nationality.  V7iion  war  was  formally  declared  ho- 
twccn  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  (xeneral  Kcanun 
took  possession  of  Santa  Fe  in  the  name  of  tlie  latter 
power;  and  when,  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidaljro, 
February  22,  1848,  New  Mexico  was  ceded  to  tlu 
United  States,  Colonel  Munroe  was  placed  In  <<»in- 
mand  there.  As  the  reader  is  aware,  Texas  laid 
claim  to  all  that  portion  of  New  Mexico  lyinj^  cast  ^  t 
the  Rio  Grande;  and  in  1848  the  state  legislatuiv 
passed  an  act  extending  her  jurisdiction  over  it,  and 
Judge  Beard  was  sent  to  hold  the  district  court. 
Colonel  Munr6e  ignored  the  Texan  judge,  and  on  I  (red 
the  election  of  a  territorial  delegate  to  the  Uiiittii 
States  congress.  The  controversy  assumed  a  serious 
phase.  Governor  Wood  threatened  force,  a  nuMiaci 
which  the  cabinet  at  Washington  met  by  notifviiiL: 
the  bellicose  governor  that  if  the  Texans  attorn) )t(d 
to  take  forcible  possession  of  New  Mexico  they  would 
be  treated  as  intruders.  This  question,  which  not 
only  deeply  concerned  Texas  but  threatened  a  Kscrious 
breach  between  the  northern  and  southern  states 
owing  to  the  sympathy  of  the  latter  with  Texas,  was 
lii)ally  combined  with  that  regarding  the  settleiinntiif 
the  public  debt. 

At  the  election  of  1849,  P.  Hansborough  J^oll ' 
was  chosen  governor,  and  John  A.  Greer  rcelcTted 
lieutenant-govenior.  Governor  Bell  was  inaugurated 
in  December  of  the  same  year,  and  on  the  ex])iiati<>ii 
of  his  term,  was  reelected.  His  administraticni  \v;i> 
marked  by  the  settlement  of  the  two  absorbing  ques- 
t'  ms  of  the  boundary  line  and  the  public  debt. 

On  the  incorporatio!!  of  Texas  into  the  union,  the 
United  States'  government,  of  course,  acciuired  the 
i'(5venue  derived  from  the  customs.  These  recei[)ts. 
however,    had  been  pledged  by  the  late  republic  as 

'''Was  a  native  of  Virginia;  landed  at  Velaseo  in  Marcli  IS.'MJ,  ami  fmiglit 
ad  a  private  at  San  Jacinto.  In  184r>  he  became  a  captain  of  raiigors,  ami 
duriiig  the  Mexican  war  was  cohHiol  of  volunteers.  Ho  .served  two  tc  iins  in 
the  if.  S.  congress,  and  then  settled  iu  N.  C.  According  to  Thr<dl.  ,"'')],  he 
was  still  alive  in  187U. 


INDEBTEDNESS  AND  BOUNDMIY. 


■.m 


security  for  the  payment  of  a  certain  portion  of  her 
(Itl)t;  and  when  they  were  passed  over  to  tlie  federal 
oovernnient,  the  bond-holders  clamorously  maintained 
that  the  United  States  had  bec(mie  responsible  for  the 
liabilities  of  Texas,'"  and  pressed  for  a  speedy  settle- 
iiK  lit.  This  matter,  as  well  as  the  bomidary  question, 
was  discussed  at  great  length  in  both  houses,  and  on 
January  21),  1850,  Henry  Clay  hitroduced  among 
otlicr  "  com])romise  resolutions,"  one  designed  to  solve 
the  per})lexing  questions  of  dispute  with  Texas." 

Meantime  the  excitement  with  regard  to  the 
(jucstion  of  ownership  of  that  part  of  New  Mexico 
King  east  of  the  Rio  Grande  increased  both  hi  Texas 
a] id  the  United  States.  To  show  her  serious  deter- 
iiiiiuition  not  to  yield  her  claim,  a  joint  resolution 
was  passed,  February  11,  1850,  by  the  legislaturo 
of  the  new  state,  not  only  asserting  her  right 
to  the  disputed  ground,  but  declaring  her  intention  to 
maintain  the  integrity  of  the  territory."*  The  sevoral 
resolutions  of  Clay's  bill  were  slowly  discussed,  and 
on  August  5,  1850,  James  A.  Pearce,  siMiator  from 
^Faryland,  hitroduced  a  bill  making  definite  pro[)osi- 
tions  to  the  state  of  Texas  relative  to  her  boundary 
and  the  payment  of  her  public  debt.     They  were  to 

"''I'liiit  iiortioii  of  the  delit,  liDWcver,  for  which  the  revenue  from  custoiit.s 
was  s|io('ially  pledged,  oidy  amounted  to  !?S(kS,(HK),  osten«iI)le  value,  or  Still, - 
7St.r)0  ]iiir  value.   Jtitii''n  .\litr/i.  Ma;/.,  xxiv.  111. 

"  '  Ki'sdivoi!  tliut  it  ill-  proposed  to  the  state  of  Texas,  that  the  U.  S. 
will  ]ii'ovi([e  for  til  '■  paj'iiieDt  of  all  that  j)ortio)i  of  the  legitiuiato  and  bona 
liilc  ]>ulilio  (lel)t  I  i  tliat  state  eontrat-ted  jiriiu"  to  ita  annexation  to  the  U.  S., 
aiiil  tor  Mil'  1'  tlie  duties  on  foreign   imports  wore  pledgeil  Iiy  the  said   state 

til  its  ercilihirs,   luit  cxeeetiing  tlie  sum  of  !? ,  in  oonsideration  of  the 

sail]  duties  so  pledged  having  lieen  no  longer  ap]ilifal)le  to  that  ol)je(;t,  after 
the  raid  annexation,  Imt  having  theneeforvard  liecome  payalile  to  the  U.  S., 
and  ii]iim  eouditiou,  also,  that  the  said  state  of  Texas  shall,  iiy  some  solenni 
and  autiieutie  act  of  her  legislature,  or  of  a  convention,  nliufjuish  to  the 
L'.  S.  auv  claim  which  it  has  to  any  part  of  New  ^Itixico.,'  Benton's  Alirii/t/. 
/*.'«//,>■,  To,/;/.,  xvi.  3S8,  :«M. 

'"  '  Kesolved  hy  the  legislature  of  the  stiite  of  Texas,  that  all  that  terri- 
tory whicli  lies  east  of  the  Kio  (Sraude,  and  a  line  running  nortli  from 
till!  source  of  the  Rio  (1  ramie  to  tiie  forty-second  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  south  of  the  forty-seco.;d  degree  of  north  latituile  and  west  and 
ti.iiilh  of  tlie  line  designated  in  the  tre:iiy  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  late 
nii\dilic  of  Texas,  of  right  belonjjs  to  tlu;  stat.'  ol  IcAas  is  ineliKJeil  within 
ill  I  rightful  civil  and  political  jurisdii  tiou,  and  the  Ktate  of  Texas  Mill  niuin- 
ta:ii  the  integrity  of  her  territory.'  Ter.,  Ovni-rd  Lnwx,  iii..  pt  1,  '_'07-H. 


vm 


400 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATK. 


this  cftbct :  Texas  was  to  aijcroe  that  her  liouiularv  011 
the  north  shou^  I  commence  at  tlie  point  at  wliicli  tlic 
meridian  of  one  hmidred  deorecs  west  from  Grei  n- 
wich  is  intersected  by  tlie  parallel  of  thirty-six  de- 
grees and  thirty  mhmtes  north  latitude,  and  sliouM 
run  from  that  point  due  west  to  the  meridian  of  lO)!- 
wc-st  from  Greenwich;  thence  the  boundary  line 
should  run  due  south  to  tlie  328  of  north  latitude, 
thence  on  the  said  parallel  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
thence  with  the  channel  of  that  river  to  the  gulf  (4 
Mexico.  Texas  was  to  cede  to  the  United  States  all 
her  claim  to  territory  outside  of  these  limits,  and  to 
relinquish  all  claim  on  the  United  States  ot  liahility 
for  her  debts,  or  compensation  for  tie  su.  ■■  der  of 
her  ships,  forts,  custom-houses,  custom  house  iijveime, 
public  buildings,  etc.  The  United  States,  in  consid- 
eration of  the  establishment  of  said  boundary,  am! 
relinquishment  of  claims,  would  pay  to  Texas  .$10,- 
000,000,"  in  stock  bearing  five  per  centum,  anil  re 
dcemable  at  the  end  of  fourteen  years.  No  nmre 
than  $5,000,000  of  said  stock  was  to  be  issued  until 
tlie  creditors  of  the  state  of  Texas  had  filed  at  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States  releases  of  all  claims 
against  the  United  States  on  account  of  Texan  bonds.'" 
This  bill  passed  the  senate,  August  7tli,  by  a  vote  of 
thirty  yeas  and  twenty  nays,  and  on  September  4t} 
following,  passed  the  house  by  a  vote  of  108  against  '7. 
The  president  having  signed  the  bill,  whitli  v.-; 
called  the  Boundarv  Act,  it  was  forwarded  to  («<iv 
ernor  Bell,  who  forthwith  calleil  an  extra  sessioi, 
of  the  legislature.  The  propositions  met  with 
violent  oppositior.  Bell  in  his  message  advised  the 
occupancy  of  Santa  Fe  with  a  military  fon-e,  suggcst- 
hig,  however,  that  the  vacant  lands  of  that  district 
might  be  sold  to  the  United  States  provided  that 
Texas  retained  jurisdiction  over  it.     Apart  from  the 

"Ikuton  liad  proposeil,  .Fan.  lUth,  that  .i?!.'), 000, 000  slumUl  l.o  pa,  '■  I  'Rs 
for  Mimilar  conHidurations.  Vimij.  ilMw,  xxii.,  pt  2,  l'iO'2. 

-'"Copy  of  the  bill  will  be  found  iu  Benton'.^  Aliridy.  Dtkiks,  Cony.,  "■'■•■ 
f)itO. 


IJ 


TEXAS  CLAIMS. 


401 


unwillingness  to  yield  territory  on  a  general  princi])le, 
there  was  one  feature  in  the  bill  csjjocially  r('})ul.sive 
to  the  Texans,  and  that  was  the  retaining  lialf  of  the 
!^  1 0.000,000  in  the  United  States'  treasury  until  the 
creditors  of  Texas  were  paid.  This  self- protective 
rendition  imposed  by  the  United  States  was  regarded 
as  a  reflection  on  Texas,  since  '^  seemed  to  insinuate 
that  she  would  not  be  disposed  to  meet  her  lial)ilitiGa 
jironiptly  if  she  obtained  possession  of  the  whole 
amount.  Then  again,  agreement  to  the  propositions 
was  required  to  be  given  on  or  before  Decern oer  1, 
1830,  a  proviso  which,  taken  with  the  general  tone  of 
the  document,  and  the  unconditional  assent  exjx^cted, 
was  regarded  as  a  symptom  of  domination  to  which  a 
sovereign  state  ought  not  to  be  subject.  The  ques- 
tion having  been  discussed  with  much  warmth  and  at 
trrcat  length,  the  propositions  of  the  United  States 
were  finally  accepted,  November  25th,  and  a  law 
jtassed  to  that  effect."  By  this  act  Texas  waved  her 
fictitious  claim  to  about  98,380  square  miles  of  the 
territory  of  New  Mexico." 

citing  the  provisions  of  Pcarce's  bill,  it  is  declared  in  the  act, 
c  state  of  Texas  hereby  agrees  to  and  accepts  s.aid  propositions; 


'-'  After  reci 
•  1st.  'I'hat  the  i 

ami  it  is  hereby  declared  that  tlie  state  shall  be  bound  by  the  terms  thereof, 
iiioordiiig  to  their  true  import  and  meaning;  2d.  That  the  governor  of  thia 
state  lu',  and  he  is  hereby  requested  to  cause  a  copy  of  this  act,  antlienti- 
catt'il  under  the  seal  of  the  state,  to  be  furnished  to  tlie  president  of  the  U. 
S.,  l)y  mail,  as  early  as  practicable.'  Goutje,  Fine.  If  int.  Tex.,  170. 

■-'Tlie  claim  of  Texas  to  Santa  Fe  and  district  was  as  unwarrantable  as 
the  earlier  claim  of  the  U.  S.  that  the  Rio  f!ran<le  was  the  boundary  line  of 
Mi'xicii.  Yet  Texans  and  Texan  writers  still  regard  it  as  a  legitimate  one. 
Tlinil'  page  'MYi,  says:  '  It  will  be  seen  that  Texas  sold  y8,.'{S()  s(|uare  miles, 
i'i|iial  .to  .")(J,'24i),'UO  acres.  Had  Mr  Clay's  bill  passed,  we  should  have  lost 
imieli  more.'  It  is  not  easy  to  perceive  how  Textos  coiihl  lose  what  she 
luvtr  had.  On  tl.e  boundary  question  consult  Nil<:i'  Pe<f.,  lii.  241;  liii.  ISO, 
;i0ij;  liv.  180-5;  Iv.  118,  .104;  Ivii.  1,  65,  280;  Iviii.  99,  227,  274;  Ixxv.  ir)(^-7; 
r.  S.  If.  E.i:  Doc,  cong.  25,  sess.  1,  doc.  42;  J/c.r.  Treaties,  i.  no.  G;  Cimif.  fi'lolH', 
ISIIS  II,  <.)S-9,  109-10,  219;  17.  S.  Jfqmh.  of,  209;  Jtai/,  r'n  JI^-j-.  Azt.,  i.  3.S4-(>; 
(hlhtii's  Pntre  with  MfX.,  1.5-25;  Hinit's Mnrh.  Mwj  ,  xix.  328;  l{uxk\t  Si>c>'-I,, 
i><.'iO;  .MiiKnii'MSfitirfi,  May 27, 18.50;  ^frLt'a)l'.SlSpperh,J\mQ^i,  1850;  (h-altouKl'm. 
/l/»f.,ii.2t)9-70;  Thmll,M\-l.  It  may  be  argued  that  tl'C  U.S.  seemed  to  recog- 
uizetDsiimeexteutthe  claimof  Texas  to  the  eastern  half  of  NewMexico.  Such 
\va<iiHt  the  case;  the  speakers  in  the  debates  on  the  boundary  bill  giMior.-ilty 
ili-ii-laiiiicd  all  right  of  loxivs  to  the  territory  of  Santa  Fe.  Moore  of  I'eimsyl- 
vania  exjiressed  the  general  opinion  when  he  said  that  not  one  dollar  would 
tie  viito  IIS  a  remuneration  for  the  territory  wiiich  Texas  claimed;  but  that 
that  state  having  been  annexed  to  the  U.  S.,  which  took  all  her  muanb  of 
rcvouiif,  they  were  responsible  for  her  debts.  Ooutje,  ut  sup.,  177-8. 

Hist.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    26 


if 


;■  'it 


402 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


HK 


This  matter  having  been  settled,  the  $5,000,000 
was  paid  into  the  state  treasury  in  February,  1852. 
The  amount  of  the  indebtedness  of  the  late  republic 
had  been  determined  previously  by  the  state.  Ac- 
cording to  the  report  of  the  auditor  and  ct)mptroll('i', 
dated  November  12,  1851,  the  ostensible  indebted- 
ness of  Texas  was  $12,430,991,  includhig  interest. 
But  the  state,  in  view  of  the  low  price  at  which  a 
large  portion  of  the  bonds  issued  by  the  republican 
government  had  been  sold,  did  not  consider  itself 
bound  to  pay  their  full  face  value.  It  is  here  neces- 
sary to  take  a  retrospective  glance  at  the  action  taken 
by  tlie  state  government  in  this  matter. 

The  first  legislature  met  at  Austin,  February  16, 
1840,  and  gave  its  attention  to  the  subject  of  the 
public  debt.  A  select  committee  was  appointed,  and 
sent  in  its  report  March  1,  1846.  This  co  iiinitteo 
stated  that  there  was  no  other  means  of  paying  the 
public  creditors  than  by  the  sale  of  the  public  lands, 
and  recommended  that  these  be  sold  to  the  United 
States'  government.  So  much  with  regard  tf)  tlic 
question  of  means  at  that  date ;  respecting  the  anionnt 
to  be  paid,  however,  the  committee  were  of  opinion 
that  Texas  should  only  be  bound  to  return  to  her 
creditors  what,  according  to  just  average,  they  had 
paid  for  her  securities,  with  interest  at  the  rate  stip- 
ulated in  the  bond.  On  March  24th  a  connnitt<e 
of  the  state  senate  made  a  report  in  favor  of  selling 
the  public  lands  to  the  federal  government,  l)ut  ex- 
pressed the  opinion  that  there  should  bo  a  legislative 
classification  of  all  debts  agahist  the  extinct  republic 
of  Texas,  and  that  each  creditor  should  be  awnrd(  d 
relief  and  payment  according  to  the  merits  of  bis 
case."  The  committee  accordingly  sent  in  the  draft 
of  an  act  to  classify  the  liabilities  of  the  repuljlic  of 

^ '  For  your  committee  cannot  consent  th.it  the  parties  who  have  ail- 
vanced  cash  anil  important  service  to  Texas  shall  he  luaeocl  on  equal  fcintinij 
with  those  who  hohl  the  liahilities  of  tlio  reinil)lic  of  Texas,  for  wliirli  tiny 
have  paid  not  more  than  twenty  cents  on  tlie  doUar,  and  for  whieli  Tix^i' 
received  perhaps  a  lesa  amount,  as  it  is  notoriously  aud  uuivorsally  admittcJ 


AUDITORS  REPORT. 


408 


Texas  and  of  another  entitled  an  act  for  the  dis- 
charge of  tlie  public  debt  of  the  republic  of  Texas, 
in  which  the  scaling  principle  was  to  operate. 

Tlic  stand  taken  by  the  first  legislature  that  a  dis- 
tinction should  be  made  between  the  original  and  final 
lioldtis  of  Texan  bonds  was  maintained  by  the  second 
legislature,  which  assembled  at  Austin  in  December 
IS47.  On  March  20,  1848,  an  act  to  provide  for 
ascoi-taining  the  debt  of  the  late  republic  of  Texas 
was  approved."  This  ctct  required  the  auditor  and 
CO  r^ptroller  of  the  state  to  reduce  all  clahns  to  tlie 
actaai  par  value  which  was  realized  by  the  rtipublic. 
Accordingly  on  December  27,  1849,  the  auditor  and 
(oniptroller  sent  in  their  ropoi-t  with  the  scale  of  re- 
ductions as  estimated  by  them,  and  a  more  thorough 
(tiic  November  12,  1851."  According  to  their  show- 
ing the  claims  filed  of  all  descriptions,  including  in- 
terest up  to  the  latter  date  amounted  to  $9,647,253, 
wliich  amount  was  scaled  down  to  $4,807,704.  The 
claims  not  filed,  includnig  interest,  amounted  to 
.^•2,789,738,  and  were  scaled  down  to  $2,019,514. 
Tlius  the  total  debt  with  interest,  including  filed  and 
unfiled  claims,  was  $12,430,991,  which  amount  was 
scaled  down  to  $0,827,278.'"     In  January,  1852,  the 


that  a  great  portion  of  the  liabilities  now  in  circulation  were  issued  and 
[laiil  out  at  about  Hixteen  cents  on  the  dollar.'  I'^xtract  from  coiiimittec's 
rt'iJort  in  (Irnuje,  vt  mip.,  153. 

'"  A  Hiniplenientary  act  was  passed  Feb.  8,  18.50,  extending  to  tlio  first 
Mniiilay  in  NupteinDcr,  18.>1,  the  time  within  wliich  creditorn  were  rciiuirod 
t.i  prosicnt  their  claims  against  the  late  repu)>lic.  Tex.  Gitu  Lmrn,  iii.  pfc  i., 
144. 

-■''Jdhii  M.  Swisher  was  auditor  and  James  B.  Shaw  comptroller.  The 
la'.ter  \wi.s  appointed  comptroller,  under  tlic  rci)ublic,  in  1840,  and  cuntinuid 
til  hold  that  office  till  Nov.  1,  1S,")8.  >Shaw  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  emi- 
grated to  Texas  in  1837,  and  served  a  ■(  a  private  in  the  army.  His  knowl- 
e.lge  of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  republic  was  of  great  service  in  the  ad- 
jiNtimint  of  the  public  debt.  Oonlova's  Tex.,  102;  Tex.  Col.  Dor.,  no.  i,  .3, 
pli.  4S,  02. 

'■"The  claims  were  divided  int<i  three  classes:  Ist  class  consisted  of 
audited  or  ascertained  claims,  !?8,r)S7,132;  2d  class,  of  claims  sutlicii'ntly 
aiitheuticated  to  admit  them  to  audit  under  the  laws  of  the  late  republic, 
*'.ti'r.',-44.");  3d  class,  claims  not  sufficiently  authentieatcil  to  autlmri/e  tlair 
luiii^;  audited,  .^07,(575.  The  following  table  will  be  found  ust'ful  as  showing 
tliu  (lifTercnt  i.ssucs  of  bonds  by  the  republican  government,  and  the  scale  on 
which  their  face  value.j  were  reduced: 


iiiii 


401 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


I:' 


legislature  passed  a  law  by  which  the  state  recognized 
and  adojDted  the  rate  of  payment  and  classiticatioii 
assigned  to  each  class  of  debt  by  the  auditor  and 
comptroller  in  their  last  report.  The  bill  was  sent  to 
Governor  Bell  on  the  23d  of  the  same  month,  and 
on  the  29th  he  returned  it  on  the  ground  that  lie 
considered  that  there  existed  cases  of  individual  luud- 
ship  to  which  an  application  of  the  general  basis 
would  not  render  justice.  Nevertheless,  in  si)ite  of 
the  governor's  veto  the  bill  was  passed  in  the  senate 
by  a  vote  of  21)  to  5,  and  in  the  house  by  a  vote  of 
47  to  12.  Thus  the  state  finally  decided  the  amount 
of  her  indebtedness  by  repudiating  to  the  extent  of 
one  half  the  liabilities  which  she  had  engaged  to  meet 
according  to  the  face  of  her  bonds. 

At   the   September   election   in  1853,  Elisha  j\[. 
Pease'"  was  chosen  governor,  and  David  C.  Dickson 


Ten  per  cent,  bonds  under  act  of  June  7,  18.17 
Toil  per  cent,  bonilx  under  act  of  .Tune  7,  1837/ 

for  relief  of  Swartout ) 

Ten  per  cent,  funded  debt,  under  act  of  Feb. ) 

.'),  1840 ) 

Eight  per  cent,  funded  debt,  under  act  of  Feb.  | 

5,  18^10 f 

Eight  p(M-  cent,  treasury  bonds,  under  act  of  ) 

l'cl».  5,  1840 J 

Ten  per  cent,  treasury  notes,  under  act  June) 

9,  1837 J 

Ten  per  cent,  treasury  notes,  second  issue .... 
Ireasury  notes,  witiiout  interest,   under  act> 

of  .Jan.  I'.),  I8;«> j" 

Ten  per  cent,  bonds,  for  loan  of  U.  8.  Bank .  . 
Ten  per  cent,  bonds,  for  purchase  of  Steamer/ 

Zavala C 

Ten  per  cent,  bonds,  for  purchase  of  naval  i 

vessels,  contract  with  F.  Dawson ) 


OSTENSIIILE 
VAI.I'B 

RATE 

70c  ts. 

G;52,32G 

7,970 

1.00 

754,000 

.30 

24,280 

.30 

766,800 

.20 

41,6.S0 

1.00 

331,. 371 

.50 

1,828,192 

.25 

457,380 

.8745 

195,907 

.60 

280,000 

.50 

PAR  VAM  B 


44L',7(i.S 

7,".>70 

22(),'-<K) 

7,-JS4 

i.j3,:t(;o 
4i,(i.:() 

It).".,  lis.") 

457,(US 

4(X).(MK) 

97,'.ra 

14(),<KH) 


" 


Tlie  above  lignres  represent  values  without  interest.     A  copy  of  the  r([ini't 
will  lie  found  in  Oowje,  304-11. 

■^'  A  native  of  Oonnecticut,  bom  in  1812,  and  a  lawyer  by  profession,  hi 
18.35  he  went  to  Texas,  and  wp'^  appointed  secretary  of  the  executive  cmiiicil 
at  Siin  Felipe.  During  18.36-7  he  held  several  positions  under  the  govt  in- 
iiient.  Resigning  the  comptrollership  of  public  accounts  in  tlie  latter  yi:ir, 
he  liegan  to  practise  his  profession  in  Brazoria  county.  He  was  a  nieinln  i-  nf 
the  house  of  representatives  of  tlie  1st  and  2d  legislatures,  and  was  tr.iiw- 
ferred  to  the  senate  of  the  tliird  legislature.     At  the  end  of  his  secoud  admm- 


■i(K) 
,'-'S4 
,.'illO 

,Ci:',o 

.(is.') 

,ois 

l.(l(H) 

'.i:.:f 

f.(KK) 

•cjiiirt 

In 

miii'il 
vt  ru- 
yi':il\ 
111'  I  if 
raiH- 
iiuui- 


GOVERNOR  PEASE. 


405 


llcutcnant-govemor."  P^asc  was  rrlilcctcd  in  1855, 
thus  liolding  office  for  four  consecutive  years.  In  liis 
Hist  message  to  congress,  he  recommended  that  nieas- 
uit'S  should  be  adopted  to  provide  adequately  and 
lurnianently  for  the  support  of  public  schools,"  and 
tor  tlie  establishment  of  a  state  university.  He  also 
advised  the  establishment  of  asylums  for  lunatics,  or- 
pliiins,  and  for  the  education  of  deaf-mutes  and  the 
blind. 

The  period  of  Pease's  administration  was  one  of 
j^nat  prosperity.  After  the  annexation,  emigrants 
from  the  United  States  flocked  into  the  country,  and 
tlic  war  with  Mexico  having  decided  forever  the  posi- 
tion of  Texas,  and  secured  the  prospect  of  uniiitcr- 
ruptcd  peace,  every  branch  of  industry  thrived;  wealth 
and  population  rapidly  increased,  and  progress  in  com- 
merce and  internal  development  was  marked  in  an 
unjirecedented  degree 

The  only  interference  to  this  steady  advance  was 
occasioned  by  Indian  depredations  on  the  frontiers. 
T]h)ugh  the  main  body  of  each  border  tribe  professi^d 
friendship,  the  outlying  settlements  sustained  consid- 
crahle  damage,  especially  on  the  western  frontier. 
Tliesc  depredations  were  committed  for  the  most  part 
Ity  the  Comanches,  who,  while  showing  no  disposition 
to  attack  the  Texan  settlements  directly,  made  fre- 
([iKiit  inroads  into  Mexico,  and  on  their  journeys  to 
iiiid  from  that  country  could  not  desist  from  foraging 
in  Texan  territory,  and   pillaghig   settlements.      On 

i^mtinn,  he  took  up  liis  residence  at  Austin,  and  in  18G7  was  appointed 
g'lviriior  by  (Jen.  Sheridan  on  tlie  removal  of  (iov.  Tlirnckmortou.  In  IS74, 
lif  Win  a])pointeil  collector  of  customs  for  (lalveston,  wliich  oflito  lie  did  not 
arri|it.  hi  18711  he  was  rcappointe<l  to  the  same  jxisitioii,  and  took  charge 
<'f  till'  custom-house  Feb.  1st  of  that  year.  Tlmitl,  .TJS;  Con/nrn's  Tci:,  101  '2. 
"Tlie  total  number  of  votes  cast  was  .'Mi, bVi,  of  which  Pease  received 
WW,  \V.  B.  Oeliiltree  a,17.S,  (.icnrgc  T.  Wood  r),(KS:t,  l,cmuel  D.  Kvaiw 
4.ii77,  T.  J.  Chambers,  2,44!l,  J.  W.  Daney  .'ii"),  and  4.")!t  were  scattered. 
<'"\.  Hell  liaving  been  elected  to  the  U.  S.  congress,  the  execiitive  chair  was 
lilliil  liy  J.  P.  Iloudersou  for  a  short  time  at  the  close  <if  his  term.    Tlimll, 

;iiis. 

■'Hy  the  constitution,  ratified  by  the  people  Oct.  l.S,  184"),  one  tenth  of 
tlif  aiiiiiial  revenue  by  taxation  was  to  be  appropriated  for  the  niainteiiauce 
of  pulilic  schools. 


m 


406 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


several  occasions,  white  men  were  killed  and  captives 
taken.  The  military  bein^  unable  to  atibrd  prottutiuii 
all  the  roads  leading  from  Bejar  to  the  Rio  Grande 
were  unsafe.  On  the  northern  frontier,  the  T(;xuii 
Indians  were  all  friendly,  but  that  portion  of  the  state 
Avas  exposed  to  hostile  incursions  made  by  Indians 
from  the  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  United  States'  re- 
serve, north  of  lied  River.  The  Kickapoos  were  es- 
jjucially  troublesome,  and  from  time  to  time  crossed 
into  Texas  and  committed  depredations.  In  tlie 
spring  of  1854  a  band  of  this  tribe  killed  the  S|K;oial 
agent.  Stein,  and  a  Mr  Lepperman  of  Ohio,  near  Fori 
Belknap.  The  special  Indian  agent  at  San  Antonio 
do  Bejar  invoked  the  action  of  the  commissiont;r  for 
Indian  aflairs  at  Washington,  touching  this  condition 
of  affairs."" 

Owing  to  the  advance  of  the  white  race,  and  the 
diminution  of  the  buftblo  and  other  game  from  wliich 
the  native  tribes  mainly  derived  their  subsistence,  the 
Texan  Indians  were  in  danger  of  being  reduced  to  a 
state  of  destitution.  This  condition  applied  to  all 
Indians  of  the  plains,  and  was  regarded  as  the  main 
cause  of  the  outrages  committed  by  roving  bands 
within  the  borders  of  Texas. 

As  a  remedy  for  this  evil,  a  system  of  colonization 
was  applied,  means  being  furnished  by  the  Uniled 
States  government  to  aid  and  instruct  Indian  settlers 
in  the  cultivation  of  land.  In  pursuance  of  this  pitliey 
in  the  spring  of  1855  two  Indian  colonies  were  es- 
tablished  in  Texas,  on  reservations  granted  by  tl 


le 


state  in  Young  county,"  one  of  which,  consisting  of 
eiiiht  leagues  of  land,  was  located  on  the  Brazos 
river,  below  the  junction  of  Clear  Fork  and  Ishm 
Brazos,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Fort  Belknap.     This 


"oRolmrt  S.  Neighbors,  the  agent,  considered  that  the  Kickapoos  were 
not  under  the  charge  of  tlie  Clioctaw  agent,  but  existed  as  renegades,  and 
were  under  no  control.  Iiui.  Aff.  Rip,,  1854,  luS-Gti;  /(/.,  185">,  10-11,  IS",  ll, 

^'Twelve  leagues  of  land,  or  55,7-8  acres,  were  set  apart  for  tliix  piir|iii-o 
by  act  of  the  legislature,  to  be  reserved  to  the  U.  S.  for  the  Iteiiutit  ot  tlie 
Texau  ludiaus  exclusively.   Tix,  Aim,,  1851),  130;  Id.,  1858,  92, 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


407 


reservation  was  called  the  Brazos  afjjenry.  The  other 
settlement  was  located  on  Clear  Fork,  about  forty- 
five  miles  above  its  confluence  with  the  main  river. 
It  comprised  four  leagues  of  land.  The  first  colony 
was  composed  of  Anadahkos,  Caddoes,  Tahwaccorroes, 
Wacoes,  and  Tonkahwas,  numbering  in  all  794  souls. 
Oil  the  reservation  on  Clear  Fork,  277  noi-thcrn 
Coinanches  were  settled.  The  reports  of  the  agents 
at  these  reservations  hold  out  every  prospect  of 
success.  The  Indians  of  the  Brazos  settlement,  in 
oood  behavior,  morality,  and  industry,  surpassed  the 
most  sanguine  expectations.  They  voluntarily  ab- 
stained from  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  drunken- 
ness was  unknown  among  them.  By  the  end  of 
August  public  buildings  had  been  erected — store- 
rooms, houses  for  agents  and  employes,  and  a  black- 
smith's shop.  Two  farmers  with  assistant  laborers 
W(!re  employed  to  instruct  the  Indians,  and  295  acres 
of  land  had  been  ploughed  and  planted  with  corn.  On 
tilt  reservation  on  C'ear  Fork  farming  operations  had 
not  been  commenced,  owing  to  the  season  behi<j'  too 
far  ailvanced  when  the  Comanches  were  located 
thereon,  but  from  the  disposition  evinced  by  tliem, 
the  agents  looked  confidently  forward  to  the  success 
of  the  settlement." 

Nor  were  these  expectations  without  realization. 
Within  three  years'  these  settlements  attained  a 
high  degree  of  prosperity,  especially  that  of  tlie  Brazos 
agciiicy."*  The  Indians  tilled  their  land,  tended  and 
garnered  their  crops,  and  possessed  stocks  of  catth^ 
liorses,  and  hogs.  They  erected  comfortable  dwell- 
ings,  had    school-houses,"   and    were   steadily   pro- 

3- Reports  of  agents,  R.  S.  Neighbors  and  G.  W.  Hill  in  It      18r»,  177-S5. 

^■'  The  Comanches  did  not  make  the  same  i)rogre.ss  as  the  Indians  on  the 
T!r;izos  reserve,  owing  to  their  not  liaving  liact  tlio  same  experience  in  the 
nmimors  of  the  white  race.  Tliey  were  not  more  indolent  than  tlio  other 
tnlics, — but  whereas  the  latter  had  long  lived  near  tlie  wliite  settlers,  the 
Coiimnches  had  hitherto  been  outside  of  all  friendly  intercourse.   Ti-.r.  Aim., 

i8."n,  im 

^'According  to  the  reports  of  the  teachers,  Aug.  18,  1858,  the  scliool  in 
the  (Joiuanclie  settlement  was  attendeil  by  37  students,  2.5  male  and  12 
fuualu,    Oil  'iayi.  1, 18u8,  the  teuuher  of  the  school  at  the  Brazoa  agency,  re- 


»COT' 


?i     i!' 


;.  ■  ri-. 
■  1^    i.t- 


408 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


h! 


frrcssinpf  in  civilization,  poaceably  pursuin<^  their  agri- 
cultural   ()CCU[)ation8.     Moreover,   they    attbnled    no 
little    i)r()tection   to  the  frontier,    from   fifty  to  one  • 
hundred  warriors  being  employed  in  ranging  serviccy 
In  the  spring  of  1858  this  band  went  out  with  U^f 
Texan  ranger?,  on  an  expedition  against  the  Coniiin- 
ches,   and    fought    gallantry,    thereby    winning  Itlic 
praises   of  their   Anglo-American    neighbors.     Ulmi 
they  been  allowed,  and  a  proper  forbearance  bcc/i  ex- 
tended  to    them,  they   would   have   developodf  into 
thriving  and  self-suppoiiing  comnmnities.^*     BiJt  tiny 
were  doomed  to  be  driven  from  the  homes  thJv  had 
made  for  themselves,  deprived  of  the  lands  the|\"  Juid 
put  under  cultivation,  and  removed,  in  almost  a  cUs*;.'- 
tute  condition,    beyond  the  borders  of  Texas.     The 
aggressive  nature  of  Anglo-American  settlors  would 
not  let  them  rest  in  peaceful  possession  of  their  small 
domains ;  and  a  persistent  hostility  to  these  Indians 
and  their  agents  soon  exhibited  itself 

In  1858  the  number  of  these  natives  thus  reclaiinod 
from  barbaric  life  was  1,483.  Among  this  nunilx  rit 
cannot  be  denied  that  there  were  many,  particulaily 
in  the  Comanche  reservation,  who  were  addicted  to 
hors(!-stealing,  and  who  associating  with  wild  bands 
of  tliviir  tribe,  or  with  the  Kickapoos  beyond  lied 
river,  took  part  in  predatory  incursions,  and  after- 
ward, by  circuitous  routes,  reentered  the  resei-A'ations. 
There  was,  moreover,  a  set  of  villainous  wliitc^  men, 
scattered  from  the  Rio  Grande  to  Kansas,  who  made 
robbery  their  pastime,  and  horse-stealing  their  busi- 
ness. These  wretches  leagued  themselves  with  the 
worthless  Indians,  instigating  them  to  commit  di^pve- 
dations  from  which  they  reaped  a  profit.     Positi\c 

ported  the  numher  of  his  scholars  at  fiO,  47  of  whom  were  boys  and  13  girls. 

U.  -^'.  //»/.  Af.  Jicpt.,  1858,  178-9,  183. 

^-■Tlie  U.  S.  gov't  expended  on  account  of  these  Indian  settlements: 
For  the   fiscal  year  ending  June  30,    ISoO.   §101,430;  18r)7,   SSD.OaS.jlO; 

1858.  Sitl. 707.00;  KSiVJ,  80 1. (I,').-). 25;  total,  8:544,451.25. 

Tlie  estimate  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  18()0,  was  .'*(J2,18().50:  I'L, 

1855-1858  inclu.,  where  full  informatiou  ou  the  progress  of  these  culoiiics 

will  bu  fouud. 


MASSACKK  OF  NATIVES. 


409 


proof  was  adduced  that  Indians  from  the  rostTvcs 
dm  iiig  this  year  killed  cattle  and  h()«jjs  belonjj;ing  to 
citi/Aiis,  and  the  strongest  circumstantial  evidence 
seemed  to  show  that  the  practice  of  horse-stealing 
li;v(l  heen  extensively  carried  on  by  these  vicious 
iiicihIrts/*  But  the  large  majority  of  the  connnunity 
wrre  faithful  to  the  white  inhabitants.  Nt^vertheless, 
the  crimes  of  the  few  were  visited  on  all.  In  the 
counties  adjoining  the  reserves  the  unreasonable 
()[)iiiion  was  expressed  by  a  portion  of  the  settlers 
that  all  depredations  were  committed  by  the  Indian 
colonists.  In  fact  it  was  determuied  to  get  rid  of 
tlii'in  by  some  means,  and  an  organized  conspiracy 
against  the  Indian  policy  of  the  general  government 
serins  to  have  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of  break- 
ing up  the  Texan  reservations. 

The  Indians  had  been  in  the  habit  of  making  hunt- 
ing excursions  outside  their  reservations  under  permits 
issued  by  the  agents.  But  designing  men  so  preju- 
diced the  public  mind  against  *lie  reserve  Indians,  by 
attributing  to  them  the  depr«  uations  of  the  unsettled 
Coiiumches  and  other  native  tribes,  that  under  threats 
of  extermination  they  had  been  compelled  to  confine 
tlieniselves  during  1858  strictly  to  the  reservations. 
In  the  autumn  of  that  year,  however,  several  hunting 
parties  ventured  beyond  the  limits.  And  now  was 
planned  and  perpetrated  as  cold-blooded  and  brutal  a 
massacre  as  ever  disgraced  a  civilized  people.  In  a 
hiiul  of  the  Brazos,  just  above  the  mouth  of  Keochi 
creek,  a  party  of  Indians,  men,  women,  and  children, 
(iicamped.  Here  they  remained  fr.  s- 3veral  weeks, 
(iinaged  in  hunting,  conducting  tlienicui\es  peaceably, 
and  offering  no  molestation  to  the  white  settlers,  who 
visited  their  camp  on  several  occasions.  On  Deceni- 
l)er  -2 1st,  between  forty  and  fifty  men,  mostly  of  Erath 
founty,  assembled  in  conclave  on  Bosque  river  to  con- 
sult upon  a  general  extermination    policy.     A  coni- 

■"  T!(])ort  of  Peace  Commissioners  to  the  governor,  June  27,  Ibo'J.  LI., 
ISd'J,  :;'J7-303. 


410 


TEXAS  AS  A  STi 


niittco  was  appointed,  which  proceorlcd  to  orjjjanizo  a 
company,  the  commaiiJ  of  which  was  <:tlveu  to  VvUr 
(failana."  Then  the  order  was  issued  to  kill  nwy 
Indians  found  south  of  Cedar  creek.  The  con)|iaiiv 
pr«x;ceded  to  the  Indian  camp  on  tlie  Brnzos,  which 
contained  eight  men,  eight  women,  and  eleven  clill- 
dren.  Having  stealtliily  approaclied,  at  early  inom 
of  December  27th,  wliile  their  victims  were  sound 
aslee]>,  they  poured  into  them  a  volley  of  buckshot 
and  rifle-balls.  Seven  were  killed  outright,  of  wlinm 
tliree  were  women;  three  men,  two  women,  and  throe 
cliildren  were  severely  wounded,  and  nearly  all  the 
rest  more  or  less  injured.  One  warrior,  after  l)(iii<f 
struck  by  a  bullet,  seized  his  gun,  and  rushing  outside 
of  his  tent,  shot  Samuel  Stephens  dead,  to  fall  hiinsdf 
almost  at  the  same  moment,  struck  throuijh  the  brain. 
Tlie  wounded  succeeded  in  escaping  to  tlie  reservation. 
On  their  return,  as  the  mu  "^rers  passed  tlnou^h 
Gidconda,  in  Palo  Pinto  cou  they  told  the  citizeii.s 
of  that  town  that  "they  haa  o^/oned  the  ball,  and  the 
people  there  should  dance  to  the  music." 

This  atrocity  naturally  caused  great  excitomont. 
The  exasperated  Indians  threatened  vengeance  on  the 
perpetrators;  a  proclamation  issued  by  tlie  govciiior. 
denouncing  the  act,  and  warning  all  persons  against 
iolnini*:  orijanizations  for  hostilities  aoainst  the  friendlv 
Indians,  was  without  effect.  The  press  pul)lislud 
biased  accounts  and  'nflammatory  articles  on  the 
subject,  and  meetings  of  citizens  were  held  at  various 
frontier  towns,  resolutions  being  passed  that  the  Ind- 
ians must  be  removed.**     In  the  surrounding  counties 

"The  names  of  the  others,  doomed  to  immortal  infamy,  were  r)auiLl 
Thornton,  .T.  Higlitower,  E.  Firea.sh,  T.  Wilie,  W.  E.  Mntlieral,  W.  ^^'.  M-- 
Noal,  Robert  Duval,  J.  P.  Harris,  W.  FitzgeraM,  A.  L.  Braw,  It.  liuimy. 
V»'.  J.  F.  Lowder,  W.  Wood,  J.  Biirnes,  H.  llighsaw,  J.  R.  Waller,  Ceoige 
Harden,  Samuel  Stephens,  and  one  Dalton. 

'■"*  An  idea  of  the  spirit  that  prevailed  at  these  meetings  may  lie  foriricil 
from  a  resolution  passed  l)y  tlio  citizens  of  Weatherford,  June  24,  \Hi>'.).  An 'i' 
stating  that  they  'believed'  tliat  certain  outrages  iiad  been  perpetnitfil  Kv 
the  reserve  Indians,  they  pledged  themselves  to  act  in  concert  with  si-^tir 
counties  in  any  action  necessary  for  the  removal  of  them,  '  whether  the  .-iiiiif 
be  over  Jordan  or  Red  River. ' 


CRUELTY  TO  INDIANS 


411 


Ijiuuls  of  arnied  citizens  were  organized,  and  scouted 
round  the  reservations.  Tame  Indians  found  outside 
tin'  limits  would  not,  it  was  declared,  be  known  from 
w'M  ones,  but  would  be  killed.  The  removal  was 
)i(  iiiiij)torily  demanded,  under  threats  of  extermina- 
ticiu.  In  vain  the  agents  endeavored  to  avert  the 
Mow;  their  action  caused  oHcnce  to  the  citizens  of 
till'  frontier,  who,  on  April  25,  1859,  boldly  d;."uanded 
their  innnediato  resignation.  All  they  could  do  was 
to  postpone  the  exodus  for  a  time,  aided  by  the  pres- 
cii<<!  of  a  detachment  of  the  United  States  troops. 
On  ^lay  2.3d,  Captain  Baylor,  the  ex-agent,  at  the 
liciid  of  250  armed  men,  marched  upon  the  Brazos 
itstrvation  with  the  avowed  mtention  of  attacking 
tlie  Indians.  Captain  Plunnner,  1st  infantry,  warned 
liini  to  leave  the  r'  sorvation,  and  he  de})arted  the 
same  day.  A  skirmish  occurred  with  the  Indians, 
and  several  on  both  sides  were  killed  and  wounded."* 
Tliiit  the  Indians  could  not  remain  in  Texas  was  no 
longer  a  matter  of  doubt;  and  on  the  representations 
of  the  agents,  and  the  pressing  instance  of  the  state 
authorities,  the  depai-tment  at  Washington,  in  order 
to  avoid  bloodshed,  issued  an  order  to  break  up  the 
reservations  as  soon  as  the  stantling  crops  could  be 
harvested.  But  this  did  not  satisfy  the  frontier  men ; 
tluy  peremptorily  denumtled  the  inunediate  removal 
(if  the  Indians,  and  at  the  urgent  request  of  the  super- 
vising agent,  R.  S.  Neighbors,  permission  was  given 
liini  to  conduct  them  at  once  beyond  Red  river.  The 
evil  passions  of  the  white  people,  however,  were  thor- 
oughly aroused.  One  hundred  men  of  the  state 
troops  had  been  sent  by  the  governor  to  the  Braz;o^• 
reservation  to  preserve  order,  but  these  even  displayed 
an  attitude  hostile  to  the  Indians,  while  the  bands  of 
armed  citizens  threatened  to  attack  them  on  their 
march.  It  became  necessary  to  call  in  the  aid  of  the 
Vnited  States  army,  and  on  July  30th  and  August 
1st,  the  unhappy  exiles  from  both  reservations,  under 

'''U.  S.  Sen,  Ex.  Doc.,  coug.  3C,  sosa,  1,  ii.  372-3. 


412 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATR 


strong  escorts  of  infantry  and  cavalrv,  and  acconipan- 
iod  by  the  agents,  left  their  homes  for  the  new  loca- 
tion which  had  been  assigned  to  theiii  on  WasJiita 
river.  On  August  8th,  they  crossed  Ked  river,  ami 
on  tlie  16th  arrived  at  their  destination.  The  nuinlur 
of  Indians  thus  removed  by  the  pressure  of  a  popular 
outbreak,  fomented  to  a  Ljreat  extent  bv  tlie  unnason- 
able  clamor  raised  by  unprincipled  men,  was  1,41.').  of 
wlioni  3H0  were  Comanches.*"  Owing  to  the  unre- 
mitted persecution  on  the  part  of  their  white  foes,  tlio 
exiles  were  compelled  to  leave  their  cattle  behind,  it 
being  impo.ssible  even  to  collect  them.  A«  a  climax 
to  this  practical  illustration  of  Lamar's  principle  of 
eximlsio)!  or  extermination,  Superintendent  Neigh  hois. 
having  returned  to  Texas  in  September,  was  waylaid 
on  the  14th  near  Fort  B(>lknap  by  a  man  unknown 
to  him,  and  sliot.  He  died  in  twenty  mhiutes  after 
being  fired  upon,  and  it  was  believed  that  the  crime 
was  perpetrated  on  account  of  tlie  free  opinion  ex- 
pressed by  Neighbors  relative  to  the  killing  of  a  reser\  c 
Indian  some  tune  previously.*' 


ii 


During  the  administration  of  Governor  Pease  a 
final  adjustment  of  financial  questions  between  the 
state  and  the  federal  government  was  arrived  at,  and 
a  settlement  made  with  the  creditors  of  the  old  re- 
public. The  bond-holders  had  not  been  satisfied  wiili 
the  terms  offered  them  under  tlie  state  law  of  Janu- 
ary, 1852,  and  little  or  nothing  was  done  toward  the 
li<iuidation  of  their  claims  before  1855.  Matters  he- 
came  still  more  complicated  by  an  additional  claim 
raised  by  Texas  against  the  federal  government.     By 


*"  According  to  the  censtis  rolls,  there  were,  in  the  May  preceding,  l,4'.i'J 
souls  on  the  two  reservations,  vi?  ;  258  Tonkahuas,  'J04  Talnvaccaids.  171 
WnfoH,  "244  (."a<liloes,  2'A5  AualidalikooH,  and  J^SO  Coiiianuhca.  U.  >S.  Iinl.  Af'iir^ 
Ri1>l,  iSoO,  267, 

^'Tlic  ofticial  correspondence  and  fnll  particulars  relative  to  the  rcniiiv.il 
of  the  Texan  Indians  will  he  found  in  hi.,  ISaS),  ■")<>,  'J-JO  :t:U.  and  U.  S.  .l/'«>. 
dill/  Dm:,  Cong.  3(),  sess.  J,  pt  i.  5^iS-702.  Tn  Juno  iNiO,  a  law  was  )i:issi(l 
appr(i[';  lating  845,CS0  for  the  exjK'Hses  of  recoloni/ing  these  Indians  dining 
the  liscal  year  eudiug  Juue  30,  1801.  C'onij,  (JMn;  18uU-00,  app.  480. 


FINANCES. 


413 


tlio  terms  of  an  old  treaty  the  United  States  were 
under  the  obligation  to  prevent  Indians  making  pre- 
datory incursions  into  Mexican  territory,"  On  tlie 
strength  of  this  treaty  it  was  claiuied  that  the  United 
States  was  responsible  for  the  expenses  incurred  dur- 
inu;  tlio  days  of  the  republic  in  protecting  the  frontier 
against  inroads  by  savages  from  United  States'  terri- 
t(jiy.  It  was  argued  that  Texas  at  tlie  time  this 
treaty  was  made  was  a  part  of  Mexico,  and  that 
although  she  separated  from  that  country  soon  after- 
ward by  revolution,  that  fact  did  not  obliterate  the 
obligations  of  the  treat}^  In  July  1854  Thomas  J. 
Rusk,  senator  from  Texas,  brought  this  view  of  the 
casi!  before  the  senate,  maintaining  that  as  more  tlian 
one  half  of  debt  of  Texas  had  been  expended  in  pro- 
tection against  Indians,  the  United  States  ought  to 
provide  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  off  the  debt  in  full. 
After  quoting  extracts  from  diplomatic  correspondence 
ill  support  of  the  views  taken  by  Texas,  he  intro- 
duced a  statement  made  out  by  James  B.  Sliaw, 
(•oiiilttrollev,  showing  that  the  late  repulilic  had  ex- 
pended from  December  5,  1836,  to  February  1,  1845, 
the  sum  of  $3,815,011  exclusive  of  interest,  hi  pro- 
tecting the  frontier  from  incursions  of  Indians  be- 
long in»x  to  the  United  States. 

^Meantime  the  creditors  of  Texas  had  appealed  to 
the  United  States  for  payment  of  their  claims,  alleg- 
ing that  the  general  and  not  the  state  government 
was  lialile.  Under  these  circumstances  the  United 
States'  government  intervened.  The  scale  of  reduc- 
tion adopted  by  the  state  law  was  cast  aside,  and  a 
iiill  ])assed  by  congress  was  apprtjved  Fcliruary  28, 
18,i5,  by  wliich.  it  was  provided  that  $l',7oO,000 
sliduld  be  added  to  the  $5,000,000  lying  in  tlie  treas- 
uiT  pertaining  to  Texas,  and  that  the  wliolo  sum  of 
87,7.10,000  should  be  apportioned  pro  rata  among  the 
creditors;   any   portion   of  the    debt  that  had  been 

*-'l'liiity-t!iii(l  article  of  tlie  treaty  with  Mexico  of  April  5,  1831.  (Jong. 
aiJn;  xxvui.,  pt  iii.,  p    1S08-1). 


i  f    ti 


;  If: 


m 

i 

I. 


if 


414 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


already  paid  by  the  state  of  Texas  should  be  refunded 
to  her;  no  payment  would  be  made  until  the  claiiuaiit 
filed  a  receipt  in  full  releasing  forever  the  United 
States  from  all  claim  against  them.  The  act  was 
not  to  take  effect  until  it  had  been  assented  to  by  tlic 
legislature  of  the  state  of  Texas,  and  until  the  same 
legislature  passed  an  act  abandoning  all  claims  and 
demands  against  the  United  States,  growing  out  nf 
Indian  depredations  or  otherwise." 

By  this  pro  rata  system  of  payment  each  creditor 
would  realize  seventy-eigiit  cents  on  the  dollar." 
Three  classes  of  bonds,  as  scaled  by  the  state's  law. 
would  have  yielded  more  than  this,*"  and  the  holders 
were  consequently  dissatisfied.**  Bj'"  the  people  of 
Texas  the  bill  was  received  with  great  disfavor,  and 
when  called  upon  by  proclamation  of  the  governor 
to  vote  upon  it,  out  of  45,000  voters  10,573  refused 
to  cast  their  votes;  13,818  voted  against  accepting  the 
bill,  and  11,609  voted  for  it.*'  It  was,  however. 
finally  passed  by  the  state  legislature,  and  the  credi- 
tors, who  were  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  ini})()rt 
duties  of  the  extinct  republic,  on  filing  their  rccoi})ts 
in  the  treasury  department  of  the  United  States  re- 
ceived their  pro  rata  payments.  The  sum  of  $2i>l),(!02 
was  refunded  to  the  state  in  consideration  oi  Texas' 
having  already  paid  that  portion  of  the  debt. 

''Copy  of  the  act  Anil  be  found  in  Hunt's  Mtrch.  Mag.,  xxxii.  485. 

«T«'.r.  Joimiiil  S<i}.,  1807,  UO. 

^■'Nanifly,  10  i)er  ufiit  liouds,  Jnne  7,  1837  (Swartout),  allowed  at  face 
par,  10  per  cent  bonds  for  loan  from  U.  S.  Bank,  scaled  at  $.874.");  and  10 
per  cuiit  treasury  notes,  .Tune  7,  \>>Vii,  allowed  at  face  par.  In  /'/..  wxiii. 
8!t,  a  tabular  form  i.s  supplied  exhibiting  tlio  rate  of  adjustment  estaMi.«lK  1 
by  Texas  and  the  rate  proposed  in  the  above  act  of  the  United  Siutes  imi- 

fress.  It  should  be  remarked  that  the  state  legislature  pa>sed  an  act 
'ebruary  11,  18r>0,  declaring  that  all  liabilities  of  the  late  republic  slumM 
'cea.se  to  draw  interest  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  July,  1850.  Goiijt,  ut 
Slip.,  lt>8.     Interest,  therefore,  was  only  calculated  to  that  date. 

*"(  iovernor  Pease  in  his  nie.s.sage  to  congress,  Nov.  2,  18r>7,  reconnnendcd 
that  tl\e  state  shoidd,  out  of  the  sum  .efunded  to  Texas  by  the  U.  S,,  ]«y 
these  creditors  the  difleri'iice  between  cue  amounts  which  they  received  uii'lcr 
tlie  above  act  of  congress,  and  those  at  wliich  their  claims  were  ratcl  ami 
classitieil  by  the  state  law,  in  all  .?li'V217.  The  committee  appointid  1 1 
consider  the  ((Uestion  reported  unfavorably  to  the  proiKisitiou.  IiuiU's  -Uur'i. 
Ma-i.,  xxxviii.  408;  Tcj-.  Journal i^cn.,  1857,  17-18,  139-42. 
'«  T/intll,  371. 


REVENUE. 


415 


or,  and 
)V('i'iior 
refused 
iii!^;  the 
3WL'Vcr. 
!  crcdi- 
impovt 
Tce'ipt.s 
t'S  rc- 
)i),(')0-J 
Texas' 


at  face 
■);  .-lu-l  10 
Nxxiii. 
stal.lislKl 
lUft's  ^^m^ 

'(I  iui  ;ii't 

,ic    ^11<'UM 
IlUllOIuUil 

S.,  ]i:iy 

1  Ull'llT 

rat»''l  ami 

loilltr.l   hi 


The  reader,  doubtless,  will  wish  to  learn  how  the 
35,000,000  in  United  States'  bonds  paid  into  the  state 
treasury  were  employed.  In  order  to  dismiss  this 
subject,  once  for  all,  it  will  be  better  to  give  a  succint 
account  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  government 
up  to  the  time  of  the  final  exhaustion  of  those  funds 
in  1861. 

From  1852  to  1858  nine  tenths  of  the  taxes  col- 
lected were  remitted  to  the  several  counties  to  enable 
them  to  build  court-houses  and  jails;  the  remaining 
tenth  being  set  apart  by  the  constitution  for  the  sup- 
pt)it  of  schools  was  paid  into  the  treasury.  The 
rapid  progress  that  was  being  made  in  Texas  during 
tliis  period  will  be  perceived  by  a  comparison  of  the 
amount  of  taxes  collected  in  the  two  consecutive 
years  1856  and  1857.  In  the  first  named  year  the 
valuation  of  the  property  assessed  was  $161,304,025, 
which  produced  $242,964  in  taxes;  the  poll  tax 
yielded  $22,413;  and  those  on  occupations  and  sales 
of  merchandise  $28,993,  making  a  total  of  $294,370. 
The  net  proceeds  received,  after  deducting  the  ten 
per  centum  for  the  school  fund  and  the  expenses  of 
assessing  and  collecting,  amounted  to  $229,289.  The 
corresponding  figures  for  1H57  were:  assessments  of 
property,  $183,594,205;  taxes  on  the  same  $276,663; 
p(dl  tax  $24,463;  other  taxes  $26,940.  The  net 
yield  after  making  the  same  deductions  was  $255,044, 
showing  an  excess  of  more  than  $25,000  net,  over  the 
pi'oceeds  of  the  previous  year.  Had  the  mcomes 
mil  been  relinquished  to  the  counties,  they  would 
have  about  covered  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the 
(Tdvernment.**  As  it  was  the  expenses  had  to  bo 
paid,  during  the  period  from  1852  to  1858  inclusive, 
out  of  the  $5,000,000  United  States  bonds. 

As  the  bonds  bore  an  interest  of  five  per  centum, 
the  state  received  up  to  January   18G1,   interest  to 

*"  Comptroller's  report  for  ISSG  and  1857  in  Cnnfnm'n  Ti-x.,  336-  7.  L  .-■..- 
liaiv  i,Mveriiiir"3  message  in  Tvx.  Journal  Sai.,  18,")7,  14-16:  TUmll,  375,  M'here 
will  bf  found  an  extract  from  I'ease'a  message  of  Nov.  lSo5. 


:     I  ^1 


<..*»     hit 


; .  P 


I 


' 


410 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


the  amount  of  ,$1,625,441,  making  the  total  receipts 
of  principal  and  interest,  $0,625,441,  which  smii  is 
thus  accounted  for.  By  act  of  February  16,  1852, 
$36,000  were  transferred  to  the  school  fund  to  reim- 
burse it  for  state  bonds  destroyed.  By  act  of  Jan- 
uary 31,  1854,  $2,000,000  were  donated  to  the  Hauio 
fund,"  and  at  subsequent  dates  interest  and  premium 
on  the  bonds  were  paid  to  the  amount  of  $653,619. 
Aj^ain  by  act  of  February  11,  1856,  $100,000  were 
transferred  to  the  university  fund,  and  interest  paid 
on  the  same  up  to  January  1861,  amounting  to  -39,- 
472.  Besides  these  sums,  $1,425,296  were  disbursed 
in  payment  of  certain  debts  of  the  late  republic — for 
it  nmst  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  state  had  otlicr 
liabilities  than  those  assumed  by  the  United  Stutts, 
which  only  became  responsible  for  claims  that  wore 
secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  impost  and  tonnage  duties 
of  the  late  republic.  The  remaining  $2,401,054,  to- 
gether with  the  premium  derived  from  the  sale  of  the 
bonds,  were  used  for  the  general  expenses  of  the  gov- 
ernment from  -852  to  1861  inclusive,  appropriations 
being  made  for  the  establishment  of  an  insane  as\  him, 
and  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  and  the 
deaf  and  dumb.  In  1858  and  1859  the  receipts  from 
taxation  were  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  expenses  of 
the  f-tate  government,  and  United  States  bonds  were 
expended  to  the  amount  of  $443,000.  The  remainder 
of  the  bonds  were  used  in  1860  and  1861,  besides 
$100,000,  transferred  from  the  university  fund. 


6« 


The  general  feeling  toward  the  Mexican  population 
w^as  one  of  intense  animosity  in  those  counties  where 
they  were  more  thickly  congregated.  The  inlialti- 
tants  of  that  race  were  mostly  of  the  lower  orchis, 
and  were  charged  with   associating  with  the  slaves. 

"By  a  law  of  185G  the  ten  |ier  cp>'t;;;ii  o*  taxes  set  apart  for  schoi'l  jiur- 
poses  was  blended  with  the  $-.0<)(),v)00,  and  one  general  school  fund  fniiinid. 

*' Comptroller  (.'lement  R.  .lolnis' report  of  Sept.  1,  1859,  No.  3  in  Ti.r. 
Col.  Dor.,  No.  1;  Ooirnior's  Mi-isin/f  of  June  10,  1879,  app.,  18-19.  Tica-*- 
urer's  report  of  Aug.  .SI,  1800,  hi  Tex.  Ainu,  18C1,  24S-9;  Tex.  iiip  Comp- 
iroiki;  Aug.  31,  1870,  6-7. 


ANIMOSITY  TOWARD  MEXICANS. 


4\1 


isos  of 

WeVQ 

aiiuUr 
jesitk'S 


llation 
jwliorc 
Inlialti- 

slaves. 

110.4  I'ur- 
fcinui'd. 
in   T'-r- 


au(l  froquently  stealiiif^  horses  and  carrying  off  negro 
.^iils  to  ^lexico.  In  the  autumn  of  1856  a  dangerous 
iKj,io  conspiracy  was  discovered  in  Colorado  county. 
wliich  contemplated  a  simultaneous  insurrection,  and 
the  massacre  of  the  white  population,  with  the  ex- 
rrj)tiou  of  their  young  women,  who  were  to  be  made 
( aptises.  The  slaves  had  formed  an  organized  plan, 
adopted  secret  signs  and  passwords,  and  provided 
themselves  with  bowie-knives  and  some  fire-arms. 
Their  intention  was,  after  having  accomplished  the 
first  part  of  their  plot,  and  obtained  possession  of  the 
liorses  and  arms  of  their  intended  victims,  to  fight 
their  way  into  Mexico,  or  the  "free  state,"  as  tliey 
Cidled  that  country.  On  the  detection  of  the  con- 
.spiracy  more  than  200  negroes  were  severely  pun- 
ished with  the  lash — two  being  whipped  to  death — 
and  three  prominent  ring-leaders  hanged  on  September 
5th.  It  was  maintained  tliat  every  Mexican  in  the 
coui.ty  was  i.nplicated  in  this  intended  uprising,  and 
they  were  ordered  to  leave  and  never  return,  under 
penalty  of  death.  In  Matagorda  county,  also,  a 
popular  meeting  was  held,  and  every  Mexican  ordered 
to  leave." 

In  1857  much  trouble  was  caused  by  the  perpetra- 
tion of  numerous  acts  of  violence  by  Texan  wagoners 
on  ^lexican  cartmen.  In  tlie  transportation  of  goods 
from  the  sea-ports  to  San  Antonio,  the  freight  rates 
(hargod  by  the  latter  were  so  low  as  practically  to 
(hive  the  Texan  teamsters  from  the  field  of  compe- 
tition. As  the  Mexicans  were  thoroughly  trust- 
wort  li\',  and  generally  made  better  time  than  their 
rivals,  the  merchants  naturally  employed  them  in 
prtfcrfuce  to  paying  higher  rates  to  carriers  of  their 
"Wii  rare.  This  gave  umbrage  to  the  T(.'xan  drivers, 
'vIm'  pi'oceeded  to  form  secret  organizations  for  the 
jiurposc  of  ousting  their  competitors  from  the  road. 
A  system  of  the  most  outrageous  persccuti<jn  followed. 

"'  Jvxtracts  from  the  Gntvt^lon  Sttr.-i,  and  Tria  hsuc,  iu  (JliimkiVn  Jounuii, 
Hist.  ,Me.\.  States*,  Vut,  II.  27. 


'      liH 


,« 


1 


si     ;■;*'!  -I;  ■  I 


I 


I  '  I 

!    ! 


[i] 


41S 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


Bands  of  masked  men  way-laid  the  Mexican  waLjon- 
trains,  destroyed  the  wlieels,  drove  ott'  the  oxen,  niur- 
dered  cartmen,  and  often  pillaged  the  freight,  ounv- 
ing  off  valuable  cargoes.  This  practice  was  canitd 
on  to  such  an  extent  that  General  Twiggs,  the  Uiiitc'<l 
States'  commander  at  San  Antonio,  was  comi)clkd  to 
protect  with  a  military  escort  trains  transjiortiiiL: 
government  supplies.  About  the  end  of  July,  a  train 
was  attacked  by  night  and  three  Mexicans  wounded; 
in  September  following  the  cartmen  of  another  train 
were  fired  upon  by  masked  men,  one  man  being  killed 
and  three  wounded;  and  again  on  November  2 1st 
two  more  were  killed. 

In  October  the  Mexican  minister  at  Washiiiijton 
addressed  the  United  States  government  on  tin- 
matter,  statiuij  that  he  had  been  assured  tliat  tin 
number  of  men  thus  murdered  was  no  less  than 
seventy-five,  and  that  the  persecution  directed  against 
Mexicans  had  compelled  many  to  abandon  their 
homes  in  San  Antonio  and  elsewhere,  and  seek  rcfu^v 
on  Mexican  territory  in  a  state  of  destitution.  On 
November  11th  and  30th,  Governor  Pease  addressed 
special  messages  to  the  legislature  on  the  subjeet.  in 
which  after  making  particular  mention  of  tlie  tlnve 
cases  above  mentioned,  and  denouncing  sucli  acts  of 
violence,  he  remarked  that  it  was  evident  that  tin  iv 
was  no  security  for  the  lives  of  citizens  of  Mfxieai. 
orio;ln  en«j:aiyed  in  the  business  of  transnoitatinn. 
unless  they  were  escorted  by  a  military  force.  A- 
the  counties  in  which  these  deeds  were  porjietrated, 
took  no  trouble  to  put  a  stop  to  them,  he  invited  tht^ 
le^gislature  to  consider  wl^ether  their  citizens  shouM 
not  be  com)»clled  to  pay  a  heavy  penalty,  which  wouM 
arouse  them  to  the  necessity  of  preserving  the  puhlir 
peace. 

The  senate  referred  the  matter  to  the  committee  on 
state  aftairs,  which  on  December  1st  rejicated  th' 
necessity  of  a  Inll  to  establish  a  penalty,  and  prt)vidt 
for  the  punishment  of  those  who  unlawfully  combined 


THE  CAKT  WAR, 


419 


tlu'ir 
1.     On 

ll'CSSl'll 

t'ct.  ill 
tlnvv 

arts  ^A 
tluTc 

i[r'\icaii 

■trati'il. 
A\\  the 

wouM 

St  too  on 
(rd  the 

i>l\)Vull' 


to  [ireveiit  people  from  engaging  in  lawful  oniploy- 
iiu  iits,  antl  that  such  a  bill  was  being  pre})ared  by  the 
coiiiiiiittee.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  tliat  any 
fuitlur  action  was  taken.  Meantime  the  governor 
had  tailed  into  service  a  volunteer  company,  which 
pidtti'ding  was  approved  by  the  legislature.  This 
fold'  proved  inadeijuate  to  suppress  the  lawlessness, 
and  other  means  were  brought  to  bear  ujx)!!  the  male- 
factors. When  the  road  was  abandoned  bv  the 
Mexican  cartmen,  and  booty  became  scarce,  they 
Uuaii  to  connnit  depredations  on  the  property  of  citi- 
zens. However  indifferent  the  people  had  been  to 
outrages  perpetrated  on  Mexicans,  they  now  energeti- 
cally took  tlie  matter  in  hand.  Lynch  law  was  vig- 
orously applied,  ami  In  the  neighborhood  of  Goliad 
the  ])a.ssing  traveller  would  see  many  a  corpse  sus- 
jiendi'd  from  the  boughs  of  the  black  oaks.  The  dia- 
holical  organization  was  thus  speedily  broken  up,  and 
this  system  of  nmrder  and  robbery — which  was 
dignified  by  the  name  of  the  Cart  War — was  brought 
to  an  end.''" 

Political  parties,  strictly  so  called,  were  first  organ- 
ized in  Texas  durino-  Pease's  administration.  The 
party  factions  opposed  to  each  other  in  the  days  of 
the  republic  were  of  a  personal  rather  than  of  apoliti- 
«al  nature.  Being  in  reality  the  offspring  of  the  ri- 
valry between  prominent  men,  they  did  not  originate 
from  differences  in  [)olitical  opinions,  but  merely  sup- 
ported their  respective  leaders  in  their  candidateship 
fur  office,  without  beinu'  mate'riallv  influenced  bv  i)rin- 
ciples  (if  policy.  When,  however,  Texas  was  annexed 
to  the  union,  under  the  auspices  of  the  democratic 
Jiarty,  she  soon  became  invedved  in  the  ptditical  antag- 
"iiisni  wjdcli  prevailed  in  the  United  States.  Her 
foiistjtutiou  was  framed  on  the  principles  of  democracy, 
and  during  the  first  years  of  her  existence  as  a  state, 

'•"I'l.,  I8.')7,  8l».  0  T4.V(>,  l.vi-.-),  1.kS-(M1,  171-2,  ISO;  Mr.r.  Iii/ormc  Conii.i. 
P'V''  I'^TS,  7:{-i-  j.niii's  /,'ei,iiiil<.,  ;5.'>L'-4;  T/imll,  37'-'. 


1 1"' 


420 


TEXAS  AS  A  STATE. 


li 


-  1 


candidates  hr  office  were  elocti'd  on  personal  consid- 
erations.    Wlien  tlie  disruption  of  tlic  oivat  national 
wliig  party  occurred  in  1854,  the  abolitionists  of  tlic 
north  gained  thereby  larufc  reonforccnients,  which  were 
supplemented  by  defections  from  the  democratic  ranks 
of  members  who  thouiL^ht  they  had  cause  to  Ix-  dLs- 
pleascd  with  President  Pierce's  administration.     At 
this  time  what  was  called  the  "native  party"  wlio.se 
principles  were  opposed  to  naturalized  foreignei's  hold- 
ing office,  was  in  a  moribund  condition;  but  it  was 
now  resuscitated,  and  undergoing  a  kind  of  metenipsv- 
chosis,  developed  into  the  know-nothing  party.     Bv 
this  later  organization,  the  creed  of  the  old  native 
party  was  enlarged,  and  made  to  include  prosciiption 
of  Roman  catholic  citizens,  while    the  opposition  to 
naturalized  aliens  was  intensified.      The  know-noth- 
ings cast  over  their  proceedings  a  cloak  of  mystery, 
They  constituted,  in  fact,  a  secret  political  society; 
applied  tests  of  a  religious  character,  and  endeavored 
to   pit  the  different  races   against  each    other.     All 
these  principles  were  contrary  to  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States.      In    Texas,  the   know-nothings 
for  a  short  time  acquired  considerable  influence.    Nu- 
merous  lodges  were  organized,  and   in  1855  L.  D. 
Evans  was  returned  by  the  party  to  congress  from 
the  eastern  district.     On  the  reelection  of  Pease  the 
same  year,  he  was  opposed  by  their  candidate,  Dick- 
son, who  obtained  no  less  than  17,1)08  votes,  Ikhig 
between  4,000  and  5,000  more  than  had  ever  hoforf 
been  cast  for  governor.     However,  on  their  foiluroto 
elect  their  candidate,  the  career  of  the  know-nothincrs 
in  Texas  was  brouo'ht  to  a  close.     The  unconstitution- 
ality  of  their  doctrines,  and  the  violence  to  civil  ana 
religious  liberty  entailed  in  their  intolerant  prineqiks 
were  denouncedby  their  more  enlightened  oppoinnts: 

•'■' Prominent  among  their  opj)onents  was  Anson  Jones,  who  states  that  lit 
'wrote  upwards  of  lit'ty  articles  for  the  I'mi'ji  i%  and  otlier  Texan  new  >iiaiitrs. 
in  opposition  to  know-nothingisni,  and  the  various  isms  associated  witli  it. 
omitting  no  opportunity  to  strike  at  the  hydra  which  ofl'ered,'  LAkn,  d'.., 
520-42.     Consult  also,  Thrall,  'i~,<iS-~-,  Liiinn  Iiriiiiniy.,  '3oi~o. 


KUSK  AND  HAMILTON. 


421 


tin  (Iciuocratic  party  called  upon  the  people  in  the 
luiUH-  of  liberty  and  the  constitution  to  discountenance 
tht'  secret  organization,  and  their  intluence  rapidly 
waned. 

Ill  1857,  Texas  was  called  upon  to  mourn  the  loss 
of  two  men  consincuous  for  their  services  during  the 
ivvohitionary  struggle — Thomas  J.  Rusk  and  James 
Hiuiiilton  of  South  Carolina. 

Thomas  Jefterson  Rusk,  whose  earlier  biography 
lias  been  already  given,"  migrated  to  Texas  in  IH^U, 
and  having  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence, subsequently  held  the  connnand  of  various 
expeditions  against  hostile  Indians.  In  1831),  he  was 
ai)i)ointed  chief  justice  of  the  repul)lic,  but  soon  re- 
.siyned  tliat  position,  retired  to  Nacogdoches,  and 
resumed  his  practice  as  a  lawyer.  In  1845,  he  was 
chosen  })resident  of  the  annexation  convention,  and  on 
the  incorporation  t)f  Texas  into  the  union  was  elected 
at  the  ftrst  session  of  the  state  legislature  to  the 
United  States  senate.  This  position  he  held  till  the 
time  of  his  death  in  1857.  In  185G,  Rusk  lost  his 
wife,  Avhile  he  was  in  WashhiLjfcon  enga^-ed  in  liis  sen- 
at( trial  duties.  Tliis  bereavement  deeply  affected  him, 
and  on  liis  return  to  his  home  he  was  prostrated  by  a 
serious  illness,  his  recoverv  frt)m  which  was  slow. 
Enervated  in  mind  and  bodv,  and  r.tHicteti  bva  tumor 
on  liis  neck  which  jn'obably  affected  the  brain,  he  took 
liis  own  life  a,t  Nacogdoches,  Julv  30,  1857. 

Rusk  was  a  man  of  rare  qualities,  and  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  United  States  senate.  He  was  a 
statesman  of  a  high  order,  energetic,  and  })ossessed  of 
•I  mind  of  great  clearness  and  strength.  Of  remark- 
il)ly  sound  judgment,  supported  by  wide  ex[)erienee, 
lie  had  an  accurate  and  extensive  knowledge  of  man- 
kind. xVnd  his  wisdom  and  talents  were  equalled  l)y 
liis  virtues — ctmrage,  ho:  estv,  and  truth  l)ein<''  his 
marked  characteristics.  Insensil)le  to  adulation,  he 
'I'vor  stooped  to   flattery.     In   his  intercourse  with 

'Sco  note  .39,  chap,  viii.,  this  vol. 


m 


422 


TEXAS  AS   A  STATK. 


men.  he  dkl  not  affect  dignified  iniportanoo,  but  was 
accessible  to  all;  and  it  was  a  habit  of  his  to  coiivi  is. 
with  men  in  the  humblest  stations  in  lift;  as  frcdv  as 
with  those  in  the  highest,  while  his  sympathy  foi- 1 Ik 
unfortunati'  or  oppressed,  and  his  love  of  justice  and 
candor  won  for  him  the  respect  and  atl'ectiniis  of 
every  class.  Uninfluenced  by  selfish  motives  and  by 
personal  ambition,  he  labored  hi  the  senate  for  tliea"'- 
grandizement  of  the  nation  at  large,  and  the  proniotidii 
of  its  general  welfare.  In  just  recognition  of  his  loss, 
antl  as  a  mark  of  respect,  the  United  States  congress 
wore  the  usual  badge  of  mourning  for  thirty  days." 

CTcncral  James  Hamilton  was  a  native  of  Soutli 
Carolina,  of  which  state  he  was  governor.  In  tlie 
struggle  of  Texas  for  independence  he  btjldly  a(h(i- 
cated  her  cause,  and  gave  both  his  services  and  means 
in  her  su})port.  As  member  of  the  senate  of  South 
Carolina  he  powerfully  U])h eld  the  purity  of  the  revo- 
lutionists' motives,  and  d(.' voted  himself  to  the  inter- 
ests of  the  new  repuUic,  He  secured  the  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  and  negotiated  one  with  the  kingdom 
of  the  Netherlands.  In  recognition  of  his  services 
he  was  vested  with  the  rights  of  Texan  citizens] lij) 
bv  a  special  act  of  confjress.  While  enufaued,  linw- 
ever,  hi  his  service  as  diplomatic  agent  of  T<'\as  in 
Europe  he  became  involva'd  in  embarrassments  whicli 
eventuallv  ruined  him.  In  1857  Hamilton  saihd 
from  New  Orleans  for  Galveston  in  the  steanislii|i 
OpcJonsas,  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  indenniificatioii  lor 
his  losses  and  of  retrieving  his  fortune  in  tlie  coniitrv 
for  which  he  had  done  so  nmch.  The  vesstd  was 
wrecked  on  her  passage  by  a  collision  witli  tlie 
steamer  (ktlvrsUm,  and  Hamilton  was  one  of  tlievii- 
tims  of  the  disaster.  The  state  congress  went  into 
mourning  out  of  respect  to  his  memory.^'' 


•■'■■•  C0H.7.  <7Ww.  1857-8,  pti.,. 3.31-8;  Tc:i:  Aim.,  1858,105-9:  Coiulor"'sT<.r; 
165-7;  Thmll,  007-1 1;  Gov  Pease's  message  of  Xov.  2,  1857,  in  Tcj:,  Jom- 
mlSvn.,  18.57,  .38. 

•'«/(/.,  121-2;   TJirnll,  549;  TVy.  Aim.,  1801,  82-3. 


GOVliliNOR   KUNXKLS. 


423 


Oil  Doconibor  21,  1857,  Hardin  K.  Runnels" — tlu^ 
micctssful  tlemomitir  canclidatc — was  inauixurattsd 
novtiiior,  liaving  ilofrated  Ills  connx'titor,  Sam 
Hi'uston,  by  a  ])()11  of  J}2,552  votes  against  23,G28 
c'lst  in  favor  of  tlie  latter. 

When  Runnels  entered  office,  symptoms  had  already 
iiuidc  their  appearance  that  the  time  was  rapidly  ap- 
prniicliing  of  the  great  national  disruption,  which  a 
f'cw  years  later  tore  asunder  the  United  States,  and 
(IchiLjed  the  countrv  in  blood.  On  the  admission  of 
Missouri  into  the  union  as  a  slave  state,  Henry  Clay 
iiiti'nduced  into  the  United  States  senate,  in  1820,  a 
(•(iiii|ironiise  measure  which  [)rovided  that  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery  should  be  thereafter  excluded  from  all 
territory  lying  north  of  latitude  '6i\°  30',  that  lino  be- 
iiiiLj  tlie  southern  boundary  of  Missouri.  The  ado])- 
tioii  of  this  bill,  known  as  the  ^Missouri  compromise, 
^avc  rise  in  time  to  bitter  contrf)versies  between  the 
five  and  slave  states,  the  latter  regarding  it  as  an  en- 
crojichment  t)n  the  part  of  the  federal  government  «»n 
tlic  constitutional  riijht  of  future  sovereiijn  states  to 
arTiiiige  their  own  domestic  affairs. 

Ill  1H.")0  the  same  statesman  submitted  to  the  sen- 
ati'  otluT  compromise  resolutions  designed  for  the  pur- 
nose  of  arranoimji;  amical)lvthe  controversies  betw^een 
tlie  freo  and  slave  states  on  the  subject  of  .slavery. 
These  resolutions  declared  that  congress  hi  establisli- 
iiig  territorial  governments  should  impose  no  restric- 
tions oil  the  people  of  such  territories  with  respect  to 
slavery.  A  very  memorable  <liscussion  followed, 
whieli  resulted  in  the  passage  of  bills  admitting  Cali- 
fornia into  the  union  as  a  free  state,  and  in  tlie  orga- 
nization of  tlie  territories  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico 
without  restriction  as  to  slavorv.  The  fu'>itive  .slave 
law  was  enacted  at  the  same  time.  Again  in  1854, 
on  the  establishment  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  ter- 

*' Runnels  migrated  to  Texas  in  1841  from  Mississippi,  iiml  engaged  in 
cotton  planting  on  Red  river.  He  represented  Bowie  county  in  tlie  legisla- 
ture I'lir  eight  years.  During  lS.")S-r)  he  was  speaker  in  the  house.  He  died 
at  his  lionie  in  Bowie  county  in  1S73.    TIn-'U,  (!07. 


oil 


484 


TEXAS   AS   A  STATE. 


,; 


iltorios,  Senator  Doujj^lnft,  from  Illinois,  iiitrodui kI 
into  the  bill  brouLjht  heforo  conjjjruss  on  that  occuMdn, 
an  aniendniont  which  virtually  ri'pi'alocl  the  Missouri 
oonipromiso.  The  principles  of  non-intervention  l»y 
conuress  with  the  institution  of  slaverv  in  the  states 
and  territories  had  clearly  l)een  recoi,niized  by  the  It  'Ab- 
lation of  1850.  SupjKtrti'd  by  the  compromise  a(t> 
of  that  year  Senator  ]3(»u«4las  maintahied  that  cnn. 
irress  had  no  riijht  to  li'Liislate  in  the  matter  of  slav- 
ery,  and  that  the  people  of  any  state  or  territon 
should  be  allowed  to  decide  for  themselves  questions 
of  their  domestic  institutions.""  Both  Kansas  ami 
Nebraska  would  have  been  five  territories  under  thr 
Missouri  comjiromise,  but  the  bill  was  passed  with 
the  amendment,  ^Fay  2,"),  1854. 

Nevertheless  It  met  with  jjjreat  ojiposition.  }{vsi>. 
lutions  were  passed  by  the  k'^islatures  of  various 
states  denouncin|L»"  it;  ijUMnorials  from  abolitionist 
society's  were  addressed  to  conuri';--j ;  and  cleri^yiiifii 
petitioned  for  its  repeal.  M<nvo/:  r,  it  was  soon  ap- 
])arent  that  the  introductit>n  of  slavery  into  Kansas 
from  the  south  would  meet  with  violent  opposition  mi 
the  part  of  the  peo])le  of  tliat  territory.  Iiitmsf 
sectional  agitation  ])revailed;  and  it  ^vas  retjfardid  a- 
a  foretj^onc  conclusion  that  Kansas  would  be  aduiittrd 
into  the  union  only  as  a  free  state,  unless  somu  action 
were  tab.on  bv  the  combined  south. 

Governor  Runnels  addressed  a  message,  Januaiy 
20,  1858,  to  the  legislature  calling  attention  to  tin 
aspect  of  affairs  in  Kansas,  and  clearly  atlvocatinu 
the  doctrine  of  secession.  On  the  8th  of  the  sanir 
month  a  democratic  state  convention  had  been  ImM 
at  Austin,  at  which  it  was  resolved  that  tluiv 
were  grounds  for  the  serious  apprehension  that  tlir 
doctrhie  of  non-intervention  was  in  danger  of  bcin;; 
reiiudiated  bv  the  United  States  conoress;  and  a  i'  - 
quest  was  made  to  the  state  legislature  to  provido 
for  the  appointment  of  delegates  to  a  convention  cf 

^Cony.  OloU;  xxviii.  pt  i.,  175,  2-21-2,  2:W-40,  275. 


I'UKCAl  TION.MIN    MKAsUKIX 


485 


boiujjf  as- 


tilt'  soutlioni  statt's  on  t]\c  occasion  of  one 
i,i  iiiM  il.  But  Itohlcr  resolutions  tlian  tluso  wrvv 
ntUivd.  T.  J.  ClianiluT.s  ^troposod  that  it  sliould  1h' 
ivsolvcd  tliat  any  action  im  the  j)art  of  tlic  con!u;ivss 
(if  tilt'  I'^iiitcd  States  tendinj^  to  cniharrass,  delu\  and 
ili'ttat  the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a  nieinher  of  thf 
unit  111,  under  any  }»retext  referal>lo  to  the  (|Uestion 
(if  slaverx',  would  he  a  usurpation  of  power  and  a 
vittlation  of  the  oon>[>act  of  the  union;  that  in  case 
of  such  an  event,  the  representatives  of  Texas  in  the 
Uniti'(^  States  couij^ress  were  requested  to  Ljfive  notice 
(if  the  intention  of  the  state  to  resume  her  independ- 
iiicf  and  withdraw  from  the  union.  Sister  states  "at- 
tat'lied  to  the  henign  domestic  institution  of  slavery" 
Wire  to  be  invited  to  join  her  in  that  measure.  ' 

In  resi)onse  to  the  «jfovernor's  message  the  le^isla- 
tint'  of  Texas,  having  submitted  the  subject  to  the 
(•(iinnrittee  on  federal  relations,  passed  on  February 
1(1.  ISJa,  a  joint  resolution.  In  the  preandjle  it  was 
Sit  forth  that  a  violent  determination  existed  on  the 
|i;nt  of  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory 
(if  Kansas  to  exclude  bv  force  the  citizens  of  slave- 
Iitilding  states  from  a  just,  equal,  and  peaceful  iiartici- 
pation  in  the  use  aiul  enjoyment  of  the  common  prop- 
I'l'tv  and  territorv  t>f  the  confederacv.     Whereas  tliis 

•  t  ft.- 

(Irtcrmination,  owing  to  the  state  of  political  feeling 
ill  the  northern  states,  operating  u})on  the  federal 
uiivtinment,  might  become  efiectual,  and  the  exclu- 
sion j»eq)etual,  it  was  resolved  that  the  governor 
should  be  authorized  to  order  the  election  of  seven 
dolt 'gates  to  m;K>t  delegates  appointed  by  the  other 
southern  states  in  convention,  whenever  the  executives 
of  a  majority  of  the  slave-holding  states  should  I'X- 
|iiiss  the  opinion  that  such  convention  w^as  necessary 
to  preserve  the  equal  righlM  of  such  states  in  the 
union.  An  appropriation  t)f  $10,000  Avas  made  to 
ili'fray  the  expenses  of  the  delegates,  and  the  governor 

'/'/.,  cong.  .S,5,  sess.  1,  1858,  app.  63-4.  Govei'nor"s  iiiessago  iii  Tex, 
Joiri-iHilSau,  1S57-8,  373-8. 


I 

it 

Si 

•ri 

-ft 

i; 

-  "1 

1 
I 

* 

li 

1 

426 


TEXAS   AS  A  STATE. 


was*  authorized,  in  case  an  exigency  arose,  in  wliii  li 
it  would  be  necessary  for  Texas  to  act  alone,  to  call  a 
special  session  of  the  legislature  to  provide  for  a  state 
convention/" 

During  Runnels'  administration  Texas  continued  to 
progress.  Population  steadily  increased  by  the  ad- 
vent of  new  settlers,  and  with  the  exception  of  troulj- 
les  connected  with  Indians,  as  previously  narrated, 
peace  reigned  within  her  borders,  and  tlie  inhabitants 
pursued  their  avocations  in  security.  Toward  tlie 
close  of  his  term  a  Mexican  named  Juan  N.  Cortina 
began  to  commit  depredations  on  the  lower  Rh 
Grande ;  but  as  they  were  continued  at  intervals  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  his  successor,  it  will  be  con- 
venient to  defer  for  a  time  the  relation  of  them. 

At  the  election  held  in  September,  1859,  the  same 
two  candidates  competed  for  the  executive  office. 
Runnels  being  nominated  by  the  democratic  party, 
Houston  ran  as  an  independent  candidate,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  8,757  votes  over  his  oppo- 
nent.*' 

'*^Comj.  Ohhv,  1857-1858,  p.  1000;  T<x.  Bq^t  Adnm.  Kamm,  no.  2,  in 
jfV.c.  Col.  Dor.,  no.  1. 

"'The  number  of  votes  cast  was  64,027,  of  wliich  Houston  oljtaim.'!', 
30,257,  and  Runnels  27,500.   Thmll,  370;  IW.  Aim.,  18G1,  215. 


'.! 


.Ikfk  Davis  Mkh.vl, 


CHAPTER   XVI. 


CIVIL  WAR. 

1859-18G'?. 

J  III.  North  akd  the  South — Houston's  Message — Reports  of  CoMMiriKKs 
<iN  Resolutions  of  South  Carolina — Knights  of  the  (Iolpev  Circle 
-  SrEC'iAL  Session  of  the  Texan  Congress  Convened — A  Convention 
Illegally  Called — Surrender  of  Oeneral  T\vi(;<;s — Houston's 
Speech  at  (talveston — Texas  Secedes  from  the  Union— Proceedings 
(iK  THE  Convention — Houston  Deposed — His  Protest — Cl.vkk  1n- 
siALLED  Provisional  Covernor — Indian  Seitlement  on  Tkinitv 
River — Cortina's  Insurrection — His  Defeat  and  Flight — List  i>k 
Senators  and  Representatives — Commencement  of  the  Civil  War — 
Miiitarv  Operations — Invasion  of  New  Mexico — Irs  Failure. 


1    \ 


Tkk  electii^n  of  Houston  to  the  executive  chair  was 
a  victory  of  the  unionist  party  in  Texas  over  tlie  confed- 
erate party.  At  this  time  the  majority  of  tlie  Texans 
Wire  opposed  to  sej)aration  from  the  union;  and 
tliDUi^li  the  late  governor  had  been  elected  by  the 
maneuvering  of  the  democratic  l>arty,  which  won 
tlic  confidence  of  the  people  by  its  crusade  against 
tlie  know-nothings,  they  presently  became  alarmed  at 
the  development  of  the  secession  intentions  of  the 
(]( iiiocratic  leaders.  In  1858  a  vacancv  occurred  on 
tlic  supreme  bench,  and  the  democrats  nominati'd 
Buckley,  who  bore  no  enviable  character,  and  was  of 
well-known  disunion  i)rocrivities.  Hi;  was  defeated  by 
aiHivcrwhelming  majority  by  Bell,  an  avowed  unionist. 
In  tlie  canvass  of  1859  the  democratic  convention 
lilt  t  at  the  town  of  Houston;  confederate  sentiments 
Were  expressed  in  it,  and  the  African  slave-trade  wns 
held  in  favor.*  The  democratic  ])arty  had  thrown  off  the 

^  Xiiironib,  Hi->if..  Si'r/n.  TV.?;.,  4-5.  James  P.  Xewcoinh  was  the  oilitur  of 
tlic  Alamo  Ki-prcst  publislieil  in   San  Antonio.     He  iniposcd  (lisunioii,   uu'. 


■428 


CIVIL  WAR. 


mask,  and  the  result  was  the  defeat  of  their  caiididato 
by  a  lari^e  majority. 

Houston  took  his  seat  at  a  time  when  intense 
pohtical  excitement  prevailed  all  over  the  Unittd 
States.  The  measures  adopted  by  the  legislation  in 
1850  and  1854,  so  far  from  producing  harmony,  only 
aiiirravated  political  hostilitv.  However  conciliatorv 
thev  miijht  have  been  to  the  soutliern  states,  tJ  yy 
only  embittered  the  feelings  of  the  free-soil  party  in 
tlie  north.  The  non-prohibition  of  slavery  in  New 
Mexico  and  Utah  was  regarded  by  the  latter  as  im- 
])()litic  and  unjust,  while  the  fugitive  slave-law,  wliicli 
stringently  provided  for  the  arrest  and  return  of  o>s- 
caped  slaves,  was  denounced  as  unconstitutional  and 
cruel.  Tlie  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  of  1854  roused  tin- 
indignation  of  the  free  states,  and  the  ranks  t)f  tlir 
anti-slavery  party  thencefortli  gained  strength  daily. 
By  the  close  of  185!)  the  opposing  factions  were  uii- 
c()ni])romisingly  arrayed  against  each  other,  and  the 
fire  of  disruption  was  already  being  kindled.  Iiii- 
mediately  after  the  passage  of  the  bill  of  1854  Kansas 
became  a  field  of  strif<!  between  tlie  free-soil  and  pn*- 
slavery  parties,  and  emigrants  from  Missouri  and  tlii' 
South  engaged  in  de^adly  contest  with  settlers  fmni 
the  northern  states.  The  polls  were  taken  jwssession 
of  by  armed  bands,  and  elections  were  carried  by  ille- 
gal voting.  Counter-constitutions  were  promulgatcMJ 
in  turn  l)v  antagonists,  and  for  several  vears  the 
contlition  of  the  territory  was  anarchical.  Finally,  in 
July  1859,  a  constitution  prohibiting  slavery  was 
ado]>ted  bv  a  convention  which  met  at  Wvandottc. 
and  was  ratified  by  popular  vote  October  4tli  fol- 
lowing. 

This  defeat,  aggravatec'  by  the  raid  of  John  Brown 
on  Harper's  Ferry  dur     y  the  same  month,  exaspti- 

w luiii  the  secesaion  of  Tcjras  was  declared,  rather  than  l)e  compelled t<>  saiii- 
tiot'  lii.s  principles,  he  determined  to  leave  the  conntry,  and  diil  so  in  .Inly 
1801,  proceeding  to  Cal.  by  way  of  Monterey  and  Durango.  He  puMislini 
iiis  little  work,  consisting  of  12  and  33  octavo  pages,  at  San  Francisr.i  in 


a 


f iOVKRNOirs  MESSA(  :i:. 


420 


atcd  the  southern  states,  and  in  Decembrr  185i),  Ixttli 
l)ian("]ies  of  tlie  IcLcislature  of  Soutli  Carolina,  passed 
uiiaiiinumsly  startling  resolutions  on  the  subject  of 
t'.dcral  relat'  »ll^^.  Attinninij^,  hi  the  preanihle,  the 
ri'^ht  of  the  state  to  secede  from  the  confederation,  ami 
asserting  that  for  the  last  seven  years  assaults  ujxm 
tlic  institution  of  slavery,  and  upon  the  rights  and 
(■([uality  of  the  southern  states,  had  continued  with  in- 
cii'asing  violence,  the  legislature  resolved  that  it  was 
their  deliberate  judgment  in  general  assend)ly,  tliat 
the  slave-holding  states  should  ininu>diately  meet,  and 
a(loi»t  measures  for  united  action;  that  the  resolutions 
should  be  communicated  by  the  governor  to  all  the 
slave  states,  with  the  earnest  request  that  they  would 
appoint  deputies,  and  adopt  measures  to  promote  said 
mei'ting;  and  that  for  the  purpose  of  preparation  for 
an  emergency,  the  sum  of  3 100,000  should  be  appro- 
priated for  military  contingencies." 

On  the  receipt  of  these  resolutions,  Governor 
Houston  in  Januarv,  1800,  addressed  a  messaoe  on 
the  subject  to  both  houses  of  the  state  congress. 
The  document  is  somewhat  lengthy,  comprising  six- 
ti'en  8vo  pages,  and  is  an  able  exposition  of  argumiMits 
against  the  doctrines  of  nullification  and  secession. 
Houston  entered  his  unqualified  }>rotest  against  the 
principles  enunciated  in  the  resolutions.  To  nullify 
constitutional  laws  would  not  allay  the  existing  dis- 
cord. Separation  from  the  union  would  not  n-niovc 
the  unjust  assaults  made  by  a  class  in  the  north  upon 
tlic  institutions  of  the  south;  "thev  would  exist  from 
like  i)assions,  and  like  feelings  under  anv  u'overnnient." 
"Tlie  union."  he  remarks,  "was  intended  as  a  per- 
petuity. In  accepting  the  conditions  inq)osed  prioc 
^1  becoming  a  part  of  the  conftMleiaev,  tlu;  states 
lifcanie  part  of  the  nation.  What  they  coneech'd 
comprises  the  ])ower  of  the  federal  govm'nnient ;  but 
over  that  which  they    did  not  concede,  tlieii-  so^•er- 

Cc^iy  of  tlic'se  rusdlutioiis  will  In;  luuinl  in  Tv.r.  S/nlr  'iVc.  iv.,  .\]i\>.   I7S- 
!»:  /In„.''f'n,i'.-:  Mesc'i'jc OH  .S.  (.',  ./("ooA,  ISUO,  No.  1.  ill  T' x.  Vol.  JJo<:.  Nn.  -J. 


^  as 


430 


CIML  WAR. 


eignty  is  as  perfect  as  is  that  of  the  union  in  its  ap- 
propriate  sphere."  With  regard  to  the  i)()sition  of 
Texas,  he  says:  "In  becoming  a  state  of  the  union, 
Texas  agreed  'not  to  enter  into  any  treaty,  alHance,  or 
confederation,  and  not,  without  the  consent  of  con- 
gress, to  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war,  enter  into  aii\- 
agreement  or  compact  with  any  other  state  or  foreign 
power.'  All  these  rights  belonged  to  Texas  as  a 
nation.  She  ceased  to  possess  them  as  a  state." 
After  quoting  the  language  of  Washington,  Jefferson. 
Madison,  Jackson,  Clay,  and  Webster,  with  regard  t( ) 
the  necessity  of  preserving  the  union,  he  called  atten- 
tion to  the  effect  of  secession  and  disunion  in  Mexico. 
where  *'a  disregard  for  a  constitutional  governmt'iit 
liad  involved  that  country  in  all  the  horrors  of  civil 
war,  with  robbery,  murder,  rapine,  unrestrained."  In 
the  event  of  disruption  of  the  United  States,  to  all 
these  evils  would  be  added  the  combined  efforts  of 
the  powers  of  tyranny  to  crush  out  liberty.  In  con- 
clusion he  recommended  "the  adoption  of  resolutions, 
dissentini'  from  the  assertion  of  the  abstract  riixht  of 
secession,  and  refusing  to  send  deputies  for  any  present 
existing  cause,  and  urging  upon  the  peoi)le  of  all  the 
states,  north  and  south,  the  necessity  c  '  cultivatiny' 
brotherl}'  feeling,  observing  justice,  and  attendhig  to 
their  own  affairs." 

This  message,  with  which  the  resolutions  of  tlie 
general  assembly  of  South  Carolina  were  transmittid, 
was  referred  bv  tlie  senate  to  the  committee  on  state 
affairs,  and  by  tlie  house  of  representatives  to  the 
couuuittee  on  federal  relations.  The  former  commit- 
tee was  unanimous  in  the  opinion  that  the  union  and 
constitution  should  be  preserved  and  defended,  but  it 
was  divided  as  to  the  form  of  the  joint  resolutions  to 
be  submitted  to  the  senate.  Those  reported  by  the 
mnjority,  while  expressing  the  firm  resolution  to  de- 
fi'nd  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  supjunt 
the  union,  at  the  same  time  maintanied  the  doctrine 
of  state  deft3nce  against  aggressions.     It  was  further 


STA'JE  RIGHTS  AND  WRON<iS. 


4S1 


)f  tlie 
itttil, 
state 
)  till' 
mmit- 
II  and 
l)Ut  it 
)ns  to 
DV  the 
to  (Ir- 
Injuil't 
•trine 


declared  that  the  statutes  of  several  of  the  noii-slave- 
lioltliijg"  states  nullifying  the  fugitive  slave  laws,  and 
the  purpose  of  the  dominant  political  party  in  the 
northern  states,  called  the  black  rei)ul)licaii  party,  to 
use,  if  it  could  get  possession  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment, all  the  powers  of  that  government  for  the  ex- 
termination of  slavery,  were  all  in  violation  of  the 
sjiirit  and  principles  of  the  constitution.  In  view  of 
tills  danger,  Texas  appealed  to  the  people  of  tlu^  oth«»r 
states  to  prove,  in  the  ensuing  state  and  federal  elec- 
tions, their  devotion  to  the  constitution  and  the  union, 
and  to  the  sovereignty  and  equality  of  states.  In 
case  the  appeal  should  be  disregarded,  the  subject  of 
|)i(Sont  and  probable  exigencies  was  connuendcd  to 
the  consideration  of  the  people  of  Texas,  to  devise 
ways  and  means  of  maintaining  the  lights  and  liber- 
ties of  the  states. 

The  johit  resolutions  reported  by  the  minority  of 
the  connnittee  on  state  affairs  were  far  more  defmite. 
It  was  resolved  that  the  state  did  not  admit  thi'  con- 
stitutional risrht  of  a  state  to  secede;  that  secession 
was  a  voluntary'  act,  and  could  only  be  justified  by 
oppressive  infractions  of  the  constitution  by  the  gen- 
eral government;  that  nothing,  as  yet,  had  been  done 
by  that  government  to  justify  such  revolutionary  ac- 
tion, and  Texas  therefore  held  the  resolutions  of  South 
Carolina  to  be  premature  and  unnecessary,  and  de- 
clined to  appoint  deputies;  that  the  ])eojiie  of  Texas, 
however,  solenmly  warned  their  northern  brethren 
against  tht!  fanaticism  of  the  abolitionists  and  black 
republicans.  Whenever  an  assault  was  made  u[)<»n 
slavery  by  those  wiehling  the  powers  of  the  federal 
U'lvtirnnunit,  Texas  would  resist  such  aooression  1>\' 
evtiy  means  in  her  power.  Whenever  the  federal 
<«(>v(>rnnu!nt  becanu'  powerless  to  protect  the  rights  of 
the  states,  it  ceased  to  answer  the  purpose  for  which 
it  was  instituted,  and  the  union  would  no  longer  be 
Worth  maintaininuf.     In  the  event  of  such  being  the 


case 


Texas 


s   would    aijain    laise 


the    revolutionarv 


^%  1 


P 

'!■' 

f"' 

Ii 

'is 

ij 

.%.i 

i 

^1 

v. 

if 

i! 

''- 

1     .li 

i 


482 


CIV  IF.  WAK. 


^1 


'if 


staiulard,  as  in  the  struggle  of  1835  and  1836,  when 
tlie  ^Mexican  confederation  became  the  corrupt  re])re- 
sentative  of  mere  forms  of  constitutional  liberty.  In 
such  a  contest,  the  people  would  act  with  those  who 
opposed  a  common  danger,  holding  an  aggression  on 
the  riglits  of  any  one  of  her  sister  states  as  an  aggres- 
sion upon  her  own ;  but  rather  than  submit  to  a  vio- 
lation of  their  constitutional  rights,  they  would,  if 
necessary,  simple-handed  and  alone,  acjain  unfurl  tlio 
banner  of  the  Lone  Star."* 

Majority  and  minority  reports  were  also  submitted 
to  the  house  of  representatives  by  the  conmiitt(H,'  on 
federal  relations.  In  the  former,  it  was  resolved  tliat 
whenever  one  secticm  of  the  union  presumed  upon  its 
strength  for  the  oppression  of  the  other,  the  constitu- 
tion became  a  mockery ;  that  Texas  would  neither 
violate  any  federal  right,  nor  submit  to  any  violation 
of  her  rights  by  federal  authorities;  that  she  would 
not  submit  to  the  degradation  threatened  by  the 
black  republican  party,  but  would  sooner  reassert  her 
independence,  and  again  enter  upon  a  national  career: 
that  Texas  pledged  herself  to  any  one  or  more  of  the 
states  te  cooperate  with  them,  should  it  become  neces- 
sary,  to  resist  federal  wrong. 

The  report  of  the  minority  was  similar  in  spirit  to 
that  presented  by  the  minority  of  the  committee  on 
state  affairs.  It  was  denied  that  any  of  the  alleged 
evils  were  ascribable  to  the  legitimate  operations  of 
the  federal  government,  but  were  chargeable  to  tlu' 
disloyalty  of  those  who,  by  obstructing  the  laws  and 
authorities,  were  themselves,  designedly  or  undesign- 
edly, enemies  of  the  union.  The  dissolution  of  the 
union  wt)uld  cure  no  evils,  biit  on  the  contrary,  would 
be  the  source  of  unnumbered  evils;  the  minority  dis- 
sented from  the  doctrines  of  secession  and  nullification: 
tluy  deemed  it  hu'X})edient  to  send  deputies  to  a  con- 
vention of  the  slave-holding  states,  as  invited  by  South 
Carolina,  and  it  was  their  opinion  that  there  was  no 

^Copy  of  joint  rusolutious  projjoscd  iu  Tec.  SlaU'  ilaz.,  iv,,  app.  177  ^ 


SECRET  OROANIZATION. 


433 


sufficient  cause  to  justify  Texas  in  taking  the  incipient 
sttps  for  a  dissolution  of  the  union/ 

It  will  be  perceived  that,  with  the  exception  of  the 
iiiiijority  report  of  the  committee  on  federal  relations, 
tlit^  sentiments  expressed  were  in  all  main  points  in 
lianuonv  with  Houston's  views.  But  the  year  1800 
Wiis  one  of  unprecedented  agitation,  caused  by  the 
(xc  itement  over  the  canvass  for  the  presidential  elec- 
tinii.  A  great  national  crisis  was  at  hand.  By  the 
platform  adopted  by  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion, which  met  at  Chicago  on  May  IGth,  it  was 
denied  that  the  authority  of  congress  or  of  a  territo- 
rial legislature  could  give  legal  existence  to  slavery 
ill  any  territory  of  the  United  States.  The  ballots 
resulted  in  the  nomination  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  who 
was  elected  president  by  a  large  majority  of  the  elec- 
toral college's  votes.* 

^rtantime  in  Texas  the  democratic  confederate 
leaders  had  not  been  idle  after  their  defeat  at  the 
polls.  They  now  had  recourse  to  a  secret  organiza- 
tion, and  the  same  men  who  had  denounced  the  know- 
iiotliino"  society  availed  themselves  of  the  services  of 
a  secret  orijanization,  known  as  the  Kniifhts  of  the 
(Joldcn  Circle,  which  had  been  formed  some  years 
bciforc  with  the  object  of  establishing  an  empire,  the 
foundation  of  which  was  to  rest  on  the  institution  of 
slavery.  The  boundary  of  this  visionary  empire  was 
to  be  the  circumference  of  a  golden  circle,  as  it  was 
called  by  the  projectors,  having  for  its  centre  Habana, 
ill  Cuba,  and  a  radius  of  sixteen  geographical  degrees. 
It  would  extend  to  the  isthmus  of  Pananul  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pennsylvania  line  on  the  .north,  and 
include  the  West  Indies,  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  and  the  largest  portions  of  Mexico  and  Central 
Ainorica.  Under  the  auspices  of  this  society,  all  the 
filibustering  movements  during  the  period  from  1850 
and   1807   were   undertaken,  but   on   the   failure  of 

♦Copy  of  reporta  in  fd.,  166-7. 

'Lincoln  obtained  180  votes,  Breckenritlge  72,  Bull  39,  and  Douglaa  12. 

Hist.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  U.   28 


\\\ 


I,       ^ 


1  1: 


lii 


434 


CIVIL  WAR. 


Walker's  expedition  in  Nicaragua,  the  organization 
was  partially  broken  up.  The  more  persistent  of  its 
members,  however,  still  devoted  their  energies  to  tlio 
accomplishment  of  disunion,  and  the  baffled  secession- 
ist party  in  Texas  turned  to  them  for  assistance.  In 
18 no,  two  members  of  the  order,  George  W.  Bicldt  y 
and  his  nephew,  were  employed  to  organize  "castlts," 
or  lodges,  in  Texas,  receiving  as  remuneration  for 
their  work  the  initiation  fees  paid  by  incoming  iiicin- 
bers.  Such  castles  were  soon  established  in  uvciv 
principal  town  and  village  in  the  state,  and  aiiioii;^ 
the  knights  of  this  order  were  many  members  of  tliu 
legislature  and  prominent  politicians.  It  became  a 
power  in  the  land.  By  its  influence  the  sentiincnts 
of  the  people  were  revolutionized;  from  its  fold  wwa 
drawn  the  first  armed  rebels  in  Texas,  under  tlio  fa- 
mous ranger,  Benjamin  McCullough;  it  furnislud 
the  vigilance  committees ;  and  to  its  members  were 
charged  murders  and  incendiary  acts  committed  dur 
ing  the  war.     So  says  Newcomb.' 

No  sooner  was  it  known  that  the  majority  of  elec- 
tors cliosen  on  November  6th  were  in  favor  of  Lin- 
coln than  South  Carolina  took  the  initiative,  and 
called  for  a  convention  of  the  southern  states,  to  iiieit 
at  Columbia,  December  17th.  Heavy  pressure,  too, 
was  brought  to  bear  upon  Houston  to  force  him  to 
call  a  special  session  of  the  legislature,  to  whldi  lie 
finally  yielded,  much  against  his  will,  appointing  Jan- 
uary 21,  1861,  as  the  day  for  its  assembly.  His  pre- 
vious views  were  now  slightly  modified,  thouu,li  lie 
was  still  as  strongly  opposed  to  secession  as  e\  t  r.  hi 
his  message  to  congress,  when  it  met  at  the  appointed 
time,  he  stated  that  he  felt  the  necessity  of  the  slave- 
holding  states'  taking  action  to  secure  to  the  fullt  st 
extent  their  rights,  but  he  could  not  reconcile  hi> 
mind  to  the  idea  that  safety  demanded  an  innnediate 
separation  from  the  federal  government  before  Inniiii,' 


350, 


*'l''liiup.,  C-7;  LoHsinjn  Jlist.  Civ.  Wm;  i.  187;  Oreelei/'s  Ainer.  Coiijlkt,l 


CHANGE  OF  OPINION. 


435 


stated  their  grievances  and  demanded  redress.  While 
(li[)loring  the  election  of  Lincoln,  he,  r  vcrtheless,  did 
not  yet  see  in  that  event  any  cause  for  the  secession 
ot  Texas.  He  believed,  however,  that  the  time  had 
jinived  when  the  southern  states  should  coopt^rate, 
and  take  counsel  together.  Such  a  convention  as 
that  contemplated  by  the  joint  resolution  of  February 
K),  1858,  would,  he  believed,  soon  be  held,  and  desir- 
ing that  the  people  of  Texas  should  be  represented  in 
it,  lie  had  ordered  an  election  for  that  purpose  to  be 
lield  on  the  first  Monday  in  February  1861.  Since 
the  issue  of  his  proclamation,  four  of  the  southern 
btates  had  declared  themselves  no  lon<j:er  members  of 
the  union.'  The  interests  of  Texas,  he  said,  were 
identified  with  those  of  the  remaining  states,  which, 
as  yet,  had  taken  no  action.  If  by  joining  her  coun- 
brls  with  theirs  such  assurances  could  be  obtained  of 
a  tietermination  on  the  part  of  the  northern  states  to 
1  OLjard  the  constitutional  rights  of  tlic  south  as  would 
induce  the  states  which  had  seceded  to  rescind  their 
action,  the  end  attained  would  silence  the  reproaches 
of  the  rash  and  inconsiderate.  He  also  called  att(  n- 
tion  to  the  necessity  of  providing  against  Indian  hos- 
tilities, and  f<jr  the  wants  of  an  empty  treasury. 

Houston  thus  stood  to  his  principles.  He  still 
hoped  that  disunion  might  be  avoided  by  temperate 
I'l^presentations  of  a  convention  of  the  southern  states. 
But  tlie  operations  of  the  knights  of  the  golden  circle 
had  already  had  dire  effect  in  Texas.  The  voices  of 
tho  unionists  were  silenced  by  threats,  by  the  s);fc- 
tacle  of  the  corpses  of  outspoken  advocates  of  frco- 
ftato  principles  hanging  from  the  trees,*  and  by  the 
destroy'  ig  flames  of  incendiary  fires.     The  legislature, 

"These  tiites  were  South  Carolina,  which  seceded  on  Dec.  20,  18G0; 
Mis  i.v-iippi,    a  Jan.  9,  1861;  Florida,  Jan.  10th;  and  Alabama,  Jan.  Jltli. 

M)!!  IXh'  4,  1800,  Senator  Clingman  from  North  Carolina,  after  remark- 
ing that  the  senator  from  New  York  was  reported  to  have  siiid  that  Toxas 
WHS  excited  l)y  '  free  debate,'  ma<le  me  of  these  words  in  the  senate:  'Will, 
^iI•.  a  senator  froni  Te.\as  told  me  the  other  day  that  a  good  many  of  those 
tleljattrs  wore  hanging  up  by  the  trees  in  that  country!'  row/.  OlJie,  18(iO  I, 
pt  i.,  4,    The  seuaturs  from  Texas  were  John  Hemphill  and  Louis  T.  WigfaU. 


ip»' 


{!"*(! 


rrj  I 


I       I;. 


Bl"i 


I 


436 


CIVIL  WAR, 


too,  was  packed  with  members  of  the  order.  li^ior- 
inir  tlic  <(()\'ern()r'3  proclamation,  the  knights  procrcdcd 
to  hasten  n)atter3,  and  on  January  8th  sixty  of  them 
issued  a  call  for  a  state  convention,  to  meet  at  Austin 
on  tlie  28t]i  of  that  month,  the  chief  justices  of  the 
counties  being  recommended  to  order  the  f>pening  of 
the  polls  at  tlie  different  precincts  for  tlie  election  of 
delegates  to  said  convention.  The  election  was  held 
January  8th,  polls  being  opened  by  the  knights  of  tlie 
golden  circle  wherever  judges,  loyal  to  the  union,  re- 
fused to  obe}'  the  call.  By  the  mass  of  the  people, 
the  proceeding  was  regarded  as  irregular,  and  out  of 
the  whole  number  of  voters  in  the  state  not  iiion; 
than  10,000  appeared  at  the  polls.'  Barely  half  of 
the  counties  were  represented  by  the  people. 

But  the  confederate  party  had  the  upper  hand,  and 
was  determined  to  push  matters  to  a  crisis.  The 
legislature  by  a  joint  res(dution  recognized  the  iiifor- 
mally  elected  delegates,  and  declared  the  convention 
a  l(\gally  constituted  assend^ly."  Houston's  veto  wr.s 
overruled,  and  on  the  appointed  day  the  convention 
met  at  Austin.  On  February  1st  the  ordinance  of 
secession  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  167  to  7,  subject  to 
ratification  or  rejection  by  a  vote  of  the  people  on  the 
23d.  Without  waiting  till  the  result  was  known  tlu' 
convention  proceeded  to  appoint  a  "committee  of 
public  safety"  to, which  secret  instructions  were  given. 
It,  moreover,  appointed  delegates  "to  the  confederate 
convention  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  and  luixini; 
tlius  assumed  the  power  to  act  before  the  will  of  t!ie 
people  was  expressed,  adjourned  to  March  2d. 

The  committee  of  safety  precipitated  events  In  a 
still  more  arbitrary  manner.     It  usurped  the  poweis 

"  'rhr'ill,  jJiige  381,  docs  not  represent  the  opinions  of  the  Tex.uis  in  thiir 
trill!  hg'iit  with  respect  to  tliis  matter.  He  says,  'the  people,  by  cdiiniinii 
consent,  on  tlie  8th  of  January,  elected  delegates  to  a  state  conventiim. 

""'  In  the  house  the  resolution  passed  with  little  opposition.  In  tlic  s,  iriii- 
a  Mul).stitnte  resolution  was  offered  hy  one  of  the  members,  to  the  etffi't  tn.it 
an  election  should  he  held  for  a  convention  to  meet  on  March  4th  follnwiiig: 
it  was  lost  hy  a  vote  of  20  nays  to  10  yeas. 

"Namely,  .John  H.  Reagan,  Lewis  T.  Wigfall,  John  Hemphill,  AViUiaiu 
S.  Oldliam,  John  Gregg,  and  W.  B.  Ochiltree.   TImUt,  408. 


COMMl'lTEE  OF  SAFETY. 


•»:{7 


TIh" 


bs  in  a 

ks  HI  tln'ii' 

tion.' 
l\w  senate 
i'fi't  mat 
Itollnwnig; 

AVlUiain 


(if  tlic  Gxecutivc,  ami  .a|)])()intt'(l  three  ooininiHsioiiers, 
Tlininas  J.  Devine,  V.  N.  Luekett,  aiul  S.  A.  Mavt>- 
iick,  to  treat  with  Oeiuiral  Twiij;ii;s,  in  coimnaiid  of 
flic  United  States  forces  in  Texas,  f»»r  tlie  surreiidtr 
of  Ills  anny  and  the  national  posts  and  property. 
TwijJtgs  was  aln^ady  in  ronnnunication  with  the  eon- 
federates,  and  when  ii  January  Governor  Houston 
]i;id  imjuirod  of  him  contidentially  as  to  what  disposi- 
ti(»n  would  be  made  of  the  public  i)ro})erty  hi  Tixus, 
lie  evasively  replied,  on  the  22d,  that  he  had  re- 
ceived no  instructions  from  Washington  in  regard  to 
tlic  <lisposition  of  the  public  proi)ei"ty  or  of  the  troops, 
ill  the  event  of  the  state's  secedlnj^.  "Afti'r  secession," 
lie  wrote,  "if  the  executive  of  the  state  makes  a  <1('- 
iiunid  on  the  commander  of  the  de|)artment  he  will 
receive  an  answ(>r."  In  his  communications  with  tlie 
coiMinissioners,  Twiggs  required  of  them  to  supjHirt 
tlicii-  demand  with  sonu^  show  of  force,  and  on  Feb- 
ruary IGth  Ben  McCullough,''  with  a  party  of  be- 
tween 300  and  400  men,  took  possessiitn  of  the  main 
si|uare  of  San  Antonio,  the  Alamo  h;i\ing  been  cap- 
tured that  morning  by  a  body  of  tin  knights.  ()n 
tli<;  18th,  an  agreement  was  entered  into,  and  Twiggs 
surrendered  the  national  forces  stationed  in  Texas,  to 
tlic  immber  of  2,500  men,'^  all  the  forts,  arsenals,  and 
military  po.sts,'*  and  the  public  stores  and  munitions 
(if  war  valued  at  $1,200,000,  cost  price. 

'lloAvasa  native  of  Tennessee,  went  to  Texas  during  the  time  of  the 
rcvoliitidu,  and  coininanileil  a  cannon  in  the  liattle  of  San  .lacinto.  After 
tin:  iiiilcpetidence  of  Texas  lie  was  cajitaiii  of  a  company  of  rangers.  l)iir- 
iiij;  tlie  warof  secession  lie  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  tlie  conted('rato 
aniiv,  and  was  killed  ill  the  second  day's  tight  at  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas, 
M^iivli  m,  1802.   T/mill,  389. 

''  By  tlie  terms  of  the  agreement  the  U.  S.  troops  were  to  leave  the  soil 
(if  tliu  state  hy  the  M'ay  of  the  coast,  heing  allowed  to  retain  their  arms. 
Wliilo  in  Matagorda  Bt  ,,  4r)0  of  these  soldiers  under  .Major  Sildcy,  on 
li'iaid  of  two  schooners  for  transportation,  were  captured,  April  '2-i,  isdl, 
I'V  the  confederate  otlicer,  Major  Karle  Van  I)orii,  who  then  ]p|'oce('<lcd  w  ith 
l.'ilHI  men  to  San  Antonio,  where  he  made  prisimers  of  .^(X)  more,  under  Col 
Jltivc  on  May  9th  foUowing.  This  was  an  infraction  of  tlie  agiifiiuiit. 
Siirrniiih,  til,  Klip.,  10-12;  Losxiuij,  ul  sup.,  i.  2G5-73;  U.  S.  Sin.  J/mc  />(«•., 
long.  ."{7,  sess.  1,  no.  i.  19-'_'0. 

''Tlie  military  posts  and  ports  in  Texas  occupied  hy  the  IT.  .S.  troups  at 
tlii-i  time  were  as  follows:  Camp  CVioper.  Fort  Cliadhourne,  Ciimp  Ciil(ira<lo, 
i'urt  Bliss,  Fort  Quitnuiu,  Fort  Mason,  Fort  Stockton,  Fort  Lancaster,  Fort 


m 


«:« 


CIVIL  WAR. 


ii.  ■ 


A  few  days  before  the  jxjpular  vote  was  tukcti 
Houston  dellverod  a  speech  from  tlio  balcony  of  the 
Trcniont  House,  in  (jJalveston,  to  the  excited  puMic 
on  the  qut!stlon  of  secession.  His  |)ersonal  friends, 
fijii-in^  that  violence  would  be  offered,  entivated  liim 
to  r«!niain  (juiet.  But  ho  was  not  to  be  stopped  liv 
any  ap})rehension  of  dan<j;er.  He  stood  erect  bttoic 
the  people,  and  in  prephetic  language  pictured  t<» 
them  the  dark  future.  "Some  of  you,"  he  saiil. 
"laugh  to  scorn  the  idea  of  bloodshed  as  a  result  (f 
secession,  and  jocularly  i>roi)ose  to  drink  all  the  hldud 
that  will  ever  flow  in  consequence  of  itl  But  let  nic 
tell  vou  what  is  comhig  on  the  heels  of  secessidii: 
The  time  will  come  when  your  fathere  and  hushjuids, 
your  sons  and  brothers,  will  be  herded  together  like 
sheei)  and  cattle  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and 
your  mothers  and  wives,  and  sisters  hdX  daughtti-s, 
will  ask,  Where  are  they?  You  may,  after  the  sacii- 
fiee  of  countless  millions  of  treasure,  and  hundreds  (if 
thousands  of  precious  lives,  as  a  bare  possibility,  \,  in 
southern  independence,  if  God  be  not  against  you; 
but  I  doubt  it.  I  tell  you  that,  while  I  believe  with 
you  hi  the  doctrines  of  state  rights,  the  north  is  de- 
termined to  preserve  this  union.  They  are  not  a  fiery 
impulsive  people  as  you  are,  for  they  live  in  cooler 
climates.  But  when  they  begin  to  move  in  a  given 
direction,  where  great  interests  are  involved,  such  as 
the  i)resent  issues  before  the  country,  they  move  Avith 
the  steady  momentum  and  perseverance  of  a  mi!j;hty 
avalanche,  and  what  I  fear  is  they  will  overwhelm  the 
soutli  with  ignoble  defeat."  He  expressed  the  belief 
that  the  existhiir  dithculties  could  be  solved  bv  peace- 
able  means.  Otherwise,  he  would  say,  "Better  die 
freemen  vhau  live  slaves."     Whatever  course  Texas 


Davis,  Camp  Hirlson,  Camp  Verde,  Camp  Ives,  Camp  Wood,  Fort  Clark, 
Sail  Antonio  liiirracks.  Fort  Inge,  Fort  Duncan,  Fort  Mcintosh,  KiiiL's-'i'liI 
Hiirracks,  Camp  Palo  Alto,  and  Fort  Brown.  DistunielC.i  U.  S.  Rufi-ilrr.  I  Mil 
G'2,  (ii'-3:  Tex.  Aim.,  lS(iO,  144-0.  In  U.S.  .!/<'.«.  <ni(l  Doc.,  IWKHil.  •JIn  Jl, 
three  otiicr  camps  appear  ou  the  list,  situated  ou  tlie  Kio  Graude  beUi\\  Fort 
Biugguld. 


HOUSTON'S  DEPOSAL  AND  PROTEST. 


h]i()u1(1  dctcrmino  to  pursue,  liis  faith  in  state  suproni- 
jiiv  and  stutt!  riglits  wouhl  carry  his  Hyinpathlos  with 
1h  r.  As  Henry  Clay  liad  said,  "My  country,  ri>jlit 
or  wronu;,"  so  said  he  "my  state,  rigiit  or  wronj^." ' 

Oil  February  23d  the  polls  were  opened.  Houston 
had  l)eoii  rijj;ht  in  sayini;  that  l)l<K)dshed  was  not  an- 
ticiiwited.  By  most  Texans  the  possibility  of  war  was 
not  thought  of,  and  his  warninj^s  foil  on  heedless  ears. 
Austin,  tiie  capital,  San  Antonio,  and  other  western 
towns,  as  well  as  counties,  jjjavc  unii)n  majt)rities;  the 
(ircnnan  colonists,  too,  were  for  the  union;  but  in  tlie 
other  portions  of  the  state  the  vote  was  confederate. 
Out  of  70,000  lej^al  voters,'"  SH.L'oG  cast  their  votes. 
Of  this  number  31), 415  were  in  favor  of  secession  and 
13,841  aijfainst  it. 

This  result  was  known  March  5th,  and  then  the 
convention,  which  had  reassembled  on  the  'itl,  forth- 
with assumed  the  powers  of  the  government.  It  hi- 
structed  its  delegates  at  Montgomerv,  to  ask  for  tlir 
iuiniission  of  Texas  into  the  southern  confederacy  that 
liad  just  been  formed;  it  sent  a connnittee  to  Governor 
Houston  to  inform  him  of  the  cliange  in  the  political 
position  of  the  state ;  it  adopted  the  confederate  con- 
stitution; and  appointed  representatives  to  the  con- 
federate congress.  ' 

Houston  in  his  reply  to  the  convention  considered 
tliat  it  had  transcended  its  powers,  and  stated  that  he 
would  lay  the  whole  matter   before  the   legislature 


■'^: 


•^  Xorth's  Fiee  Years  in  Terns,  88-95.  Tlie  aiithor  of  this  little  Wdik  was 
iiresi'iit  on  the  occasion  of  tlii.s  speech,  and  siiiijdies  a  portion  of  it.  His 
iMMik  coutiiins  a  good  description  of  Texas,  at  tliis  time,  of  the  social  eli'inents, 
ami  tlic  different  political  parties,  some  iiistorical  events,  which  took  place 
(luring  tlie  years  18(>l-5,  heing  interspersed. 

'''Newconil),  page  8,  places  the  number  of  legal  voters  at  over  80,000, 
wliicli  seems  too  high.  Tlie  yearly  inllux,  however,  of  settlers  was  great,  as 
will  he  seen  hy  a  comparison  of  the  iininher  of  votes  cast  at  the  guherna- 
tiirial  elections  in  tlie  years  1855,  1857,  and  IS.'iO,  which  were  respectively 
4i!,H:i!»,  50,180;  and  04,0*27. 

'■During  the  confederacy,  Lewis  T.  Wigfall  and  William  S.  Ohlham, 
ri'in'cscnted  Texas  in  the  senate;  and  .John  A.  Wilcox,  C  (.'.  Herhcrt,  IVter 
\V.  Cray,  B.  F.  Sexton,  M.  D.  (Iraliam,  William  B.  Wright,  A.  M.  Branch, 
•l"iin  R.  Baylor,  S.  H.  Morgan,  Stephen  H.  Darden,  and  A.  P.  Wiley  iu  the 
house.   Thrall,  408. 


m 


m 


440 


CIVIL  WMl. 


h  i.- 


which  was  to  assemble  on  the  IStli;  whereupon  tin; 
convention  defied  his  authority,  and  ])assed  an  oidi- 
nanee  re({uirinj^  all  state  officers  to  take  the  oath  nf 
allegiance  to  the  now  u^overnnient.  Houston  and  1], 
W.  Cave,  secretary  of  state,  refused  to  take  the  ojitli; 
they  Wi're  both  deposed  by  a  (h-cree  of  tlit!  convention, 
and  l<]dward  Clark,  the  lieutenant-;j;ovfrnor,  Wiis  in- 
stalled as  the  executive.  Houston  then  appealed  to 
the  people,  and,  when  the  K\o;islature  met,  sent  in  a 
inessiiu,c'  prot(>stin;r  aLfainst  his  removal,  at  the  same 
time  statiuij;  that  he  could  l;'jt  await  their  action  and 
that  of  the  pe()})le.  If  driven  at  last  into  retirement. 
in  spite  of  the  constituti(»n  of  the  state,  he  would  not 
desert  his  eountry,  but  his  })ra,yers  for  its  peace  and 
})rosperity  would  be  ott'ered  U['  with  the  same  sin- 
cerity and  devotion  with  which  his  services  had  brei\ 
rende'red  while  occu})yinL^  public  station. 

In  his  address  to  the  public  two  days  [)reviously. 
he  denounced  the  usurpations  of  the  convention,  it 
liad  elected  delegates,  he  said,  to  the  provisiomd 
council  of  the  confederate  state's  before  Texas  had 
wlth.drawn  from  the  anion;  it  had  create<l  a  com- 
mittee of  safety,  a  portion  of  which  had  assumed  exe- 
cutive powers,  by  having  entered  into  negotiations 
with  foderal  officers,  and  caused  the  removal  of  the 
United  States  troojis  from  posts  in  the  country  ex- 
posed to  Indian  di'itredations;  it  had  deprived  the 
people  of  the  right  tt)  know  their  doings,  l)y  lioldin;^' 
its  sessions  in  secret;  it  had  ap[)ointed  military  olli- 
cers  and  agents  under  its  assumed  autho"ity  ;  it  li:id 
de<dared  that  the  people  of  Texas  ratified  'lie  consti- 
tution of  the  provisional  government  <»f  Hie  co,',  federate 
states,  had  changed  tlie  state  constitution,  an  I  esf.di- 
tablished  a  test  oath  (.f  allegiance  :  audit  h;  1  ovrr- 
thi'own  the  theory  of  free  goxcrnment  1)V  (•<•  binini;' 
in  itself  all  the  depai'tments  of  government  ai  d  ex' r- 
cising  the  powers  belonging  to  each.  Nevertheless 
Houst«»n  was  far  fron*  wishing,  that  iiis  deposal  sIhmiM 
be   the  cause  of  bloodshed.       '  I   love  Texas,"  he  de- 


li*' 'i 


IV.i'?! 


FRONTIER  TROUBLES. 


441 


clarod,  "too  well  to  bring  civil  strife  and  bloodshed 
u]M)ii  Ikt.  To  avert  this  calamity,  I  shall  make  no 
( iidcavor  to  maintain  my  authority  as  chief  executive 
(if  tlio  state,  exce[)t  by  the  peaceful  exercise  of  mv 
fiiiictiojis.  When  I  "u  no  longer  do  this  I  shall 
cidiuly  withdraw  from  the  scene,  leaving  tlie  goveni- 
iiiiiit  in  tlie  hands  of  those  who  have  usur})ed  its 
tnitlioritv,  but  still  claiming  that  I  am  its  chief  execu- 
tive" He  then  Oi'tjred  his  fonnula:  "  I  protest  in 
tlic  name  of  the  peoj>]e  of  Texas  against  all  the  acts 
and  doiiiLiS  of  tliis  convention,  and  declare  tluT^  null 

1  • 

and  void.  I  sok'imdy  protest  agamst  the  act  of  its 
iiifinhers,  who  are  bound  bv  no  oath  tlu'm.-<el\es  in 
(li ■(•lining  )iiy  office  vacant,  because  I  n^fuse  to  appear 
Ik  t't>ii>  it  and  tuke  the  oath  prescribed." 

Tlie  legislatui't!,  howi'ver,  in  face  of  a])peal,  protest, 
and  message,  sanctioned  the  proceedings  of  the  con- 
voition;  and  Clark,  who  had  ah'eady  been  sworn  in 
ell  the  IGth,  assumed  tlie  functions  of  pro\  isional 
'ii'venior  on  the  'ilst."  Houston  soon  after  left  the 
("i[)ital  and  retired,  to  private  life. 


During  the  last  two  years  Texas  had  hoon  unusu- 
ally harassed  by  depredations  committed  on  her  fron- 
t'his.  After  the  removal  of  the  Indians  fr(^m  the 
iv>t  vaiions  in  Young  county,  the  hostility  of  the 
ii.itiv(  races  was  hitensiHed,  and  the  noithern  and 
wtstern  borders  were  subject  to  all  the  horrors  of 
savage  warfare.  The  United  States'  troops  anil 
Texan  rangers  engaged  in  fretjuent  oonfliets  with 
tliese  subtle  enemies,  and  many  wearsome  expi'- 
(llii(>ns  were  undertaken  in  pursuit  of  bands  which  had 
ii((  uni[)lished  successful  raids,  leaving  behind  tlu'in 
iirva^talion  and  di'ath.  For  hundtt'ds  t>f  miles  alonij 
tlif  frontier,  nuniei-ous  small  parties  of  from  six  to 
tii'tei  n  warrior?  simultaneously  attacked  settlements, 
aiuj  generally  escaped  v.lthout  punishment.'''     Son)e 


'■  .Vr  (cv)/,,/,,  ,1/.  Slip.,  >S-'t;  /.<).. -v'///,  II f.  sup.,  i.   ]SS-',K);   T/ir<ill,  .'W">-<).  'MVl. 
'^<inv.    Houston  rt'iiortucl,  .Miircli,    111,   iMiO,    tliat  (luring  the   la.st    tour 


Ill 


442 


CIVIL  WAR. 


i^S 


savRLifos  were  ocrasioiially  Ivilled  in  tlioso  enrouiitcis. 
but  many  of  tlie  tr()o[)s  oniploycd  in  this  ti'dious  and 
(losultorv  service — so  ay^ixravatiiii;  to  the  soldkr  — 
also  fell." 

At  tliis  epoch  the  native  tribes,  with  one  exception, 
no  longer  occupied  the  lauds  within  tlie  settlements. 
The  more  savage  had  been  (b'iven  to  the  distant,  and 
as  yet  unsettled,  borders  of  the  state,  wliile  tliosc 
of  [)eaceable  habits  and  in(histrious  disposition  had 
been  ex[)elk!d.  The  exception  alluded  to  was  a  hand 
of  emigrants  from  tlie  Creek  nation,  which,  eaily  in 
the  century,  considering  tlie  contest  witli  tlu;  wluti' 
race  as  ]io[>eless,  souglit  a  home  in  Texas,  and  .settled 
near  Alabama  creek  on  land  Iving  between  tliat  sti'eain 
and  Trinity  river.  These  luiHans  were  princi|)ally 
Alabamas  and  C(  ashattas,  a  few  Muscogees  <»nly  Kc- 
ing  united  with  them.  From  tlie  time  o!'  lidr  arrival 
they  persistently  i;ursued  a  peac(>ful  pcdit  \  .  content 
to  cultivate  tlieir  clearings,  tend  their  flocks  and 
herds,  and  wIhmi  tlieir  crops  wi're  garnered,  indulm' 
in  their  j)assion  for  tlie  chase.  When  Texas  heean 
to  i)e  settkul  by  Anglo-Anjericans,  they  still  remained 
steatlfast  to  their  ])eace  policy,  and  ever  showed  them- 
selves faltliful  to  tlie  new-comers.  Thotigh  abstain- 
ing from  giving  oll'ence,  their  loyalty  was  often  soivly 


months,  ."))  ])i'rsons  liuil  liocn  iminlered,  and  probably  as  many  wounilnl  unl 
mailo  prisDUers.      /'.  .V.   //.  Er.  Jhi,:,  ((MIi:.  ."{(),  scss.   1,  \.i.  ;VJ,   l;{<t    I'J, 

-•"('.nisult  ['.  S.  .l/'>w.  ,ii,il.  />,„:.  IStlO  CI,  IS  ,-)!,  |'.):{  -Jo;).  Hy  an  act 
of  congruss,  .-Vjivil  7,  IS.'vS,  tlio  ]in.'siili'nt  w.is  atitbdrizod  to  ru'Cfiivo  ititci  tlio 
service  of  the  U.  S.  a  regiment  of  moiinteii  vohmteerri  for  the  jiroteitimi  nf 
the  Texan  frontier.  C  S.  II.  Join:,  eong.  'M\,  sess.  I,  'J.'iS.  On  .luiie  'Jl.  l>ii«l 
an  aet  was  aiijiroveil,  providing  for  tlie  re])ayment,  to  Texas,  ol  iin'iu  vs 
ailvaneed  in  payment  of  vohniteer.s  eallel  out  by  t'ompetent  amh'iritv 
since  Feb.  'JS,  IS,")."),  for  the  defense  of  the  frontiei's,  provided  tli.it  the 
amount  (Ud  not  exceed  .SI  •_>;{, .")44.  Cniiit.  Ololu',  1S.")!»(;(),  Api".  -IS'.t.  ClaiiiK 
for  iiidenniity  for  spoliations  bv  Indians  were  made  tiy  Texas  aL'ain  t 
the  U.  S.  g.Ivernuient.  A/.,  KS.i'.)  tiO,  '.HUC),  '.MCT,  'JlSli,  ■;?i:f'.l.  T.  >.  II. 
Com.  N(']>/.,  Cong.  'M>,  sess.  1,  iv.,  no.  .")i).").  In  an  expedition  in  !''■''■• 
for  a  topographical  reconnoissanee  between  ttie  I'ecos  river  and  lln' 
l\i()  (iraude,  conducte<l  liy  Lioit.  Kdward  L.  Ilartz,  '_'4  can  els  wn.  in- 
iiloyed  to  test  their  usefidness  as  a  means  of  militaiy  transportation.  I.i.  ut. 
Hart/  sent  in  to  tlie  government  an  interestmg  rep.irt  in  tiie  form  ol  a  liiiv. 
exteniling  from  May  IS  to  .\ug.  7,  |S.")!I.  .i/i.s.<.  (iii'l  f)or.,  colig.  Mli,  -r-~.  1. 
pt  ii.  4'J'_'41.  Tiiough  the  report  was  not  unfavoralile  as  to  the  useluluoss 
of  thubu  auiiudU,  thu  uiuploymciit  ut'  thuui  Wtu  iiuuu  dibcuutmuoU. 


MEXICAN  OUTRAGES. 


443 


tri.d  by  outrages  coininltted  by  un])i'luci|)l("(l  iiu'U, 
\v':<)  I'l'oiii  time  to  t'unv  would  rob  them  of  tlicir  crops 
and  cattle.  Their  })atk'iice  under  tlicse  wrongs  was 
(•\cinplary;  tliey  abstained  from  reprisal  wlieii  no  re- 
(liv'ss  could  be  obtained,  and  were  gratefully  tliankful 
when  justice  was  meted  out  to  tluMU.  These  Indians 
thus  won  many  friends;  public  opinion  sustained  them, 
and  tlie  legislature  of  Texas  took  them  under  its  pi'o- 
t(  ction,  and  })urchasi'd  a  tract  (»f  land  for  them.  Tiny 
\v.i('  a  (hicile,  lios[)itabl(>.  warm-hearted  people,  easily 
vi  strained  from  t)ver-indulgeiU'e  in  spirituous  Itiiuoi's, 
clirtiful  and  hui:v)rous,  generous  and  unselfisli;  and 
what  is  a  special  n.ark  of  their  kindly  nature,  their 
Women  wer'e  treated  with  a  degri'«  of  consideration 
111  it  to  be  observed  among  other  savage  tribes."' 

While  the  northern  and  western  frontiers  were 
depredated  bv  the  stealthilv  conducted  foravs  of  sav- 
ages,  the  southern  borders  on  the  ]lio  (irande  were 
sulijected  to  more  open  hostilities,  carried  on  by  out- 
laws and  banditti  undi'r  the  leadership  of  Cortina.'" 
This  i)order  rutiian  and  liis  uani"'.  in  pursuit  of  their 
hiisiness  as  dealers  in  stock,  liad  long  been  notorious 
t"  r  their  frecjuent  robbery  of  cattle,  and  (h'predations 
(itmniitted  on  Texan  territory.  Comiectetl  with  this 
ei'gaiu/.ation  was  a  uund)er  of  ^Fexican  citi/ens.  who, 
(■ro-;sing  the  rivi'r,  took  ])art  in  marauding  ex[)editions, 
iiiid  witli  tlu'ir  companions  removed  their  booty  to 
•Mexiiun  soil,  evading  all  attc>mpts  to  pun'isli  them. 
As  \'i)Y  Cortina,  he  made  either  countrv  his  asvluni  in 


'Till'  aliiivc  ;ii\'(Uiiit  iif  lliis  sittlciiiciit  is  (ilitaiiicil  iVniii  Mil  artii'lc  in  tliu 
7'  .  Alui.,  IMll,  |-_'r>  ."il.  tlic  writer  of  wlii.'h  stiitrs  tliiit  his  <.'.Htiiiiatf  nt'  tlio 
cli.ir.u'tiT  of  tliiv-o  liiiliaiis  was  liasiil  mi  "JO  years' dlisi'rvatiim.  See  also  A/., 
I'^i'i'.'.  l.")7.  wlicri'  his  views  are  iielnrseil.  'I'lie  iimiiher  nf  tlie  Iiuliaiis  in  Ivl'.t 
M,i>  r.iii-^iih'ri'cl  til  lie  less  than  ."ifMt. 

•-.iiiaii  \e|i(innuein>  Cui'tiiia  was  a  native  i4  ('aniar^-n.  laitsjient  his  early 
lite  ell  a  raiu'iin  (iwihmI  liy  his  iinither  im  the  Texan  side  of  tlie  IJin  ( ir.uple, 
iiheiit  nine  miles  aliove  Hiciuiwville,  In  IS47.  he  was  eni|iliiyeil  hy  a  Mr 
S.iMiiTviUe  til  liny  nnile>,  ami  having.'  imreha^ed  a  lianil,  starti  i|  w  itli  S mier- 
ville  fer  the  interior.  When  nine  miles  distant  from  the  river,  he  niuidereil 
liN  I'liiiiluyer,  and  sold  the  animals  to  the  U.  S.  jiovt  at  lira/us  Santiaj;o. 
l!iei:;h  indieted  for  this  eriine,  he  escaiied  arrest.  }leneeforth  he  led  a 
V!'  "ii-i  life,  assoeiated  himself  with  roliliers,  and  enj^'ajjed  in  horse  and  eattlu 
su.iluig.  L'.  iS,  Utit.  Due,  coug,  30,  seas.  1,  vol,  i.\.,  iio,  -1,  *J,  13, 


'  ^!il 


A'l' 


444 


CIVIL  WAR. 


turn,  claimiii<^  Am  rictm  and  jNTcNloan  ritlxoiislup 
alternately,  according  to  the  vigor  with  which  efilnts 
were  made  from  tiiDc  to  time  to  arrest  liim.  Sur- 
rounded, liowever,  hy  a  band  of  al)Out  seventy  despe- 
radoes, lie  was  oenerallv  ahle  to  defy  tlie  authorities. 
In  KS5!),  tliis  leader's  |)roceedings  began  to  assume  a 
political  character.  The  reader  is  already  awaic  of 
the  deep  feelings  of  hostility  whicli  existt^d  betwK  ii 
the  Anglo-Texans  and  the  !N[exican-Texans.  Of  tlie 
latter  race,  Cortina  suddenly  stood  forth  as  the  cliaiii- 
pion,  not  so  nuich  from  philanthropy  as  from  a  iv- 
vengeful  desire  to  prosecute  a  ])i'i\ate  feud  in  wlii(  li 
lie  had  involved  J limself  with  certain  hidividuals  lesid- 
ing  in  C^amtron  county. 

On  July  13,  I  851),  lie  entered  Brownsville  with  seiiie 
of  his  conijianions,  and  as  it  happened,  a  Mexican,  \v]ie 
had  formerly  been  his  servant,  was  arresti'd  by  tlie 
city  marshal,  Adolph  Glaevi'cke,  for  disturbing  the 
l)eace.  Cortina  interferi'd,  tired  upon  the  marshal. 
wounding  him  in  the  shotilder,  rescued  the  prisoin  r, 
and  escaj)ed  with  him  on  horseback  to  Matanioins, 
defvinu;  the  authorities  to  arrest  him.  This  tla«'raiit 
act  aroused  tlu'  indignation  of  the  people  of  Browiis- 
ville,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  raise  a  sufficient 
force  to  ca])ture  him,  but  failed.  Several  of  those 
most  active  on  the  occasion  were  known  to  Cortina. 
who  marked  them  as  his  enemies,  and  determined  t^ 
take  revenge. 

At  till'  hciid  of  a  mounted  body  of  men,  variously 
estimated  at  from  forty  to  eightv  in  nundjcr,  earl\  in 
tlie  morning  of  Sejitember  2Sth,  ho  entered  Browns- 
ville, and  took  possession  of  the  uni»rotected  city. 
C\>nstable  Morris  and  a  voting  man  named  Neal  weiv 
killed,'^  as  also  Johnson,  the  Jailer — who  refused  h< 
deliver  u|)  his  keys — and  two  Mexicans,  in  whose 
house  he  had  taken  refuge.     Johnson  defended  hiui- 


■t:      1 


ii 


^■' Roth   tlic><('    men  wcrv    munlorers,  hcinfj;   kiinwii    to  liiivo  killed  si  v.  i- 
McxiiMiis  ill  cdlil  liliiiiil.  iinil  hail  dcailly  I'licpiics  in  CcntiiMs  lnuul.  U.  -'•    ii- 
E.c.  iJuc.,  coug.  'M,  scss.  1,  viii.,  uo.  b'J,  Go;  Id.,  xii.,  no.  SI,  -i. 


CABRERA  AXD  CORTIXA. 


self  obstinately,  killinj^  one  of  Coitiiia's  inon,  and 
scvcrolv  woufulin«x  another  before  be  was  slain. 
Coitiiui  jiow  liberated  the  prisoners,  paraded  the 
tiiwn.  and  demanded  that  Glaeveeke  and  other  per- 
sons whoni  lie  named  should  be  delivered  nj)  to  hitn. 
Xo  attempt,  however,  was  made  tt)  plunder  the  eity, 
and  he  was  finally  indueed  by  the  T-e})reseiita,tions  oH 
tlie  ^[exiean  r<»nsul,  ^Eanuel  Tresino,  (Teueral  Cara- 
vajid.  and  influential  citizens  of  ^Fatanioras  to  abandon 
it.  i  f 0  I'otired  with  his  fellowi'i's  to  his  mother's 
liacienda.  the  raneho  del  Carmen,  which  he  convert<Ml 
into  a  military  camp. 

On  tlie  ;}()tli  of  the  same  morith,  he  issued  his  first 
]ini(laination,  in  which  he  declared  that  his  object 
was  to  i)rotect  tiiose  who  had  been  ])ersec'ited  and 
ii»bbed  on  account  of  their  Mexican  orij^in,  and  tli;it 
an  organization  havl  \)eon  formetl  for  the  ])ur[>ose  of 
cliastisiiiLij  their  enemies,  and  delivering;  tliem  from 
tlie  machinations  of  a  multitude  of  lawyers  and  others, 
wild  were  bent  upon  despoiling  Mexican-Texans  of 
tlii'ir  lands. 

It  was  claimed  that  Cortina  was  aided  by  ^lexlcan 
money  aiid  arms.  That  hi>  found  favor  in  tlie  eyes  of 
the  public  and  some  oflicials  is  more  than  ])robable; 
liiit  this  was  not  the  case  with  the  Mexican  authori- 
ties. In  res[)onse  to  an  appeal  for  protection  made 
Ity  th(>  inhabitants  of  Brownsville,  the  commander  at 
MataiMoros  sent  over  a  detachment  of  his  troops  on 
September  3()th,  and  they  were  not  withdrawn  till  all 
ilan'4'er  of  a  renewal  of  hostilities  seeni(>d  over.  But 
about  the  rjth  of  October,  Cortina  haviii'j;  bv  that 
tiii:i'  retri'ated  across  the  llio  (ilrande,  his  second  in 
cii'iiinand,  Cabrera,  was  captured  at  the  raneho  d>  1 
(';iiiiieii  bv  the  sheriff.  Cortina  threatened  to  lav 
Hiownsville  in  ashes  unless  he  was  released;  a  prom- 
inent mt>rchant  of  Matamoros  ]iassed  over  at  the  n^- 
'[Uest  of  the  most  influential  men  in  that  city,  and 
tried,  though  im^tt'ectually,  to  jiersuade  the  ])(H»])le  to 
C(.,npiy  with  the  demand;  Cai>taiu  Tobin's  com[)any 


1,1 


^^UMM 


m  iM 


If:' 


mM 


>J'^-;  I! 


446 


CIVIL  WAR. 


of  raiii^ers  arrived  a  few  days  afterward,  and  on  the 
night  of  tlieir  arrival  Cabrera  was  found  liangod. 

Cortina  now  proceeded  to  act.  He  returned  to  the 
ranclio  del  Carmen,  where  the  number  of  his  followers 
rapidly  iiiereascd.  His  movement  was  very  popular 
with  the  ]\[exican-Texans,  whose  cause  met  with  niucli 
syinj)athy  s(»utli  of  the  Ilio  Grande.  The  jx-oplr  df 
]3rownsville  a<'ahi  asked  the  authorities  at  jMatauKUds 
to  aid  them  in  repelling  tJie  threatened  attack,  and  a 
company  under  Colonel  Loranco  was  sent  over. 

On  ()ctol)er  '24th  a  combined  force  of  Mexicans  and 
Americans  with  two  i)ieces  of  artiller}'"  attacked 
Cc^rtiiia  and  compelled  him  to  retreat  into  the  cluqiar- 
ral.  An  attempt  to  dislodge  him  failed;  one  gun 
l)ecame  bogged  and  was  dismounted  on  being  dis- 
charged. The  advance  fell  back;  tlie  other  gun  was 
abandoned,  and  an  ignominious  flight  followed,  tlir 
lyic  xicans,  however,  bringing  up  the  rear.  The  guns 
remaint'd  in  the  possession  of  Cortina. 

About  Novend^er  18th  Lieutenant  Littleton  with 
thirtv  men  fell  into  an  ambuscade  and  sustain* d  a 
loss  of  three  men  killed  and  one  wounded,  and  nut' 
tak(Mi  prisoner.  On  the  23d  of  that  montli  Cortina 
issued  a  second  proclamation  in  which,  after  recount- 
ing to  the  Mexicans  in  Texas  the  grievances  sutfcivd 
by  them,  he  calls  on  them  to  join  him  in  his  enter- 
prise. He  informed  them  that  a  society  was  org'i- 
nized  in  the  state  for  the  extermination  of  tlitir 
tyrants;  that  the  veil  of  impenetrable  secrecy  covered 
"the  great  book"  in  which  the  articles  of  the  st)ci('r\'s 
constitution  were  written,  but  that  no  honorable  num 
need  have  cause  for  alarm;  and  that  the  Mexicans  nf 
Texas  re]iosed  tlieir  lot  in  the  governor  elect,  (rent  ral 
Houston,  trusting  that  he  would  give  them  legal  [I'l- 
tection  within  the  limits  of  his  power.     In  conclusion 

'-''Major  Ilointzclman,  1st  rugt  U.  S.  iufjintry,  says  in  his  roport.  Tlu' 
^It'xirau  troops  had  hut  from  S  to  I'J  rouuils  of  aimmniition,  atnl  ,,oy 'liil 
not  retreat  until  it  gave  out.  Tliey  arc  accused,  hut  I  think  nnj...  y.  i'^ 
havnii;  tired  hlauk  eartridges,  and  tliat  the  ca])  squares  -were  loosened  IimUs- 
mount  the  guu,'  Id.,  xii.,  no.  81,  5. 


•*f  3:i 


DESPERATE  ]X)INGS. 


447 


this  reprobate  cattle-stealer  ap]>ealed  to  tlie  good  iu- 
lijiliitauts  of  Texas  t(j  look  u[)ou  ^lexicans  as  broth- 
ers, "and  keep  in  mind  tliat  which  the  holy  spiiit 
saith :  Thou  siialt  not  be  the  friend  of  the  passionate 
man;  nor  join  thy  self  to  the  mad  man,  lest  thou 
Irarn  his  mode  of  W(»rk  and  scandalize  tliy  soul."  '' 

Meantinu^  more  volunteers  arrived,  and  Ca}>tain 
Tnliin  collected  about  250  men  at  Santa  Kita,  seven 
'jiilcs  from  ]^rownsville.  On  November  24th  lu;  ad- 
vanced against  Cortina  \vli<-  was  now  well  intrt^nched 
niid  proti'cted  by  the  ca[)tured  camion.  Tobin's  force 
was  a  disorganized  crowd,  and  after  receivinj:;  and  re- 
turniii'''  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  he  *>av«;  the  orcK'r  to 
fall  hack  and  wait  for  a  24-i>ounder  howitzei',  which 
lie  had  left  with  sixtv  men  at  Santa  Pita.  The  whole 
fivf.  however,  retreated  to  that  place-;  a  misunder- 
staiidiiij;'  occurred  and  some  of  the  men  returned  to 
Ihtiwnsville.  On  the  following  day  he  again  ad- 
vanced, but  agani  fell  back,  deeming  it  imprudent  to 
attack. 

Ciirtina's  force  kept  rapidly  increasing,  and  he  soon 
liad  hetwecMi  400  and  500  followers,  a  number  of  whom 
Were  criudnals  who  escaped  from  the  ])i-ison  at  Vic- 
toria, and  had  joined  him  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of 
tlic  Mexican  authorities  to  })revent  them,"" 

On  J^ecendK-r  5th  Major  Heintzilnian,  1st  regi- 
niriit  V.  S.  infantrv,  arrived  at  BrownsAille  with  122 
nl1i(Hrs  and  men,  where  he  was  joined  by  Captain 
11  ickett's  company,  1st  artillery,  of  4S  men,  and  Major 
Tiihin  with  150  rangers.  On  tlie  14th  he  attacked 
tlic  enem\-  with  l()5  offic(>rs   and  men  of  the  reu'ular 

•■M'ojiy  of  proclaiuatioii  in  C  ,S\  Jf.  Er.  Doc,  coiig.  ,'U),  sess.  1,  viii.,  im. 
5'J,  T'.i->V2. 

-^Thc  Texaus  charge  tlio  Ntcxican  authorities  with  wilfully  making  no 
LI  ileavor  to  jirevent  Cortina  receiving  sucli  reurtiit.s.  This  was  nut  tlic  case. 
C.Mi-iiltring  tlic  noturc  of  tiic  country  ami  the  villingncss  on  the  jiart  of  the 
Mrxiian  people  to  aiil  f\igitivi's,  the  authorities  tlid  all  that  was  possilile. 
A  till  .■  was  sent  from  Matanioros  to  guanl  the  fords  of  the  Itio  (irandc, 
ai'l  iithcr  nieasiires  were  taken  to  arrest  the  criminals.  The  report  of  tl.c 
M'xi -an  investigating  committci'  of  May  ].">,  IST.'i,  eontains  a  veiy  fair  ac- 
Cii.iit  nf  Corliua's  insurrection,  and  the  position  of  Mexico  in  regard  to  it. 
J/i.t,  Jn/tinnv  Vuiiiin,  I\i"j.,  IS73,  71-85. 


m'\ 


iii 


"1 


448 


CIVIL  WAR, 


army  and  120  raivj^oi's,  niid  ra])turc(l  oiio  of  Oortiiui's 
])riMci]);>l  (•aiii])s  without  ditHculty.  Tlio  insunvctidii- 
aiy  k'adcr  now  t'onceiitruted  Ins  foives  and  retired  up 
tlio  river,  devastatino^  tlio  e(»iintiy  on  liis  niarcli.  as 
far  as  Kio  Grande;  City,  wliicli  ])laeo  he  took  posses- 
sion of  as  Will  as  of  Fort  llinejold.  lleint/.elinaii 
started  in  juirsuit  of  hhn  on  tin;  'J  1st  and  on  the  iTtli 
attacked  Ids  eani|),  wJiieh  was  situated  ahout  hah'  a 
mile  outside  of  Jlio  (Jrande.  Cortitia  sustained  a 
coin))leto  defeat,  losin<^  liis  ii'uns,  annnunition  and 
l)a<j;,'L!fn;j;e.  Tfis  foree  was  l)etween  500  and  flOO  nicn 
of  whom  (50  were  killed,  or  (h'owned  in  the  ri\ii'. 
The  Amerieans  liad  sixteen  w<»unded,  most  of  tlieiii 
only  slightly.  The  routed  leader  with  his  followers 
took  r(!fuL;e  in  Taniauli|)as.  The  devastation  wlucli 
he  had  enused  was  serious.  Major  HcMntzelniaii  in 
his  re|>ort  alreaily  (juoted  says :  "The  whole  eountiv 
from  Brownsville!  to  lilo  (Irande  City,  1-0  miles,  and 
hack  to  the  iiij'oyo  Colorado,  has  been  laid  waste. 
There  is  not  an  American,  or  any  property  that  could 
l)(;  destroyed,  in  this  lnre;(^  tract  of  country.  Ihisi- 
ness  as  far  as  Laredo,  ;240  miles,  has  heei,  interrupted 
or  suspended  for  five  months.  The  amount  of  (dainis 
for  daniaejes  is  $.'5.'U),8"jr).  There  have  Ixh'U  lit'teeii 
Americans  and  eiii;lity  friendh'  Mexicans  killed.  ( 'ei- 
tina  has  lost  151  men  killed;  of  the  wounded  I  have 
no  account.''' 

In  June  1800  Cortina  was  ]mt  to  flin^ht  by  ^rexiean 
troops,  which  were  kept  for  six  months  in  the  field  to 
operate  aoainst  him,  and  succeeded  in  capturini.;  many 
of  his  lawless  followers.  Havinu;  found  a,  refuuc  in  tlio 
mountains  of  Huri^'os,  in  May,  18<)l,  he  thence  aualii 
invaded  Texas  and  burned  Ronui,  but  was  ao-aiu  de- 
feated. This  was  the  closing  event  of  his  insunvc- 
tionary  movements  against  Tc^xas.'^" 

-'  Dotailod  particulars  nf  tliis  insurreotioii  will  l>e  fmind  in  Ih.:  I'.  >"  '^. 
Ex.  Dnr.,  {■(lilt;,  'il'.  Ncss.  1,  ix,,  no.  '21  and  'J4;  //.  Mi-if.  I)"<\.  cont;.  '.U'k  ■>•■^■'■ 
1.  v..  nil.  IW;  f[.  fjr.  />'v'..  ciini,'.  4'2,  scs.s.  .'i,  vii.,  iki.  .'10,  wlu'ru  nu  \t\<.  l-i  4. 
tile  claims  for  d.miagi'x  will  lie  seen  to  amount  to  .Sljl'Ofi.Cil!):  ft/.,  cini;.'.  'M. 
Bes«.  1,  viii.,  iii.  .")■_',  .\ii.,  no.  SI. 

-' ilc  afti^Tward  rcvolutioui/ud  Taiuauliiias,  became  gov.,  and  intri^ntil 


KFFKCT  (tN   TKXAS. 


440 


•f'nia's 

Ctltill- 

■I'd  iij) 
'cli.  as 

(OSSt'S- 

I-  •17\]\ 
halt'  a 
int'd  a 
III    ami 

()     lIU'll 

river, 
f  tlu'iu 
llowors 

wliicli 
mail  in 
['oiintfv 
Ics,  ami 

waste. 

at  coul'l 
l*>usi- 

Ujited 

cliiiiis 

iit'teell 

I  liave 

Texiean 
field  to 
.jf  many 
intliV 
■('  a:.ia;n 
•aiii  de- 
isurree- 


rn 


r 


i:'.  4, 


IT 
con;;. 


iutriiiiii' 


By  proc-lnination  of  April  If).  isOl.  ProsicU'iit  Lin- 
coln (ieclarcd  ilic  states  of  Soulli  Carolina,  ( (eori^ia. 
Alaliama,  Floridii.  ^lississi[>j)i,  liouisiana,  and  Texas 
ill  reltellioii,  called  out  7r).()()(>  of  tlic  militia,  and 
suiiiiiioiK'd  congress  t<»  asscmMc  on  tlie  Jtli  ot  July 
folloNvlnuf.  (Ml  the  I  Itli  of  lliat  nioiilh,  senators 
llein]»hill  an<l  Wiji,fall.  having-  failed  to  take  their 
seat>,  were  d(^(dare(l  expelled  from  the  senate  of  the 
Tiiited  .States.'"  tosretlier  with  certain  nietnhers  from 
\'ir.iiiiia,  Nortli  Carolina.  South  Carolina,  'reiiiiessee. 
and  Arkansas,  hy  a  vote  of  |()  nays  aijfainst  .'^J  yeas.'* 

The  efreat  civil  wai'  beinan.  and  fortunate  it  was  for 
Texas  that  lu'r  <i;(!()!j;ra[)hical  position  )>laced  her  out- 
ride the  cy(done  of  thjit  Titantic  strife.  While  the 
whiiKvind  of  destructi<»ii  and  deatli  swej)t  for  yt'ai's 
evei'  tJie  unliappy  soutli,  she  was  only  disturhed  hy 
tlie  eoinmotiou  raised   on   tlie   edu'c   <'f  tlie   dreadful 

Imtli  with  the  confederates  and  the  U.  S.  otiicials.     In  iNTl  lie  was  a  general 
miller  .luarez,  and  in  1875  mayor  of  Matanioros  and  gen.    in   tlie   Mexican 
aiiiiv.     For  refnsing  to  ol)cy  orders   lie   was  arrested   and   sent    prisoner   to 
Mexico.    .1/..'.  liiformc  Com.  /'>w/.,   ISTH,  S.V.'i;    T/inill,  .VJS  '.). 
'I!ie  following  is  a  listof  the  senators  from  Texas  previons  to  the  secession. 

riidiiias  F.  Rusk from  1M.">  to  ISA? 

Suiiiiiel  ll.iuston I'roiii  lS4t)  to  1S,"(!> 

i'iiliney  .1.  Henderson Iiom  \S'u  to  IS,")".) 

Matthias  Wa-d Inmi  IS.'iS  to  1S.">!1 

.h'lin  Hemphill I'roiu  IS.")!1  to  ISi)! 

lAwis  'l'.  Wigfall from  |S.-.<t  to  |S(1| 

liciiderson  ami  Ward  in  succession  completed  the  unexpired  term  of  Uusk. 
Ti  \as  u]i  to  ISCil  was  entitled  to  two  representatives  in  the  lower  house,  eor- 
res]i(iiiiling  to  the  eastern  and  western  di^trict>.  From  ihr  eastern  district 
tiicy  Were: 

Havid  S.  Kaufman liom  lS4f>  to  1S,")I 

Richardson  Scurry from  1S,")1  to  lS,*i;i 

<».  \V.  Smyth from  1S,".4  to  IS.m 

l.ciiiii.l  Dull!  Evans from  )S.">(;  to  1S,")7 

■I'llm  11.  Ceagan from  1S,VS  to  tsdl 

Tlic  wcstcin  tlistriet  was  represented  liy 

riini>tiiy  rill.diury from  KS4(i  to  IM'.l 

\'"liu  y   v..  Howard from  KS.")0  to  Is,".;! 

I'.  11.'  licll from  1S,".4  to  ls.".7 

eiiy  .\I.  liry.in from  IS.'iS  to  is.V.I 

.\nilrc\v  .1.  Haindton from  iSliO  to  ISdl 

I'yimlation  in  Texas  iiad  increased  so  rapidly  that  iii  the  ajijioitionnunt 
"1  11  presentation  of  the  slates  in  the  house,  of  .Inly  ISdI.  Texas  w.is 
alliiwiij  four  repre.sout;itives.    If.  S.  Jf.  Ex.  Doc.  eong.  ;{7,  sess.  1,  no.  !i. 

I  .  S.   .SVv).  Joiir.,   eong.   :{7.  sess.    1.   '3.   '29-.10;  Coni/.    Ohlif  ninl  At]>.. 

im;i.  1.  ■ 

Hi-i.  Mkx.  st.^tks.  Vol..  II.    •-".'. 


490 


CIVIL  WAll. 


i'M§ 


ijif  ii 


h-torni.  Her  territory,  in  nil  its  lcM;jrtli  ;in<l  Itrcadtli, 
<Ii(l  not  Ix'coMic  a  battle-field,  and  ai^riculhicr  met  imt 
^vitll  tilt'  same  destrueti<»n,  as  in  sonif  otlifi'  secti<ins. 
]t  is  truf  that  many  ]»laees  wfir  abandoned  and 
liccamc  drselatc.  and  IJKHlsands  of  aeies  uiidtr  eiilil 
vation  were  Irft  to  weeds  and  thistles;  hut  the  Hail 
of  famine  <lid  not  fall  upon  the  land.  Her  eonnncivc 
naturally  suHtTcd  niueii,  hut  evm  in  this  resjuct  the 
th-triment  to 'Pexas  was  less  than  tliat  ftlt  hy  any  othor 
of  the  soutluM'ii  states.  She  had  the  uclvantaue  of  hrin^f 
tlio  solitary  ])ortion  of  the  territory  of  the  eonfctli  lacv 
hordeiinu,-  on  a  foiTij^n  nati(  n,  and  found  in  j\K  xien  a 
market  for  her  eott<in,  and  a  source  from  which  shr 
could  procure  su]»pllcs  of  the  Diost  necessary  comine- 
dities.  Her  nuiner<»us  posts  on  the  ^ulf,  too,  attbidcd 
her  better  facilities  for  runniuL','  the  blockade  wliicli 
AS'as  established  than  those  jtossessed  elsewhere  hy 
the  south.  Thus,  comparatively  s])eakinij;.  Texas. 
JoealU'  considered,  sutlered  less  than  anv  other  con- 
federate  state.  Nevertheless  a  stop  was  ]>ut  to  her 
pi-()oivss ;  intei'iial  imp!-o\-ement  and  inimi^raiinn 
ceased,  and  thousands  of  her  sons  perislu'd  in  the  wai, 
For  she  did  not  ilinch  from  takinu;  her  full  shaie  in 
the  strUL><'li>.  and  in  manv  a  hard  fought  battle  her 
ila^'  was  borne  in  tlu^  thickest  of  the  fteht. 

Within  one  month  after  tlie  installation  of  Clark, 
liostilities  broke  out.  On  April  14,  I  SGI,  Foit  Sum- 
ter was  (^vacuated  bv  ^faior  AniK'rson.  and  on  tin' 
followin*;'  (hiy  Lincoln's  ]>roclamation  was  issued. 
ICnlistnu^nt  for  service  was  at  once  commenced  in 
Texas,  and  early  in  j\T;iy.  Colonel  W.  C.  Young. 
eri»ssiui;"  ]?ed  rixci',  captured  Fort  Ail)uckle  and 
other  military  posts  of  the  Ignited  States  in  tin 
Indian  Territory,  the  federal  soldiers  retrc^tinj;  te 
Kansas.  Colonel  Ford,  also,  assisti-d  by  an  expedi- 
tion which  sailed  from  TJalveston,  took  ])ossossion  et 
Fort  Brown,  oj)posite  INTatamoros,  without  meeting 
Avith  resistance.  (^a[)tain  Hill,  in  command,  had  re- 
fused to  obev  the  order  of  Twiiiirs  iv  evacuate  It,  hut 

I.  CO 


>M 


(iOVKKNOlt    lA'HltUCK 


461 


foiiiid  that  lio  could  not  jiossihly  liold  it  with  Ids  small 

t'lllVC. 

( )ii  .Iiinc  8tli  (jovcnior  C'laik  issuctl  a  jiroclaiiiatioii, 
atiMiiuiiciiin'  that  a  state  of  war  existed,  and  shortly 
jit'ti  r  the  |u)rtHK»r  Texas  were  blockaded  hyu  s(jiiadroii 
(if  the  ^uir  licet.  'I'he  Texaiis  had  never  bei'ii  la<jf- 
ijiiids  in  hastt-nino-  to  the  field  t)t'  action,  and  now, 
after  an  interval  of  luuirly  twenty-live  years  of  almost 
uiiinterru|)tcd  peace,  their  warlike  spirit  was  ai^aln 
aroused.  Military  districts  were  formed,  a  system  of 
iii-irui'ti(»n  in  evolutionary  movements  and  the  ust'  of 
aims  was  estahlished,  ajul  oreat  nuinhers  t^idisti  <l  in 
tlie  cause  to  which  Texas  liad  pledged  herself.  I>y 
Xo\eml)er  15,000  men  were  enrolled  in  the  service  of 
till  coid'ederate  ai'my. 

The  (.'lection  of  IHHl  sliowed  a  majority  in  favor  of 
I'lancis  Iv.  J^ubbock,""  for  governor,  who  defeated 
Clark  by  oidy  l'J4  votes. "^  He  was  inauguratt'd 
Xuvi'inber  7,  isfll. 

Ill  July  of  this  year  Lieutenant-coloiu'l  John  Jl. 
baylor  had  occu})ied  Fort  Bliss,  on  the  ]lio  (IraiKh^, 
and  cri)ssiiig  the  river  took  possession  of  JNIesilhi  on 
the  L'ath.  Major  lAiule,  l7th  U.  S.  Infantrv.  in 
Kniuiuind  at  Fort  Fillmore  near  by,  having  failed  to 
iiislodge  ]JayK»r,  surrendered  his  whole  command  of 
iiliout  700  men.  Lieutenant-colonel  Canby  was  at 
this  thne  in  command  of  the  department  of  N(!W 
^h'xico,  and  made  pre})arat'ions  to  meet  the  invas'i(»n. 
M(\uitime  ]\[ajor  Sibley  of  the  United  States'  Army, 


^' Ho  was  l)(ini  in  IJcaufort,  S.  ("..  Oct.  lt»,  ISlo,  ami  iniprateil  ti>  Texas 
Viw.  18liti,  si'ttliii>j;  in  tiic  tnwn  of  Hdustun,  wIrtc  lio  ojicmil  a  iiuicaritilc 
liu>iiit!is  house.  Jn  ISliS  lie  was  ODnnitrollor  of  tin'  treasury,  and  frnin  I.^H 
to  !S,'i7  hold  the  i>tiico  of  clerk  of  the  district  court  tor  Harris  county.  In 
till' 1, 1st  named  year  he  was  elected  lieut-i^ov.,  and  in  iMiO  was  a[iiiointcd 
ili.'lcs.'ate  to  the  ('liarlestf>n  convention.  At  tlie  close  of  liis  term  as  gov.,  ho 
entered  tlie  eoufederate  army  as  au  .oljutaut-gcneral  on  the  stall' of  ]'i'esi(le?it 
Davis,  wasca]itured  with  him  in  ISl'i."),  :iiid  iiniirisoned  in  I''ort  l>elawan'.  In 
IS('n)  lie  resumed  Imsiness  in  Housti>n,  and  twn  years  lat^T  removed  to  Oal- 
vcstiiii.  Luliliock,  in  l&7(>  was  elected  to  the  oliice  of  state  treasurer,  aiid  re- 
elo't,.]  in  KSSO.    lit(rb'><  Tex.  Aim.,  1SSl>,  l.>h  Co/v/ojvt'.s  Trr.,  lO-J,  Kis  70. 

■  "I  ho  total  nuniher  of  votes  cast  was  bl,'M'?i,  of  %vhich  Luhhock  ohtained 
21,  S.M;  Clark,  121, 7:U);  and  T.  J.  Chauibers,  13,75!).  John  M.  Crockett  was 
eleutod  lieut-jjov.   ThmU,  391. 


1 


1 


s» 


...^^-v. 


1>  ^.  ^aSi 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


1.0 


11.25 


—  "  ^  IS 

U    11.6 


*•- 


V 


V] 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


m 


i\ 


^<^ 


o 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRCET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  S73-4503 


o\ 


s» 


452 


CIVIL  WAR. 


\ii' 


<■  i 


had  joined  the  confederates,  and  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  was  ordered  in  July  to  proceed  to 
Texas,  and  organize  an  expedition  for  the  purpose  of 
driving  the  federal  troops  out  of  New  Mexico.  Sibliy 
reached  El  Paso  with  his  force  about  the  middle  of 
December,  and  issued  a  proclamation,  inviting  his  old 
comrades-in-arms  to  take  service  in  the  confederate 
army,  an  appeal  which  met  with  no  response. 

Colonel  Canby,  early  in  1862  made  Fort  Craijr, 
on  the  Rio  Grande  north  of  Mesilla,  his  headquarters, 
and  on  February  2 1st,  after  some  maneuvering,  and 
a  skirmish  on  the  dav  before,  crossed  the  river  atid 
engagetl  the  Texans.  Canby's  force  aggregated  3,8 10 
men,  but  of  these  only  900  were  regulars,  the  re- 
mainder, consisting  of  volunteers  and  New  Mexican 
militia,  were  of  little  service.  Sibley  reported  tlie 
number  of  his  force  to  have  been  1,750.  The  iii- 
gagemcnt,  called  the  battle  of  Valverde,  took  place  in 
the  afternoon,  and  resulted  in  the  discomfiture  of  the 
federals,  who  retreated  to  the  fort,  leaving  six  pieces 
of  artillery  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

Sibley  now  march*  "^  '  •  Alburquerque,  and  from 
that  place  sent  a  del  inent  to  occupy  Santa  Fe, 
which  having  been  cvat  uated  by  the  federal  officei'  in 
conmiand.  Major  Donaldson,  was  entered  by  tlie 
Texans  March  23d.  Fort  Union,  on  the  Santa  V6 
route,  was  the  next  ])oiiit  to  which  Sibley  directed  liis 
march,  but  on  the  28th  of  the  same  month  his  ad 
vance,  under  Colonel  W.  II.  Scurry,  became  engajj^cd 
at  the  eastern  mouth  of  Apache  Canon,  with  a  federal 
force  over  1,300  strong,  with  eight  pieces  of  artillery, 
under  Colonel  Slough,  who  had  advanced  against  the 
invaders  from  Fort  Union.  Shmgli  detaelied  ahnut 
500  of  his  men,  un«ler  Major  Chivington,  by  a  difti*  ult 
and  dangerous  mountain  trail,  to  assail  the  enemy's 
camp  in  the  rear,  while  he  engaged  the  main  body. 
The  maneuvre  was  successful;  the  camp  with  all  tlie 
supplies  of  every  kind  was  taken  by  the  enemy,  and 
though  Slough's  colunm  was  repulsed  after  a  tirrcc 


HKAVV    LOSfSKS. 


453 


ti.;iit  «)f  five  hours,  Scurry  sent  in  a  Hag  of  truce,  and 
jitttT  buryiii*;  his  dead  retreated  to  Santa  ¥6. 

SU)U<^li's  loss  was  one  officer  and  28  men  killed  ;  two 
ottiocrs  and  40  men  wounded,  and  15  men  taken  pris- 
(Hicrs;  that  of  Scurry,  four  officers  and  32  men  killed, 
and  00  wounded. 

This  check  stopped  further  advance.  Early  in 
April  Santa  Fe  was  evacuated,  and  the  Texans  re- 
treated down  the  Rio  Grande.  On  the  15th  they 
wore  attacked  at  Peralta  by  Colonel  Canby,  and  an 
indecisive  engagement  took  place.  In  the  night  the 
Texans  resumed  their  retreat,  and  on  May  18th, 
Canby  reported  them  as  scattered  along  the  Rio 
Grande  between  Dona  Aima  and  El  Paso.  On  July 
6,  1862,  the  last  of  the  confederates  crossed  into  Texas. 
It  was  a  bootless  campaign,  in  which  the  devoted  sons 
of  Texas  lost  bv  sickness  and  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners,  over  500  men.  New  Mexico,  with  its 
ruirt^ed  mountain  ranges,  desolate  regions,  and  water- 
less  deserts,  was  not  a  desirable  country  in  which  to 
undertake  military  expeditions.  General  Sibley,  writ- 
ing to  Richmond  from  Fort  Bliss  expressed  the  con- 
viction that  the  territory  was  not  worth  a  quarter  of 
tlie  blood  and  treasure  expended  in  its  conquest,  and 
tliat  his  men  had  manifested  an  irreconcilable  detes- 
tation of  the  country  and  the  people." 

^•'  Tlie  above  particulars  arc  mainly  derived  from  the  account  of  thia  in- 
vasion by  A.  A.  Hayes,  in  Mn;f,  Amer.  I/iM.,  Feb.  1886,  171-84.  Tlie  writer 
liiul  uuceaa  to  valuable  ofiScial  documents,  visited  New  Mexico  in  1879,  and 
'  ilovoted  much  time  to  iuquiries  from  those  who  took  part  in  the  campaign.  ° 


CHAPTER   XVII 


It 


PROGRESS  AND  END  OF  THE  WAR. 

18ti'2-1865. 
Operations  of  thr  United  States'  Navy — RECArrrRK  of  OALVFiSTON  ht 

THE     TeXANS— MlLITAKY    DESPOTISM— DEFEAT    OF     THE    FEDERALS     \t 

Sabine  Pass— Death  of  General  Houston — His  Character  .\ni> 
Policy— MiKRAH  Elected  Governor— Operations  of  the  Feiikkhs 
on  the  GrLF  Coast — AriEMi*T  aoainst  Texas  hy  Red  Kivkk 
Rro'.vnsville  Taken  by  Cortina— Administration  of  ^Iihkmi  - 
Financial  MArrEisa — The  Conscriition  TiAws — Lamentahi.k  S.iim, 
Condition  of  Tex,vs — Industrial  Pro<jkf.s3 — Cotton  Plamkhs— 
Reverses  of  ihe  Confederate  Arms— The  Last  Enoaoement. 

In  May  18G2,  tlio  surreiulor  of  the  city  of  (Jal- 
voston  was  tleinaiKU'd  hy  Commodoro  Eagle  in  coin 
maiul  of  tlio  blockading  s(|ua<lron.  No  attention  was 
paid  to  the  summons,  and  as  the  commodore  had  iiu 
troops  at  the  time  to  enforce  his  demand,  no  attniipt 
was  made  to  occupy  the  place  till  October  4th,  win  ii 
Commander  Renshaw,  of  the  United  States'  steaiiior 
WcsijkUi,  with  the  Harriet  Ixivr,  Owajico,  ami  flijhn, 
captured  the  defences  of  the  harbor  and  city  after  a 
mere  show  of  resistance  on  the  part  of  General  ITt- 
bert,  who  withdrew  his  troops  to  Virginia  Point,  i>ii 
the  mainland. 

Meantime,  about  the  middle  of  September,  Iavu- 
tenant  J.  W.  Kittred^e,  with  his  vessel,  the  Arthur, 
and  the  steamer  Sachem,  took  possession  of  Corpus 
Christi,  captured  several  vessels,  and  necessitated  tlio 
burning  of  others  by  the  confederates.  Subsecpb  iitly 
Kittredge,  while  on  shore,  was  captured  with  his 
boat's  crew.  Somewhat  later  Francis  Crockir.  coni- 
manding  the  steamer  Kensinglon,  with  the  schooners 


OKNEKAL   MA(iKUltKH. 


4.".'i 


luirhd  S(uman  and  Henry  Janes,  captured  tlm 
(it't't  Mn's  of  Sabino  city.  Ho  tlioii  prooooilod  to  Cal- 
•  a.-KU  riv<r.  and  took  or  destroyed  several  blockade- 
limners.' 

So  incensed  were  the  |H'o|>1i>  at  the  abandoninenb 
(if  (ralveston  by  General  Hebei"t,  that  they  petitioned 
tor  his  removal,  and  he  was  suix'rsecU'd  in  Novt  inbi  i- 
ISt)J  by  General  ^[agrudcr,  who  forthwitli  mad; 
IMtparations  to  recapture  the  island.  On  Buflalo 
Hayou,  a  few  miles  below  the  city  of  Ht)Uston,  he 
transformed  four  river  steamers  into  gun-boats,  pro- 
ttcting  their  sides  with  compressed  cotton-bales.  Thi; 
K  tuin  of  Sibley's  brigade  from  Xew  ^Eexico,  gave  him 
an  tflicicnt  force  of  men  already  ex[)erienced  in  war. 
and  be  had  also  at  his  disposal  a, 000  Texans,  wlio  Imd 
hoen  called  into  service  for  the  protection  »)f  the  coa  .t. 
(Jalveston  was  occupied  by  the  4l.M  ]\rassachusctt-; 
\tilujiteers;  the  I/arrid  Lane  was  lying  at  the  wharf, 
an<l  Hve  other  United  States'  vessels  were  stationed 
olf  the  shore  toward  the  pass.' 

NEagruder  s  plan  was  to  assault  the  enemy  sinuil 
taneously  by  land  and  water.  His  preparations  were 
(oiiducted  with  the  greatest  secrecy,  his  intention  be- 
ing known  only  to  himself  and  staff,  (^n  December 
:-!<t]i,  he  })roceeded  to  Virginia  point  with  the  land 
forces,  sending  tlu-  gun-boats  Xri>(iin(\  liai/nn  (  'li/, 
Liicjl  (iirin)i,  and  John  F.  Can  to  the  head  of  tlie 
l>ay.  witli  histructions  to  conuucncc  their  attack  when 
tin  moon  Went  down,  on  the  night  of  the  .'Ust.  At 
the  ap))ointed  time,  about  4  a.  .m.,  on  January  1st,  the 
land  forces,  which  had  silently  and  unperceived'crosscd 
over  to  the  island,  assaulted  the  position  of  the  \\h\- 
tials.  The  gun-boats,  delayetl  by  a  low  tide,  could 
Hot  reach  the  scene  of  action  in  time  to  cooperate  in 
tlio  opening  of  the  attack,  and  victory  began  to  seem 
doubtful.     At  this  crisis  they  fortunately  arrived,  and 

''■oh;/.  <;/(V<r,  18«i'2  in,  aj.)!.  14. 

"N.'iiiu'ly,  tl\o  W'l'^tjiilil,  <  li/to}!.  l)ii\tsro,  Sarhrm,  unA  ^')rt/j'//(  »/••',  the  la-nt 
twi)  having  joiiieil  tht--  .s<|iia)lri)ii  twn  days  Ucfore  tlio  uttiwk.  l\  S.  11.  Kr. 
U'-\.  long.  38,  sess.  I,  iv.,  doo.  I.  a\<y.  'M'2. 


I 


il  i 


M 


i  '■ill  ft 

J 


4i')t» 


PROTrRESS   AND   END  OP  THE   WAR. 


attacked   tlio   HnrrUt  Lam.     The   XrptiOH'  was  s.mn 
struck  l)v  a  shell  below  the  water-line,  and  sunk.  Init 
the    flayoH   ('i(j/,  stcanun<;  up,   ran    into  the  eiu'm\  s 
vessel,  and  hecame  entangled  in    her  ri«>«j:in«_j.     Tin 
Texans  leaped  on  hoard,  and  a  hand-to-hand  cojitlirt 
ensued,   in  which    Commander    Wainwrii^ht,    of  tin 
Ifdrrirf  Im)u\  and  Lieutenant-commander   Lea  wtiv 
slain.     On  their  fall  the  ship  surrendered.     The  W'rst- 
fiehi,  in  trying  to  leave  the  harbor,  ran  ajj^round.  ami 
in  order  to  prevent  her  fallinu;  into  the  hands  of  tli. 
Texans,  It  was  determined  to  l)K>w  her  up.     Tlu'  i  \ 
plosion  took  place  prematurely,  and  Connnander  lu  ii 
shaw  with  fifteen  men  perished.     All  the  other  vessel-, 
escaped.      Meantime,  the  efforts   of  the  confederati 
land  forces  were  crowned  with  success :  the  federals 
surrendered,  and  Galveston  island  was  ajj^ain  in  pos- 
session of  the  Texans,"*  who  retained  their  hold  of  it 
till  the  termination  of  the  war,  though  the  port  ton 
tinued  to  bo  blockaded. 

At  the  outlnvak  of  the  war,  and  during  the  eailit  i 
]>art  of  Lubbock's  administration,  it  was  confidoiitl\ 
believed  by  the  mass  of  the  pei»ple  in  Texas  that  the 
establishment  of  the  confederacy  would  be  acooiii- 
plished.  It  is  true  that  after  the  passage  of  tho  si  - 
cession  ordinance  the  unionists  boopjui  to  or<j:aiiizf 
secret  leagues,  with  the  object  of  controlling  tlio  gi  n- 
eral  election  to  be  held  in  August  following;  bur  tin 
attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  and  the  destruction  of  any 
lingering  hope  that  the  <|uestion  could  be  settled  oth- 
erwise than  by  an  appeal  to  arms,  paralyzed  theetl'ort 
A  feeling  of  helplessness  and  consequent  apjithy  took 
possession  of  tho  unionist  leaders,  while  a  general  on- 
thusiasm  ])ervaded  the  people  at  large,  and  the  raiik> 
of  the  confederates  proiiortionately  gained  stren«4tli 
Strinixent  laws  and  orders  that  were  issued,  being  n  - 
garded  as  measures  necessary  to  success,  were  at  lirst 
submitted  to  with  promptness  and  cheerfulnes.s.  ami 

'/(/.,  309-18;  Thrall,  SOfM?:  NoHh'^  Fhf  Ymr.<  in  Tex.,  106-11. 


LUBBOt'Ks  ADMINISTRATION. 


4«7 


calls  f(ir  voluiitoors  were  liborally  responded  to  by  the 
TiVans.  But  presently  they  he^jjan  to  pereeive  that 
tlicv  l)ad  placed  their  neeks  under  the  yoke  of  a  niili- 
tarv  despotism.  On  A])ril  "JH,  l^(Vl,  martial  law  was 
jiioclaiined  hy  (General  Bee,  in  oon)mand  at  San  An- 
tonii),  over  the  western  military  district,  and  on  May 
.lotli  foUowin*^,  Geneial  Hehert  proclaimetl  that  it  was 
rxtended  over  the  whole  state.  Every  white  male 
]H  isoM  above  the  aije  of  sixteen  years  was  required. 
w  hill  sunnuoned,  to  pn-sent  himself  bi«fore  the  provost 
iiiarslial,  and  have  his  name,  residence,  and  occupa- 
tion reujistered;  aliens  were  made  to  take  an  oath  to 
maintain  the  laws  of  the  stiite  and  the  confederacy; 
persons  disobevinji'  orders  and  .sunnn«>nses  issued  bv 
tlu'  provost  marshal  would  be  .sunnnarily  punisheil: 
and  any  attempt  to  depreciate  the  currency  of  the 
confederate  states  was  declared  to  constitute  an  act  of 
iiostility.* 

On  November  2 1st.  an  order  was  issued  forbidtlino- 
the  exportation  of  colton.  except  by  the  aivrnts  of  the 
^j;overnnu  nt,  and  in  February  ISO.S  further  restrictions 
were  made  on  the  exjiortation  of  the  sanu>  ai'tlelc 
acros.s  the  Rio  Grande.  These  and  similar  mi'a.sures 
were  condenmed  as  interferino-  with  trade,  and  <K- 
I  111  vino-  the  people  of  the  means  of  ])rocurino-  many 
lu'ci'ssjiry  sui>plies. 

^^oreover,  after  the  first  excited  rush  of  volunteers 
into  the  service  had  subsided,  the  ati-rn  law  of  con- 
sciiption  was  passed,  and  in  Texas  was  enforced  t«t 
the  utmost.  All  males  from  eiijhteen  vears  of  aije  t«» 
toity-five  were  made  liable  to  service  in  the  confeder- 
ate army,  with  the  exception  of  ministers  of  religion. 
.><tate  and  county  officers,  and  slave-holders,  the  \)os- 
stssion  of  fifteen  slaves  beinej  the  mininmm  nundu-r 
etititlinu;  an  owner  to  exemption.  (Jovernor  Lui)boek 
was  an  extremist  in  reijard  to  this  svstem.  Tn  his 
nu'>sao;e  to  the  leufislature  in  XovendK'r  1 9>iV^,  he 
sui,m^sted  that  every  male  person  fn>m  sixteen  vears 

'Cojiy  of  proelainatioii  in  Thnill.  :«KS. 


m 


r:f 


468 


I'lUKiHFisS  AND   END  OF  THE  WAR. 


o 


il  I*-  '^ 


1(1  and  upward  should  he  declarod  in  tho  niilif.nv 
Htrvico  of  the  .state;  that  no  one  sliould  he  peniiittid 
to  furnish  a  suhstitute,  and  that  tiie  ri«jfht  to  do  >!» 
slMU.Id  he  aholisht'd,  both  hy  tlie  state  and  eonfedi  lali 
•jjovcrninents.  In  the  same  niessa<^e  lit^  infornu d  tin 
l«t,nsljjture  that  1)0,000  Texans  were  already  in  tin 
< onfeclerate  service.  When  it  is  horno  hi  mind  tli.it 
the  u;reatest  number  of  votes  ever  polled  in  tlic  .-"tiiti 
was  little  over  04,000,  it  will  he  seen  what  a  trenu  n 
dous  drain  had  been  made  on  the  strength  of  tin 
rountrv. 

Aiifain,  tlu;  eonfisration  {ict,*  and  the  law  authcriz 
injjf  the  banishment  of  persons  still  adherinjj;  to  tin 
union,'  were  scrupulously  enforced.  Many  juixm^ 
who  had  spent  their  liv^cs  in  Texas  thus  lost  tlirii 
property,  and  even  temporary  ahsentt^es  in  the  iKHtli. 
who  would  have  found  it  difficult,  if  not  imi)ossIl»!( . 
to  nturn,  were  likewise  deprived  of  their  possession, >. 
ihit  still  more  unfortunate  were  pirsons  of  uiiimi 
proclivities  who  yet  remahied  in  the  country,  riidti 
authority  of  the  banishment  act,  the  settlers  in  tl;r 
western  counties,  and  the  (jlerman  colonists,  wiio  .>^till 
held  to  their  anti-slavery  proi»ensities,  were  sevt k  1\ 
lumislied.  Aftc^r  the  proclamation  of  martial  law  \u 
Texas,  no  household  of  anti-confederate;  ideas  in  tliii>. 
districts  was  permitted  t(>  dwell  in  peace,  just  as  \va- 
the  case  in  re<i;ard  to  confederates  in  the  nortlitin 
states,  tlie  feelini^"  of  loyalty  to  country  beino  in  TcxiK 
somewhat  intensified.  Many  unionists  attem[it((l  \" 
escape  to  Mexico.  The  earlier  fui^itives  were  niostlv 
successful.  l>ut  of  those  who  followi'd  in  their  wak' 
the  jj^reater  |»ortion  was  (•a[)tured  and  put  to  death.' 

■^I'asstMl  liy  tlio  ciiiifodcriitc  I'oiigrL's.s  Aug.  'M,  l>S(>I.  It  proviik'il  tli.it  r! 
j)roperty  within  tin;  limits  (if  tiu:  ciinfi'dLTiu'y  belonging  to  union  men  m!' 
(lid  not  proclaim  tlu'ir  allegiance  to  the  confeileracy,  «>r  had  left  it,  slioulti  '•'' 
conllscated. 

•"'ThiM  law  was  passed  Aug.  8,  1861.  By  it  every  male  o\  r  '.I  m.ii-'  ^ 
age  who  adhered  to  the  U.  S.  govtM'as  madesuhjcct  to  hanisln  ent  ln>ii  t''' 
limitM  of  the  confederate  states,  and  the  courts  of  ju.stice  wer ;  oriliri'ii  M 
arrest  and  treat  as  alien  enemies  all  union  men  who  did  not  tei  dcr  their  al- 
legiance or  leave  the  confederacy  within  40  days. 

'  LoKsing  (juotes  from  the  Sun  Antonio  Ifinilif,  an  organ  loyal  to  tlie  om- 
fcderacy,  as  follows:  'Their  Ixmei  are  bluachiug  on  the  soil  of  e\  cry  eeiinty 


KKIiKKAl,   UKVKRSK^^. 


4K 


By  tlio  iloao  of  Lubhook'rt  adininiHt ration  the  tide 
ot'  (UMiiion  was  chan<jji!i|jf.  The  cimfodorat*'  anna  had 
iiK  t  with  soriouH  reverses,  and  the  <lark  sluidow  of 
(lie  impossibility  of  an  independent  soutli  had  already 
cast  a  ujlooin  around  over  the  country.  After  the  capt- 
ure of  (iralveston  island  noother  operation  of  iinpoi-tance 
Dceurrcd  hi  1863  until  September,  when  an  attempt, 
with  the  object  of  invadin«:j  Texas,  was  made  to  effect 
a  lod-^mentat  Sabine  City,  where  was  the  tcrnunus 
of  a  railroad  leadinj^  into  the  interior.  It  was  be- 
liiV(>d  by  General  Banks,  to  whom  the  conduct  of  the 
(xpt'dition  was  entrusted,  and  to  whom  discretionary 
|)(i\ver  was  j'iven,  that,  by  gainini^  possession  of  this 
[loiiit,  he  could  concentrate  an  army  of  15,000  men  at 
Houston,  and  thereby  gain  control  of  all  the  railroad 
roimnunications  in  Texas. 

It  appears  that  in  January,  1R03,  the  blockade  of 
Sabine  pass*  was  not  considered  effective  by  General 
Maujruder,  an<l  on  the  2l8tof  that  month  he  issued  a 
inoclamation  inviting  neutral  nations  to  resume  a 
(■(•iiiiiiercial  intercourse  with  that  port."  The  fact  is 
tliat  on  the  morning  of  that  day  the  United  States 
siiuadron  sustaine«l  a  reverse,  and  tlu'  l)loeka(i<>  of 
Sahinc  Pass  was  temporarily  <lestroyed  by  tlie  ejij)- 
ture  of  the  Morninij  LItjId  antl  the  Vrlocitj/  by  two 
con  federate  cotton-clad  steand)oats,  the  Jot^iah  Hell 
and  the  ('iicic  Bm.  The  enjifaiiement  was  fouixht  out- 
si<le  the  bar,  and  after  a  hot  conflict  of  two  hours  tlie 
federal  vessels  surrendered.'*  The  blockade,  how- 
ever, was  soon  resumed,  and  on  April    1  Hth  of  tlie 

Imm  Ruil  river  to  the  Rio  (Jniinli',  iiiul  in  the  cnuiitirs  of  Wise  uikI  1>cii1ihi 
tijiir  boilius  are  MUs[)en<lcil  liy  scores  from  tho  IJluck  Jacks. '  I  lift.  <  ir.  War, 
II.  ."ili(i  Seo  his  account,  page  ."i.'!?,  of  the  massacre  of  aliout  40  (iinnan  (..lo- 
iii.-t.-i,  A'lf^  10,  18r>'2,  on  the  \ueci;s  river,  out  of  a  party  of  sixty  who  wire 
(■iiilc.iviirinjj;  to  make  tiieir  way  to  Mexico. 

'•L  .1.  .larvis,  Itankcr  and  stock  raiser,  residing  at  Fort  Wortli,  'I'lx.n, 
siiys:  '  S:ihinc  I'ass,  perhap.s,  has  superior  natural  advantages  foras(a[iort 
fity  to  any  other  point  on  the  gulf  coast  of  thi.s  state;  deep  water  miglit  he 
ohtained  there  perhaps  with  smaller  appropriations  than  any  other  point  on 
tlio  cojist  of  Texas.'  Ohtcrt\  At/ric.,  MS.,  8. 

»^^  S.  If.  Er.  Doe.,  cong.  28,  sess.  I,  iv.,  no.  1,  Xi]  X 
'"  Reports  of  Surgeon  Sherfy  and  Acting  Master  Dillingham,  in  /</.,  cong. 
38,  SC33.  2,  vi.,  no.  1,  493-8. 


'■i' . 
i'fn 

m 


460 


l'U(>f;UK.ss   ANI»   KND  OF    THK    WAK. 


\i 


saiiKj  yi-ar,  a  Hkirmish  took  place  in  wliirli  Tii«'utvi|. 
aiit-Coinniaiuler  \EoDorinot  of  tlio  ftulcral  <fuii-liMat 
('(nfiil/a,  wlio  was  rwoimoitriii<^  the  enemy's  i»osltinii 
^vas  killed  anrl  several  men  severely  wounded.  S'iik. 
this  time  the  eon  federates  in  Sabine  city  i.ad  Ixiii 
unuiolested,  and  they  erocted  a  fort  defe-nded  liy  a 
fornudable  battery  of  eight  heavy  guns,  tlirt*  of 
which  were  riHed. 

General  Banks,  in  pursuance  of  his  plan  foi'  th- 
con(|uest  of  Texas,  placed  4,000  men  under  the  com 
mand  of  Major  (general  Franklin,  with  instru(ti(iii> 
to  effect  a  landing  at  Sabine  Pass,  with  the  coojMia- 
tion  of  the  navy.  The  necessary  transports  wcif 
provided,  and  the  steamers,  Clifton,  Sachem,  ArhnnK 
and  Granite  City,  under  Lieutenant  Frederick  Crockn. 
were  assigned  to  suj)port  the  movement,  (^n  Sep 
tember  8th  these  gun-boats  with  the  transports  crossed 
the  bar.  It  had  been  intended  to  effect  a  sur[»iisc. 
and  to  make  the  attack  at  earlv  dawn  on  the  moriiiii<,' 
of  the  7th;  Imt  this  plan  scsems  to  have  been  discon- 
certed by  want  of  unity  of  action,  and  the  exju'ditidii 
appeared  for  twenty-eight  hours  off  the  pass  hct'oiv 
it  moved  against  the  enemy,  wln)  thereby  becaiiii 
aware  of  the  threatened  danger. 

Franklin,   moreover,   failed    to  follow    his    instruc- 
tions, by  which  he  was  ordered  to  land  his  troops  hi 
low  the  pass.     Instead  of  doing  so  he  arranged  with 
Crocker  that  the  gun-boats  should  first  bombard  tin 
fort,  expel  the  garrison,  and  drive  off,  or  capture  t\\'< 
cotton-clads   of   the   enemy   stationed    in   the   rivoi 
This  accomplished,  the  troops  were  to  land  and  taki 
possession.     Accordingly  the  federal  vessels  steaiiittl 
up  and  opened  fire,  which  was  not  returned  till  tluv 
were  abreast  of  the  fort.     There  a  heavy  cannoiuult 
was  directed  against  them,  and  the  Clifton  and  Saekm 
were  soon  disabled,  being  struck  in  their  boilers  or 
steam-pipes.     The  Clifton  ran  aground,  and  in  a  short 
time    both  vessels  hauled  down   their  colors.     This 
disaster  decided  the  affair,  which  resulted  in  ignomin- 


I»KATH   or   llorsTOS. 


461 


imi^  «lrtVat  r»n  tlic  part  of  the  fciU'i'uls.  The  Arizaua 
and  (iranifr  Citif  Imcki'd  out  of  tlic  cmitrsi.  and  tin- 
ti;iiis|K.rts  bi'in«;  left  unsu|>|M»rtt'«l,  Franklin  made  no 
;itt.ni|)t  to  land.  On  hvinj;  to  cross  tin-  liar  t!io 
Irr.iiiKi  «jrrounded,  but  succccdod  in  jjottinir  aHoat  at 
tldod  tide.  Tlio  transports  also  passed  wifrly  outside, 
;ui(l  the  expedition  then  returned  to  N«\v  Orleans, 
liii\inii^  lost  two  gun-boats,  mountini:;  iifteen  riHed 
'iun^<.  and  over  1 00  iniii  in  kiilfd  and  wounded,  besich  h 
at  hast  250  j)ris(iners."  Tiie  garrison  of  the  fort 
((insisted  of  oidy  200  Tfxans.  <tf  whom  n(»  n)ore  than 
Ij  took  ]>art  in  th*'  action.  These  were  presented  l»y 
ri(  sidriit  Davis  with  a  silver  medal,  the  only  honor 
nt'  the  kind  known  to  have  been  bestowed  by  the 
confederate  jjfovernnu'nt.'^ 


On  the  2r.th  of  July  18G:}.  (General  Houston,  the 
soldier  and  statesman,  the  arehiteet  of  Texan  inde- 
jK  ndenoe,  breathed  his  last  at  his  home  in  Huntsville, 
Walker  eounty.  His  health  had  been  dtclininji;  for 
some  time,  and  with  a  broken  spirit  he  lia<l  watched 
for  the  last  two  years  fro!n  his  place  of  retirement, 
the  current  of  the  events  which  he  had  ])redicted. 
The  spirit  of  the  loyal  south  had  pervjided  even  his 
•  iwn  family,  and  his  st)n  Sam,  who  had  cidisted  early 
ill  the  confederate  ranks,  had  been  wounded,  and  was 
a  j»risoner.  This  (inbittered  the  last  <lays  of  the 
steadfast  old  patriot. 

Thouj^h  the  ex-o'overnor  offered  no  active  oj)posi- 
tioii  to  the  victorious  party  after  his  deposal,  liis  views 
as  to  the  revolutiitn  and  tlu*  possibility  of  its  succe.ss 
underwent  no  changt\  N<»r  was  lie  njerely  a  silent 
and  uninterested  spectator:  his  \-oiee  was  raised,  from 
time  to  time,  against  tlu-  arbitrary  proceedings  of  mili- 

"Tliu  cduffdcratos  reported  having  luiried  'JS  nf  tlic  federals.  AA,  ;{(i.">-S. 
.'i!K>-."i;  /.ciWwi/,  111.  Slip.,  iii.  1^21-2.  Aecording  to  tlie  rejiort  <if  the  M'crct/iry 
iif  the  navy,  tlio  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  amounted  to  107.  ('.  >'.  //. 
A'.  A.'..  Jong.  AS,  sess.  2,  no.  1,  4!M   3,  49r)-(). 

'-It  was  made  of  a  thin  plate  of  silver,  with  the  words  'Davi.'*  <!uards  ' 
:iii'l  .(  Maltese  eross  stamped  on  one  side,  and  the  jilace  and  date  nl  the 
ftciiiiA  rment  on  tlic  other. 


462 


l'H(H}l<Ks.s   ANI»  KNI)  OF  THK  WAK. 


I     <  ■ 


tary  despotism.  When  martial  law  was  prorlainh  i| 
by  f»i!!i(!ral  IfclKrt.  In-  addriHscd  a  stron<»  jnotoi  to 
GoviTiior  Ijulilxxk,  denouiiciii"^  tlu'  |»n«'lainati(Mi. 
Tlio  <4'('iioral,  ho  suid.  al»ro«jfatcd  therrhy  all  tin;  |k»\\i  rs 
of  tliii  oxocutivc,  ii^iKirod  the  bill  of  iiL(hts,  tlio  coristi- 
tutloii  and  the  laws  of  the  state,  and  airoijjatcd  to 
iiimsclf  undefiiKMl  and  unlimited  powers.  Tlu:  (\\»n. 
ment  was  not  ))ul)lished  till  many  months  afttr;  Imii 
when  it  did  appear,  it  ju'odueed  a  profound  injpressh.n. 
At  a  later  date  when  conftxlerate  paper  was  niadf 
tiif  eurrenoy.  Houst(»n,  in  a  puhlie  sjKKfch  at  ]hi  u- 
liani.  dlsapj)roved  (»f  the  re.solutions  ]>aH.std  to  fdicc 
those  wlio  had  lent  their  gold  to  reeeive  in  povim  ul 
depreeiated  trt  asury  notes ;  yet  this  is  exaetiy  wlial 
the  men  of  the  n<»rth  were  doing. 

(Jeneral  lltmston  was  endowed  with  great  natiiial 
ahiliti<'S,  and  gifted  with  no  ordinary  physical  streii^tli. 
I  lis  intuitive  quickness  of  percepti<>n;  his  foitsi.;Iit 
and  far-reaching  mental  grasp;  his  penetratidii  :iii<l 
ready  comprelu'nsion  of  the  drift  of  parties,  aiu' 
sagacity  and  tact  in  devising  means  wlierewith  ti 
complish  ends,  were;  indeed  exceptional.  In 
poss(!ssion  and  confidence  in  his  own  lesourci's,  lie  \va.> 
unrivalled  ;  his  inHnence  among  the  masses  was  •  \- 
traortlinarv;  and  as  .  s|>eaker,  his  power  over  a  'l\\aii 
audience  was  magical.  Yet,  as  a  jmblic  man,  whetlit  r  in 
a  military  or  civil  caj)aclty,  no  leader  had  more  hittrr 
enemies,  but  at  tiie  same  time  none  had  warmer  friends. 

As  jiresident  of  the  republic  his  administration  \va> 
marked  by  economy,  by  a  pacific  policy  in  relation  to 
the  border  Indian  tribes,  and  by  a  defensive  and  nut 
an  aggressive  attitude  toward  Mexico.  He  woiilii 
rather  feed  Indians  than  kill  them;  was  ever  ready  to 
ward  oflT  tlmvitened  invasion,  and  adopt  prote(ti\t 
measures  against  predatory  incursions  on  the  frontier, 
but  not  to  organize  such  undertakings  as  the  Santa 
F6  expedition.  The  enterprise  attempted  by  Co1o?k1 
Fisher  and  his  followers  in  their  attack  on  Mier  was 
never  contemplated  by  Houston. 


)  ac- 

Srlf- 


A  (JUEAT  MAN. 


Ill  tlir  Senate  of  tin'  Ignited  St.'iti's,  wlnri-  In-  r»|>- 
iix  iiti'd  'I\'xns  for  well  ni;:rli  fouitt  rii  ycuis,  lie  was 
|H>rslsttiilly  <<»iis(i\utivt',  attacliiiij^  liimsrlf  tu  tlic  ol<l 
(IciinKiiitU'  iKiity.  IJut  wlu'U  liis  associates  Ik  <j;aii  to 
drift  toward  si'Cf-s!.»M,  he  could  not  follow  tliciii.  Jlis 
l.iiidK'v    toward     'le    n(»rtli    first  disi)lav(d   itself   in 


lst^--!>. 


It. 


Vo 


ted 


ilist  the  extension  of  the  Mis- 


siuii  compromise  lin  >  t'»  the    l*ae*ili«'  eoa>t,  the  iion- 
|i;is-;a!,'e  of  wliieh  hill    \  ilt  llilllv  «x«-lu<led  sla\  erv  fjoni 


tie    teiritol'les     newiy     a<'(|Uired     south     o 
.MotvoNtr.  he  voted  for  the  Oiegon  territoiu 
•1 


.t"    ;{(; 


'MY 
with 


tin    slaverv   exelusi(tn  ilause.      For  this    he   was    as- 


ailed  ;  hut  Ills  constituents  sustaiiK'd  Imi 


I.  a: 


'I 


exas. 


\>\  >iitueof  the  articles  of  amiexatioii,  .asiii  no  \  uv 
;iir«(  ted  hy  the  ineasure.  When,  howevei-,  In-  voted 
ii^mI'  '  Doui^las'  Kansas  riid  Nehiaska  ^ill,  intro- 
(lut  I'd  into  the  senate  in  ISai,  in  which  tlu  «loctrino 
.  t'si|uatter  s»<vereimity  was  uj)lield,  .i;ivin'^  teiiitorlal 
lr^i.-!.itur«s    tli(!  rij^ht   to  di'cide  on    the    (|ues(ioii  of 


s,;i 


\iiv  within  thi'ir  resjuctive  lenitoii. 


11 


»uston 


\\;is  jihandoned  hy  his  southern  adln-rents.      ^'et  his 
su|i|»iirt  of  the  Miss<»uri  compromise  on   this  oeejision 
inoved  his  uneriin^-  foresij^ht.      ]Ie  contended  that  if 
|>assi'd,  those  teri'itories  wouUl  in  any  cast; 


tlu 


ill 


nil  wvrv 


\(lii(K'  slavery.     Tlu^  north,  with  its  lar^t;  |»o]»ulation, 


Would  pour  in 


totl 


em  a  tide  of  enii'''rants  which  wo 


uld 


im 


•vit.'ddv  n>al<e  them  free-s(»il  states.      And  such  was 


tlir  result. 

Ahout  this  time,  also,  Houston  hecame  alfili.ited 
\vith  the  know-nothinL:;  jtajty.  lie  <lid  not  helieve  in 
Ills  country  heinLj  lloodi-d  with  piiupeis  and  felons, 
with  the  .scum  and  refuse  of  10uro]»e.  lie  was  indii;- 
iiaiit  that  such  an  outcast  class  of  aliens,  after  a  f 


ew 


IlK 


)!iths'  residence  in  tlu'  Ignited  States,  should  l»e  a<l- 
iiiittrd  to  all  the  ri;j;hts  an<l  privileu'es  of  nativi-horn 
Am.  licans,  crowding  to  the  wall  Hie  true  patricits, — 
tlie  men  of  wt>alth  and  Intelligence,  and  tho.se  who 
liad  .'-hed  their  hlood  for  their  country.  In  a  p|)c;ech 
ddiviied  at   Nacoofdoches,    in    December    ISSf),    he 


4(^4 


riiOOKKSS  AM>  END  OF  IHE  WAR. 


vc'licmently  invoicjhcd  aoiiiust,  the  bill  for  the  natuiiili- 
zjitu)n  of  forrij^ticrs,  whicli  allowed  c^verv  alien  ilic 
riijfht  to  vote  after  six  inoiitlis'  residence  hi  the  counlr\ . 
Was  it.  lie  aski'<l,  l»y  such  means  as  these  that  slavtiv 
was  to  he  innrafted  upon  Kansas?  The  south  had 
yiven  way  to  the  evil,  but  his  voice  should  never  lie 
I'aiscd  in  favt)r  of  allowing  tlie  \'ote  of  the  foreli^iici. 
who  I'.ad  been  but  six  months  on  United  Statis" 
soil,  to  wei^h  ai^ainst  tlie  vote  of  a  nati\e  or  natuial- 
y/x'd  citizen,  in  moulding  the  institutions  of  a  sovo'- 
eign  state  of  the  union. 

Houston's  know-nothing  tendencies,  and  his  o|)|iii- 
sition  to  tlie  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise, 
naturally  alienated  many  of  his  ohl  deuiocratic  frieniis, 
and  liis  popularity  waned.  At  the  election  in  I  Ho/ 
ht!  was  defeated  by  funnels,  a  i)ro})agandist  of  dis- 
union sentiments,  and  an  advocate  of  the  re-openiiinf 
of  the  African  skve-trade ;  and  though  hi  185!)  lie 
gained  the  victory  at  the  ]»(Hs,  the  majority  of  tlie 
legislature  was  opposed  to  hhn.  His  steadfast  oppo- 
sition to  the  confederacy  worked  his  downfall. 

The  victor  of  San  Jacinto  was  a  truly  great  man. 
If  Austhi  laid  the  foundation  stone,  Houston  erected 
the  edifice.  Apart  from  his  high  intellectual  ca] la- 
bilities, he  possessed  many  of  the  noblest  rjualities- 
that  adorn  the  human  character.  His  courage,  liis 
kindness,  his  scrupulous  honesty  hi  e\ery  ofhcial 
.station  which  he  occupied,  and  the  open  expression  of 
his  sentiments  regardless  of  personal  conse<|uences  can 
never  be  questioned.  His  enemies  accused  him  of 
cowardice,  because  he  had  the  firmness  not  to  yield  to 
hot-headed  individuals,  who  would  lun'e  driven  liiui. 
if  they  could,  to  engage  Santa  Anna  ]»rematuvolv. 
and  thereby  have  placed  in  jeopardy  the  in(le)uii- 
dence  of  Texas;  and  because  he  scorned  to  resent 
with  brute  force  the  abuse  that  was  heaped  upon  liini 
by  political  and  jiersonal  enemies,  seeking  his  blood. 
His  career  is  before  the  reader,  who  will  be  able  [o 
decide  for  himself  this  question  of  bravery.     In  i'otli 


GOVERNOR  MURRAH. 


465 


itunili- 
Mi  the 
)untrv. 
■ilavorv 
th  lia'l 
!Vt'r  be 

States 
lutural- 

.     SOVt'l'- 


of  the  battles  in  which  he  was  ensjascod  he  was 
wounded  wlnle  leadinj^  on  liis  nun ;  moreover,  it 
cannot  be  said  that  Andrew  Jarkson  was  a  person 
likrly  to  bestow  his  re!j;ard  upon  a  poltroon,  l^ufc 
Houston  was  not  blood-thirsty;  and  lie  possessed 
tliat  higher  kind  of  courau;(^  which  enabled  him  to 
hiavc  the  conten:pt  of  a  community  which  still  held 
to  tlie  savagism  that  insults  should  be  wiped  out 
witli  blood. 

In  private  life  he  was  affable  and  courteous,  kin<l, 
and  generous.  When  thwarted,  however,  he  became 
liarsli,  and  not  unfrequently  vindictive.  He  never 
failed  to  repay  with  compound  interest,  sooner  or  later, 
any  insinuation  or  coarse  attack,  and  those  who 
crossed  his  political  pathway  were  chastised  with  a 
watliing  invective  which  they  never  forgot.  Acts  of 
friendship  and  of  enmity  were  equally  retained  in  his 
iiK'inory,  and  met  with  corresponding  return.  Majes- 
tic ill  person,  of  commanding  presence,  and  noble 
countenance,  he  was  a  striking  figure  in  public  and  in 
piivato.  Sorrow  for  the  miseries  of  his  country, 
j)(>verty  in  his  household,  and  a  broken  down  consti- 
tution, saddened  the  days,  as,  shattered  and  worn — to 
use  l)is  own  words'' — he  a^^proachcd  the  narrow  isth- 
mus which  divides  time's  ocean  from  the  sea  of  eter- 
nitv  bevond.  So  straiijhtened  were  his  means  that  his 
family  were  often  stinted  for  the  necessaries  of  life. 
Solium  years  after  settling  in  Texas  Houston  again 
mairied,  and  at  his  death  left  a  widow  and  seven 
cliildicu,  the  eldest  of  whom  had  not  yet  attained  the 
a;j:e  of  majority.'* 

On   November  5,   18G3,  Pendleton  Murrah,"  the 

"111  liis  last  puMic  speech,  delivered  March  18,  1803,  in  the  city  of  Houa- 
toii,  ill  Tlmill,  507. 

"  I.iMh-'h  llitmton  awl  hilt  Rt-p.,  passim;  Thrall,  400,  .'k).")-08;  Bnlfr's  Ttx., 
'I'm';  Linn!iI{fmi)ik.,'2'iS,'2~''2-'i;  <  i  ire  n'n  Reply,  \}&iisim;  Kennedy,  '\\.  1.5il-(>0; 
//'i7»7'x.l/(i7.,  xxxii.  OSO-5;  The  Ventuni,  Aug.  1884;  ,S'.  F.  Biillitin,  A\»:  11, 
IMKI,  sup.;   Tex.  Aim.,  18.59,  119-25;  Vnrdm^is  Tex.,  178-9. 

'Murr^h  was  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  lii 
early  lifu  lie  went  to  Alabama,  whence  he  migrated  to  lexas,  settling  in 
Hist.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    80 


'  --Jit 


33 


V 


.1 


^lll      \ 


466 


PROORESS  AND  END  OF  THE  WAR. 


:ii  K 


governor  elect,  was  inaugurated,  Fletcher  S.  Stock- 
dale  boinji  licutenant-Liovertior." 

After  tlie  failure  of  the  expedition  against  Sahiin! 
city,  General  Banks  determined  upon  another  to  jj;*  t 
possession  of  the  Texan  ports,  l)reak  up  the  trade 
tliat  was  being  carried  on  with  Mexico  through 
Brov/nsville  and  ^fatanioros,  and  put  a  stop  to  the 
evasion  of  the  blockade  bv  vessels  sailin<j  to  and  fioin 
the  Kio  Grande,  Being  the  boundary  betwi'en  tl.e 
United  States  and  Mexico,  tliis  river  was  open  to  the 
naviijation  of  both  countries  and  could  not  be  block. 
aded.  Numerous  schemes  were  projected  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  facilities  thus  offered,  and  under  the 
disguise  of  neutral  tnade,  Matamoros  had  become  a 
great  commercial  mart  for  the  Texans  and  Eurc.pi  an 
speculators." 

Late  in  October,  1803,  Banks,  supported  ]>y  a 
naval  squadron  under  ConmiantU'r  Strong,  sailed  uith 
6,000  troops  from  New  Orleans  f»»r  the  Kio  Grande, 
tl:;e  innnediate  command,  however,  bein*'  'jjiveii  te 
General  Napoleon  Dana.  On  November  2(1  tl.e 
soldiers  were  landed  at  ]^razos  Santiago,  and  Browns- 
ville was  taken  jmssession  t>f  on  the  Gth.  The  occu- 
pation of  Corpus  Christi,  of  the  confederate  works 
at  Aransas  pass,  .and  of  Cavallo  j)ass,  and  Fort  ]'>|h  r- 
anza,  at  the  entrance  of  Matagorda  bay,  si)eedi]y  t'  1- 
lowed.  By  the  end  of  Di'cember,  Indianola  and  the 
Matagorda  peninsula  were  in  possession  of  the  fideials, 
only  a  faint  show  of  resistance  being  made  by  tlu; 
Texans,  wiio  withdrew  from  tlie  coast  defences  \V(  st 
of  tlie  Colorado,  At  the  bei^innhiLj  of  1804  the  «mi1v 
places  on  the  gulf  coast  of  importance  that  reiii!:in<(l 
in  their  possession  wero  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ihazos 

Harrison  County.  Tn  1857  ho  represented  that  county  in  the  state  li  gisla- 
turc.  On  the  surrender  of  tlio  confederate  armies  in  18(15,  Murrali  lift  the 
country  and  sought  refuge  in  Mexico.  He  died  in  Monterey  in  .Tuly  "f  the 
same  year.   T/intH,  408,  5'.M». 

'"Tiie  votes  luilleil  for  governor  were;  for  Murrah,  17,511;  'J",  -f.  < '' ■I'li- 
l)ers  1*2,455;  scattering  1.070 — making  a  total  of  .11,0S(». 

1'  KeiKirt  of  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  Dec.  7,  1863.  U.  S.  II  !>"■■, 
coug.  38,  sesa.  1,  uu.  1,  p.  viii. 


I    ' 


ACTION"  OF  TEXANS. 


487 


nnd  Galveston  Island,  both  of  wjiicli  were  too  stronjjiv 
(li^'iided  to  admit  of  the  cnuany  nuikin*^  any  attempt 
aii.iiiist  them.  The  occupation  of  Brownsville  ellict 
uallv  stopped  the  extensive  trade  carried  on  by  tlic 
Trsans  through  Matamoras,  and  on  February  IStli, 
]*r('si<lent  Lincoln,  l)y  proclamation,  relaxed,  condi- 
tiitiially,  the  blockade  of  that  port.  This  j)o.ssessi(ni 
(tf  the  forts  of  Texas  was  of  short  duration.  Aft(T  a 
trw  months'  occupation  the  military  forces  were  with- 
(liawn,  with  the  exception  of  a  detachment  left  at 
Brazos  Santlaj^o,  and  the  duty  of  guardini^  that  coast 
lieiiciiforth  devolved  U[)on  the  navy,  which  succeeded 
ill  capturing  several  conf(>derate  vessels.'* 

Hanks'  expedition  having  faile<l,  so  far  as  its  uUi- 
iiiate  ol)ject,  the  re[)()s.session  of  Texas,  was  concerned, 
another  plan  was  formed  for  the  recovery  of  tliat 
state  bv  an  invasion  on  the  north-east  bv  the  line  of 
the  Ri'd  river.  The  first  object  of  this  enteiprise, 
which  was  conducted  by  generals  Banks  and  Steele, 
was  tlie  capture  of  Shreveport,  and  the  disi)ersion  of 
the  confederates  in  that  region,  wJiich,  being  once 
accoiiipllshed,  would  open  the  road  into  Texas,  'j'liis 
undertaking  also  failed.  After  occupying  Alexaiulria, 
oil  !N[arch  23d,  13anks  directed  his  march  tnwaid 
Shreveport.  A  immber  of  battles  were  fought,  and 
at  Sabine  Cross  K(«ids  the  federals  sustained  a  serious 
defeat,  which  their  sub.seijuent  victones  at  IMeasant 
(irovo  and  Pleasant  Mill  could  not  repair.  The  ad- 
vance of  the  national  aiiny  was  effectually  cheeked. 
Banks  retreated  to  Alexandria,  and  Sti-ele  to  Little 
Hock.  Li  these  engagements  the  Texans  jdayed  a 
prominent  part.  At  the  disastrous  battle  of  JMeas- 
aiit  Mill,  Sweitzer's  r 'giment  of  Texas  cavalry,  alxtut 
400  strong,  in  making  a  desp(<rate  charge  U[)on  the 
enemy's  line,  was  almost  annihilated." 

'' Report  of  sec.  of  the  navy,  Doc.  t").  18<>4,  in  /(/.,  cong.  3S,  boss.  '2,  vi., 
Ill'   I,  J)]),  vi.-vii.  480-7,  489  IK),  4".)8-9,  .TOH  <»;  A.,*y/w /,  iii.  2-2.'?-4. 

'•' '  llu  was  met  by  one  of  tlic  nitist  dostruotive  (iri's  known  in  tln>  ami.ils  of 
war.  Of  liiti  regiment,  not  more  than  tein^si'aiH'tl  doatii  or  wo\in<l.s.'  An  eye 
witness  said  that  tho  federal  iafautry  rutaiuu(l  their  tire  till  tho  ca\alry  wure 


'3 


m 


lit 


468 


PROT.RESS   AND  KXD  OF  THf:  WAR. 


1  ■■.>fi 


In  Soptomlior.  Brownsville  was  captured  l\v  her  old 
enemy,  Coitina,  under  somewhat  peculiar  circum- 
stances. A  French  force  al)out  5,000  stroni^  t<iok 
possession  of  Bagdad,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
with  the  object  of  capturing  Matamoros,  where  Cor- 
tina was  then  in  command.  Brownsville  was  occupied 
hv  Colonel  Ford  with  a  considerable  force  of  Texiui 

*■' 

cavalrv,  and  Brazos  Santiago  was  still  held  by  tlio 
f(!<lerals.  On  the  Oth,  the  French  force  began  to 
move  up  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  and  their  ad- 
vance became  en<xa<xed  with  Cortina,  who  had  marclied 
with  3,000  Mexicans  and  IG  pieces  of  artillery  from 
Matamoros  to  meet  them.  There  seems  to  have  been 
some  understanding  between  Ford  and  tlie  FreiK  h 
conunandor;  for  during  the  engagement,  the  foriiur 
appeared  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  with  a 
large  herd  of  cattle  for  the  use  of  the  invading  army, 
and  immediately  crossing  the  river  took  part  in  tlio 
conflict  by  attacking  Coitina's  rear.  The  Mexieaii 
o  )mmander,  however,  succeeded  in  both  repulsinj^r 
Ford  and  drivhig  back  the  French,  who  retreated  to 
Bngdnd.  Cortina  now  turned  his  attention  to  Ford. 
On  the  9th,  he  passed  over  his  whole  force,  with  tlio 
artillery,  drove  the  Texans  from  Brownsville,  mid 
took  possession  of  the  town  for  the  United  States. 
The  federal  flag  w.as  hoisted,  the  commander  at  Brazos 
Santiago  was  informed  of  the  event,  and  the  town 
placed  at  his  disposal/* 


iii>:ii 


Governor  Murrah  did  not  find  his  position  a  sine- 
cure. It  was  fraught  with  anxiety  and  care,  tioulile 
and  annoyances,  while  the  salary  attached  to  it  was 
paid  in  a  currency  which  was  oiily  worth  from  tlnec 
to  four  cents  on  the  dollar.     The    functions  of  the 


mt 


within  forty  y.ards,  and  then  tlie  Itth  Iowa  emptied  nearly  every  sadlli'  as 
quickly  as  tlumeli  the  onler  had  been  given  to  dismount.   KonMiii;/,  iii.  -''1 

-''  Vrcdv  Mij.,  Sept.  22,  1S»)4.  The  accounts  of  this  affair  are  soitiiv* bit 
confusing,  hut  agree  in  the  ahove  main  particulars.  It  does  not  aiiiicm  tliut 
tlic  iitHccr  in  couimand  at  Brazos  Santiago  sent  troops  to  the  niamliiiMl  to 
occupy  Brownsville.     Nor  is  it  likely  that  he  could  do  so  with  his  small  1  ac. 


I  m- 


m 


MURRAH'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


4<-)a 


tliivo  branches  of  government  were  usurped.  ^Tili- 
taiv  orders  and  congressional  acts  set  aside  state  laws, 
and  denuded  him  of  his  authority  as  the  executive. 
As  he  was  a  firm  believer  in  state  rig] its  and  state 
sovereignty,  he  was  soon  hivolved  in  a  labyrinth  of 
(lirticulties.  In  the  hope  that  some  means  miglit  l>e 
(Kvised  to  mitigate  financial  perplexities,  harmonize 
(•(•iitlirting  interests,  and  promote  cooperation  between 
the  state  and  the  confederacy  in  the  protection  of  in- 
dustrial enterprises,  the  success  of  which  would  l»e  of 
('(jual  benefit  to  both,  he  convened  the  legislature  to 
imct  in  extra  session  on  May  11,  18G4. 

From  his  message  of  that  date,  a  clear  perception 
of  tlie  condition  of  Texas  can  be  ganicd.  In  the  [)re- 
(■(•ding  regular  session,  the  legislature,  for  the  purpose 
of  sustaining  the  confederate  currencv,  had  made  all 
appropriations  in  it,  and  authorized  all  taxes  as  well 
as  state  obligations  to  be  j)ai(l  therewith.  The  state 
Ljovennnent  had  disconthmed  the  issue  of  treasury 
wairants  to  prevent  them  from  being  paid  out  in  con- 
iK'ctlon  with  confederate  notes,  and  at  tlie  same  de- 
preciated rates.  But  the  congress  of  the  southern 
states  had  recognized  the  fact  that  the  confederate 
currency  was  almost  worthless,  and  ha<l  provided  fur 
its  withdrawal  from  circulation.  As  a  large  accunui- 
lation  of  the  worthless  paper  already  existed  in  tlit^ 
state  treasury,  the  future  financial  policy  of  Texas  was 
a  (|uestion  of  the  gravest  importance.  The  state  could 
not  afford  to  hold  such  currencv  and  fund  it  in  bonds, 
u  .he  possibility  of  its  being  exchanged  for  the  new 
issue  was  a  matter  that  demanded  inunediate  incjuiry. 
Moreover,  a  revolution  had  taken  place  in  the  views 
of  tlie  general  government  and  of  tlie  people.  S[)ecie 
was  being  recognized  as  the  standard  by  which  to  de- 
termine the  value  of  confederate  paper  money.  Fr'om 
Iviclirnond  to  San  Antoirio,  the  currency  was  treated 
as  depreciated  in  everv-dav  transactions,  and  tlie 
question  arose  whether  Texas  alone  should  continue 
to  receive  it  at  par  with  specie.     While  sustaining  as 


M 


I'nj^ 


(MM 


470 


PHOfiRESS  AND  END  OF  THE  WAR. 


far  as  possible  the  confederate  currency  V)y  niakin;»-iill 
reasonable  sacrifices,  nevertheless  it  was  an  obj(»rt  of 
the  deepest  importance  to  maintain  the  credit  of  the 
stjite.  The  resources  and  isolated  position  of  Texas 
would  enable  her  to  cany  a  very  large  debt,  and  the 
preservation  of  her  credit  was  im}K)rtant  to  the  wliole 
trans-Afississipi)!  department.  The  regular  jiaynicnt 
of  tlie  interest  on  outstanding  V>onds  ought  to  be  made, 
and  this  could  be  done,  provided  that  the  state  was 
uni  inbarrassed,  by  the  judicious  purchase  and  sale  of 
cotton. 

The  governor  suggested  that  the  collection  of  taxes 
under  the  existing  regulation  should  be  arrested. 
Tiiey  might  be  collected,  he  said,  in  state  treasuiy 
warrants,  coupons  of  state  bonds  at  par,  specie,  and 
confederate  currency  at  the  market  value.  Treasurv 
warrants  could  be  substituted  for  the  coui)ons  as  tin  y 
were  paid  into  the  treasury,  and  provis'on  made  for 
funding  the  warrants  in  six  percent  bonds.  The  fact 
that  the  coupons  were  received  in  payment  of  taxes 
would  probably  incri^ase  their  value,  and  at  tlie  same 
time  dinnnish  the  cost  of  their  redemption  in  specie. 
The  legislature,  however,  either  througli  inability,  or 
throuiih  unwillin<»;ness  to  recosrnize  the  rlepreciatioii  of 
confederate  currency,  devised  no  plan  of  ndief,  and  all 
it  did  was  to  provide  for  exchanging  its  bundles  of  old 
confederate  notes  for  the  new  issue. 

The  next  matter  which  (xovernor  IMurrali  brou^lit 
unchn*  consideration  was  the  complication  which  liad 
aiisen  with  regard  to  conscription.  At  the  last  ses- 
sion provision  had  been  made  for  the  organization  ef 
a  state  military  force  embracing  all  capable  of  Ixaiiii.; 
arms  between  the  acres  of  eiohteen  and  fortv-five 
years  not  liable  to  confederate  service,  and  also  those 
between  the  ages  of  forty-five  and  fifty.  This  organi- 
zation was  never  completed,  and  became  a  subject  ef 
disagreement  between  the  executive  and  Geri(  lal 
Magruder,  the  military  chief  in  conmiand  of  Texas, 
The  time  for  which  those  already  in  the  service  hud 


STATE  TROOPS. 


471 


1)r  on  drafted  had  not  yet  expired,  and  February  20, 
]s(;4.  was  mutually  agreed  upon  between  Murrah  and 
^MiiLjruder  as  the  day  for  the  reorganization;  the  gov- 
ernor issued,  January  23d,  an  order  continumg  those 
tr()oi>s  in  ser\iee,  and  announcing  to  them  that  Feb- 
ruary 20th  had  been  appohited  as  the  day  for  their 
]V(  )Tv.anization.  This  caused  great  discontent,  and 
inaiiy  of  them  left  their  posts;  Magruder  began  to 
act  independently,  in  face  of  tlie  governor's  orders, 
and  an  eftbii  was  made  to  enroll  into  the  confederate 
at'iiiv  state  soldiers  between  eisrliteen  and  fortv-five 
Mars  of  aw  whose  terms  of  service  had  not  yet  ex- 
\i'av(\.  The  men  enrolled  in  the  state  service  had  not 
\nvn  given  to  understand  that,  when  their  term 
t\]Mred,  they  were  liable  to  ctmscription  into  the  con- 
f(  (it  rate  arm}-,  and  were  consequently  refractory. 
Jlowever,  tlie  governor  and  general  came  to  an  ar- 
rangement by  which  it  was  agreed  that  all  state  troops 
sliould  be  permitted  at  their  option  to  form  new  or- 
<j,anlzations  to  serve  for  the  war  in  the  confederate 
army,  and  elect  their  own  officers,  or  join  existing 
er.;anizations  in  that  serv^ice;  and  that  all  who  did 
in  it  join  either  should  be  reorixanized  on  February  20th 
as  state  troops,  under  the  late  state  law.  An  order 
to  this  effect  was  issued  February  4th,  with  the  noti- 
lication  that  all  men  liable  to  conscription  would  be 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  state  troops  for  the  period 
of  six  months,  at  the  expiration  of  which  they  would 
l»e  transferred  to  the  confederate  service. 

This  difficulty  was  thus  satisfactorily  overcome; 
tlie  state  troops  and  conscripts  rendezvoused  at  the 
licadtjuarters  of  the  respective  military  districts,  and 
the  reorganization  of  the  companies  was  effected.  But 
in  the  mean  time,  another  and  far  more  serious  matter 
<»f  dispute  arose.  The  confederate  congress  had  re- 
cently passed  a  new  and  sweeping  act  of  conscription, 
and  on  its  publication  in  Houston,  about  the  middle 
of  March,  General  Magrutler  refused  to  receive  the 
newly  organized  state  troops  as  state  troops,  although 


:M 


i!  I, 


II 


472 


PROORKSS   AND   END  OF  THE   WAR. 


tendered  to  liim,  expressing  liis  doterniinatlon  to  rdv 
solely  upon  the  conj^ressional  law  for  troops.  It  will 
1)C  ol)8er\ed  that  the  ])osition  assumed  hy  Mai^nulrr 
Hivolved  the  assumption  that  the  laws  of  ctuijjfiiss 
amiulled  state  laws,  and  that  confech-rate  militarv 
officers  had  authority  to  break  up  an  organization 
formed  under  an  enactment  of  the  U'gislature.  (idv- 
ernor  Murrah  opposed  any  such  views,  and  insisted 
that  the  Texans  should  go  to  the  field  us  state  troojis 
until  the  legislature  should  meet  and  dispose  of  tlio 
end)arrassing  question.  Magruder,  however,  was 
unyielding,  and  the  governor  considered  himself  under 
the  necessity  of  dishanding  the  state  troops,  and  ly 
proclamation  of  April  r2th  called  upon  all  those  liahle 
to  conscription  under  the  recent  act  of  congress  to 
volunteer,  and  organize  in  conformity  with  the  con- 
federate law,  but  as  to  ordering  them  to  do  so,  he  had, 
as  he  said,  no  authoritv.  Thus,  the  state  was  without 
any  military  force,  and  this  at  a  time  when  the  enemy 
was  threatening  Texas  on  the  noith  and  nortlieastt  in 
frontier;  the  cojist  defenders  had  been  mostly  wltli- 
drawn  to  meet  the  foe  in  Louisiana;  in  no  county  was 
there  a  sufficient  police  force  that  could  efficiently  con- 
trol the  slave  poj)ulation,  and  prevent  them  from  I  ic- 
ing tampered  with,  while  in  many  portions  of  the 
country  nmrders,  robberies,  and  outrages  were  bcin'jj 
daily  connnitted.  Under  these  circumstances,  tlio 
governor  was  of  opinion  that  minute  companies  should 
be  thoroughly  organized  in  the  counties  of  all  mm 
between  the  ages  of  fifty  and  sixty  years,  and  those 
exempt  from  service  under  the  laws  of  the  confederate 
congress.  This  system  would  su[)ply  an  efficient  po- 
lice force,  streuijthen  the  local  oroanization  for  tlu> 
defence  of  the  state,  and  retain  a  reserve  of  laboii  is 
that  could  give  time  and  attention  tt>  domestic  in- 
terests. 

The  governor  then  calls  attention  to  the  "  ftai  t'lil 
detnoralization  and  crimes  jn-evailing  tlirougliout  the 
state."     The  picture  which  he  draws  of  the  social  c^'W- 


fci,",  j 


SOCIAL  COXDTTIOX. 


473 


(litlon  of  Texas  tlurinjjf  tliis  period  is  truly  frii^litful. 
lilt  his  own  worils  speak:  "In  some  sections,  soi-it'tv 
i«i  ;iliiit>st  tlisors^anizod ;  the  voice  of  the  law  is  hushed, 
and  its  authority  seldom  asserted.      It  is  a  dead  letter 

ail  unhonored  thinijf  upon  the  unread  pa«»es  of  the 
statutes.  Murder,  robhery,  theft,  outrages  t)f  every 
kind  against  property,  against  Imnian  life,  against 
everything  saered  to  a  civilized  people,  are  fre(juent 
ami  general.  Whole  connnunities  are  under  a  reign 
of  terror,  and  they  utter  their  dreadful  apprehensions 
and  their  agonizing  cries  of  distress  in  vahi.  The  rule 
of  tlie  mob,  the  bandit,  of  unbridled  jiassions,  rides 
o\i>r  the  solemn  ordinances  of  the  government.  Foul 
eriiiie  is  committed,  and  the  criminal,  steeped  in  guilt, 
and  branded  by  his  own  dark  deeds  with  eternal  in- 
famy, goes  unwhipped  of  justice.  Not  even  a  wainint 
is  issued  for  him — no  etl'ort  made  bv  tlu'  sworn  olii- 
cors  of  the  law,  or  bv  the  comniunitv,  to  briii'*'  him 
to  })unishment  Too  often  the  deed  is  excused :  the 
conmiuiiity  is  divided  in  opinion  as  to  tlu'  guilt,  and 
the  criminal  is  screened  from  justici\  unli'ss  his  oH'eiid- 
iiig  chances  to  touch  some  particular  intlueiice  or  pre- 
vailing notions,  and  then,  without  trial,  and  without 
tlie  forms  of  law,  he  is  hulls'  bva  mob.""'  Tills  n-allv 
woithv  Liovernor  then  remarks  that  the  law  was  not 
at  fault,  and  that  if  the  officers  and  peitjile  would 
raniestly  cooperate  to  root  out  these  evils,  the  law 
would  aijain  become  the  "harmonv  of  societv,  and  se- 
t'Uii'  it  against  this  fi'arful  confusion,  and  these  fearful 
dangers."  He  exhorts  the  judiciary  and  all  other 
otiiiers  to  faithfully  discharge  tlu'lr  duties,  and  boldly 
ilcchuvs  that  the  severest  ptMialti(>s  sliouhl  be  ])rovided 
for  tlie  civil  officer  who  neglected  his  sworn  (»bligations. 

In  spite  of  this  lamentable  condition  of  Texas  in  a 
social  point  of  view,  her  industrial  pi-osjxvts  were  far 
from  unfavorable.  Numbers  of  refugees  from  Ijouisi- 
aiia,  Arkansas,  and   Missouri,  after  the  abolition  of 

'  Mi-is,it;u  of  (lov.  P.  Murrah  to  the  extra  session,  May  II,  ISl>4,  no.  iJ, 
I'-  H.,  Ill  Tix.  Coi.  JJoc,,  uo.  2. 


474 


ruaUlESH  AND  E\I)  OF  THK  WAR. 


filavorv,  soujjflit  nn  asvlum  in  Texas,  whirl)  that  law 
failed  to  roach,  briu^nij^  with  tliem  their  slaves.  Tl,t' 
eonse<|ueuee  was  that  the;  year  IHOIJ  was  marked  hy 
nn  unpriTcdented  production  of  cotton  and  cnni. 
liooins  were  supplied  in  ample  abundance,  grcitt 
(juantities  of  cloth  were  manufactured,  an<l  in<lustiial 
enterj)rises  undertaken  on  an  extensive  scale.  Cajiital 
was  employed  hy  associations  and  chartered  companies 
for  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  other  articles  for  homo 
consumption  and  the  use  of  the  army,  and  machinery 
for  manufacturin*.^  [mrposes  were  introduc  (>d.  But  the 
]>roducers  wok.'  called  upon  to  make  sjicrifices  so  uicat 
that  their  patience  became  exhausted.  The  deinaiid 
for  cotton,  both  by  confederate  officers  and  the  state 
military  board,  was  imperative,  and  the  i)lanter  was 
called  upon  to  sell  one  half  of  his  staple  for  state 
bonds  bearii.g  seven  per  centum  interest.  Means  of 
transpoi-tation  to  the  Rio  Grande  were  scarce  and  ex- 
pensive, and  it  was  generally  conceded  that  the  cost 
of  transferring  cotton  thither  from  any  distance  hi  the 
interior  was  equal  to  one  half  of  its  value,  losses  and 
wastaLje  Ixnng  considered.'^  Moreover,  serious  enihar- 
rassments  occurred  between  the  confederate  and  state 
authorities,  and  cotton  transported  under  the  state 
regulations  was  interfered  with  on  the  Rio  Grande. 
Horses  and  mules  were  impressed  for  the  use  <»f  tin 
army,  and  all  surplus  corn  was  appropriated.  A 
gloomy  sentimcmt  began  to  prevail.  INIany  teni!)K' 
battles  had  been  fought,  and  it  was  felt  that  the  iiul 
was  drawing  near. 

The  latter  part  of  1864  was  disastrous  to  the  con- 
federate arms,  and  during  the  first  six  months  of  tlie 
following  year  the  catastrophe  came.  After  the  sur- 
render  of  generals   Lee,  Johnston,   and   Taylt)r,  \n 


"The  system  adopted  l)y  Oov.  Murrah  -was  as  follows:  The  vendor  trans- 
ported his  cotton  to  tlie  Rio  (Jrande  at  his  own  exi)ense  and  risk.  One  li.ilf 
of  it  he  retained  for  his  own  use,  and  for  the  other  half  he  recoivo'l  state 
b()nd.s  at  its  specie  value.  He  had,  moreoTer,  to  pay  the  titlie  iiiiiKisid  !iy 
the  confederate  congress,  and  the  export  duty.  Oov.  Murrah's  Mcs.,  Id,  no, 
2,  in  Tcj:.  Col.  Doc,  no.  '2. 


THE  LAST  SHOT. 


473 


Apiil  and  early  in  May,  a  battle  was  fou«^ht  in  Texas, 
wlicio  the  .stru!L?<4le  was  wt'ill  prol(»njre(|.  CJrneral 
Kirl)y  Smith  addreHse*),  April  21,  a  proclamation  to 
1 1  is  soldiers.  "You  })ossoss  the  means,"  he  said,  "of 
loii^-  resistance.  Protract  the  stru«;L;le,  and  you  will 
surely  receive  the  aid  of  nations  who  already  deeply 
sympathize  with  you."  In  Texas  public  iiieetiiijjfH  were 
lield  and  resolutions  adopted  to  continue  the  war.  A 
l;u'.;e  federal  force  was  set  in  motion  aj^ainst  Texas  under 
Slieiidan;  l)ut  on  Mav  i^Jth  Kirbv  Smith  surren«lered 
his  connnand  to  General  Canby,  before  the  unionists 
liad  reached  tlieir  destination." 

^[euntime  on  May  IHth,  the  engagement  above 
alkided  to,  the  last  in  tlu;  war,  was  fought  near  tlie 
<»M  l)attle-field  of  Palo  Alto,  the  scene  of  Tavlor's  vie- 
ti»iy  over  Arista.  The  confederates  w^'re  stationed  at 
Palmetto,  and  Colonel  Theodore  H.  Barn^tt  who  was 
ill  command  at  Brazos  Santiago,  sent  on  the  11th 
MOO  men  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bronson  to  attack 
tliem.  Early  m  the  morning  of  the  l"Jtli  Bronson 
assaulted  the  enemy's  camp,  drove  him  from  it,  and 
<aj)tured  a  number  of  horses  and  cattle.  He  then 
fell  back,  and  on  the  1.3th  was  joined  by  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel ^lorrisoji  with  200  men.  The  confcxl- 
erates  had  again  assembled  at  Palmetto  rancho  in 
f  )rce,  and  were  commanded  by  General  J.  1'].  Slaugh- 
ter. Colonel  Barrett  now  took  command  of  the  fed- 
eral force  in  person,  and  advanced  against  the  foe, 
who  was  again  driven  from  his  position.  About  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  however,  the  federals  were 
assail(>d  hi  front  by  a  strong  body  of  infantry  witli 
six  12-p()unders,  while  a  squadron  of  cavalry  suc- 
oi'e(l(>d,  under  cover  of  the  chaparral,  in  flanking 
tliem.  Barrett's  position  was  critical,  and  ri'treat  was 
his  only  alternative.  For  three  hours  a  running  fight 
was  maintained  without  the  confederates  being  able 
to  bleak  the  federal  lino,  and  at  sunset  they  retired.'* 

•'■  l\L'j)()rt  of  the  sec.  of  war,  in  ^^<■•lx.  and  Di^c,  Ahrhtii.,  coug.  39,  acs.s.  1, 
702  ;{.  (iuuerals  Magnulor  and  Siiiitli  surrendered  formally  the  Trani- 
Mississippi  department  on  May  Cth.   Thmill,  407. 


i 


W 


\k 


Ij 


iiiii. 


1  ! 


470 


rROiiHKsS   AND   END  OF  THK   WAR. 


Tlu!  last  Hliot  ill  tlio  j^ivat  civil  war  liail  Ikm-ii  fintl. 

"L'ol  Rjirrctt  reported  liiti  Iohh  in  thin  oxpolition  to  Iw  four  otHi«'r.i  .ind 
III  iiKMi  ill  killed,  woHiiileil,  itiid  iiiiHMiii^.    l.iMniiiij,  iii.   m!*  M<). 

Tilt)  riNiilcr  will  tiiiil  in  tliu  foUowiiiu;  a  nioru  cxtviicU'il  lint  of  iititliuniirH 
nifi'4iiltt>)l.  Tlioso  h.kviii)/  an  otlicial  cTiaruftur  arc:  U.  S.  LmrM;  C  S.  Siil- 
vltM;  ('oiiij.  (I'lolif.;  Sill.  AV.  Dim'/i.;  S'ii.  Jour.;  S'H.  Minnl.  l)iu-n.;  //.  Ji.m:; 
II.  fC.r.  l>oi:i.;  J/.  .MUi-<i.  I)iu-i>.;  /I.  (\)iii.  /fiji.;  (\ii.tilM  /{( ]>.i.;  Minn,  nw/  Ihn-^,- 
Ai'fM  mil/  Hilt.;  Iii'l.  Ajriiif  Jfip.;  Sri\  Int.  /Ajw. ;  i'linrtim  itml  (\iii.iIiIiiI'i,,„a: 
Sk'.  W'lir  /'•}>■■<.;  til  tliu  iiiiliiH'M  of  Mliifli  ri'fiTfni'o  in  iiiailu  for  Tcxiiii  all.iin 
during  tlio   iicriotl.     Ti'xa^i  ntnU;  doi'iinit'iits  are  .SV'i/c  fiiiz.;  I.kjIiI.  Jmir''.; 

l/iillMfjtiiM  ^^r.^.^.  Oil  S.  (^.  l(i:iollltitilf;  /il..  Oil  SiiTMioii;  JAw.y.  (/oiw. ,"  7'/.r  /,'iii<, 
<'oii.tHtiiliiiii;  i'oiiii>lr<tUii'n  Iti'VK.;  Pi  mil  Cinfr;  Lnml  Ojfirr  /'ijts;  A'ljl '!■  n. 
l{i]M.;  i'mh  Criiii.   /'rwiiL;  Rifi.   Coin.    I'lili.  Snj'ihi:  Ti.r.    i\i  Miiwi/,  '.!•_•  |i|,.; 

7V.I-.  l'.^  roijMi;  l<X)  pp.;  T<x.  '«  Xiiivoiiili,  HY2  pp.;  7Vr.  iw  S<'i>f'/,  ITHpii: 
1/iiii.if.oii  Cilij  Chniiir,  IH7I,  140  pp.;  Thnn-kiiiitrlim'ii  Final  flip.;  (i'lli-i^i,,,; 
Ai'f.  to  Im-ni-}).,  |S7('>,  44  pp.  Tlio  following  arc  works  of  a  non-ollicial  eh  ir 
actor.   <'iiriliii\i'/<  7V.r.,  passim;  JfiikinH  Mix.  Wnr:  lil.,  I.ifiof  Pi>lk\'li\'.\  'Isf,; 

7''.r.  Alniimu;  lS,"i7-<il,  IHCiS,  woo  iiidicus;  Kiiini'i/i/'i  Ti.r.;  /.l>■^<.^ill  /'n  Cir.  It  i  , 
i.  (■»■_»  27:1;  iii.  '-'•-•14,  I2."l  («>,  ')7'.>-8():  HoMtmiH  fi-j-.,  i.  "J.Vr  :{|4';  ii.  KS  •.Vs 
III.,  Li/i'of,  17^0L»;  HoUhjh  Ti.>:,  I'-'-VW);  U.  S.  h'ljiii'i.,  (>•_»  'JCIJ;  /',/.,,,  v 
Mil.  Ilrroin,  ii.  '2!»  >%;  Jlinri/'s  Ciiin}iiiijn  Shfr/ir/i,  7ri-ll."i;  Miiniii/'n  lli'l.  I'. 
S.,  4(W-1K»;  Moiil;io:iirnt'.'4  Lift'  of  T'l/lnr,  (»0-H73;  Oliimtiiiirn  joiinn  i/.  -I'.', 
4i;:i-.">l();  hittoii'x'lliM.'U.  S..  (iiH-7(>4,  Portir'n  Kit.  of  Mi.r.  Wui;  ,V.'  7,i; 
li'iiinnri/'HOfln'r  Siili',  '24-')7;  Morfi'x  ll'mt.  7V.;'.,  pa.ssini;  Tlinill'n  Ti'.r.,  p:i>-i;n; 
JUpln/'x  WiirMi.!-.,  l(>--«t,  100  •-•';  Tm/lnr  nml /lU  Stiir, 'SAM;  Fiirlir'.s  I'. /<„ 
tni-x!  Ill)  87,  'JM-O;  Joiiik'  /{ijnil,.  •'/  Mi.r.,  l>;{  MH;  ]VilL'<ivi'x  Aimr.  Jli^t.. 
()!!•  t»S,    Mlnlliinr/i  7''.c.,  jiassiin;  /lllrri'>l>n'■^  linftlr  Fiilils,  Xiii^it;  l.iirriiiiT''.i 

Wir  iri/Ji  Mi.i:,  1.H7-1.'00;  Pniiriiiloin,  lJ»-l(>t»;  T/io,-}h''m  Arini/ on  lih  dniii-l'. 
7:V  III;  Miiiin-'.^  .Mr.r.  Az/.,  i.  S:«M);  /-A,  Mu-.  }Voi;  87-14!t';  Xilix'  If,,,..  «■,. 
iiidiuos  during  the  period;  llnrwr'n  Monthly  Mn'/.,  xxvi.,  r».">7;  xxxii.,  (i.Kt  J; 
Jin/'x  Mf.r.  Win;  l-_M-4:<;  LiniiM  Piininix./MSM;  M' ('nil's  Liftir.i,  4'.",i:i;; 
Min.ifiilil'xMi'4:  War,  l<»-43;  JliinfnA<litri.'..HtotliePi:>}ile  o/Tli:,  I  S:!;  //., 
Miir/i.  Mil;/.,  vols.  xix.  toxl.,  see  indices;  Piilivm.'n  M'r/.,  iii.  I70-<S0,  :.'.'r_'  tin, 
;iO.')  7S;  liuxliiiniinti'.  Menu  IlUt.  Mi:r.,  MS.,  iv.  'JOO-ol ;  v.  Ul-");  Loift.  (!"<i. 
Sir.  Joui:,  viii.  ISH»  2-JG;  Moore's  Dixerip.  Ti.r.,  8-14,  .38-41;  Y'mn  i'.-<  ll.'^i. 
Mi:r.,  289-91,  341-58,  380,  4.3t»;  Tnijlor's  Ron  ,1,  mid  lieiulji  Al  n.,  7---'(t;  '  "  '. 
IlittliH  of,  17-30;  Jlonenvrli's  MUi.  Ailroif.,  8^L'43;  Jil.,  111.4.  ilii  Mi.r.,  ■-•07-1(1; 
iriMnniilVs  U.  S.  Itei/.,  1801-'-',  Gl-i,  83;  De  Boir's  Kir.,  xiii.  5:<-(l:  xvi. 
473  (5;  xvii.  IG8-9;  xix.  137-8,  201-5,  578-87;  North's^  Fin-  Ymrs  in  T'.r., 
92  154;  C'reinoni/'-i  Life  ainoinf  A}Kiches,  l.'{-34;  Kvii'liill'.'<  Xorr.  ot  Trr.  mi'l 
S^inta  AV  E.nyi'i/.,  i.  Ki- 1 73;  "/)<»>(-,  '  Letters  from  Ti'.r.,  148-52.  247  51,  •.".i"« 
303;  E<1.  ■lid's  Te.r.,  41-53;  Foiiriiel,  Conip.  D'Oeil,  2:J-.'»7;  Dmhii's  Pluin.i  Ht 

IIV.<  48  )2,  131,  1.52,  .391-4,  40.3-4;  Jlon-.nil's  Spt-erh  U.  S.  H.  Krp..  .Uuw 
11,  18,50  Fry's  I/fe  of  Tiiylor,  97-195;  McVa'K's  Comp.  View,  1.58  !»,  Tiili; 
lYDrliii,  llitt.  fieii.  lies  Voy.,  iii.  3.58-62;  Miisoiis  Spurh  U.  S.  Sin..  Miv 
27,  18.50,  'i.-<lier  Olid  Cnl':y's  Aiiier.  Stnte  Annwil,  18.54,  .394-9;  Li.4n-'.'<  Jl"i'- 
ton  onil  I,      Kepiili.,   1.55-85;  Gom/e^s  Fiscal  lH.it.    Te.e.,  pa.ssim;  /■'/•(«/".<  .l/.r. 

]yiir,  10  :  51-4;  Id.,  Pict.  JPw't.  Mec,  194-2.53,  4t)7;  Oiienii  tnfrr  .)/.  /.  ,v 
E<tiul.  Uni  ,31-40;  Tijns  Diet,  de  liCo:ni.'t.;  Viitt's  Vowiue.-iti'id.  oirl X.  M J.: 
Beiiiocniflc  ?ev.,  xvi.  419-28;  Ornftons  Civ.  Anier.,  ii.  2()9-78;  Pmirr's  .V./'>; 
Seiniiie.i  S  I'iee  Ajli^it,  02-74;  Koss'  Te.r.  Briijode,  Louisville,  18SI,  ls5  yy.: 
Koileiiliowius  L'd' Dnijoons,  102-1.3,  b\4^\6;'  Gndiam's  Mmj.,  xlvii.,  'MV'M 
xlviii.  174;  OnUatins  Penee  with  Mex.,  1.5-23;  Jinrliy,  7Vj-.,  10-13;  Fru^'i'U'i 
Sjn'irh  in  Cnif/.,  Aug.  13,  18.50;  Kolwrt.ion's  Keininis,  Cmnp  In  Mi.r.,  4'.i  .'•"': 
Pap.  Vor.,  Wl,  no.  2,  20;  100,  no.  7;  107,  no.  2,  10;  1G7,  no.  10;  173,  ii...  I'.i; 
Fillinlo,  Kip.  al  Slip.  Got).,  no.  iii.,  lG-21;  Id.,  lii.tt.  Giierra  'IW.,  ii.  •-"•-  '•'; 
Tlioinp,<ous  KeeoL  Me.r.,  70-3;  FroeM's  Cent.  Aiiier.,  424-7,  442~.50;  J/m./'/ZM 
KiUte  und  Tex.,   39-G5;  MontUc's   Val.  of  the  Miss.,  ii.  579-95;  Tu:  Bm. 


AUTllOUniRS. 


1 1 


p,.v.-,  1878-0,270-50;  Trr.  Ull.  Comiiiiir.,^-'*2:  R-mtuirn  V  j».  Dron-ip.  Ti.r., 
7  I. 'J;  /i'lfk'n  .V;r#rA,  1-14;  Kiifnt,  /lixl.  J'tloft,  in.  ril.'i  hi;  Hiirhi  'I'l.r. 
.1  .,  I"»7H,  ]>>S-2,  154;  Smit/i,  A'k/jVc  ^ti/r  Ui  ()i<t<j.  ilii  'IVj:,  I'iirin,  •_'4  jip.; 
/'. ,  ,  I- iiiid  M'l.i'i/  Hill.  Mirivr  Colimff,  KM  U;  /V/l'i  //  /'<  iii,  ('itiiium>:  Cii^f, 
/  ,  H  i>i'-:  'V"'-  "'i»r;  i'oniyitf  /Hit.,  l!>-'_'7;  .Vi'"/'"/!.  /.//I  *»  t/ir  i:>t/i  i  ,ii- 
If,  I,,  •.*'»>  H>  ;  ('iirUtt'n  f.iij.  MiiiiiKil,  •-IS'.';  tlUnHitn'H  lli-'l.  Ciilh.  Chiirrh,  ii. 
|.>.  linit'Oi'K  Dili.  Ill  (''>";/.,  xvi.  .V.H>;  Murnfn  .trir/t  /,//<■,  170;  MrC/i'iiin 
.\f.  /,  ill  ('i)H</.,  .luiif  5,  IN'K);  Mnlhiiiiitti,  Tiiiiiliiii'/i,  lot  71;  //'iiih'n/'i  Tir., 
>/!/.  /i'-,./.,  ISTli  i»,  «.i' iii.li.cH;  A'.«/Iw*  .V.  H'.'  7'<.'-..  '.M  :«7,  '2V2,  LM't.  •Jl.O  1; 
,;,,]!' niiiil  Jhitrliliit'  M'c'o,  Waco,  lS7t5,  171,  I*]).;  Mi'rrick nml  Ihinnil't  Mini., 
All-till,  1^7!>,  .")7  ii|i. :  .\firriiii/ilr  A'/iiii-i/  All.,  \s'\,  i:(i»  7;  't'u:  nml  /n r  I'n]'!- 
hi'lfi  <.  !.■>  lii;  M  i.iiii'h  S]xii-li  III.  Af'iir*,  \\\A\.  1^7(5,  l.">  pp.  NuiueruiM 
.M>  \.<  ,111  ;iii(i  Aiiiuriuitii  iit'Wttpapur.s  huvo  litn-ii  exaiiiiucd. 


H 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 

THE  RECONSTRUCTION  PERIOD. 

18G5-1870. 

OovERNon  IlAMii/roN — The  Question  of  Fkeepmex  s  Rioirrs— LAwa.EsssKss 
IN  Texas — EMANrii'AiioN  ok  Siavehy  I)ei"lakei>  i\  Texas — Irs  Kfhut 
— The  State  Convention — Thkockmokton  Elecied  (Joveknoi:  -A 
Bold  MEssA<iE — Laws  Passed  uy  the  Leoislatuke — Discord  hei  wkf.n 
President  Johnson  andCunciress — A  llKioRous  Act — Texas  i  suku 
Military  Rule — Judicial  Districts — Thkck'Kmorton's  Difitcii.tiks 
AND  Removal— His  Views  on  the  Posiiion — Peake  Appointed  <!i>v- 

ERNOR — ChaNOES  OK  MILITARY  COMMANDERS — REGISTRATION  QlKslloNS 

— The  RECoNSTRUcrrioN  Convention — Disaoreementh — The  (1eni:i;\i, 
Election — Amended  Constitution  Ratified — Doings  of  the  Lmiis- 

LAl'URE. 


AFTKRtlie  formal  surrender  of  Smith  and  Magrudcr, 
Governor  Murrah  retired  to  Mexico,  and  on  June  19 
1805,  General  Granger,  of  the  United  States  army, 
assumed  temporary  command.  On  the  I7th  of  tluit 
month  President  Johnson,  in  pursuance  of  his  plan  of 
reconstruction,  appointed  Andrew  J.  Hamilton  '  |iio- 
vislonal  governor  of  Texas.  As  a  preliminary  step  to 
the  reorganization  of  the  subdued  states,  the  president 
had  removed,  on  April  29th,  certaui  commercial  re- 
strictions, and  on  May  29th  issued  a  proc'^n^ation 
granting  an  amnesty,  with  certain  exceptions,  to 
persons  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  rebellion,  on 
condition  of  their  taking  an  oath  of  allegiance. 

The  provisional  governor  arrived  at  Galveston  at 
the  end  of  July.     He  was  clothed  with  the  pow^f  to 

*i[amiltou  was  a  native  of  Alabama,  ami  camo  to  Texas  in  184().     Whs 
attoriiL-y-general  in  184i>,  ami  latur  a  inoiiiher  of  the  sttite  legislatuiT.     In 
IS,")!*  lie  was  elected  to  congress,  where  he  opixised   secession.     Diiriiit;  the 
war  he  left  Texas.     He  died  at  Austin  in  April  1875.   ThnilL,  54&-50. 
(478) 


PROVISIONAL  GOVERNOR, 


479 


reorganize  the  state  government,  assemble  a  conven- 
tion of  citizens  who  liad  taken  the  anniesty  oath,  and 
])i()vide  for  the  election  of  representatives  to  the  na- 
ti<»nal  congress.  Accordingly  boards  of  registration 
wore  established  in  the  different  counties,  with  au- 
thoi'ity  to  administer  the  oath,  and  register  all 
ptisons  who,  from  their  loyalty  to  the  United  States, 
W(»iild  be  allowed  to  vote.  State,  district,  and  county 
otlicors  were  appointed,  and  under  the  circumstances, 
(Governor  Hamilton  gave  general  satisfaction.  But 
coiifi'dtirate  principles  and  hopes  were  as  yet  ftir  from 
{\viu\  in  Texas,  and  the  anti-union  portion  of  the  com- 
munity began  to  grow  anxious  as  they  watched  the 
actio?!  of  the  president.  It  was  soon  feared  that 
Hamilton  was  more  an  agent  of  Johnson  than  the 
iral  governor  of  Texas,  and  that  the  easy  manner  in 
Avliich  confederates,  known  to  be  still  hostile  to  the 
union,  were  registered  as  voters,  would  enable  such  to 
control  the  state. 

The  all-absorbing  question  was  the  future  condition 
of  thc!  freedmen.  Were  they  to  enjoy  the  rights  of 
('itiz(Miship,  and  the  elective  franchise,  or  to  be  re- 
garded n^crely  as  aliens?  On  January  31,  1805,  the 
liouse  of  representatives  had  adopted  the  thirteenth 
auRndment  of  the  national  constitution,'  which  had 
already  passed  th«3  senate  during  the  preceding  ses- 
sion, and  there  was  no  doubt  that  future  legislation 
Would  be  directed  toward  securing  to  the  freedmen 
all  the  rights  of  citizenship. 

President  Johnson  displayed  a  leniency  toward  the 
sulxlued  confederates,  and  an  attitude  that  could  only 
1)1"  regarded  as  friendly  to  them  by  the  clear-siglited 
observer.     Profuse   with   his  pardons,^  many  promi- 

-Tlie  following  ia  a  copy  of  the  amendinont: 

Sfitioii  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  puii- 
ishiiuut  for  crime,  whereof  tiio  party  shall  have  been  thily  eonvioted,  shall 
I'xist  within  the  United  Spates,  or  any  place  suhject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

St'i'tion  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appro- 
priate Icj^islation. 

M>\iriii)j  the  years  1865  and  18(5(5  jwrdons  were  extended  to  over  (500 
Tcyain  included  in  the  classes  of  exemption  under  the  aioneaty  proclama- 
tion. JI.  Conu  licj>i,  cong.  40,  seas.  1,  no.  7,  1029-43. 


i  » 
St 


ff 

h' 

t 


480 


thj:  reconstruction  period. 


II 


nont  and  influential  secessionists  were  placed  in  tlie 
same  rank  with  unionists ;  and  ho  sliowed  an  incliiui- 
t"on  hastily  to  secure  tl'e  return  of  the  revolted 
s'ates  into  the  union,  before  any  mrtlier  provision 
in  favor  of  the  frcedmen's  franchise  could  be  made,  in 
order  that  their  pressure  nii'^ht  be  felt  in  cono;ress. 

With  regard  to  the  unionists  in  Texas  tlicy  wore 
placed  in  a  peculiar  position.  After  the  confederate 
troops  were  disbanded,  the  men  with  union  syni[)a- 
thies  were  looked  upon  as  traitors  to  their  country,  and 
many  outrages  were  committed  by  disbantk'd  soldiers 
and  banditti.  Toward  the  union  troops  quartered  in 
the  towns  an  intense  hatred  was  felt  by  most  of  tlic 
citizens.  The  military  force  which  occupied  Texas 
was  not  adequate  to  suppress  tlie  lawlessness  which 
prevailed  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  and  it  wa? 
only  in  the  vicinity  of  the  garrisoned  towns  and  posts 
tliat  security  of  person  and  property  was  sustained. 
In  the  courts  justice  was  warped  to  favor  tliose 
who  had  fought  for  home  and  country  in  the  soutli.' 

At  the  beijinning  of  the  war  there  were  about 
275,000  slaves  in  Texas,  and  during  its  progress 
about  125,000  were  sent  thither  from  the  southern 
states  in  order  to  secure  them  from  the  federal  forces. 
Thus  at  tlie  close  of  the  war  there  was  a  slave  popu- 
lation of  400,000  in  the  country,  distributed  for  the 
most  part  on  the  plantations  situated  on  the  Sabine, 
Neches,  Trinity,  Bi*azos,  and  Colorado  rivers.  As 
soon  as  General  Granger  took  military  possession  <if 
Texas  he  proclaimed  the  emancipation  of  the  slav(  s, 
and  at  once  a  jjfreat  sur<jing  movement  of  the  hithert(» 
servile  population  took  place.  The  negroes  could  net 
fully  realize  that  they  possessed  their  freedom  witli- 
out  practical  proof  that  such  was   the  case.     Tlicv 


*Gen.  Custer  testified,  March  10,  1860,  before  the  'Reconstructi.-.n  Cniii- 
mittee,'  thus:  '  Smce  the  estahlislituent  of  the  provisional  govcrjiiiieiit  in  'Wvm 
the  gr.and  juries  throughout  the  state  have  found  upwards  of  500  imi't- 
nicnts  for  murder  against  disloyal  iiu-n,  and  yet  not  in  a  siiijjlo  case  !:  is 
tliere  been  a  conviction.'  Heport  Joint  Co.it.  Recons.,  cong.  31),  seis.  1,  pt  iv. 
75. 


FREEDMEN. 


481 


in  the 
iuclliui- 
revoltt'd 
rovisiou 
nadc,  ill 
rress. 
icy  "weic 
LfcdoniLO 
syin[)a- 
itry,  and 
solduTS 
ftered  in 
it  of  the 
3d  Texas 
S3  which 
id  it  wa;5 
and  posts 
sustained, 
ror   tin 'SO 
lie  south.' 
re  aV)out 
pro;j;ress 
soutlicru 
■al  forces. 
,ve  pojfu- 
1  for  the 
Sahhie, 
ors.     As 
cssiou  of 
lie  sUives, 
hitherto 
ould  net 
mi  with- 
Thev 


aicti.-,n_<'"m- 

lieiitiu'l'i  \iis 

500  iii'l  't- 

[rlo    CiKC,    1   IS 

feis.  1,  1''  i^'- 


Irtt  tlio  plantations  on  which  they  had  toiled  so  long 
and  roamed  in  crowds  from  place  to  place  in  asser- 
tion of  their  new  right;  they  flocked  to  the  freed- 
nuiti's  bureau'  for  registration;  and  a  tide  of  black 
!  i.en  who  had  been  brought  into  Texas  during  the 
war,  set  in  toward  Louisiana  in  search  of  their  old 
lionies  to  which  they  were  anxious  to  return.  Dur- 
ing their  journey  they  met  with  much  suffering.  A 
Ai'v\)  bitterness  was  (sntertained  toward  them  by  their 
former  masters,  who  tried  to  constrain  them  to  remahi 
on  tlie  plantations,  and  numbers  of  them  were  killed." 

Nevertheless,  when  the  excitement  subsided,  they 
returned  to  work,  and  by  the  beguming  of  1866  it  be- 
<r>\n  to  be  seen  that  free  labor  would  soon  prove  a 
success  in  Texas.  The  plantation  owners  were  com- 
jtelk'd  to  yield  to  necessity,  and  offered  them  terms 
which  promised  to  ensure  steady  labor.' 

As  regards  the  disposition  of  Texas  toward  the 
union,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  feeling  was  less  bitter 
hen;  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  confederacy.  A 
large  portion  of  the  population,  whose  voices  had 
heeii  hushed  during  the  long  struggle,  were  still  union- 
ists at  heart ;  the  German  inhabitants,  estimated  at 
40,000,  had  ever  been  for  the  union,  and  no  small 
proportion  of  the  secessionists  themselves,  having 
fought  the  fight  and  lost,  were  ready  to  accept  their 
defeat  and  the  new  order  of  things.     The  refractoiy 

■'' An  act  estal>li.sliing  a  Imrt-au,  in  tlu'  war  departnuiiit,  for  the  relief  of 
freeiliiieu  ami  refugees  was  approved  !Mareh  S,  ]8()5.  Con;/.  OIoIk',  ]f>ii4-ii, 
a]i.  141.  Hranelics  of  this  departineiit  were  established  in  Austin  and  othtn- 
jiliiwrt  in  Texas,  as  elsewhere  in  the  other  sfiuthcrn  states.  On  tlio  .same 
ilay  an  act  to  incorporate  the  Freedmen's  Savings  and  Trust  Company  was 
iijiliriived. 

''•iiiv.  Hamilton  stated  that  he  had  information  of  tiie  dead  ho'hes  of 
frecdnieuheing  found  hero  and  tlio  -e  throughout  the  state — some  in  th(  vreeks, 
iitiurs  tloating  down  streams,  utiicrs  liy  the  mails — amounting  in  ".ii  to  aliout 
'.'HO  11  [J  to  the  middle  of  .Ian.  IStid.  Testimony  of  .lohn  T.  Mien,  in  /frjvn/, 
I''  "II}!..  ptiv.,  88. 

'  Wages  S-0  a  month,  or  fj  the  eotton  or  !,  the  corn  er.ips.  (i.  \V.  Little- 
liiM.  a  resident  of  Austin,  and  a  eotton  grower  unde:  both  the  slave  ami 
Ine  systems  of  labor,  says:  'After  the  war  closed  'vo  used  the  sanu;  labor 
I'M  the  plant^ations  by  paying  a  percentage  of  the  crop  raised.  Under  good 
iMaiiiiireinent  at  that  time  wo  calculated  to  make  from  J  to  \,  bale  of  cotton 
]"■•  .1.  re.  h'l'iiinrl'x,  ('n/fti'  ami  Ai/rii:,  MS.,  l-'J. 
IIi^T.  Mrx.  St.\tks,  Vol.  II.    ;ii. 


h    I 


it    M 


! 


48'J 


THK  RE(;()NSTKUcrrr()N  i'Kr:()I). 


spirit  manifested  (luring  tlie  days  wliich  succeeded 
tlie  occupation  of  Texas  by  the  victors  was  due,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  tlie  fact  that  her  territory  lind  ncscr 
been  made  the  seat  of  war.  The  people  could  not 
brook  the  restraint  which  was  now  imposed  uj)()ii 
them ;  while  it  nmst  be  admitted  that  the  conduct  of 
the  federal  officers  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties, 
especially  in  the  treasury  department,  afforded  just 
grounds  for  irritation  and  complaint/ 

On  January  8,  1866,  an  election  was  held  for  dele 
gates  to  a  state  convention  to  form  anew  constitution. 
There  was  no  excitement,  and  little  interest  was 
shown.  Governor  Hamilton  in  his  messaije  to  the 
convention,  which  met  on  February  10th,  declared 
that  the  apathy  of  the  people  filled  him  with  d(v,\) 
concern,  and  stated  that  there  was  reason  to  believi' 
that  less  than  half  the  voters  had  participated  in  tlit^ 
recent  election. 

Having  elected  J.  W.  Throckmorton  president,  and 
W.  L.  Chalmers  secretary,  the  convention  proceeded 
with  its  labors,  and  the  new  constitution  was  com- 
pleted by  April.  In  it  every  measure  that  was  de- 
manded as  a  prerequisite  for  readmission  into  tlu 
union  was  adopted.  The  abolition  of  slavery  w;is 
recotrnized,"  and  freedmen  were  allowed  the  riijht  b> 
make  contracts;  to  sue  in  the  courts;  to  acquire  nnd 

** It  was  a  oonunon  nractice  of  the  agents  of  the  treasury  <le|)aiiiiu'Mt  to 
seize  cottou  on  tlie  preiext  that  it  belonged  to  the  late  eouf'>i'  ate  st;it/^; 
to  refuse  to  give  the  party  who  owned  the  eotton  a  paper  oigiiatinfj  tlio 
^vcight.^  of  the  hales,  an  I  subsequently  return  the  claimant  the  same  iiimi- 
ber  of  bales  taken  from  him  after  abstracting  a  portion  of  the  cotton,  hi 
other  cases  permits  to  ship  cottou  were  not  respected,  and  bribes  exaitid 
before  it  was  allowed  to  be  shipped.  Again,  permits  were  often  refiisid, 
and  persons  employed  to  purchase  the  cottou  at  reduced  prices.  Such  cuii 
duct  afforded  a  pretext  for  sedition  .and  turbulence.  Testimony  of  T.  •). 
Mackay,  May  18,  18t)G,  in  Id.,  157. 

'  'Art.  VIII.  African  .slavery,  as  it  heretofore  existed,  having  befu  tcr 
niinated  within  this  state  by  the  gov.  of  tlus  U.  S.  by  force  of  arms,  ami  its 
reestahlishment  being  prohibited  liy  the  amendment  to  the  constitutimi  ot 
the  U.  S.,  it  is  declared  that  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  tx 
copt  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  con- 
victed shall  exist  in  this  state.'  Copy  of  the  amended  constitution  will  l>c 
found  in  U.  S.  charters  and  constitutions  ii.,  1784-1801. 


(lOVERNOli  THROCKMORTON. 


483 


transmit  property ;  and  to  testify  as  witnesses  in  civil 
iuul  criminal  cases.  The  convention,  moreover,  passed 
(trdinances  declaring  the  act  of  secession  null ;  repu- 
diating the  war  debt  of  the  rebellion;  proclahning 
the  permanency  of  the  union,  and  the  supremacy  of 
the  laws  of  the  United  States;  and  assuming  the 
direct  tax  levied  upon  the  state  by  the  United  States.'* 
Tlie  amended  constitution  was  submitted  to  the  peoj)le 
and  ratified  June  25th."  On  the  same  day  the 
ifriieral  election  was  held,  and  J.  W.  Throckmorton  " 
was  chosen  governor  and  G.  W.  Jones,  lieutenant- 
ijfovemor.  ' 

On  August  1 8th,  Governor  Throckmorton,  having 
been  duly  inaugurated,  sent  in  his  first  regular  mes- 
sai^e.  After  alluding  to  the  outrages  perpetrated  by 
lawless  characters  following  the  disbandment  of  the 
f'oii  federate  army,  and  congratulating  the  country 
upon  their  end,  he  supplies  the  legislature  with  a 
Hiiancial  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  treasury, 
th(;  available  funds  in  which  amounted  to  $90,028,  of 
wliich  $31,399  were  in  specie,  and  the  balance  in 
United  States  currency.     He  then  calls  attentiori  to 


I 


m 


"During  Hamilton '.s  administration  a  tax  of  12^  eta  on  the  $100  was  col- 
kcted.   Thrall,  411. 

"For  the  amendments  28, Hi)  votes  were  cast,  and  23,400  against  them. 
Tex.  Aha.,  18G7,  262. 

'^Throckmorton  w.is  born  in  Tonn.  in  1825,  and  migrated  to  Texas  iu 
IS4I  with  his  father's  family;  was  in  the  legislature  from  1851  to  1850  wh(!n 
lie  was  elected  to  the  senate  where  he  remained  till  1801.  Ho  was  a  mem- 
i)t.'r  of  tlio  secession  convention,  and  was  one  of  the  seven  who  voted  against 
NCcpMsiiin.  Ho  was  true  to  Texas,  however,  when  the  die  was  cast,  and  rais- 
iiii,' a  (•(inipany  joined  the  confederate  army.  He  took  part  in  tlic  hattle  of 
Kik  Horn,  and  afterward  served  under  (leneral  Dick  Taylor.  In  l.S(;4<!ov. 
Miurili  assigned  to  him,  with  the  rank  of  hrig.-geu.,  the  eoinniand  of  tiie 
iiiirtlirni  frontier.  In  1865,  (len.  Kirhy  Smith  appointed  him  general  liidiau 
au'iiit,  and  he  made  a  treaty  with  inunerous  tribes  very  favorable  to  Texas, 
ill  1S()()  111!  was  elected  a  member  of  the  tirst  reconstruction  convention,  and 
I'hiiM'ii  jireaident  of  that  body.    T/inilt,  ti'J5-G. 

"  I'or  gov.,  Tlirockmorton  obtiiined  48,();{1  votes  against  12,051  cast  for 
H.  M.  I'ease.  S.  Crosby  was  elected  eonnnissioner  of  the  general  land  oliice; 
U.  Ij.  Robards,  comptroller;  and  M.  H.  Royston,  treasurer.  The  votes 
cast  tor  amendments  to  state  constitution  were  28,119  and  against  tliem 
■-'0, 4(M).  7Vj:.  Al.')i.,  18G7,  278.  The  white  population  of  Texas  at  tliis  time 
was  jirobably  about  the  same  in  number  as  in  1860,  which  according  to  the 
census  was  420,890.  Estimating  the  nund)er  of  voters  at  ono-fifth  of  the 
impuhitiou  it  will  be  noticed  how  many  absented  themselves  from  the  polls. 


1. 


■} 


mi 


.■  ^* 


484 


THK  REGONSTRUOTION   PERIOlJ. 


the  alanning  loss  )f  life,  which  had  occurred  within 
the  last  three  months,  along  the  entire  frontier  line, 
owing  to  inroads  made  by  the  Indians,  and  to  the  fact 
that  a  considerable  number  of  children  had  been  car- 
ried into  captivity.  The  legislature,  he  urges,  should 
appropriate  a  sum  of  money  for  the  redemption  of 
these  captives,  and  devise  some  means  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  frontier,  in  the  event  of  a  failure  to 
get  the  necessary  assistance  from  the  United  States 
government. 

In  order  to  ensure  a  future  supply  of  labor  on 
which  the  prosperity  of  the  country  depended,  ho 
recommended  that  laws  should  be  passed,  carrying,' 
out  the  objects  of  the  ordinance  "authorizing  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  commissioner  of  statistics,  for  the 
promotion  of  immigration."  Witii  regard  to  the 
freed  blacks,  he  remarked  that  every  effort  should  Ix' 
made  to  impress  upon  them  that  their  labor  was  de- 
sirable; and  that  laws  should  be  passed  carrying  out 
the  intention  of  the  eighth  article  of  the  constitu- 
tion, in  securing  to  them  protection  of  person  and 
property.  He  adds:  "It  is  desirable  that  all  military 
force,  and  the  agents  of  the  fr  edmen's  bureau  should 
be  withdrawn  from  the  interior  of  the  state.  The 
most  certain  way  to  effect  this  object  will  be  the  en- 
actment of  just  laws  for  the  protection  of  the  blacks, 
and  their  riijid  enforcement." 

But  considering  the  position  of  affairs,  no  pait  of 
the  message  is  more  striking  and  pregnant  with  future 
trouble  than  that  which  touches  upon  the  anund- 
ments  to  the  cojistitution  of  the  United  States.  Suh- 
mitting  a  copy  of  the  joint  resolution  of  congress, 
proposing  to  the  several  states  a  thirteenth  article  to 
the  federal  constitution,'*  the  i^overnor  remarked  that 
the  article,  having  been  already  ratified  by  the  recjui- 
site  number — three  fourths — of  states,  had  beeonif  a 
law  of  the  land,  and  being  no  longer  an  open  (jucs- 
tion,  he  did  not  consider  it  necessary  that  the  legisla- 

'*  Abolishing  slavery.     See  note  '2  this  cliaj)ter. 


THE  THIRD  SECTION. 


4M 


tun^ 
also 


should  take  any  action   upon  the  matter.     He 
enclosed    an   attested   co})y    of  a   resolution  of 


congress,  proposing  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several 
states  a  fourteenth  article  to  the  constitution,  deeply 
attocting  the  status  of  the  late  secedors.  With  re- 
yard  to  this  amendment  he  does  not  hesitate  to  ex- 
press his  unqualified  disapproval,  it  being,  in  his 
opinion,  unwise  and  unjust.  *'  To  say  nothing  of  its 
liarslmcss,"  he  contiimcs,  "the  eftbct  of  the  adoption 
of  tlie  third  section'*  of  the  article  will  be  to  deprive 
the'  state,  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  of  the 
services  of  her  ablest  and  best  men ;  at  a  time  and 
amidst  circumstances  which  render  these  services 
more  important  than  at  any  period  of  her  history.  I 
recommend  the  unqualified  rejection  of  the  proposed 
fourteenth  article." 

The  legislature  acted  on  Throckmorton's  suggestion, 
having  submitted  the  separate  questions  to  special 
committees,  which  endorsed  his  opinions.  The  first 
tiamed  amendment  was  respectfully  returned  to  the 
secretary  of  state,  without  any  action  being  taken 
upon  it,  and  the  fourteenth  amendment  was  rejected 
by  a  vote  of  67  nays  against  five  j'^eas. 

Numerous  laws  for  the  internal  improvement  of  the 
state  were  passed  at  this  session,  which  continued  dur- 
ing; the  months  of  August,  September,  Octobt;r,  and 
Xovember.  For  the  protection  of  the  frontier,  an  act 
was  passed  providing  for  three  battalions  of  Texan 
Kangers,  eacli  consisting  of  five  companies,  each  100 
stiong.  Count}''  courts  were  organized,  and  the  sala- 
ries of  the  judges  and  otticials  coimected  with  them 
assigned.     A  general  apprentice   law  provided    that 

'■^  It  is  as  follows:  '  Sec.  ;{.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative 
in  oongress,  or  elector  of  president  or  vice-president,  or  hold  any  ottlce,  civil 
iir  military,  under  the  U.  S.,  or  under  any  state,  who,  having  previously 
tiikcn  an  oath  as  a  member  of  congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  U.  S. ,  or  as  a 
iiunnljcr  of  any  state  legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any 
state,  to  support  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  shall  have  engaged  in  insur- 
rei'tion  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies 
tticreof.  But  congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  each  house,  remove 
■iMili  disability. 

"'I'dpy  of  (rov.  Throckmorton's  message  in  no.  3  of  Tex,  Col.  Doc.,  no.  2. 


(:i 

I 
t 


i 


'  a 


i' 


486 


THE  RECONSTRUCTION   PERIOD. 


minors  could  be  bound  as  apprentices  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  parents  or  guardians,  or  without  tlioir 
consent  if  the  minor  agreed  in  open  court  to  be  so 
bound.  Another  enactment  granted  a  lien  on  cr(i[)s 
and  stock  for  advances  made  to  assist  in  producing  tlat 
crop.  Other  laws  provided  regulations  with  regard 
to  labor  contracts,  and  for  the  punishment  of  persons 
tampering  with  laborers  or  apprentices,  or  entioiiii; 
them  away  from  work,  Tncome,  salary,  and  license 
taxes  were  established,  and  the  rates  defined.  A  a- 
grancy  was  defined,"  and  punishment  proscribed.  An 
act,  called  the  Stay  Law,  was  passed,  regulating  the 
collection  of  debts,'"  and  another  regulating  the  duties 
of  assessors  and  collectors.  The  judicial  districts  wire 
changed,  and  the  number  of  them,  which  had  previ- 
ously been  twenty,  was  reduced  to  fifteen."  Provision 
was  made  for  the  education  of  indigent  white  children ; 
fines  were  imposed  upon  any  person  laboring  or  hiring 
others  to  work  on  the  sabbath,  engaging  in  horse- 
racing  or  games,  selling  spirituous  liquors,  gambling, 
hunting  game,  or  carrying  on  trade  on  that  day. 

Nor  did  the  legislature  fail  to  adt)pt  such  measures 
as  were  deemed  conducive  to  the  progress  of  the 
country.  Skilled  labor  and  capital  were  invited  into 
the  country ;  acts  were  passed  for  the  benefit  of  exist- 

"  Under  this  head  the  act  ranked  fortune-tellers,  cxhil)itors  of  trii'ks  in 
public  without  license,  prostitutes,  professional  gamblers,  beggars  notatllic  ttd 
by  physical  malady,  drunkards  who  did  not  support  their  families,  ami  jur- 
sons  strolling  about  without  employment.  The  laws  of  the  11th  legislatiiri, 
in  a  condensed  form,  will  be  found  in  Tex.  Alm^,  18(57,  244-71. 

'"This  iict  provided  that  on  all  judgments  rendered  prior  to  Jan.  1,  ISli", 
the  debtor  should  have  12  months  thereafter  within  which  to  pay  the  plaintiff 
one  fourth  part  of  the  judgment  and  costs.  If  within  that  time  the  dilitor 
paid  the  amount  specified,  then  he  should  have  24  months  from  Jan.  1,  iSOT, 
within  which  to  pay  one  third  of  the  remainder;  and  so  on,  by  similar  instal- 
ments and  extensions  of  time,  till  the  whole  debt  was  paid. 

"The  judicial  districts  were  reorganized  for  the  express  purpose  of  Icjiis- 
lating  out  of  office  judges  who  were  stanch  unionists.  Ashbcl  Smith  of 
Houston,  one  of  the  Icailing  men  of  the  house,  as  well  as  other  spoakci-s, 
stated  that  the  districts  hail  been  so  reorganized  as  to  legislate  out  of  <illi<'e 
Stribling  ji,nd  Bacon,  whom  he  denounced  as  radicals,  and  regret  was  expn  -;si'(l 
that  the  districts  could  not  be  so  arranged  a  4  to  exclude  Judge  Noonaii.  All 
three  were  union  men.  U.  S.  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  cong.  4,  sess.  1,  no.  20,  IK)-'2, 
where  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  judges,  and  the  judicial  districts  as  they 
stood  before  the  passage  of  this  act. 


W'  £ 


lie 


Arrrrui>E  of  thk  phkstdknt. 


m 


ing  railroad  companies,  granting  extensions  of  time  to 
complete  their  contracts,  and  sections  of  land  to  assist 
tluMH  in  their  undei-takings;  and  other  companies, 
('iiiJtaged  in  a  variety  of  enterprises,  were  incorporated.'* 
Ill  relation  to  the  United  States  troops  stationed 
in  Texas,  a  joint  resolution  set  forth  that  their  pres- 
tiice  was  not  only  unnecessary,  but  the  source  of  much 
evil/'  and  as  the  people  *.>['  Texas  had  returned  to  their 
iillegiance,  the  governor  was  requested  to  use  all 
jiroper  means  to  obtain  the  removal  of  said  troops 
tVoiii  the  towns  to  the  frontier,  for  the  protection  of 
w  liich  they  were  greatly  needed. 


Under  the  plan  pursued  by  President  Johnson, 
sttito  governments  had  now  been  established  in  all  the 
confederate  states.  But  congress  was  not  in  accord 
with  the  president.  The  former  considered  that  as 
those  governments  had  been  set  up  without  its  au- 
thority, they  had  no  constitutional  validity;  they 
were  under  the  control,  it  was  maintained,  of  unre- 
]>(>ntant  leaders  of  the  secession,  and  afforded  no  ade- 
quate protection  for  life  or  property.  On  March  2, 
IH()7.  an  "act  to  provide  for  the  more  efficient  gov- 
ernment of  the  rebel  states,"  was  passed  by  congress 
over  the  veto  of  tlie  president.      By  this  act  the  ten 


Itrii'U^  in 

atUiitod 

ami  inr- 

tislatiire, 

1,  ISliT, 
plaintiff 
(li'litor 
1.  ISC.T. 
|ir  iiistal- 

lot'  logis- 
fmitU  of 

|of  (itVu'C 
kiirr-iscil 

tn.     AH 

'.>0-2, 

|ar<  they 


-■"AiiKing  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Houston  and  Ilarrisburg  Tumpiko 
CO.,  capital  ^itook  §500,000;  tlu'  Eureka  ' ' mufacturing  co. ,  fur  tliu  luanufau- 
tare  iif  >  :on  uiid  wool,  capital  -tock,  ^250,000;  ihi  Houston  J-)irect  Navi- 
gation co.,  capital  ,150, (XM»,  with  ;.  lim  ity  to  increase  the  stock  to  J  1,000,0IM); 
lun!  the  Texas  I^ind,  Li'ior,  ;m«l  Immigration  Co.,  ca;it;.l  stock  .si, (>"'\(XK). 
/'/.,  '-()4-7.  No  less  than  1  I  :;ot8  of  in<i  ■I'lir^.tioii  v  ..:  pa.s.se(l,  ol  which  .'iO 
wori  of  manufacturing  cr>iiipanies,  !/'  «'  ra..iMa(l  ci.nipanies,  1(5  of  cities,  Hi 
i>f  aiadcniies,  coll-;  s,  t.c,  1  '  of  cluli:,  I .tcrary  .-iucictios,  etc.,  and  70  of 
iniiijianics  for  insurance,  buildii.^  oanals,  britlges,  and  wharves,  navigation, 
•li'iliiiiing  channels,  gas,  cotton-presses,  telegraplis,  and  inclurling  about  'JO 
Iii'tnilcum  companies.    Ti'.r.  Aim.,  Kji  7,  271. 

'  111  feeling  continued  between  the  L.  S.  troops  and  the  iiiliabitants,  the 
tiii'iner  on  nmny  occasion.s  conducting  themselves  in  an  overbearing  manner. 
On  tlie  evening  of  Sept.  7,  1800,  owing  to  trouble  caused  by  some  druiiktii 
soldiers,  a  scrimmage  took  place  between  them  and  the  citizens  of  Brenham, 
in  wliich  two  of  the  former  were  wounded  by  pistol-shots.  At  a  later  hour, 
a  number  of  soldiers  entered  tlie  town,  and  set  fire  to  the  store  of  one  of  the 
niorcliants.  The  contl.agration  spread,  and  a  portion  of  the  town  was  reduced 
to  ashes.  The  losses  incurred  amounted  to  $181,020.  U.  S.  II.  Ex.  Dik., 
coiig.  41,  SC8S,  3,  xii.  no.  145. 


I;  fVli 

W ' 


THK  HKCONSTRIK  TIOX   I'KRIOlJ. 


'  '  s 


in 


states  were  divided  into  five  military  districts/'  and 
made  subject  to  the  military  authority  of  the  llnittd 
States.  The  power  with  which  the  commander  of  tjach 
district  was  vested  was  extremely  ample — so  much 
so  that  the  president  in  his  veto,  classified  it  as  tlmt 
of  an  absolute  monarch."  He  could  organize  militarv 
tribunals  to  try  offenders,  and  all  interference  of  stati 
authority  was  pronounced  null  and  void.  In  all  re- 
spects the  act  was  severely  stringent.  It  was  declared 
that  no  state  under  the  ban  would  be  entitled  to  rep- 
resentation in  congress,  until  it  had  formed  a  consti- 
tution of  government  in  conformity  with  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  Slates,  framed  l)y  a  Cimventioii 
of  delegates  elected  by  citizens  of  whatever  race,  coloi', 
or  previous  condition,  except  such  as  were  disfranchised 
for  participation  in  the  late  rebellion.  Such  constitu- 
tion was  to  provide  that  the  elective  franchise  should 
be  enjoyed  by  all  persons,  irrespective  of  race  orcoldi'. 
It  was  made  compulsory  for  a  state,  by  a  vote  of  its 
legislature  elected  under  that  constitution,  to  adopt 
the  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  known  as  article  fourteen;  and  until  tin; 
people  of  the  rebellious  states  were  admitted  to  reprt'- 
sentation  in  congress,  anv  civil  uovernment  would  l>o 

•  1  "  . 

deemed  provisional  only,  and  subject  to  the  paramount 
authority  of  the  United  States  at  any  time  to  abolish, 
modify,  control,  or  supersede  it. 

General  Sheridan  was  appointed  to  the  comniiuul 
of  the  fifth  (llstrict,  and  before  long  over  4,000  soldiers 
were  distributed  in  the  towns  and  military  posts  of 
Texas,"  under  General  Griffin,  with  headquarters  at 
Galveston,  to  whom  the  reorganization  of  the  state 
was  entrusted. 


^'Virginia  constituted  the  first  district;  N.  Carolina  and  S.  Carolina  'lie 
second;  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida,  the  third;  Mississippi  and  Ark;in«as, 
the  fourtli;  and  Louisiana  and  Texas  the  fifth  district.  Copy  of  the  ai^t  iu 
U.  S.  Arts  and  ResoL,  ls.i6-1867,  60-2. 

MA  copy  of  the  veto  will  be  found  in  Cong.  Globe,  1866-^7,  pt  3,  \W>-71 
"♦The  different  places  and  number  of  troops  stationed  at  each  v  ill  l)e 
found  in  U,  S.  JicportSer.  War.  i.  470-2;  cong.  40,  .sess.  1. 


«;OVKllN0K  AUD  iJENKUAL. 


In  view  of  Governor  Throckmorton's  t\K|)octations, 
as  huricatod  ill  liis  message,  and  tlu^  action  taken  1») 
the  leiLfislature,  this  clianufe  in  aftah's  was  l)itterly  un- 
|);ilatal)le,  more  humiliatiiijjf  in  soiiif  respects  than  tlie 
Will'  itself.  Nevi'Vtlieless,  lie  hasttJiud  to  assurti 
(icmral  Sheridan,  by  date  of  March  30,  18(17.  that 
though  the  i)eople,  with  very  little  division  of  seiiti- 
iiieiit,  regarded  the  terms  imposed  upon  them  as 
((111  reus  and  oi)prcssivc,  they  were  yet  determined  tt» 
iihule  by  the  laws  and  comply  with  them.  At  the 
same  tiiiu;  he  ex|»ressed  his  intention  to  lend  a  prompt 
assistance,  when  in  his  power,  to  carry  into  effect  the 
prerequisites  for  representation,  and  advise  the  people 
to  )»articipatein  the  reorganization  with  good  feeling." 
But  Throckmorton  was  a  marked  man.  As  early  as 
March  28th  (^riftin  advised  his  removal  "I  cannot," 
he  said,  "find  an  otticer  holding  position  under  the 
state  laws,  whose  antecedents  will  justify  me  in  re- 
posing trust  in  him  in  assisting  in  the  registration.  " 
He  states  that  ho  had  again  and  again  called  the 
notice  of  the  governor  to  outrages  perpetrated  on 
union  men,  but  knew  of  no  instance  in  which  the  u\'- 
t'eiider  had  been  punished.  At  a  later  date  he  ex[»lains 
that  cflbrts  were  made  to  exclude  union  men  from  tlu; 
jury  boxes,  to  prevent  which  he  issued  a  circular 
Older,  prescribing  a  form  of  oath,  which  virtually  ex- 
t'huU'd  every  person  that  had  been  connected  witli  the 
confederacy,  from  serving  as  a  juror. ^" 

Much  dissatisfaction  and  injustice  being  caused  by 
the  late  act  of  the  legislature,  reducing  the  judicial 
districts  from  twentv  in  number  to  fifteen,  wht>rebv 
justice  could  not  be  })n>perly  and  j)roniptly  admiiiis- 
tt'ied,  an  order    was   issued    reestablishing  them   as 


*See  his  letter  to  Citen.  Sheridan  in  his  Fiwil  Jiffjort,  nu.  11,  p.  71  '_',  in 
Tex.  (\)l.  Doc.,  no.  2. 

-"(."opy  of  tlie  order  in  [/.  S.  If.  E.v.  Doc,  cong  40,  se.ss.  1,  no.  20,  73-4. 
This  circular  order,  no.  13,  was  seized  upon  by  Home  state  otiicials,  who  at- 
teiuj)ted  to  make  it  appear  that  the  courts  were  closed  by  tlie  enforcement  of 
it.  The  form  of  oath  prescrilied  was  that  of  1862  copy  of  whicli  is  given 
t'lsuwliere 


THE   HKCONHTHUC'iroN    I'KRIOK 


;  li; ; 


;i !. 


thoy  existed  before  the  passage  ot*  the  ohjeotionnlili 
ordinance." 

Governor  Throckmorton  (•(»ni[)Uiin.s  to  Uencral 
(}rifHn.  April  nth,  tiiat  certain  papers  wer«'  "lillrd 
with  colunnis  of  abuse  of  liinisclf  and  other  ofliccrs,'' 
and  states  that,  tliough  he  did  not  feel  called  upon  to 
re[)ly  to  those  slanderous  attacks,  he  would  be  oiati- 
Hed  to  exhibit  all  liis  official  acts  to  the  authorities  ot' 
the  general  governnuMit.  But  ditVerences  arose  Ik 
tween  the  <x<>vernor  and  tlie  military  commander  itt 
every  move.  Nevertheless  it  is  evitlent  that  tin 
former  was  really  desirous  of  adjusting  himself  and 
the  state  to  the  new  system  of  reconstruction  adopted 
by  congress  in  opposition  to  President  Jolnisons 
viewM.'^" 

The  important  <|uestion  of  registration,  the  a])pnint- 
ment  of  registrars,"  the  election  of  judges  and  ]\'\^^h 

-'Tlio  districts  wcro  as  follow:  Di.stnct  \(i.  I,  Fayuttc,  (.'olorailo,  Wliai- 
ton,  Fort  Ikiul,  IJrazoria,  Matagonla,  ami  Austin;  No.  2,  Travis,  liay-. 
I  !uadalui)e,  Caldwell,  and  Bastrop;  N'o.  ',i,  Washington,  Hra/os,  Burli'sdii, 
;ind  Milam;  No.  4,  Comal,  Kendall,  Kerr,  Blanco,  (Jillespie,  and  Bexar:  Nn 
."),  Newton,  Jasper,  Sabine,  Sliell>y,  San  Augustine,  and  Naeogdoelies;  .No,  tl, 
Wood,  Upsher,  Harrison,  Panola,  and  Kusk;  Xo.  7,  Walker,  (irimes,  llains, 
Montgomery,  and  (Jalveston;  No.  8,  Ued  Jiiver,  Bowie,  J)avis,  Titus,  ilnii- 
kins,  Marion,  and  Lamar;  No.  9,  Houston,  ("lierokee,  Anderson,  Sniitli;  No. 
10,  Victoria,  Jackson,  La  Vaca,  Dcwitt,  (Jon/.ales,  Calhoun;  No.  1 1,  I'n  ^iilin, 
I'll  Paso,  and  Worth;  No.  I'J,  v'ameron,  Hidalgo,  Starr,  Zajiata,  WMili, 
Keiiney;  No.  l.'{,  Madison,  Robertson,  Falls,  Limestone,  Hill,  rrcf-tunc, 
Leon,  and  Navarro;  No.  14,  ,Saii  Patricio,  Lvo  Oak,  Karnes,  (loliail,  \W. 
Uefugio,  Nueces;  No.  If),  Ciiainliera,  Liberty,  Polk,  Trinity,  Tyler,  Ilanliii, 
.lefferson,  Orange;  No.  1(5,  KUis,  Johnson,  Parker,  Dallas,  Tarrant,  Kaiit- 
iiian,  and  Van  Ziiudt;  No.  17,  Burnet,  Llano,  Mason,  Menard,  .MiCiillncli. 
San  Saba,  Browne,  I/<inpasa?,  and  Williamson;  No.  IH,  Atascosa,  Bamlira 
Uvalde,  Meilina,  Wds.oi  Maverick,  and  Kenney;  No.  lit.  Bell,  Ciirytll. 
IL'imilton,  Con'a!!'.!;o,  Pilo  Pinto,  Erath,  Bosouc  and  McLeman;  .Nd.  .'(i. 
Collins,  Denton,  ll.ml,  AVise,  Jack,  Fannin,  Young,  '1  iirockmorton,  Arrliir. 
Clay,  Montague,  ('•  .\<  :,  (!ray.son. 

■"(  'onsult  his  a.ldi^.ss  to  the  peopli.'  of  the  state  no.  1 1,  70  1015  iti  T'.r.  To/. 
/>(«'.,  no.  2. 

■•'■'Throckmorton  submittcil  ii  list  of  persons  wiio,  he  considered,  wire 
eligible  to  the  appointments  of  assessors  and  collectors.  The  appHc  itiniis 
were  returned  endorsed  with  the  renuirk  that  the  governor  had  reconiiiiiiKlcil 
so  many  as(|ualiiicd  to  take  the  oath  and  act  as  registrars,  that  Ceu.  (iiilHii 
decided  not  to  appoint  any  to  vacancies  who  could  not  take  the  oath  of  ISli',', 
Tlie  oath  reails  thus:  'I,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  iiffirni),  that  1  liavc 
never  voluntarily  borne  anna  against  the  U.  S.  since  I  have  been  a  citizon 
thereof;  that  I  have  voluntarily  given  no  aid,  countenance,  counsel,  nr  ini- 
couragcment  to  person.s  engaged  in  armed  hostility  thereto;  that  I  liavo 
neither  sought  nor  accepted  nor  attempted  to  exercise  the  functions  nt  any 
office  what<'vcr,  under  any  authority  or  pretended  authority  iuhostilit}"  to  the 


ii.  i  ■ 


(iOVKIlNlJK    I'KASK 


401 


rTtionjililf 


filled 


re 


u  (; 


:•  offu'ds, ' 

(1    U])<»ll   tn 

lic!  jL;i;iti 
lioritics  of 

ai'osi)  Iti- 
namlir  jit 

tliat  tlic 
insrlf  iiiid 
)iia(lo|)ti'd 

Johii.soii's 

10  appdint- 
i  and  lii«4li 

dorado,  Wliiir- 
Travis,  Mays, 
i/os,  IJurlcsiiii, 
uul  Ik'x.ir;  Nil. 
(lochi's;  Nil.  li, 
riiiK's,  llai-ris, 
Titus,  11  op- 
Siiiitir,  Ni'. 

11,  rivsi.iio, 

ata,  W.Mi, 
,  FriM'stiHR', 
(ioliail,  IWi', 
yler,  lliinlin, 
irraut.  Kant- 

,  MrCullnrh. 
:()sa,  Uuiidrra 
Hell,   Cm  veil. 

nan;  No.  'Jd. 

rton,  Aivlur, 

».'!  ill   T'r.  C'J. 

tidurod,   wcrr 

ai)lili<'ations 

'ecoiniiu'iiik'il 

,  (U-n.  CiitHn 

oatii  of  IM'i-.'. 

that  ]  liavc 

|)eon  a  citizen 

Imnst'l,  of  en- 

Ithat  I  liavc 

Itions  ot  any 

pstilitytuthc 


otlieialH,  and  the  disnuHsal  of  prosocutiona  againHt 
(•(  rtairi  piTsons  by  onlcr  <»t'  tho  military  f}ii<;t',  1h'- 
cjuiic  matters  of  nilsundcrstandinj^,  and  t\w  jrovernor 
oil  moil'  tlian  one  occasion  doomed  it  necessary  to 
(•(tiiiiiiuiiicate  witli  tho  prosicK'nt  in  roforonco  to  tlie 
iii.ittffs  in  dispute.'*  IMio  i)reacli  widened  day  i»y 
d;i\ .  iind  on  July  'M)t\\,  (joni'ral  Sheridan  issued  a 
sjMci.il  order  of  which  tho  following  is  an  extract: 
"A  careful  consideration  of  the  reports  of  Major- 
(Jciural  Charles  (griffin,  United  States  Army,  shows 
tliiit  .r.  W.  Throckmorton,  governor  of  Texas,  Is  an 
iiii|K(liment  to  the  reconstruction  of  that  state,  under 
the  law;  ]iv  is,  therefore,  removed  from  that  oftice. 
K.  A[.  Pease  is  hereby  appointo*!  governor  of  Texas, 
ill  place  of  J.  W.  Throckmorton,  roni()V(xl.  Ho  will 
1)0  obeyed  and  respected  accordingly." 

Kaily  in  August  the  do[)osed  governor  sent  in  his 
final  report  of  his  adnunistration.  It  contains  the 
titiisurer's  report,  sliowing  the  receipts  to  have  been 
$('»i'<;.r)IH,  and  tho  expenses  $r)25,ll)2;  a  statement  of 
Indian  depredations  from  18G5  to  1867/'  and  his  ad- 
dress to  the  people  containing  copies  of  official  <'or- 
resitondenco  explanatory  of  his  conduct.  In  rcivimv- 
ing  this  correspondence  Throckmorton  remarks  that 
ovoiy  fair  muided  person  will  be  satisfied  that  the 
rejtorts  of  General  Griffin  were  made  without  any 
foundation  in  fact,  and  were  not  supported  by  any 
Iridic  or  })rivate  act  of  his;  and  that  the  imputation 
that  Throckmorton  was  an  impediment  to  the  recon- 

l'.  S. ;  that  I  havo  not  yielded  a  vohintary  support  to  any  pretended  govern- 
ini'nt,  authority,  power,  or  condition  witliin  the  U.  S.,  t-c.-itile  and  inimical 
tiiurcto.  And  I  do  further  swear  (or  allinn)  that,  to  the  best  of  i>iy  knowl 
I'llgf  and  ahdity,  I  will  support  and  defend  tho  constitution  of  the  U.  S. 
ajjaiiist  all  enemies,  foreign  and  ilomestic;  that  I  will  hear  true  faith  and 
allfjiianco  to  the  same;  that  I  take  thi.s  obligation  freely,  without  any  mental 
1'  I'lvation  or  purpose  of  evasion,  and  that  1  will  well  and  faitiii'nily  dis- 
iliargi:  the  duties  of  the  office  on  which  I  am  about  to  ent«;r,  so  help  inc 
'!t"l.'    ('ojiied  from  Cotig.  GMie,  1861-62,  ap.  385. 

■"< 'ircular  order,  no.  13,  and  the  reinstallation  of  judges  Strihbling  and 
BiU'oii  Nwm  among  the  matters  reported  to  the  president.  No.  1 1,  81-2,  S4  -7, 
HI  7'.r.  Cd.  Doc.,  no.  2. 

''  I'lom  which  it  appears  that  during  two  years  162  persons  were  killed; 
4.?  carried  into  captivity;  and  24  wounded.  Id.,  3t),  41,  05. 


m 

m 


rm 


^    hsl 


i 

11! 


402 


THK  UKOON.STRUCTION  VKRIOI). 


structiou  of  tlic  state,  showed  the  sinister  influences 
which  surrounded  Griffin  ami  his  procHvity  to  ein»r. 
In  examining  the  facts  Throckmorton  proceeds  to  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  lie  tendered  the  cordial 
cooperation  of  the  state  authorities  to  aid  in  th(^  exe- 
cution of  tlie  laws  of  congress;  that  he  called  u|)()ii 
the  civil  authorities  for  such  information  as  would 
conduce  to  that  end ;  and  that  he  advised  the  people 
to  a  cheerful  and  prompt  compliance  with  the  terms. 
But  extraordinary  impediments  to  the  proper,  exe- 
cution of  the  acts  of  congress,  had  been  thrown  in 
the  way.  First  the  circular  order,  no.  13,  relative 
to  jurymen's  qualifications,  filled  the  country  with 
consternation,  and  impressed  the  minds  of  the  people 
that  they  were  not  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  laws;" 
second,  by  refusing  to  fill  vacancies  in  state  olHces 
except  by  such  persons  as  could  take  the  test  oath; 
third,  by  delay  in  appointing  boards  of  registration 
in  many  counties.  Again,  no  persons  except  those  of 
one  political  party  were  selected  as  registrars,  while 
negroes  notoriously  incompetent  were  appointed  to  act 
on  such  boards;  such  persons  as  sextons  of  cemeteries, 
auctioneers,  members  of  police,  under-wardens  of 
workhouses,  school-directors,  jurymen,  overseer.s  of 
the  roads,  and  many  other  classes  had  been  excluded 
from  registration ;"  and  finally  a  manifi^st  disinclina- 
tion had  been  shown  on  the  part  of  the  military  au- 
thorities to  believe  in  the  sincerity  of  the  state  t)fhcials, 
and  the  people  when  declaring  their  tlesire  to  <'oiiiply 
witli  the  acts  of  congress.  Such  were  some  of  tin 
impediments. 

But  apart  from  im})ediments,  many  acts,  he  said, 
had  been  committed  which  were  violations  of  the  law 
The  property  of  citizens  had  been  used  without  <'oin 
pensation,  not  in  a  few,  but  in  many  cases;  the  freed 
man's  bureau  had  exercised  powers  not  conferred  upon 

^''  The  oath  prescrihed  would  in  fiiet  oxcliulo  the  majority  of  the  iieople, 
except  the  frceonien,  from  serving  as  jurors. 

"See  copy  of  instructions  secretly  given  by  Orittin  to  the  boanl.f  m  regis- 
tratiou,   /(/.,  88-90. 


I 


(iENEKAL  HANCOCK. 


493 


it  its  ajt^ents  having^  made  arrests  and  imposed  penal- 
tit  s  not  justified  by  law;  tlu;  town  of  Brenhani  had 
bet  u  set  on  fire  by  United  States'  soldiers,  and  a  large 
aiiKiunt  of  I troperty  destroyed ;  this  deed  was  perpe- 
trated almost  in  his  presence,  yet  no  eftort  was  made 
to  jtrevent  it,  or  to  pmiish  the  oHenders;  judgments 
and  decrees  of  the  courts  had  been  ordered  to  be  set 
aside,  and  judges  required  to  dismiss  suits  in  a  number 
(if  cases.  Freedmen  indicted  forerimeshad  been  pro- 
Tocted  from  arrest,  and  laws  of  the  state  had  been  s(>t 
aside:  the  frontier  was  a  scene  of  Indian  dt!vastation, 
and  yet  the  troops  were  scattered  in  the  interior  where 
till'  civil  authorities  were  able  to  inaintain  order,  and 
no  sufficient  number  of  them  had  been  sent  to  the; 
frontier.  Such  were  the  views  expressed  by  Throck- 
morton as  to  the  position  of  Texas  under  military 
iiovcrmnent. 


In  the  early  days  of  August,  Elisha  M.  Pease  for 
till'  third  time  became  governor; "  but  affairs  were 
sadly  changed  since  the  prosperous  and  happy  period 
of  his  first  administration.  The  partisan  feeling  in 
Texas,  not  without  cause,  continued  bitter,  and  in  no 
other  of  the  confederated  states  did  the  work  of  recon- 
struction prove  more  difficult,  evidence  of  which  is 
the  fiict  that  she  was  the  lasst,  of  the  ten  to  be  read- 
!iiitt<;d  into  the  union.  On  August  2C^,  1807,  Sheri- 
dan, whose  administration  t)f  the  fifth  military  district 
^avc  great  dissatisfaction  to  PresidtMit  Johnson,""  was 
rtnn»ved,  and  the  connnand  assigned  to  General  Ifaii- 
cock,  Tlie  latter's  views  differed  considerably  from 
tliosc  of  Sheridan,  and  he  was  even  unwilling  to  suli- 
iiiit  civil  offend(;rs  to  '.rid  by  tlie  military  tribunals. 
Wit'  vgard  to  the  uin-easonably  riij^id  rules  issued  to 
uit  i.uards  of  registration  by  (Jriffin,  by  which  num- 
1>|  is  of  nien  entitled  to  biicomc  voters  were  excluded." 

'  T'lr-  liis  liiiif^rapliy  see  note  27  of  cliap.  xv. 

nl  tilt'  presidoiit's  lotter  of  Aug.  10,  18<)7,  to  (!eii.  r,i.  nt.   JJ.  Ex.  Dor.. 
"iii^;.  -40,  scsH.  '2,  vii.,  no.  .")7,  4-d. 

'  V<n-  liu!  satisfaction  of  the  ruudur,  I  give  a  Myiuij*is  ui'  tliusi;  woret  iu- 


iq 


I;  f « 


4!>4 


THK  RKOONSTKUCTION   PERIOD. 


lii' 


itl 


|(!..! 


Hancock,  on  January  11,  1868,  declared  them  to  be 
null  and  of  no  effect,  and  ordered  the  boards  of  reo^is- 
tration  "to  look  to  the  laws,  and  to  the  laws  aloiio, 
for  the  rules  which  were  to  govern  them  in  the  dis- 
charge of  tlio  delicate  and  important  duties  imposed 
upon  them." 

But  Hancock  gave  as  little  satisfaction  to  congress 
as  his  predecessor  had  given  to  the  president ;  and  tlic 
want  of  harmony  between  the  executive  and  legislative 
powers  at  Washington  was  the  cause  of  freijuent 
changes  of  military  commanders  in  the  south.  Not 
long  after  the  order  setting  aside  General  Grif.'.n  ..  i. 
structions  to  the  registrars,  General  Hancock  aviss  i , 
moved  from  the  command  of  the  fifth  distrie.i,  n-d 
was  succeeded  by  General  Reynolds. 

The  business  of  registration  having  at  last  been 
completed,  the  election  for  the  convention  was  Ik  Id 
in  February.  Each  voter  was  required  to  register, 
and  present  his  certificate  of  registration  at  the  j tolls. 
The  election  occupied  four  days,  and  rcsultcMl  in 
44,089  votes  being  cast  in  favor  of  the  convention 
being  held,  and  11,440  against  it." 

On  June  1,  1868,  the  convention,  consisting  of  G3 


stnictions,  described  as  '  Memoriinda  of  disqualiticationa  for  the  guidance  uf 
tiio  boards  of  registration  under  the  military  1)111  passed  March  "2,  18(17.  I, 
rvery  person  ■who  has  acted  as  senator  or  reprcHcntative  in  congress;  'J,  all 
who  have  tactcd  as  electors  of  president  and  vice-president;  .'{,  every  i"  rsim 
who  held  any  jxisition  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  U.  S. ;  4,  all  persons  \\\w 
hcdd  any  position  under  the  U.  S.  in  which  they  were  re((iiiruil  to  t.iko  ;ui 
oath  before  they  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  ofiice;  such  as  oflic(!rs  in  the 
ci.stom-hou.se,  clerks,  judges,  and  others;  T),  all  who  have  held  any  oHki;  in 
any  state  under  the  constitution  and  laws  of  such  state  in  force  prior  to  Koli. 
I,  I8G1.'  Then  follows  a  long  list  of  disipialitied  persons,  among  wlioni  af 
included  '  tax  collectors,  coroners,  police  jurors,  auctioneers,  county  iirnnl- 
crs,  notiiriea  public,  nuinicipal  oliicers,  including  members  of  tliu  boiinl  uf 
licalth,  wardens  and  luulerwardons  of  prisons  and  work-houses,  school  iIiiit- 
tors,  city  surveyors  and  deputies,  inspectors  of  tobacco,  flour,  beef,  t'tc , 
weighers  and  nuiasurcrs,  directors  of  the  asylum  for  deaf  and  duuili,  liHiiil, 
and  lunatic,  a:id  sextons  of  cemeteries.'  '  (!,  all  who,  in  18(i'2  and  1>S(U,  rigi.s- 
tiTcd  themselves  as  aliens,  or  obtained  pj-oteetion  papers  from  the  re)in':en- 
t  itives  of  foreign  powers.  Any  pers(m  who  at  any  time  held  any  of  tiie 
above  odices,  and  who  afterward  engaged  iu  i,he  rebellion  against  tlic  V .  S.' 
No.  11,  88-l»,  in  T<'x.  Vol.  Do,:,  no.  2. 

"According  to  Thrall,  4'J(),  r)tJ,()78  white  voters  registered,  and  •t7.")SI 
black  ones.  1*  rom  these  figures  it  appears  that  little  over  half  the  nuniluT  ti 
votcr.H  appoareil  at  the  polls. 


AB  IXJTIO 


495 


em  to  be 

i  of  rotris- 
Lws  alone, 
in  the  dis- 
ss imp(jsed 

o  conorross 
t ;  and  the 
letifislativo 
f  fre(]U(!iit 
.uth.  Not 
]rrlf-'.n\.  ^u 
x*K  ^v■■!,s  >' 
istrict,  a'>(l 

b  last  born 
ti  was  licM 
to  register. 
it  the  I  tolls. 
rcsulttMl  ill 
couveiitioii 


itiiig  of  G3 


the  giiiilivuce  df 
Irch  -2,  ISC.T.    1. 
I  congress;  '_',  all 
i:{,  every  i":rs(in 
IhII  persdiH  "h" 
Irod  to  tiikc  ail 
IS  otKcuirs  ill  tlu' 
(ill  ;uiy  ollko  in 
.'0  prior  to  I'tn. 
lioug  wlioiM  ai'' 
county  nriini- 
l.f  lho"lio:ir-.i  .'I 
la,  Hchool  'liri'c- 
tur,  beef,    etc, 
(luuil>,  lihiui, 
Inil  KSt>4,  rrgi.v 
u  the  rejMv  ,oii- 
Ifia  any  "i  tlie 
liiiat  the  l'.  >■■ 

|.,l,  autl  •1T..VS1 
theuuiiil'iTd* 


dcloL^atcs,  met  at  Austin,  and  organized  by  electing 
Hdnunid  J.  D.'ivis  president  and  W.  V.  Tunstall,  sec- 
ntaiy.  Though  composed  of  loyal  republicans,  it 
soon  became  manifest  that  it  was  divided  into  two 
parties,  entertaining  widel}'^  difteront  vie  vs,  and  such 
as  were  not  to  be  readily  reconciled.  Shortly  before 
Governor  Pease  entered  office,  General  Griffin  had 
bcL'ii  petitioned  by  a  nundjer  of  persons  to  declare  by 
iiiilitary  order  all  acts  of  legislation  since  February  1, 
I8()l — the  date  of  the  secession  ordinance — to  be  null, 
uh  initio.  This  expression  supplied  a  name  for  one  of 
tilt!  political  parties  in  the  convention.  Griffin  died 
of  yellow  fever  a  few  weeks  after  receiving  the  peti- 
tion, which  thereby  was  not  acted  U[)on,  and  Pease, 
ill  a  proclamation,  recognized  the  constitution  and  laws 
of  l8Gfi,  under  certain  exceptions,  as  rules  for  the 
<>ov('niment  of  the  people  of  Texas  and  the  officers  of 
tliu  civil  ijoveniment.  Those  members  of  the  conven- 
tion  who  believed  that  all  enactments  since  the  passage 
of  the  secession  oidinance  should  be  null  were  called 
Al)  Initio;--.  Anotlier  point  of  disagreement  was  the 
question  <)f  suffiuge,  ;i  portion  of  the  convention  dis- 
plavinu"  nmch  intolerance  towards  those  who  had  sus- 
Uiiiiod  the  confederate  cause,  while  the  more  liberal 
V.    t  ju  favor  of  enfranchisini;  all  ujood  citizens  of  tin; 

i\»r  three  months  the  opposing  factions  argued  and 
■'iinjilcd  on  their  resj)cctive  views,  and  but  little 
;•  ";:  .ss  was  made  toward  the  frainlng  of  the  consti- 
tutinii.  Ou  August  .'Ust,  the  convi^ntion  adjourned 
to  reas.send)l(>  on  December  7th.  When  it  again  nu!t, 
the  ditieren('(>s  appeared  to  be  more  irreconcilable 
than  over,  and  nmch  I  itterness  of  feeling  was  shown. 
Finally,  the  more  liberal  ])arty  prevailed,  tiu;  late 
governor,  Hamilton,  having  submitted  a  g(Mierous 
sul,stltut(3  on  the  right  of  suffrage  for  the  re[)oi't  of 
♦'le  ciiumittee,  which  was  marked  by  rigorous  dis- 
tranehisement.^'     The  substitute  having  been  put  to 

'' Uaiuiltou's  substitute  oon.stituted  art.  vi.  of  the  constitution,  an<l  reads 


:  '  I 


i    • 

I  L 


11 


1; 


49i> 


THE  KKCdNSTRUCTION   I'ERIOD 


the  vote,  it  was  carried,  February  3,  1869,  by  37  yeas 
against  26  nays. 

The  constitution  was  now  all  but  completed ;  })ut 
on  the  4th,  the  ab  initio  members  entered  a  protest 
against  it,  signed  by  22  members,  among  whom  was 
the  president,  Davis,  The  objection  raised  against  it 
was  that  it  was  based  upon  the  assumption  that  tlio 
constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  accepted 
constitution  of  Texas  of  1845  had  not  been  continu- 
ously the  supreme  law  of  the  land.  With  regard  to 
V  (  '  "'^le  on  the  right  of  suffrage,  the  disapp'  ovin*,' 
rae.  s  solemnly  protested  against  it  as  extending 
the  fritiichise  to  all  those  who  voluntarily  became  the 
public  enemy  of  the  United  States.  "The  majority 
of  the  convention,"  they  said,  "has  deliberately  re- 
moved from  the  constitution  every  safeguard  for  the 
{)rotection  of  the  loyal  voter,  white  or  black.  They 
have  stricken  from  that  instrument  the  whole  system 
of  registry :  they  have  repudiated  the  oath  of  loyalty 
contained  in  the  reconstniction  laws;  they  have 
spurned  the  test  of  equal  civil  and  political  rights. 
and  we  do  most  solemnly  call  upon  the  registered 
voters  of  Texas  to  vindicate  the  national  honor,  and 
the  cause  of  right  and  justice  by  their  votes." 

This  session  of  the  convention  did  not  terminate  in 
a  very  dignified  manner.  Without  waithig  for  a 
formal  and  orderly  adjournment,  many  members  fortli- 
with  returned  to  their  homes,  and  at  the  meeting  on 

thus:  '  Every  male  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  of  tlie  age  of  21  years  and  ui>\vaiil, 
not  lalioring  uiuler  the  dinabilitie.s  named  in  this  constitution,  witlin  it  ili- 
tinction  of  race,  color,  or  former  condition,  who  shall  bi;  a  resident  of  thi< 
state  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  or  wiio  shall  tlnTiaftcr 
reside  in  this  state  one  year,  and  in  the  ctuinty  in  which  ho  offers  to  vnti;  M 
days  next  preeetling  any  election,  shall  he  cjititk'd  to  vote  for  all  (itiiLci" 
that  are  now,  or  hereafter  may  he,  elected  by  the  people;  and  upon  all  ip'.''- 
tions  submitted  to  the  electors  at  any  election;  pn  '-ided,  that  no  ]irrsiiii 
shall  be  allowed  to  vote  or  hold  otKcc  who  is  now,  or  hereafter  may  l"'.  ili>- 
qualified  therefor  by  the  constitution  of  tlie  U.  S.,  niitil  such  dit>rpialili'  iti"" 
shall  be  removed  by  the  congress  of  the  U.  S. ;  provided  further,  that  in'  I'ti- 
son,  wliile  kept  in  any  asylum  or  confined  in  prison,  or  who  has  bctii  ci>ii- 
victed  of  a  felony,  or  is  of  unsound  mind,  shall  be  allowed  to  vote  of  hoU 
office.  U.  S.  Sf'H.  Mki'.,  cong.  41,  seas.  2.,  doc.  77,  20;  U.  S.  (%itU  i<  "" 
Const!/.,  ii.,  1814,  in  both  of  which  authorities  a  copy  of  the  amended  consti 
tution  will  l.)e  found. 


GENERAL  CANBY. 


<97 


'  37  yens 

ted;  V>ut 
El  protest 
horn  was 
igainst  it 
that  the 
accepted 
L  continu- 
regard  to 
ipp'  ovin;^ 
Bxtendin^f 
icame  the 
!  majority 
rately  rc- 
•d  for  tlic 
3k.     They 
ole  system 
of  loyalty 
they   have 
al  rights, 
registered 
onor,  and 


riuinate  m 

for  a 

Ibcrs  fortli- 

eeting  eii 

Is  ami  uv^*;"''' 
V  witho  It  ai- 
Li.loiit  ..f  thw 
lliall  tluT.uftcr 
Yerf5 1»  vdtr  W 
Lr  ;ill  t't'iffi'^ 
[upon  all  '1"'""' 
Vat  ii«  iKi'^'"' 
\t  may  1»'.  '1'^' 
Jisqiuiliti'-'t"'" 
Ir,  that  iin  l>er- 
Ihas  Itoou  con- 
l,  vote  or  li'il'l 

leiuled  ccnsti- 


tho  Gth,  no  quorum  was  present.  On  February  IKh 
(iciieral  Canhy,  who  had  succeeded  Reynolds  hi  the 
preceding  December,  addressed  a  letter  to  tlic  chii  f 
of  the  staff  at  Washington,  in  which  he  says  that  a 
eoimiiittee  had  been  ap})(>inted  by  the  mend)ers  that 
\v«rc!  left  to  consult  1dm.  On  finding  that  a  largo 
poition  of  the  records  of  the  convention  was  in  an 
unfinished  condition,  the  journal  not  being  made  up, 
and  other  work  of  the  secretary  and  clerks  inconi- 
jilite,  he  av Vised  that  the  members  present  should 
iiiiisii  the  mUilsterial  work,  and  then  adjourn  in  a 
fdiiiial  and  orderly  manner.  He  describes  the  feel- 
ings of  the  two  parties  as  growing  more  intense,  each 
distrusting  the  other,  and  apprehending  that  the 
records  would  be  lost  or  destroyed.  He  urged  upon 
the  president,  Davis,  the  importance  of  liis  party 
uniting  with  the  other ;  at  least  let  them  adjourn  In 
u  decorous  manner,  if  tliey  could  do  nothinjj  else. 
Davis,  accordingly  called  a  n»eethig,  at  which  less 
tliuii  half  a  dozen  members  were  present,  and  Canity 
fiiudlv  ao-iced  to  take  charj^e  of  the  records.  He  ex- 
jit  rienced,  however,  no  little  difficulty  in  collecting 
them,  as  the  secretaries  and  clerks  of  the  convention 
hud  become  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the  memb(>rs, 
and  liad  taken  away  a  part  of  the  records  in  tlieir 
ke(l>ing.  Having  finally  succeeded,  he  set  a  lar^o 
elciieal  force  to  work  to  complete  them  from  tlio 
rough  copies  and  minutes.'*  From  the  above  account 
the  reader  will  be  able  to  form  a  tolerably  correct 
idea  of  the  disorder  which  prevailed  in  the  rcx'onstruc- 
tion  convention,  and  the  ill-feeling  which  was  mani- 
fested between  the  conflicting  parties. 

By  the  election  declaration  of  the  convention,  tho 
first  ^fonday  in  July  ISfiO  was  appointed  as  the  (hty 
on  which  the  amended  constitution  should  bo  sub- 
niittt'd  to  the  voters  for  ratification,  and  a  general 
election  held  for  state  officers  and  members   of  tlio 

Tonsult  <ren.  Canity's  correspondence  in  W.  S.  //.  Ex.  Dir.,  cong.  40, 
se.<.->.  ;i,  xiii.,  no.  It?. 

Hist.  Me.t.  States,  Vol.  U.    32. 


i  'V 


!i,:  ii 


■u 


THE  RECONSmUCTIOX  rERIOD. 


leuislaturc.  But  President  Grant  did  not  see  fit  to 
a[)[)r<)ve  so  early  a  date,  and  deferred  it  till  Novenilx  r 
SOtli,  following.  Aecordingly  on  tliat,  and  the  tlino 
following  days,  the  eleetion  was  held  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Reynolds,  who  had  been  reappointed  to  tlio 
command  in  Texas,  7'2,',iCtG  votes  being  cast  for  tlio 
constitution,  and  4,9'J8  against  it,  showing  a  majorltv 
of  07, 438  in  favor  of  it.  At  the  same  time  Edniund 
J.  ])avis  was  eleeted  fjovernor;  J.  \V.  Flanaoaii, 
lieutenant  governor;  A.  J^ledsoe,  comptroller;  G.  W. 
Honey,  treasurer;  and  Jacob  Knechler,  land  ofii(  o 
commissioner;  and  (J.  \V.  Whitmore,  J.  C.  Conner, 
W.  T.  Clark,  and  Edward  Degener  were  chosen  ri'[)- 
rcsentatives  to  the  United  States  congress.  ]\leiii- 
])ers  of  the  legislature  were  also  a[)[)ointed,  ant!  <»ii 
January  1 1,  1870,  an  order  was  issued  by  the  militaiy 
conunander,  sununoning  the  legislature  to  assenihlo 
at  Austhi  on  February'  8th  following." 

Governor  Pease  by  no  means  enjoyed  the  positidii 
in  which  he  found  hhnself  The  mixture  of  civil  and 
military  rule  wtis  most  distastful  to  him,  especially  as 
he  did  not  meet  with  that  co6[)eration  and  assistance 
on  the  part  of  the  conunander  of  the  fifth  district," 
which  he  was  entitled  to  expect.  On  Septend)er  3(itli 
he  resiuned,  and  during  the  interval  between  his  resi<i- 
nation  and  the  accession  of  Governor  Davis,  a  pt  rlod 
of  more  than  three  months,  the  executive  departimnt 
of  Texas  was  administered  by  an  adjutant  in  cl;ai.;(' 
of  civil  affairs. 

Cjlovernor  Davis  entered  oflfice  Januarv  18,  !s7(i, 
and  on  the  ap[)ointed  day  the  legislature  assembh  d  at 
the  capital.  It  promptly  ratified  by  joint  resolutions 
the  amendments  to  the  constitution  of  the  I'liitid 
States,*''  a[)pointed  senators  to  congress,  and  ha\  inu 

*^Sen.  Mixc.  Dnc.,  oong.  41,  sess.  2,  no.  77,  30-G;  Iicj>t.  Sec.  Win:,  ri.iij;. 
41,  scss.  ."<,  i.,  pt.  ii.,  41. 

^'Confined  at  tliia  time  to  Texas,  as  Louisiana  had  already  liceii  re  iumii- 
ized,  find  lu^r  rejtresentativos  adtnittod  to  congress. 

♦'Namely  Articles  xiii,  xiv,   and  xv,   the  tirst  aboliahiug  slavti\ ;  tiie 


A  REIfJX   OF  TP:RR0R. 


499 


transactod  tlic  business  imposed  upon  it  by  the  recon- 
struction laws  as  a  provisional  body,  it  adjourned  on 
l-'i'bruaiy  24th. 

Texas  had  now  drained  tlu!  bitter  cup  to  the  drenra, 
and  foriijiveness  was  at  last  vouchsafed  to  her.  On 
Marcli  30, 1870,  the  U.  S.  president  a})proved  the  con- 
gressional act  readmitting  her  into  the  union,  and  on 
the  followinj^  day,  senators  M.  C.  Hamilton  and  J. 
W.  Flanaoan,"  tlie  oath  ])reseribed  by  law  having 
l)i'en  administered  to  them  by  the  vice-i>resi(U'nt,  took 
tlieir  seats  in  congress.  On  the  same  day  the  four  repre- 
siitatives  to  which  the  state  was  entitled  were  sworn 
in.  tlie  members  being  tJiose  elected  at  the  general 
elrction  held  November  30th  to  December  3,'  1809." 

The  reconstruction  period  extended  over  five  years, 
(hu'ing  which  time  Texas  was  a  prey  to  lawles.sne.ss 
and  violence  almost  in  a  degree  inconceivable.  The 
hreatli  of  the  demon  of  homicide  seemed  to  have 
passed  over  the  land,  and  tlie  efforts  of  the  military 
conunanders  to  arrest  its  deadly  influenci'  were  at- 
tended witli  little  success.  It  is  impossible  to  ascer- 
tain ht)W  many  persons  w^ero  the  victims  of  fierce 
iKission  and  malevolence  durinjjf  these  five  vears,  nor 
i-;  it  a  pheasant  subject  to  dwell  u])on.  But  tliat  i]\o 
nader  may  arrive  at  some  idea  of  the  excessive  crime 
and  the  loss  of  life,  let  him  listen  to  what  (Jeiu>ra.l 
lieynolds  says  on  the  subject  in  a  letter  to  the  war- 
offi'ce,  dated  October  21,  1809.  "The  nund)er  of 
nuu'ders  in  the  state  during  tlie  nine  months  from 
January  1,  1809,  to  September  30,  1809,  according  to 
tlie  official  records,  necessarily  imperfect,  is  384,  be- 
iii'j;  an  avera^je  of  about  one  and  g,  half  i)er  dav 


si',(iiiii  (U'claniig  all  per-iiiin  liorii  or  iKitiiralizt'il  m  tlio  u.  N.  to  In?  I'iri/ciu 
tlit'iv.if;  iiiiil  the  tliirA  di'i'liiviiig  tliat  tlif  right  of  ciH/eiis  to  vote  shnv.M  not 
111'  iliiiiud  or  ahriilgccl  on  acfoniit  of  ran',  cohir,  ov  ])n'vioin  curiclitiiiii  of 
sl:ivi'i-y.  A  military  hoard  was  aiipoiiiti'd  to  intiuiro  ii\to  tlui  I'hgihility  of  tiie 
im  '.riliiTs  of  tlio  l(?giilat(ire  with  tlic  power  to  ailniiiiister  oatlis. 

'■■'.  W.  Flanagan  hail  hccn  elected  lieut-gov.,  Imt  the  legisl  tiire  .ap- 
pi'iiiti'd  him  to  the  U.  S.  Senate. 

"//.  Jinn:,  coug.  41,  sess.  2,  .548,  1.187;  .UM.M.  nml  Dm:,  ISTO  I,  War 
I't'I't..  pt.  i.,  41;  S.  Jour.,  cong.  41,  sc-is.  'J.  4:U,  l.")17;  //.  Join:,  eone.  41, 
SI'S'*.  H,  t);  s.  M'xr.,  cong.  41,  »es3.  '2,  doc.  77,  p.  lio;  Coinj,  Uloliv,  cong.  41, 
SL'ss.  2,  pt.  3,  "2328. 


•ft-i'.lJ 


•       \.'l 


% 


'  1 

1           '  1 

1 

1             * 

I 


..  .1 


I" 


JSOO 


THE  RECONSTRUCTION  PERIOD. 


From  this  statement  it  appears  that  with  the  partial 
breaking  up  of  bands  of  desperadoes  by  military  aid 
the  number  of  murders  is  diminishing  from  month  to 
month."" 

*^  Rtpt  nf  sec.  of  war,  cong.  41,  sess.  2,  i.  145.  Gov.  Pcaso  in  his  messaj^e 
to  tlie  convention,  Jnne  1,  18('>9,  says  that  during  the  six  preceding  nioiitlis 
20<i  homicides  had  been  committed  in  07  of  the  l'J7  organized  counties  of  tlm 
state,  wliilo  hut  a  small  number  of  tlie  pcrpetratord  had  been  arrested  ami 
punished  by  the  process  of  law.  Thrall,  428. 


Hiik 


M^ 


CHAPTER  XIX, 


TEXAS  RESTORED. 

1871-1888. 
ADMrNr.STn.TTov  of  Oover.voh  D.vrs    M. 

C,  .    ..-Kkpkai,  or  OBNoxions  Law        -T    '''™   ""^   I"kkm..vkn^ 
■-K    'rBr,,c..v.s  VKascs  DE.MocK.Tt^rn     """''  ^'  '"'  '^''^^'^-^Rr 

-T„K  New  CoNsTrrrTroV-CoK .   '';:^''^"'*"«-*^^"vr.rri«.v  ok  a  /a,!^ 

It  was  tlic  ironv  nf  l;i    ^ 
publican  ,on„  of  ^ov/„  t,";^*''  '^'i'^  ""'  «-  '•«- 
.luncto,^  into  k.,,iitK:"S  t;- «'«  tl'™,sti,,.  "'  ""» 

'«k  man,  ,„„„ti„|  j         "^^  b  -  a,m|,    stolid-bminod 
'o  slave,  „o,v  tl,e  rulci     f  t,    ^    f'?  "^  ^fr'"".  lato 
European !      Wl,at  a     o  lib  o  ^^"'/"""'^  "'tolloetual 
""d  po  .tic  thing  was  it  for  onr  ^^''^  '""""/''iko,    wise. 
'■;"-l'«'-K'gers, "political  had,    ^  l''?  '"""'•''.Wuos, 
■''f's  after  the  oitin^ui^.t Lm  ''i'?'''''-'-^'  »"•'  t™I<- 
'■'■^'-  to   ake  this  black  Afr ie"  bn    ^  '^™"''''*"'  «'»v- 
"^  ^'  S"<l  to  i-ule  over  ufto  n  J     f  '""I  '"'  '"'"  "I' 
""  '^^■cample  for  us  in  t?,e  *°  "f  f  -'T.I  ""^  "■^.  '"  "et 
':i"l  refinen,ent!     It  is    he  In;;    !"'"'  "'^*"»'  '•"""'■- 
'■■■%'raco  the  people  of  the  K  f  2"''  '""»'  '«««"« 
'"•  i^ver  can  brin.r  un„n  «,     "","'  ^*"t*^s  «ver  havS 
-»»  a  galling  soro  to'  1^  f:Z:"''-     ^"  ^™"^'-  i' 
I    ^vas  wholly  muvort  Iv  on  LT"?™'  "''"''  f™^''- 

«'"»,  a  prostitution  of  what  tk        l""',  1""'  '"««'"- 

What  they  should  hold  uost 

(601J 


M2 


TEXAS  RESTORED. 


']\\'n 


\n  - 


luLjli  and  holy — tlio  privilege  of  sufTrago,  of  sclf- 
govorunicnt  from  an  intelligent  and  progressive 
stand-point.  Tlu^re  Is  one  consolation  in  it  all,  Low  - 
over,  and  that  is  that  this  hlack  repuhlicanisni,  which 
foisted  upon  the  nation  this  monstrous  inicjuity. 
gained  nothing  by  it— nothing  but  ignominy  and 
retribution.  It  was  a  cowardly  thing  to  do,  a  basi> 
ignoble  revenge;  an  act  retroactive  in  its  ett'ect, 
bringing  also  its  curse  upon  its  perpetrators. 

Though  Governor  Davis  assumed  the  executive 
office  in  January,  he  was  only  acting  in  a  provisionul 
capacity.  When,  howeveT,  the  president  signed  the 
bill  restorinjx  Texas  to  her  rijifhts  as  a  sovereign  state 
of  the  union,  Davis  issued  a  proclamation,  April  2(1, 
announcing  the  fact,  and  signing  himself  governor  of 
Texas.  On  the  IGtli  of  the  same  month,  General 
Ileynolds  remitted  to  the  civil  authorities  the  powers 
that  had  been  conferred  upon  the  military  commander 
by  the  reconstruction  laws,  and  the  troops  were  witli- 
drawn  from  the  various  posts  in  the  interior  and  sent 
to  the  frontier.  Small  detachments,  however,  werr 
retained  at  Jefferson,  Austin,  and  San  Antonio,  tlic 
latter  point  being  the  principal  distributhig  depot  and 
the  future  headquarters  of  the  department.  Tlic 
legislature  assembled  ayjain  on  the  2Gth,  and  on  tlic 
28th  the  governor  was  duly  inaugurated. 

In  his  inaugural  address  Governor  Davis  reniarki.I 
that  what  might  be  termed  the  second  annexation  of 
Texas  had  been  consummated;  but  the  Texas  of  184  J 
was  very  different  from  that  of  1870.  The  former 
brought  into  the  union  with  her  single  star  also 
thousands  of  slaves;  the  latter  knew  no  bondjnan  en 
her  soil.  Alluding  to  the  late  war  he  considered 
that  few  on  either  side  at  the  beuiimino'  of  the 
struggle  had  either  calculated  or  desired  the  full  result 
attained  at  its  close.  While  the  one  side  sought  to 
sustahi  a  structure  of  which  the  very  corner-stone  w.is 
a  denial  of  the  truth  of  the  declaration,  "that  all  in'  ii 
are  created  equal,"  thcother  grasped  the  sword  mainly 


f:OVEHNOR\S  MlvSSACE. 


503 


tit  prcsorvo  a  j^lorious  nationality.  It  requln>(l  vf^arH 
of  misfortune  to  point  out  the  foundation  of  the 
tioublc.  "Let  UH,"  lie  siiitl,  "accept  the  result  as  ar) 
iiKJicatlon  and  lesson  that  there  is  no  saft;  neutral 
oiouiid  for  human  iudi^ment  between  riijcht  and  wronir. 
Let  us  be  wholly  rijjht."  ' 

On  April  21)th,  the  governor  f?ent  in  his  messat:je. 
Ho  first  called  attention  to  the  nticessity  of  pn)viding 
measures  for  tho  suppression  of  crime,  ami  reeom- 
iiu  iided  the  passa«jfc  of  a  law  for  the  efficient  orujani- 
Ziition  of  tho  militia,  and  the  establishment  of  a  police 
system  which  would  embrace  the  whole  state  under 
one  head,  so  that  the  police,  sheriffs,  and  constables 
of  the  different  cities  should  bo  made  a  part  of  the 
^1  iicral  police,  act  in  concert  with  it,  and  bi;  subject 
1 1  (lie  orders  of  the  chief  He  next  made  mention  of 
a  ( lass  of  criminals  n'hich  consisted  of  mobs  of  lawless 
iiii'ii,  who  assembl(>d  and  operated  in  dis'j;uise  in  carry- 
iiij;  out  some  unlawful  purpose,  ix>-  .ally  dinvted 
a  'aiiist  tho  frcedmen.  The  inmmnitv  from  arrest  of 
siK'li  offenders  gave  reason  to  su[)pose  that  tluy  were 
piotected  or  encouraged  by  the  majority  of  the  jk)- 
1)1('.  In  suggesting  measures  to  supiiress  this  evil, 
(iDVornor  Davis  advocated  conferring  upon  the  exec- 
utive the  power  of  temporarily  establishing  maiti.-d 
law  under  certain  contingencies.  He,  moreover,  con- 
sidered that  the  frequency  of  homicides  was  attribu- 
tal)lo  to  tho  habit  of  carrvini;  arms,  and  reconnnended 
tlic  ](>gislature  to  restrict  that  j)rivll(\ge,  whicli  it  "v-juld 
he  ;il)lu  to  do  under  the  amended  constitution 

Oil  the  subject  of  education,  the  governor  remarked 
tliat  the  establishment  of  a  good  system  of  seliools 
Would  in  time  op(^rate  in  diminishing  crim(\  and  re- 
miiKJed  the  legislature  that  the  provisions  of  tlie  con- 
stitution made  it  '*thc  im})erative  duty"  of  tliat  body 
to  |)rovide  for  tho  education  of  all  children  of  seliolas- 

'  Ni>.  4  in  Trx.  Co!.  Dof.,  no.  2,  is  a  copy  "f  tlie  inaugural  address. 

-  Mctiim  xiii.  of  tlu!  Mil  of  rijjlits  n^ads  tiiin:  '  Kvcry  jxTson  shall  Iiave 
til"  li.'lit  to  kfop  and  licar  arnn  \u  tlio  lawful  di;fcnoe  of  himself  or  tho  .state, 
uiiucr  .such  rugulatious  aj  the  logiolaturc  may  pruscribo. ' 


',  h 


W  I 


&(>t 


TKXAS  IIKSTORED. 


tio  w^i\  A.  porpotujil  srliool  fund  was  provuloil  H)!-  Lv 
tlic  conHtitution,  and  ho  productnl  a  Huumiuiy  of  t!i(.* 
iiiciiius  tlion  disposaldo  for  the  purpos'is  of  education/ 
Oth(!r  matU'i's  l>rou«j:lit  before  the  notice  of  t!;(! 
Ir'ujirtlature  were  the  (|uestions  of  internal  iinproveniciit, 
suh.sldizinir  private  enteritrises,  the  public  works,  and 
i:iMni<»ration.  With  rcspccrt  to  the  iirst,  Davis  c'lu- 
ti(»ned  the  lej^islature  a<^ainst  affording  aid  to  specula- 
tors who,  pr(»[>osin«if  schemes  for  private  tulvantjim^ 
under  the  name  of  internal  improvements,  were  in  the 
liahit  of  calling  upon  the  state  for  aid;  he  was  oP 
o[tinion  that,  beyond  a  liberal  charter,  there  was  in- 
necessity  for  state  aid  to  insure  the  success  of  any 
honest  a!id  feasible  enterprise.  With  regard  toinniii- 
gration,  he  hoped  that  when  such  res]>ect  for  law  and 
onler  had  been  established  as  would  relieve  new-connis 
of  all  apprelicnsions  for  tlieir  personal  safety,  the  cheap 
and  fertile  lands  of  Texas  would  attract  '  igiaiits. 
It  was  necessiiry  that  the  immigration  bui  uthnr- 

i/td  by  the  constitution  should  be  organized  at  onco 
on  a  liberal  basis,  and  a  complete  ujeolooical  suntv 
uiiderUiken  in  order  to  ascertahi  the  cai>acitv  of  tlic 

1  t' 

state,  both  hi  an  agricultural  and  mhieral  point  nt 
view. 

Ife  next  calls  attenticMi  to  the  condition  of  the  asy- 
lums for  the  deaf  and  dmnb,  the  blind,  and  insane, 
and  tlie  j)cnitentiary  at  Huntsville.  The  lunatic  asy- 
lum was  far  too  small  to  admit  even  tdl  such  patients 
as  came  within  the  limited  requirements  of  the  l;i\v, 
and  many  had  to  be  denied  admittance;  a  liberal  pio- 
vision  should  be  made  for  the  increiused  wants  of  ilie 
state  in  this  respect.  As  to  the  penitentiary,  owinLf 
to  bad  management  it  had  been,  until  quite  lately,  a 
heavy  expense,  the  excess  of  expenditures  over  reccijits 
up  to  November  16,  18Gi),  being  $107,045.  The  num- 
ber of  convicts,  according  to  the  last  report  of  Fehiu- 

•'Xaniely,  cash  in  specie  .^.'iS.OTO,  currency  ^")43;  in  5  per  cent  bonds  un- 
der act  of  Nov.  12,  18(H>,  §82, 1(>8;  principal  and  interest  due  to  the  s.  Imol 
fund  from  railroad  companies  §'2,742,198.  Governor 'a  message,  uo.  5,  a  7,  in 
Id. 


INDIANS   ANF>   FIN'ANCKS. 


M'l 


}u\  10,  1870,  was  489  confitu'd  within  tlio  walls,  and 
ill  \piil  f(>ll<>win«if  181  wero  laboriuj^  on  t\w  railroad. 
Til*'  lyroviTUor  deprecated  tlio  system  of  eni|)loyin*;  tiui 
(uiivicts  on  the  rullroa«ls,  both  as  tleinoralizin*.;  ai.d 
jitltirdiiij^  facilities  of  escape.  He  recommends  that 
tlie  jK'iiitentiary  bo  enlarged,  and  the  outside  convicts 
rt  tun  led  to  it. 

Ill  s|»eakin<if  of  the  dt'predations  committod  hy  Iiul- 
iaiis,  he  remarked  tliat  from  tim*^  immemorial  the 
liiistile  tribes  had  aftiicted  the  country  with  their 
murderous  visits;  that  no  treaty  or  concession  could 
;i|tiHjise  them,  or  stay  tluar  hands;  and  that  the  only 
ii  suit  that  could  1)0  permanently  ett'ej-tual  was  exter- 
in'iiiiition,  or  total  conciuest  and  submission.  The 
iiii'Msuies  adoptiid  by  the  milit.iiy  commander  were 
all  that  could  be  done  with  his  limited  resources.* 

The  lejjjislature  would,  it  was  hoped,  encourage  hi 
ivcrv  reasonable  wpy  the  growtli  of  every  kind  of 
iii.iiiufacture  and  industry.  One  of  the  most  hiipor- 
tiiiit  interests  of  Texas  was  cattle-bn  «>din;j,\  but  unfor- 
tunately the  laws  for  the  protection  of  the  stock-raiser's 
|ii(i|)i'rty  were  defective,  espcicially  in  re<j^ai(l  to  lierd- 
iii^.  Itraiiding,  and  s(>lling  cattle.  Practici  s  had  be- 
(iiine  common  in  these  respects  which  almctst  destroyed 
tlir  siifety  of  that  kind  of  j)ro])erty. 

Financial  matters  were  th(^  last  topic  discussed  In 
tliv'  nicssaii'e.  The  !i;overnor  was  of  oi)inion  that  ex- 
|i 'iiditures  would  amount  to  about  $l,r)00,00().  The 
iuiKiunt  of  cash  on  hand  Septendu-r  M,  18(17,  was 
.sj().-J;;2;  receipts  from  that  date  to  Ai)ril  1(1,  1870, 
vcre  >5l,384,ll)l,  and  the  expenditures  during  tin; 
same  ]>eriod  .$1,024,851.  The  amount  of  cash  in  the 
tn  asuiy,  exclusive  of  school  and  special  funds,  was 
.^-,'.)o;5  in  specie  and  $4 1. '5, 747  in  currency.  ])educt- 
in!4  appropriations  niadt;  by  military  orders  since 
Marcli    1st,    there    remained    $2, !);■);}    in   specie    and 

'  iN'ynolils  urged  tlie  estaMLshmtjiit  of  a  military  tuli.'gnipli  line  along  tlio 
fiiintitr.  ami  reconinieuik'd  that  tiie  tlopartitii^iit  ouiiiiiiainU'r  sIkhiIiI  he  au- 
tlinii/cil  to  i;(|uip  and  employ  frontiersmen  in  co-operatiou  vvitli  tlio  U.  8. 
tiiiiiis,  J{,i,t.  i'tf.   War,  coug.  41,  stsss.  3,  i.  41. 


r 


i 


h 


noG 


TEXAS  IMCSTOKKD. 


14  i! 


vti 


i .  '1  I 


,$3(>8,42r)  in  currcncv.  The  (lc>l)t  of  tlio  state  was 
Hinall.  Uiulor  act  of  Noveinher  12,  ISGfJ,  five  jx  r 
centum  state  b(.ntls,  to  tho  amount  of  .$82,108,  unc 
Issued  to  the  scliool  fund,  and  $1134,472  of  similar 
honds  to  tlie  universitv  fund.  If  tlie  act  was  to  l)c 
ri'si)ected,  the  state  was  so  mucli  indebted  to  tlu- 
above-named  funds.  The  only  otlicr  indebtechicss 
was  tliat  of  ten  per  cent  v/arrants  issued  before  tlu; 
late  war,  })ut  the  amount  could  !iot  be  considerable 
Tlie  !L?overnor  remark(>d  that  the  whole  system  of  ci.l- 
lectioii  of  revenue  would  ha^'e  to  be  revised  and  mudo 
more  effective. 

This  inessajL^e  represented  very  fairly  the  conditiuii 
and  r<M[uirements  of  Texas,  on  her  peo[)le  resumiiii.' 
self-government.  The  lejj^islature,'*  with  a  large  iiiii- 
jorlty  of  them  repul)licans,  accepted  the  governors 
views  in  all  im[)ortant  points.  The  militia  was  or- 
ganized," and  dividend  into  two  classes,  namely  tlic 
state  guard,  com])osed  of  volunteers  and  the  roscivc 
military,  wliich  included  all  persons  liable  to  service, 
not  enrolled  in  the  state  guard.  All  the  troops  wdc 
placed  under  tho  control  of  the  governor,  who  was 
also  en)))owered  to  declare  martial  law  in  any  county 
or  counties,  and  call  out,  in  cases  of  emergency,  such 
portion  of  tlie  militia  as  he  might  deem  necessary  f  r 
the  maintenance  of  the  law.  Otiier  bills  authorized 
him  to  organize  twenty  companies  for  the  protection  ef 
the  frontier,  and  establish  a  state  police,  under  llic 
syst(!m  suggested  l)y  him  in  his  messagt!.  An  elec- 
tion law  was  })assed  requiring  voters  to  register,  and 
laying  down  stringent  rules  for  conducting  cdections; 
tlie  judicial  districts  were  rc^-organized  and  llieii' 
numlxT  was  raised  to  tliirtv-Hve,  and  a  bill  wa- 
[)assed  establishing  a   system  of  public  fr(;e   schools 

^According  to  Thrall,  page  420,  tho  legislature  politically  ('<iiisiil'ii'l 
stood  tliiis:  ill  tho  s'j;iiite  17  re]iul)lii!iiiis,  two  of  them  AfricaiH,  7  con  ■  ia:i 
tivcs,  and  (5  democrats;  in  tlic  house,  .TO  rejiuhlicans,  ,S  heing  African-.  I'' 
eou<crvativcM,  and  "21  democrats. 

'■'Till'  act  of  coiiLtrcs  prohihitinj;  tlic  organization  of  tho  militia,  v.c-  a- 
pealed  July  15,  1S70,  Cuwj.  O'IoIjc,  1«(j!)-70.  Ap.  738. 


iL-i 


stafc  was 
f),  five  jK  1' 
!,lf>8,  wcie 
of  similar 
was  to  III! 
ted  to  tlu' 
'u'ljtodiic.ss 
before  tlio 
iisideraldc. 
ieiii  of  ('()]- 

and  iiuulo 

!  condition 
resuiiiiii<r 
large  jii.i- 
Li^ovcriini's 
a  was  (ir- 
mioly  tiic 
-le  resci'\c 
()  sorvict', 

oops  Were 


PARTY  ISSUES. 

throughout  the  state.      Tho  .,     •  ''' 

''f  '""''•'^•ousonaotn.ents    ^r''"*^  ^^''^  '  ^^'"^  o„o 

riiou<c]j  ^jjg 

»,'".   <-oiTtnnti„n   S   ,„'"'!.   ^'i   '"J^    ™ciod    years 

, .;  Y'.""'""  "f  the  ^v• , ;  ;;;"'";f-.  'i-  i-ss,-,., . 

■(■,,ll,\,.„.._  o-'"' 


ii 

i 

,    f 

i 

M 

P 

1''. 

it 

1 

508 


TEXAS  RESTORED. 


The  growing  strength  of  the  democratic  party, 
howc\er, — or  rather  its  natural  strength  when  re- 
leased from  coercion — showed  itself  in  time.  In 
November,  187*2,  from  the  5th  to  the  8th  inclusive/ 
a  general  election  was  lield  for  electors  of  presidiint 
and  vice-president  of  the  United  States,  for  nu-nilters 
to  congress,  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  state  senate,  fur 
representatives  to  the  13th  legislature,  for  district  at- 
torneys, and  for  county  officers.  The  late  constitution 
liaving  provided  that  the  governor  should  hold  ofHoo 
for  the  term  of  four  years,  the  election  for  the  execu- 
tive did  not  take  place  till  December  1873.  Tlie 
result  of  tlie  election  of  1872  was  that  the  democrats 
returned  to  congress  the  six  representatives  to  wliicli 
Texas  was  now  entitled,  and  a  majority  in  the  state 
legislature. 

At  tlie  same  election,  according  to  a  provi.sl(;n  df 
the  constitution,  the  vote  of  the  people  was  taken  f(tr 
the  permanent  location  of  tlie  seiat  of  government,  tlie 
city  of  Austin  being  chosen  by  a  large  majority  a.s 
tlie  capital.' 

Mor<'over,  an  amendment  to  the  6th  section,  Ai- 
tirle  X.,  of  the  constitution  '"  was  proposed,  and  ac- 
cepted by  a  vote  of  57,011  for,  and  35,07G  against  it. 

The  thirteenth  legislature  met  January  14,  187.'^, 
and  the  democrats  at  once  exorcised  their  controlliiiLr 
majority,  by  causing  obnoxious  laws  to  be  r(  praKd. 
Tlie  militia  bill  passed  by  the  last  legislature,  Avas  sd 
elianged  as  to  deprive  the  governor  of  liisp(»\vvrto 
declare  martial  wai*;  the  oljjectionable  state  ]Kjlici 
f )rce  was  disbanded,  and  material  changts  were  ef- 
fected in  the  electk)n  laws.  ISIeasures  also  wiie 
adopted  to  reduce  the  expenses  of  government. 


I  1 


"According  to  the  provision  of  the  constitution,  the  polls  at  i  Iritiuiis 
were  to  lie  opened  for  tdur  days. 

"Votes  oast  for  Austin,  (t4,277;  for  Houston,  ."JS,  147;  for  Waco,  I'.'.Ti.; 
Tex.  Off.  R,'lnni^,  Gcii.  Elrr.  187'-',  18. 

'''Reading  tlius:  'Tl\e  legislature  shall  not  hereafter  grant  lamls  tn  .iny 
person  or  persons,  nor  siiall  any  eertiticato  for  laml  he  sold  at  the  liiiJ  oliici.^ 
except  to  actual  settlers  upon  the  same,  ixud  iu  lots  uot  exceeding  lOU  ucas, 


Mi' 


FINANaAL  AFFAIRS. 


509 


Governor  Davis  in  his  annual  message  called  atten- 
tion to  the  unsatisfactory  condition  in  which  he  found 
tlu'  state  treasury.  It  appears  that  the  treasurer  had 
vacated  his  office  under  circumstances  that  led  to  tlie 
suspicion  that  transactions  of  a  douhtful  nature  had 
taken  place  in  the  department  during  his  management. 
rul)lic  comments  reaching  the  governor's  ears  com- 
polKd  him  to  investigate  the  matter,  and  he  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  profits  had  been  made  by  the  late 
treasurer  to  the  amount  of  $30,000 ;  accordingly  he 
directed  the  attornej'-general  to  sue  him  and  his 
vsecurities  for  that  amount."  On  his  suggestion,  too, 
a  select  joint  committee  was  appointed  by  the  two 
branches  of  the  legislature  to  examine  into  the  con- 
dition of  the  offices  of  the  comptroller  and  the  treas- 
urer and  report  upon  it.  From  the  rc>[)ort  of  this 
comniittee,  sent  in  June  2,  1873,  it  appears  that  there 
liad  been  much  irregularity;  that  the  books  in  the 
comptroller's  office  were  kept  in  an  inaccurate  and 
confused  manner,  and  witli  such  a  reckless  disregard  of 
system  as  to  render  any  attempt  to  obtain  from  them 
a  correct  statement  of  the  state's  finances  extn^nely 
difficult;  and  that  a  deficit  in  the  treasury  actually  ex- 
isted. 

Tlie  legislature  having  thus  effected  many  desirable 
reforms  the  democrats  next  determined  to  reform  the 
government.  The  governor  was  a  stanch  republican, 
and  tiiere  was  a  republican  majority  in  the  senate; 
but  the  democrats  readily  perceived  that  the  thumb- 
screw of  obstruction  would  conipid  their  opponents  to 
yield  to  a  measure  which  would  overthrow  them,  and 
the  house  refused  to  vote  money  to  carry  on  the  gov- 
ernment until  it  had  succeed  in  the  scheme  planned 
by  it.  It  was  a  well-eoncelved  p(jlitical  stratagem. 
Confident  that  at  the  polls  the  democratic  majority 
would  be  overwhelming,  the  house  decided  to  jirocure 
a  new  election,  though  it  would  thus  be  legislating 
itself  out.     An  act  was  accordingly  passed  April  'J  4, 

"Davis'  testimony  in  Tex.  Itcpt  Com.  Invent.  Voinyt.,  Juuc  2,  1S73,  17. 


m 


BIO 


TEXAS  RESTOIiKD. 


i^:\-> 


1873,  making  a  now  apportionment  of  tlie  state  and 
clianLjing  the  senatorial  districts,  wliicli  change  neces- 
sitated a  new  general  election.  On  May  26th,  fol- 
lowing, another  act  was  forced  through  the  legislatuiv, 
prescribing  that  the  election  should  be  held  on  tliu 
first  Tuesday  in  Decemljer,''  the  day  on  which  the 
election  for  tlie  new  governor  would  take  place. 

On  the  appointed  day  the  election  was  held,  aiul 
in  all  three  braiiches  the  democrats  were  triumpliaiit. 
But  the  republicans  were  not  disposed  to  yield  with- 
out a  struggle.  The  constitutionality  of  the  law 
under  which  the  election  had  been  held  was  l)r(iu;j;lit 
before  the  sui)reme  court  which  decided  that  it  was 
unconstitutional,  and  Davis,  on  January  r2th,  issued 
a  proclamaticm  prohibiting  the  new  legislature  fiDiii 
assembling.  In  defiance  of  this  interdict,  however, 
it  met  on  the  following  day  and  organized.  JMudi 
alarm  was  entertained  that  a  collision  would  tak  ■ 
place  between  the  two  parties.  And  not  witli(n;t 
some  cause.  The  two  branches  of  the  lejjislatuiv 
occupied  the  upper  story  of  the  capitol  with  a  <<ini- 
[)any  of  the  militia  as  guard;  at  the  same  time  ])avis 
and  the  other  executive  officers  ludd  jH)Ssession  of  tiic 
lower  story  with  a  company  of  colored  soldiers  uiidir 
the  adjutant-general.'^  President  Grant  was  appealed 
to  but  refused  to  sustain  .Davis.  Fortunately  nioder- 
ation  prevailed  and  no  conflict  took  jdace.  J.  J*. 
Newcomb,  the  secretary  of  state,  ])ermitted,  under 
protest,  the  election  returns  to  be  delivered  to  a  e.iia- 
mittee  of  the  leii'lslature.  The  votes  liavin'j;  \><'<n 
counted,  Kicliard  Coke"  was  declared    elected  yuv- 

>2Seo  Tr.r.  Oni.  Lawx,  13  leg.,  43,  ot  sen. 

''(!ov.  Ciiki'  in  liis  animal  inussagu  of  Jan.  1S7G,  page  4,  makos  this  as- 
Rcrtiiin:  'Thi"  tloor.s  of  tlie  halla  in  ■which  you  now  sit  liacl  Iji'cu  ix^iiiiiiu'ii 
by  the  coussijirators,  and  it  had  been  ascertained  th-'it  tie  armed  f,);ci4  in- 
trenched in  the  liasenioiit  beneath,  could  piece  them  with  their  iiii--iK'sil 
necessary  to  attick  you.' 

'*C."oko  Avas  born  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  March  13,  1820;  was  eihuatcii  at 
William  and  Mary  colU'ge,  and  having  studied  hiw  was  admitted  tu  tU'liir 
when  'Jl  years  of  age.  In  l!:.")0  he  removed  to  Waco,  Mcl.eiinau  coiiiiiy, 
Texas.  He  serveil  in  tlie  confederati^  ''H'my'  first  as  i)rivate  and  altera  :inlaj 
capLaiu;  waa  district  judge  in  Juuc   l!»oO,  and  in  1600  Maa  eluded  !>_,  Uie 


M  ■ 


LEGISLATWE  MEASURES. 


r.ii 


ornor  Iw  a  majority  of  50,000,  and  Ricliard  B.  IIul)- 
l);ii(l,  lieutenant-governor.  For  some  days  tlie  ))ul»li(' 
uas  ajjfitated  by  doubt  and  ap})rebension  as  to  the 
jiinbability  of  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  disput(%  but 
(i:i  the  I'Jtli  Governor  Davis  vacated  the  executive 
otlicc^  without  niakinir  afi)rmal  surrender.'"  (iovernor 
('(ik(;  took  undisputed  possession,  and  the  excitement 
was  allayed.  Thus  terminated  this  contest  for  supi-em- 
acv  between  the  rcjmblican  and  democratic  parties, 
l!a]i])ily  without  bloodshed.  But  it  was  a  ci-itical 
point  in  the  progress  of  affairs.  The  least  spark  cf 
tilt!  would  have  ex})loded  the  maga/.ine  of  animosity 
harbored  on  both  sides.  Thus  the  city  which  had  so 
lately  been  declared  the  pennanent  capital  of  the  state 
narrowly  escaped  being  baptized  in  blood. 


I 


During  the  first  session  of  the  14th  legislature,  no 
oxtiaordinary  measuri'S  worthy  of  es[K;eial  nuntion 
were  adopted,'*  with  the  exception  of  granting  jx-n- 

rli  irincratic  jiiirty  juilge  of  tlio  state  suprpuic  court,  but  Wiis  roiiiovoil  in  I,S!'j7 
liv  Shiricluu  as  an  '  iiiiiiodiment  to  recoiistriictiou. '  U.  S.  Sin.  Mkci'l.,  uoiig. 
4'},  srss.  •_',  no.  8,  pt  i.,  71. 

''l>,ivi,s  in  a  :  1)c;lh'1i  luado  to  the  citizens  of  Travia  county,  Oct.  4,  ISSO, 
alliiiKs  to  tliis  afl'air,  and  sjieuks  of  the  deiiiociatf  as  liaving  'i;eizcil  the  statu 
froMjiiiiiu'iit,  in  January,  1874.'  Duri.i,  Sytcrh,  [\,  willi  (Iroii,  J/i.if.  Ans/hi. 
(iiiv.  ('oke'.s  view  of  tlie  nituation  was  ilill'erent.  Tn  his  nies^age  luciitioiieil 
in  iiute  lie  ."^ays:  '  Forehodings  of  danger  to  popular  liherty  aiiil  npri'M'nta- 
tivr  LMverninent  caused  tlie  stoutest  and  most  patriotic  among  u-i  to  ttemMo 
fiirtlic  result.  A  conspiracy,  holder  and  more  wicked  than  tliat  of  t'atalino 
iijiiiiist  (he  liherties  of  Home,  had  planned  the  overthrow  of  free  gii\(  rn- 
inriit  in  Texas.  The  capitol  and  its  purlieus  were  hchl  hy  armed  men  uinler 
I'liii' liiiiil  of  the  conspirators;  an(f  the  treasury  and  department  otiices, 
aKIi  all  the  archives  of  the  govt,  were  in  their  ])ossession.  Vonr  rij^ht  to 
a^siiiililc  in  the  capitol,  as  tlu^  chosen  leprcsentativcs  of  the  people  was  de- 
iiii'il,  aud  the  will  of  the  peo])le  of  Texas  s-cotlrd  at  and  delie(f.  .  .  The  pre-i- 
ili  lit  (if  the  Uiiiteil  States  Masheing  iniplnrod  to  semi  troop)  to  aid  in  ovir- 
tlii'iwiiig  tlie  government  of  'J'rxas,  chosen  hy  her  pi'oph:  liy  a  majority  of 
,")|I.o;H)  T!ie  local  and  municipal  etiii  -rs  throiighont  the  st^itc  in  sympathy 
with  the  infamous  designs  of  these  desp'rateand  iinscrupuhms  reviihitioni  -t ;, 
takiii'4  courage  from  the  holdiuMs  r)f  the  leader;  at  the  capitol,  were  reusing 
to  deliver  over  to  their  lawfully  electeil  .successors,  the  olHees  in  their  jioi- 
sts<i(iii.  A  univer  al  contlict  of  jurisdiction  and  authority,  exteiuiiiig 
tlinniL'li  all  the  departments  of  government,  emliracing  in  its  .';wecp  all 
tliu  territory  and  inliahitaiits  of  the  .state,  and  every  question  upon  which 
kgitiiiiate  t,'overnnient  is  called  to  act,  was  imminent  and  ini]iend'ng. ' 

'"it  shouhl  he  mentioned  that  an  act  was  passed  Ajiril  10,  1^7  I.  author- 
izing tiie  gov.  to  organize  a  hattalion  of  six  companies,  each  7.")  strong,  fir 

ili'i  11 if  the  frontier  against  Indians.     The  companies  wire  organi/cd  Juno 

4tl.  Inllowiiig,  and  placed  uuder  the  comnuud  of  Maj.  John  JJ.  Joues. 


' 


>      I 


612 


TEXAS  RESTORED. 


sif)ns  to  revolutionary  veterans,  and  the  reorganizaiirm 
of  tlie  supreme  court,  the  number   of  judges  \)vh\'T 
ineroased  to  five  by  an  amendment  to  tlic  constitution, 
wliich  had  provided  that  the  court  should  consist  of 
only  three   members.     But   there  was  manifested  ,i 
growing   discontent    in   regard   to   the   constitution, 
which  liad  been,  as  it  were,  tlirust  upon  the  people  of 
Texas,  and  when  the  legislature  met,  in  JanL^ary  187."), 
on  the  occasion  of  its  second  session,  Governor  Coke 
recommendcHl    it  to  make    provision   by  appropriate 
enactment    for   assembling  a  convention    to  frame  a 
constitution  of  government  for  Texas.     The  existinnf 
constitution,  he  said,  was  by  general  consent  admitted 
to  be  a  defective  instrument;  many  of  its  provisions 
were  incongruous  and  rejiugnant ;  its  restrictions  were 
so  manv,  and  descended  so  nmch  into  legislative  de- 
tail,    as   to    present    incessant   embarrassments;   and 
while  some  provisions  were  oppressive  or  inconvenient, 
others  were  positively  obstructive  to  legislation.    Ne- 
cessity, he  added,  forced  it  on  the  people  of  Texas, 
and  prudence  and  policy  prompted  submission  to  it. 
But  no  reason  existed  for  submitting  to  it  anv  lonL;(  r. 
The  causes  which  a  year  before  had  rendered  it  im- 
prudent to  call  together  a  constitutional  convention 
had  ceased  to  exist ;  federal  interference  was  no  lon;j;(  r 
feared,  and  the  popular  mind  was  free  from  passion 
and  excitement.     "For  twelve  months  past,"  he  said. 
"the  thinking  men  of  the  state  have  been  studviii'' 
and    investigating    the  subjects  to    be  dealt  witli  in 
framing  a  constitution,  and  are  now  prepared  to  act."" 
The    governor's    message    is   a  lengthy   docunient 
comprising  92  octavo  pages,  and  he  enters  fully  into 
every  subject  to  which  he  calls  the  attention  of  the 
Iciiislature.     All  internal  matters  are  considered,  and 
some  space  is  devoted  to  statements  touching  the  ei-n- 
dition  of  the  frontier  in  connection  with  inroads  made 
bv  Intlians,  and  Mexican   border  troubles.     He  ro- 
marked  that,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  the  In<lians 

"Tlx.  Mcas.  Gov.,  Uthlegis.,  2d  sess.,  1875,  8-9. 


GOVERNOR   CORK 


W.l 


that  devastated  the  frontier  of  Texas  came  from  the 
reservations  on  the  northern  borders.  Governor  Cokc^ 
was  in  favor  of  applying  severe  measures,  and  holdinjj 
the  Indians  to  a  rigorous  accountability.  "Lenity," 
he  said,  "to  their  murderous  and  thieving  propensities 
is  atrocious  crueltv  to  the  whites."  With  regard  to 
depredations  committed  by  Mexican  marauders,  he 
informed  the  legislature  that  during  the  spring  and 
early  summer  of  the  past  year  they  had  greatly  ex- 
ceeded in  magnitude  and  atrocity  transactions  of  that 
character  for  a  number  of  years  past.  The  complaint 
(tf  the  people  of  the  districts  exposed  to  these  preda- 
tory inroads  was  universal.  The  expense  to  which 
the  state  was  put,  owing  to  the  inadequacy  of  the 
Hnited  States'  military  establishment,  was  very  oner- 
ous, and  the  governor  reconmiended  the  legislature  to 
memorialize  congress,  setting  forth  the  losses  of  life 
and  property  on  the  Mexican  border,  and  asking  that 
the  obligation  of  the  general  government  to  protect 
Texas  against  foreign  enemies  be  redeemed,  and  that 
the  money  expended  by  the  state  in  defence  of  her 
people  be  refunded.'" 

According  to  the  report  of  Governor  Coke  of  Jan- 
uary 1874,  and  that  of  the  comptroller  of  February 
lOtii,  following,  the  public  debt  was  $1,668,131.  In 
tlie  present  message,  the  governor  states  that  the  en- 
tire public  debt  of  Texas,  up  to  Jaimary  1,  187;),  ac- 
cording to  the  comptroller's  rejjort,  was  $4,012,421 .  of 
which  $076,088  represented  the  floating  debt,  leaving 
a  honded  debt  of  $3,035,43.').  He  then  ex])lains  how 
s(i  ]aigt>  an  increase  in  figures  a})pears  in  the  report. 
Ih'  s;iys;  "The  hicreasc  in  the  jmblic  debt  suiee  the 
rcl>ort  in  January  1874,  is  re})resented  by  the  Ixmds 
and  certificates  granted  to  the  revolutionary  veterans 
of  Texas,  by  act  of  Apiril  1874,  amounting  to  $809,- 
'^'^^,  and  a  few  thousand  dollars  of  miscellaneous  in- 


,4.1111 


m 


'"  Memorials  to  this  effect  weie  laid  before  congress  by  the  14th  h^nislatjire, 
and  :\ho  l)v  the  constitutional  convention  held  in  the  antniiiii  of  ^S^^y    Tr.i-.. 
I'-   <.',.!•',  Icfjis.  If),  sesB.  1,  ap.  1876,  .58-9. 
Ili'-T.  Mi:x.  Statks,  Vol.  II.    :'3 


vU  -l 

r 

jfiBi  \  1 

'§  jl 

:  :\r'j 

I   '■  1 

I      h       '       ■ 

I     i 


514 


TKXAS  UKSTOIIEIJ. 


:i 


debtedness.  The  remainder  was  incurred  Ixfoiv 
January  1874,  and  is  due  to  school  teacliers  jind 
others  for  services  in  1873,  and  in  tlie  confusion  df 
the  records  when  the  last  report  was  made,  was  wot 
noted,  and  in  fact  much  of  it  was  not  reported  until 
subsequent  to  that  time," 

With  regard  to  the  pensions  granted  to  veterans,  it 
is  necessary  to  explain  that  by  an  act  of  August  \'], 
1870,    it   was   briefly   provided    that   the    survivinir 
veterans  "of  the  revolution   which  separated  Tixas 
from  Mexico,  including  the  Mier  prisoners,"  and  im 
others   should    have   certain    pensions.     Comptroller 
Bledsoe,  however,  misapprehended  the  law,  and  ox- 
tended  its  provisions  to  persons  not  properly  entitkd 
to  the  benefit  of  it.     At  least  such  was  the  reason 
given  by  Governor  Davis,  May  19,  1871,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  his  vetoing  two  items  of  appropriations  to  ))ay 
claims  of  veterans;  by  which  act  he  exposed  himself 
to  the  attack  of  his  democratic  enemies,  who  charocil 
him    with   entertaining    hostile    feelings  toward   tin 
veterans.     By  act  of  April  21,  1874,  the  leglslatuie, 
however,  extended  the  list  of  classes  entitled  to  pen- 
sions,'* and   by  the  end  of  the   year,    the  govornoi 
became  reasonablv  alarmed  at  the  raiiidlv  hicreasiiiu 
number   of  claims;""  in  his  message,    he    urged  tin 
immediate   repeal   of  the   act,   which,   if  left  on  tin 
statute  book,  aftbrded  an  opening  for  the  per})etrati()ii 
of  frauds  on  the  state.     The  act  was  repealed  Maicli 
13,  1875. 

In  March,  also,  provision  was  made  for  subniittiui: 
the  all  absorbing  question  of  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion to  the  people,  and  an  election  was  ordered  to  In 

'"  Under  the  act  of  1870,  a  person  entitled  to  the  pension  would  rcceivf 
$250  if  not  wounded,  and  $500  if  wounded,  commencing  from  .Tan.  1,  1S7I 
Gov.  Davis  considered  that  there  were  not  at  tliat  time  10(1  persons  in  tlif 
state  justly  entitled  to  the  pension,  yet  Comptroller  Bledsoe,  under  liis  cum- 
stmction  of  the  act,  soon  found  'JS,*?  claimants.  Sj^t'cr/i  of  Ex-ijov.  Dui-'k,  Oct. 
4,  1880,  p.  1.3,  in  Gray's  ffiM.  Austin. 

*  Davis  says  that  Darden  and  Coke,  in  the  course  of  a  year  or  so,  i.s.sui"i 
$1,116,000  worth  of  bonds  in  pension.  '  Some  1,100  j)ersons  had  turned  ui' 
tu)  veteraaa  of  the  struggle  between  Te.xas  and  Mexico. ' 


NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


515 


licU  for  that  purpose,  and  for  dolr«^ati'.s  on  August 
'2(1.  On  the  appointed  day  69,583  votes  were  east  for 
the  convention,  and  30,549  against  it.  The  di'le«;at('S  " 
liiiving  been  duly  elected,  the  convention  assembled  at 
Austin,  September  6,  1875,  and  completed  its  labors 
November  24th,  on  which  day  It  adjourned.  The 
(oiistitution  which  it  framed  was  submitted  to  tlie 
people  for  ratification  February  17,  1870,  when  130, 
606  votes  were  cast  in  favor  of  it,  and  50,052  against 
it.  A  general  election  was  held  on  the  same  day,  and 
the  regular  democratic  state  ticket  elected.  Coke  was 
rocketed  governor,  by  a  majority  of  over  102,000 
votos,  having  polled  150,418  against  47,719  cast  for 
William  Chambers." 

Some  very  striking  changes  are  noticeable  hi  the 
constitution  of  1870.  In  the  bill  of  rights,  the  pro- 
visions of  the  constitution  of  1809  that  declared  seces- 
sion a  heresy,  and  that  the  ccmstitution  and  laws  of 
United  States  are  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  are 
stricken  out."     With    respect  to  the   legislative  de- 


"  II 


-'The  names  of  the  delejjates,  with  their  placcH  of  residence  and  nativit}', 
as  also  their  occupatioua,  will  be  found  in  \Vnlxli  and  Pilijriiii'x  J)l,-fi-t..  i'onstit. 
Coiivcn.,  1-3.  The  30  districts  sent  up  eighty -nine  delegates,  of  wlu>ni  7">  wore 
(leiiincrats  and  14  republicans,  four  of  wlioni  were  negroes.  The  greater 
poi'tioii  of  the  delegates  were  natives  of  the  southern  states,  there  1  eing  only 
trnir  native  Texans. 

■^■(7.  S.  Sni.  Ml<c.,  cong.  47,  sess.  2,  i.,  doc.  8,  71;  Thrall,  437 

''^  For  the  purpose  of  comparison,  I  copy  the  preambles  and  oorrt'f  ponding 
jirovi.siiiiis  in  the  two  constitutions. 

Constitution  of  Texas,  1869:  We,  the  people  of  Texas,  acknowledging 
with  gratitude  the  grace  of  (Jod  in  permitting  us  to  make  a  choice  of  our 
torm  of  government,  do  hereby  ordain  and  establish  this  constitutiou.  Art. 
I.  Bill  of  Rights.  That  the  heresies  of  nuUitieation  and  secession,  which 
lirought  the  country  to  grief,  may  be  eliminated  from  future  political  dis- 
cussion; tiiat  public  order  may  be  restored,  private  property  and  human 
lifi;  iirotected,  and  the  great  principles  of  liberty  and  equality  secured  to  us, 
we  declare  that;  Sec.  I.  The  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  tlie  laws 
uiiil  treaties  made  and  to  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  are  acknowledged 
to  ho  the  supreme  law;  that  this  constitution  is  framed  in  harmony  with,  and 
ill  subordination  thereto,  and  that  the  fundamental  principles  embodied 
licri'in  can  only  be  changed  subject  to  the  national  authc    ty. 

Constitution  of  Texas,  187G:  Preamble.  Humbly  mvoki-'s;  the  blessing 
of  Almighty,  the  people  of  the  state  of  Texas  do  ordain  :'nd  estai)lish  tliis 
Constitution.  Art.  I.  Bill  of  Rights.  Tliat  the  general,  great,  and  essential 
principles  of  liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  established, 
we  declare:  Sec.  1.  Texas  is  a  free  and  independent  sfcite,  subject  only  to 
the  coustitutiou  of  the  United  States;  and  the  maintenance  of  our  free  insti- 
tutious,  and  the  periietuity  of  the  union  depend  upon  the  preservation  of  the 


If      M 


6Ui 


TfDiAS  RESTORED. 


i!  : 


Wlli'll 

Tlu 


purtriiont,  provision  was  made  to  increase  the  number 
of  members  of  the  liouse  of  representatives  to  150,  at 
the  rate  of  one  additional  member  for  each  15,000  in- 
liabitants  at  each  fresh  apportionment.  The  nunilur 
of  senators  was  permanently  fixed  at  thirty-one.  Tlu; 
legislature  was  to  meet  every  two  years,  and 
ever  especially  convened  by  the  governor, 
governor's  term  of  office  was  reduced  to  two  years, 
and  his  salary  from  $5,000  to  $4,000.  All  vacancies 
in  state  or  district  offices  were  to  be  filled  by  aj)- 
pointments  of  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  senate.  The  judicial  power  was  vesttd 
in  one  supreme  court,  consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and 
two  associate  justices,  a  court  of  appeals  composed  of 
three  judges,  and  district,  county,  and  othercourts.  Tlu: 
state  was  divided  into  twenty-six  judicial  districts,  ami 
the  office  of  district  attorney  was  abolished.  Article 
VI.  of  the  constitution  of  1869,  respecting  the  right  of 
suffrage,  was  stricken  out,  and  another  substitut(>(l,  in 
which  no  mention  is  made  of  "race,  color,  or  former 
condition."  Provision  was  made  that  separate  soliools 
sliould  be  provided  for  the  white  and  colored  childnii; 
and  foreiijn  immigration  was  discountenanced.^^ 

The  15th  legislature  met  in  April  187fi,  and  the 
formality  of  the  reinauguration  of  the  governor  ami 
lieut(nuint-govenior  was  observed.  In  his  message  to 
tlie  leojislature,  Governor  Coke  criticised  the  new  ooii- 
stitution,  and  pointing  out  defects,  rec  iinmended  that 
the  legislature  propose  the  necessary  amendiiieiits 
wliich  it  was  empowered  to  do.'"*     The  judiciary  arti- 

ri};lit  of  local  sclf-governmeut  luiiinpaired  to  all  the  stiites.  S(;c.  11.  All 
political  ])o\vor  ia  inherent  iu  the  people,  and  all  free  f^overnnuiits  are 
loundetl  on  their  authority,  tand  iustitutod  for  their  benelit.  Tho  taitliof 
the  people  of  Texas  stands  pledged  to  the  preservation  of  a  repalilirau  iorni 
of  governineut,  and  subject  to  this  limitation  only,  they  have  at  all  tiiii'^ 
the  inalienable  right  to  alter,  reform,  or  abolish  their  government  in  such  a 
manner  as  they  may  think  expedient.  Copies  of  both  constitution  \\illln' 
found  in  U.  S.  Chart.  <iml  Comtlt.,  ii.,  1801-56. 

'-<  Sec.  i)G  of  Art.  XVI.,  reads  thus:  '  llic  legislature  shall  have  no  power 
to  appropriate  any  of  the  public  money  for  the  estiiblishment  and  maiii- 
tenance  of  a  bureau  of  immigration,  or  for  any  purpose  of  bringing'  imim- 
grants  to  this  state.' 

•-^Art.  XVII.  provided  that  by  a  vote  of  two-thirda  of  all  the  members 


■ii*^ 


DKKhXIN   IN  CONSTITUTU)N 


51  ■; 


numl)er 

150,  at 
1,000  iii- 

uuinlKr 

O.        TIU! 

1  wIkmi- 
r.      The 

0  years, 
^acai\<'it's 

1  by  ai»- 

t  of   tWD- 

is  vesttMl 
istice  and 
nposcd  of 
urts.  Tho 
bricts,  ami 
Article 
le  rig]  it  of 
titutcMl,  in 
or  foi'tucr 
ite  sclio(*ls 
Ichildivn; 

\,  and  the 
eriior  and 

[nessagc  to 
new  oon- 
;ntlc(.l  tluit 
lien(.liiit''>ts 
jciary  iii't'- 

Sec.  H.  All 
Icrnniciit^  ''^' 
1  Thofaitliot 
Inulilicinit'onu 
le  ;it  all  tiiii"s 
lent  ill  ^"^'l'  " 
lutiou  ^^'11  '"' 

iiave  no  \w\y'^' 
Int  ami  iii^mi- 
|rmgiiig  ill'""- 

1  the  iiiMiil)'" 


(•!(  occupied  his  special  attention.     He  considered  tlu' 
system  framed  in  it  so  faulty,  inoflicient,  and  expoi- 
siv(\  tliat  in  his   jud«^ment   it  would  In*  better  not  to 
;ittiin|)t  to  amend  it,  but    to  substitute    an  entirely 
IK  w  article.     He  describes  its  prominent  faults  in  tlie 
tullowinix  words  :     "It  provides  for  two  liijrh  courts  of 
last  resort,  jjfiving  .supremacy  to  neither,  and  leaves 
the  country  to  be  vexed  with  uncertainty  as  to  what 
is  tli(!  law  when  conflictin<>-  opinions  are  amiounced  by 
iIksc  tribunals.     It    established  county  courts,  con- 
f(  irinj^  on  them  extensivt^  «jjeneral  and  statutory  juris- 
diction, and  prescribes  no  qualification  for  the  judges, 
thus  submitting  at  least  half  of  the  litigation  of  the 
tiiuiitry,  and  the  administration  of  the  laws  to  judges. 
many  of  whom  are  utterly  uninformed  of  the   laws 
tilt  y  nmst  administer,  leaving  suitors  no  remedy  for 
inevitable   injustice,  except  an  expensive  appeal  to  a 
distant  court.     It  abolishes  the  office  of  tlistrict  at- 
loimy,  heretofore  filled  by  men  of  learnhig,  ability, 
and   I'xperience,  and  substitutes   that  of  county  at- 
tiiiiuy,  most  frequently  to  bo  filled  by  inexperienced 
iiuii,  leaving  many    counties  without  i)rost;cutors  at 
all,  wliiini  they  are  most  needed,  thenjby  })aralyzing 
the  ctUciency  of  the  laws,  exempting  criminals  from 
|iiudsliment,   and   inviting  an  increase  of  lawlessness 
and  crime,  so  difficult  to  repress  under  the  most  rigid 
enforct>ment  of  the  lawb."     Moreover,  it  (extended  the 
jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the  peace  over  matters  and 
i'i'j;lits  too  important  to  be  submitted  to  the  judgment 
t)f  ini  11  usually  unlearned  in  thcj  law;  it  failed  In  some 
instances  to  provide  for  a[)peals;  it  provided  insufficient, 
salaries  for  district  judges;  and  surrendered  the  peo- 
I'lc,  in  a  considerable    portion    of  the  state,  "to  the 
donunation  of  uneducated  and  ignorant  suffrage,"  in 
thrccvfourths  of  their  litigation. 
On  the  subject  of  taxation  he  calls  attention  to  t\n) 

vlocted  to  each  house,  the  legishituro  might  propose  auiviuliiientB  to  the  con- 
stitutioH,  which  were  to  be  published  and  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratili- 

catiou. 


[(,'; 


I 


m 


OlS 


TEXAS   REST«>KKI». 


glaring  inconsistency  in  tho  ratt's  aasignod  to  citus 
ami  towns  of  10,000  InliabitantH  and  less,  and  tlmst 
containin«jf  nutrr  tlian  10,000  inhabitants.  Sections 
4  and  T),  article  XI.,  provided  tliat  the  niaNiniuiii  rate 
of  taxation  for  tlie  HU|»i»oit  of  tlu^  niuide'ipal  jl-on"  in 
nient  of  the  former  should  never  exceed  oiie-foiiitli 
of  one  per  centum,  and  for  the  latter  two  and  <iii( 
lialf  per  centum.  The  enormous  difference  betwn  n 
these  rates,  he  remarks,  the  utter  inefficiency  of  tlic 
one,  and  the  excessiveni^ss  of  the  other,  are  sUiXijestivc 
of  inadvertence  or  mistake.  His  views  with  resp<  i  *  td 
tho  constitutional  prohibition  upon  the  encoura<j;eiii(iit 
of  innniixration  wen;  condenmatory.  He  reijarded  it  as 
unwise  and  contrary  to  the  plainest  dictates  of  a  ])roii(  r 
policy.  No  amendments  of  the  constitution  in  coii- 
formitywith  his  sugj^estions  have  hitherto  been  niade. 

While  tlu!  governor  was  able  to  report  a  greatly 
im])roved  condition  of  affairs  on  the  Indian  frontier, 
and  that  the  predate  y  ineursions  of  the  savages  wcio 
becoming  rare,  he  could  not  make  a  similar  favonoL 
statement  with  regard  to  the  Mexican  border  troubles, 
Unfortunately  the  depredations  of  Mexican  ro])1u'i's 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  had  conlimicd 
almost  without  uiterruption,  and  with  increasing  bold- 
ness and  audacity.  Murder,  robbery,  and  coiiHa'^ra- 
tion  bad  marked  the  track  of  their  raids;  the  eiieioit'S 
of  that  portion  of  th^.  country  were  paralized,  its 
wealth  was  destroyed,  and  the  terror  under  wliicli 
people  lived  threatened  depopulation. 

On  !Mav  oth  Coke  was  elected  senator  to  the  ITnitid 
States'  eonufress,  but  continued  to  exercise  the  fuiie- 
tions  of  exeeutive  till  December  1st  when  lie  re- 
signiHl,'"'and  Lieutenant-governor  Hubbard  sueceodeil 
to  the  office.^' 

""The  executive  officers  ihirinc  Coke's  administnition  were  the  follnwiiiL': 
S.  II.  l)arilcn,  comptroller;  A.  J.  l)orn,  treasurer;  J.  J.  (Jroos,  lain!  com- 
missioner; A.  W.  UeBerry,  secretary  of  state;  O.  N.  Holliiigs\vorlh.  >i'.|it 
pul).  instruction;  William  Steele,  adjutant-general;  (leo.  Clack,  atloiiuy- 
general,  also  H.  H.  Boone;  Jerome  B.  Roliertson,  supt.  liureau  of  iiiiiiiigra- 
tion.    W<il(th(in<l  Pilirimx  Dirvft.  Conntil.  Coimn.,  4;  ThruU,  437. 

-'"Richaril  \i.  Hubbard  was  born  inOeorgia  in  18:U;  graduated  at  Miinr 


SALT   I.AKKS   lUOT. 


519 


During-  (fovcriior  Hubbard's  tHluiinistratlon  a  seri- 
ous tioubli'  arose  bitwreii  the  Texan  ami  Mexican 
citi/.ejio  (»t'  Kl  l*as<>  county.  Tiie  particulars  nvv,  as 
follow:  III  December,  \-77,  a  riot  occurre<l  at  Saii 
Klizariit,  arisiii«f  from  'iiitei-fei-eiice  with  tlie  ri<;lit  of 
Mr\ieaii  citizens  of  'i'exas  to  the  free  use  of  the 
( !iiiulalui>e  salt  lakes,  lyinj^  1>0  miles  east  of  that 
town.  The  an«ier  of  the  ]>e<n>le  was  aj^j^ravated  by  a 
jKisoiial  feutl  existiiiii'  between  two  leadiii;.^  inhabi- 
tants, Charles  H.  Howard,  and  L<tuis  Cardis,  who 
was  extremely  })o{)ular  with  the  ]\rexicaiis.  Howard, 
iiuvin},''  located  certani  .salt  deposits,  endeavore<l  to 
cstablisii  a  private  occupation  of  them,  and  tlio  ri^lit 
to  exact  })ay  for  salt  taken  tlierefrom.  Cardis  insti- 
iL'uted  the  Mexican  citizens  ai'  Kl  l*aso  county  to  re- 
sist this  encroachment  upon  their  rights,'"  and  when 
Howard  with  the  county  jud<(e  and  a  ju.stiee  of  the 
]i(acc,  endeavored  to  force  n'atters  by  attemptin|jf  to 
arrest  certain  parties  engaged  in  tlu;  business  at  San 
Mlizario,  thev  themsi'lves  were  seizetl  by  a  mob  of 
Mexicans  who  threatened  to  take  Howard's  life. 
Throui^h  the  efforts  of  Cardis  and  Pierre  Bour^ade, 
the  prli'st  of  the  parish,  they  were  released,  Howard 
lu'lni;-  compelled  to  sign  a  bond  for  $1  2,000  with  sure- 
tics,  enuaLriiiL'  to  leave  the  countv  and  not  return. 
Tills  occurred  at  the  end  of  Sei)teniber,  1877,  and 
Howard  retired  to  New  Mexico. 

But  at  the  beginning  of  October,  notwithstanding 
his  pledge,  lie  returned  to  El  Paso  where,  on  the  lOtli 
of  the  same  month,  he  shot  and  instantly  killed  Cardis 
without   a   word    of    warnnig.       Cardis,    though    an 

uuivLTsity  in  IS")!,  and  at  Harvard  law  scluxil  in  18.')'2.  In  the  following 
yi;ir  lie  migrated  to  Texas  and  settled  at  Tyler,  Smith  county.  Ho  was  aji- 
linintcd  U.  .S.  district  attorney  in  lS.")(i,  and  was  representative  for  his  dis- 
trict in  the  legislature  in  lSi)8.  When  the  eivil  war  hroko  out  he  com- 
i..;in(l(il  the  2"2d  regiment  Texas  infantry,  and  was  pT"iiioted  later  to  the 
I'liiiiMaiid  of  a  hrigade.     In  1872  he  was  elector  on  the  (ireeley  ticket. 

-"  Hoth  under  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  govts  the  free  use  of  these  salt 
il([i(>sits  had  l)een  granted  to  the  citizens  of  towns  on  both  sides  of  the  Kio 
I  iiaiiile.  The  Texan  citizens  of  Mexican  descent  maintained  that  the  treaty, 
liy  wliith  the  territory  wherein  the  salt  lakes  lie  was  transferred  to  the  U.  S., 
tlid  not  extinguish  the  right  of  the  public  to  tliem. 


^1 

w 

''is 

;.,'> 

■1 

;'V':' 

w 


i^kli 


6'JO 


TEXAS   RKSTORED. 


Italian  by  birth,  possessed   the  entire  eonfidenc<3  ot' 
the  Mexican  population,  being  regarded  as  a  friend 
and  champion ;  huleed  ho  had  been  elected  to  repir 
sent  their  interests  in  the  legislature.     His  death  ox 
<^ited  the  most  angry  feelings,  and  a  determination  to 
take  vengeance  on  the  nmrderer  whenever  an  op[)()r 
tunity  might  pres(;nt  itself.      Howard,  after  the  p(>r])c 
tration  of  the  deed,  went  back  to  New  Mexico. 

The  exasperation  of  the  Mexican  nihabitants  of 
San  Elizario  displayed  itself  in  the  beginning  of 
November,  when  about  200  men  collected  with  vio 
lent  demonstrations  against  Howard's  bondsmen,  from 
whom  they  demandi'd  payment  of  the  $12,000,  and 
whose  lives  they  threatened  to  take.  Major  John 
B.  Jones,  of  the  frontier  battalion  of  Texan  rangers 
opportunely  arrived,  and  by  his  representations  tlic 
malecontents  were  prevented  from  pro(;eeding  t(^  vio 
lence  ar.d  agreed  to  dis[)erse. 

On  Novend)er  1 0th,  Howard  returned  to  El  ]*as(i 
where  he  surrendered  himself,  and  was  admitttMl  to 
bail  on  a  bond  for  $4,000.  Somewhat  later  a  trjiin 
of  wagons  left  San  Elizario  for  tlie  salt  deposits,  and 
were  exj)ected  to  return  by  ])e('-ember  12th.  Wluii 
Howard,  who  was  at  Mesilla,  heard  of  tliis  he  deter 
mined  to  enforce^  his  rights,  and  on  the  evening  of 
that  day,  ^v  itii  about  25  Texan  Hangers,  under  Lieu- 
tenant J.  13.  Tays,  entered  San  Eliza»'io  for  the  j>ur 
})ose  of  assisting  the  slieriff  to  (execute  writs  of  at 
tachment  on  the  cargoes  of  salt.  Whereupon  tlu' 
Mexican  population  rose  in  arms,  ))inng  ])rese!itlv 
joined  by  a  number  of  Mexicans  from  the  otiiei'  sidi' 
of  the  river,  Howard  and  Jolm  (J,  Atkinson,  one  of 
his  bondsmen,  took  refuge  in  the  rangers'  quarters, 
but  Charles  E,  Ellis,  another  bon«lsnian,  while  oii- 
deavormg  to  do  the  same,  was  killed  in  the  streets. 
On  the  following  morning  Sergeant  C.  E,  Mortiniii 
was  shot  while  within  100  yards  of  the  quarters, 
which  were  forthwith  laid  siege  to  by  the  rioters,  and 
tirinu  commenced. 


PliRPlDlOUS  MEXICANS. 


521 


The  besiegers  repeatedly  demanded  the  surrender 
of  Howard,  which  was  as  often  refused,  their  intention 
to  kill  him  being  well  known.  On  the  I7th,  however, 
it  appcar.s  that  the  position  of  the  assailed  was  <^on- 
siilerod  so  desperate  that  Lieutenant  Tays  and  How- 
iiid  went  oat  to  confer  with  the  rioters,  who  promised 
the  latter  his  life  if  he  would  relhiquish  all  claim  to 
the  :alt  lakes.  As  there  was  no  one  to  interpret  for 
thcHi,  AtkinK;n  was  sent  for,  and  on  his  arrival  souk; 
unauixement  was  made  bv  him  with  the  insurjjfonts,'' 
upon  which  the  rangers  surrendered,  whereupon 
they  were  immediately  disarmed  and  confined, 

A  mooting  was  now  held  by  the  ring-headers,  at 
which  it  was  deckled  to  put  to  death  Howard,  Atkin- 
s(Mi,  and  Sergeant  McBride,  a  ranger  who  liatl  made 
himself  verv  obnoxious  to  the  Mexican  element. 
Thereupt)n  these  men  were  led  out  and  shot,  Howanl 
Hr4.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  iuHuenee  of  Chleo  Ba- 
rt'la,  the  chief  leader  of  the  mob,  all  would  have  been 
killed ;  as  it  was,  the  rangers  were  permitted  to  depart, 
stripped  of  their  arms  and  etpiipments.  The  stor-.' 
and  mill  of  Ellis  were  sacked,  anil  otluer  robb(jries 
coiumitted,  as  usual  on  such  outbreaks. 

Mcantinu'  the  United  States'  district  commander-, 
(^olonel  Edward  Hatch,  hastened  with  troops  to  Sail 
Klizario,  where  he  arrived  on  the  'J'Jd.  lie  jiuule 
such  a  dis[)ositioTi  of  his  scddiers  at  Soeovio,  Vsleta, 
and  Fraid<lin  as  to  stop  all  further  violence,  and  restore 
order  and  confidence.  Most  of  the  principal  actors  in 
this  tragedy  escaped  into  ^Mexico,  while  several  )K;r- 
soiis  resisting  arnvst  were  kilh>d  by  rangers  sei\t  after 
tliem  by  the  sheriff.  The  Mexican  authorities  on  the 
ojjpusite  side  of  the  river  seem  to  have  been  powerless 
to  prevent  their  peo[>le  from  taking  part  in  this  riot. 
A  hum'  o-atherino-  had  collected  at  K\  Paso.  Mexico, 
to  attend  the  annual  fair  held  there  December  12th, 

■'■' .Vccording  to  tlio  account  given  l)y  an  eye-wituess  to  tlif  .Unilla  Imh- 
y-'Hiind,  N.  Mez.,  Atkinson  gave  §11,000  iu  specie,  currency,  ami  drafts,  on 
cimdition  that  ho,  Howard,  and  tlie  rangers  sliould  Imj  iKjrmitted  to  depart 
witliimt  molestation.  f^>i)t  Jiw'  Pioneer,  Aug.  '24,  1878, 


i  ,4 


|;l 


It 

it 


M  i 

it 


m 


n- 


h  'J 


521.' 


TEXAS   KE.STORKI*. 


and  it  was  impossible  to  control  tho  great  nunibei  of 
bad  characters  that  had  assembled  in  the  vicinity /" 


ii  1 


At  the  election  held  November  5,  1878,  Oran  M. 
Roberts  was  chosen  governor,  Joseph  D.  Savers  lieu- 
tenant-governor, S.  H.  Dardcn  comptroller,  F.  ii. 
Lubbock  treasurer,  and  W.  C.  Walsh  land  commis- 
sioner. George  McCormick,  George  F.  Moore,  and 
M.  H.  Bonner  were  respectively  elected  attorney- 
gen ':;ral,  chief  justice,  and  associate  justice.  All  these 
successful  candidates  were  nominated  by  the  state 
democratic  convention,  which  had  met  at  Austin  in 
July. 

On  retiring  from  the  executive  office,  January  14, 
1879,  Governor  Hubbard,  in  his  message  of  that  date. 
supplies  the  legislature  with  a  succinct  and  clear  ac- 
count of  the  financial  condition  of  the  state  during  tin 
period  from  August  31,  187fi,  to  September  1,  1878, 
from  which  it  appears  that  the  total  receipts  weiv 
$3,306,05<).82  currency,  and  $81,297.10  in  specie;  the 
disbursements  for  all  expenses  of  the  government,  in- 
cluding public  schools  and  frontiei  defence,  amounted 
to  $3,227,362.55  currency,  and  $49,880.77  Hrie. 
leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury  of  $78,697.-/  eui- 
rency  and  $31,416.33  specie.  With  regard  to  the 
public  debt,  he  reported  that  it  amounted  to  $5,086,7S.']. 
<.f  which  $5,034,109  were  bonded,"  and  $52,674  float- 
ing, showing  a  decrease  of  $123,290.  Indeed,  the 
financial  condition  of  the  state  was  very  favorable,  her 

••^  Fuller  particulars  will  be  found  in  U.  S.  //.  Ex.  Dor.,  cong.  45,  scss.  l!. 
xvii.,  nos  84  and  Q'.i.  See  also  J.  P.  Ifnifiie's  Acct,  MS.,  and  San  Jofi'.  Phnin: 
lit  sup.  Tlic  Mexicans  were  finally  obliged  to  Hubinit  to  the  tax,  pajing  >|1 
jHT  fanega — aliout  2k  Imishcls.  Jf.  Mi.<r.  Doc.,  eong.  47,  scss.  2,  ii.  10-">. 
Tliia  afl'air  is  kniiwn  as  the  Salt  war. 

■"  I'lirtioiLs  (it  the  public  debt  bad  been  bonded  at  intervals  from  Nov.  1!'. 
Ui()ti.  On  .Inly  (i.  IS7(5,  an  act  was  parsed  to  provide  for  tiie  payment  ot  tiif 
bonds  due  and  returnable  in  the  years  187(5  and  1S77,  and  to  make  provisions 
for  t  111;  tlo.iting  indebtedness  of  the  state,  and  to  supply  detieiencies  in  the  nvi  • 
nue  by  tiic  saics  of  these  bonds  of  the  state,  and  to  make  an  appro])ri:itiiintii 
carry  into  cfl'ect  the  provisions  of  the  same.  Under  this  act  the  g(i\ iriior 
was  authorized  to  dispose  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $1,675,000,  pay^ihle  30 
years  from  July  1,  1870,  in  gold  coin,  and  bearing  6  per  cent  interest,  .V'"'- 
s«!,e.  .Ian.  14,  1870,  8. 


(GOVERNOR  ROBKRTS. 


( redit  being  such  that  her  bonds,  bearing  an  inttrtst 
(.f  six  per  centum,  sold  in  New  York  at  a  premium  of 
two  and  a  half  per  centuirr 

The  policy  of  Governor  Koberts,"  as  expounded  in 
his  inaugural  address,  aimed  at  important  changes. 
He  objected  to  positive  laws  limiting  judicial  discre- 
tion from  fear  of  abuse  of  power;  he  deprecated  the 
present  system  of  procrastination  in  the  sale  of  the 
public  lands,  thereby  burdening  the  present  genera- 
tion with  taxes  for  the  doubtful  benefit  of  future  gen- 
riations;  and  he  advocated  the  disposal  of  the  })ublic 
lands  at  a  fair  value  as  soon  as  practicable,  so  as  to 
meet  the  obligations  of  the  government,  increase  the 
scliool  and  other  funds,  and  relieve  the  j)resent  gen- 
eration from  an  onerous  taxation,  imposed  for  the  dim 
])rosj)cct  of  a  future  good  Widch  would  never  be  realized. 

On  January  27th  he  sent  a  special  message  to  the 
legislature  on  the  judiciary,  in  which,  like  Coke,  he 
advocated  amendments  of  the  constitution,  one  of 
wlilch  savored  somewhat  of  a  dislike  to  the  utter 
overthrow  of  everything  in  the  form  of  centralism."" 
He  recommended  that  district  attorneys  should  be 
aj)})ointed  by  the  governor,  and  be  removable  at  his 
pleasure.  His  reasons  were  not  without  some  force. 
"The  district  attorney,"   he   said,  "is    peculiarly  an 

^■Oraii  M.  Roberts  was  bom,  1815,  in  S.  C,  and  educated  at  the  univiT- 
sity  of  Alabama.  Selecting  law  as  his  profession,  he  cnninionced  praiticf  in 
ISlis  111  that  state,  but  in  1.S41  migrated  to  Texas.  Having  settled  at  San 
Aii>.'iistnie,  he  became  ilistriet  attorney  in  1S44,  and  district  judge  the  year 
tullciwing.  After  anuex,''*ion,  lie  resumed  tlie  jiraetiee  of  his  jinifessiiui, 
which  lie  continued  until  1857,  wiien  he  was  elected  one  of  the  associate  jus- 
tices (if  the  supreme  court.  In  18('il,  he  was  diosen  jiresidcnt  of  tlie  secessidii 
■  invention,  as.sembled  at  Austin,  and  in  that  capacity,  acting  under  its  aii- 
tluirity,  proclaimed  Texas  a  free  and  independent  state,  in  iMi'J,  U(il'tit-< 
iiiised  a  regiment  for  confederate  army,  and  was  attached  tn  <ien.  Walker's 
ilivisitin,  but  was  afterward  elected  chief  justice  of  the  state.  Jfe  was  in  tlie 
lirst  reconstruction  convention  in  18(5*},  and  the  ensuing  Icgi.slatun^  elected 
iiiiii  to  the  U.  S.  .senate,  but  he  was  not  allowed  t<i  take  his  seat.  lie  then 
risinued  the  jiractice  of  his  pn  fession.  Ii:  1874,  the  supreme  court  h.iving 
hccu  reergani/ed,  he  was  rcstoreil  to  his  position  as  chief  justice,  ami  was 
rc-ck'cted  in  187t).  Uinifonrn  T<x.  Sfiile  Jf<'j.,  1870,  1'27;  Oor.  Intiwi.  Ail., 
Jan.  1,S7S>,  11. 

'•"(lov.  Coke  also  considered  that  the  reboun<l  frmn  centralism  had  been 
t<io  excessive.  He  wished  the  power  of  the  executive  nut  to  be  so  much  cur- 
tailed. 


% 


5-24 


TEXAS  RESTORED. 


executive  officer,  representing  the  state;  and,  as  tlic 
governor  is  required  by  the  constitution  to  see  tliut 
the  laws  arc  executed,  he  sliould  bo  given  full  control 
of  the  attorney  for  the  state  to  enable  him  to  do  it, 
and  then  he  may  be  justly  held  responsible  for  it. 
As  it  is  now,  every  district  attoniey  and  county  at- 
torney in  the  state  is  an  independent  executive 
officer."  ^*  He  was,  liowever,  unsuccessful  in  his 
attempt  to  have  the  constitution  amended. 

On  June  iO,  1879,  Governor  Roberts  convened  an 
exta  session  of  the  legislature,  and  submitted  no 
less  than  3i)  different  matters  for  its  action  tlieroon. 
The  most  important  were  :  to  make  an  appropriation 
for  the  annual  payment  of  the  interest  on  the  ]3ul)]i( 
bonded  debt,  and  for  a  shiking  fund  for  the  ultiiiiati 
discharge  of  that  debt;  to  provide  for  the  sale  of  tln' 
public  lands  and  those  pertaining  to  the  university, 
the  froo  schools,  and  the  asylums ;  and  to  make  ap- 
propriations for  the  support  of  those  institutions,  out 
of  the  interest  of  the  state  b(mds  and  railroad  bonds, 
at  tliat  time  amounting  to  over  $3,000,000.  Other 
matt(U\s  wore  the  amendment  of  old  laws  and  the  pas- 
saotj  of  now  ones  for  the  better  iJ[oveniment  of  the 
country  generally. 


The  system  of  removal  or  extermination  as  applied 
to  the  Indians  in  Texas,  has  been  thoroughly  carritMl 
out.  For  many  years  after  the  removal  of  the  Indian 
colonists  in  I85i),  the  frontier  suffered  from  dcvasta 
tions  committed  by  wild  tribes,  which  found  a  safr 
retreat  in  uninhabited  regions  of  the  United  States 
and  Mexico."*  The  Comanches  and  Kickapoos  proved 
themselves  conspicuously  troublesome,  the  fornui 
claiming  the  country  as  their  own,  and  the  rijjjlit  to 
make  raids  into  it.  and  the  lattei*  declaring  themsel\'<  s  at 


'^*Gov.  Roberts'  Mc&swje.  to  the.  tSth  Leiji^.,  1879,  13. 

'*  !n  186<i  permisiiion  was  granted  l)y  the  Mexican  anthoritiea  to  (^ajit. 
Brotherton,  to  cress  the  frontier  in  pursuit  of  Indian  uiaranders.  Miv  '''' 
Leij.,  D.  C,  Q'6-1,  iii.  »-«. 


as  the 
3e  tliat 
control 
)  do  it, 
for  it. 
iiity  ut- 
:ecutivt' 


111 


IHS 


died  ill  I 
.ttcd    no 
therooii. 
)priati()H 
10  public 
ultimatr 
le  of  til.' 
livcrsitv, 
make  ap- 
bioiis,  out 
a,d  bonds, 
Other 
the  pas- 
it  of  the 


|,s  ap]iliod 
carried 
lie  Indian 
devasta 
^d  a  sail' 
Id  Stato^^ 
)S  pi'ovod 
foi'iiirr 
right  to 
iselvcs  at 


Lies  tor.ii't- 


BOUNDARY. 


52fr 


war  with  Texas,  though  not  with  the  United  States. 
Within  the  territory  of  the  state  itself  few  Indians 
remained,  since  it  appears  that  in  1870  there  were 
only  500  Tonkawas  and  Lipans,  and  a  few  years  later 
Texas  was  relieved  from  the  liostilc  incursions  of  the 
Kickapoos,  who  were  removed  to  a  reservation  on 
Indian  Territory.'*  Since  that  time  all  hostile  Indians 
liavc  been  subdued,  and  by  1882  the  remnant  of 
harniloss  natives  within  the  borders  of  the  state  had 
been  reduced  to  108  souls,  men,  women,  and  children." 

lender  the  terms  of  tJie  annexation  treaty  of  184o, 
Texas  retained  possession  of  all  vacant  and  unapprc^- 
jiiiatcd  lands  within  her  boundaries ;  but  from  that 
thiie  to  the  present  the  boundary  has  not  been  defi- 
nitely settled.  A  dispute  has  occurred,  arising  out  of 
iu2  Aid  treaty  with  Spain  of  February  22,  1819,'"  in 
wliicli  the  Red  river  is  made  the  boundary  between 
the  l)4tli  and  100th  degree  west  longitude  from  Green- 
wich. At  the  date  when  this  treaty  was  made  but 
little  information  had  been  obtained  respecting  the 
region  extending  along  the  upper  portion  of  Rod 
river,  nor  was  it  known  that  the  river  was  divided 
into  two  branches — now  called  the  north  and  west 
forks — between  the  99th  and  the  lOOtli  meridians. 
As  late  as  1848  all  maps  described  Red  river  as  a 
'•ontinuous  stream,  the  north  fork  not  being  laid  down 
ui)on  them.     By  an  exploration,   however,  mad(>  in 

'Uy  ai,'t  of  congress,  .lune'2'2,  1874.  A  jiurtion  of  tlie  Kitkiipoos  rofiistil 
til  loavc  Mexico,  where  tliey  liarl  made  their  now  home.  A  iironiise  wa.s 
i^ivcii  hy  the  Mexican  authorities  to  locate  them  on  a  reservation  at  siu  li  a 
ih.staiK'o  from  the  hortler  line  as  to  prevent,  m  itii  the  sii|)ervi.sion  that  woiihl 
lie  excn  iseil,  any  further  tlislurhance  from  them.  Prior  to  tlie  civil  «ar 
this  trilie  was  located  in  Texas.    U.  S.  Sen.  J//.-c.,  cong.  ■}.">,  sess.  '2,  i.,  no.  '2li. 

■''Tiiey  were  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  (irillin,  Shackelford  county. 
Till  V  hart  no  reservation,  and  were  dejiendent  to  a  great  extent  U]ioii  the 
vhiiiis  of  the  land  owners  of  the  .suri'ouuding  cunntry;  had  no  stock,  and 
liwil  ill  hrush-houscs  and  topees.  They  hail  always  l)(;cn  friendly  to  the 
whites  and  were  well  contented.  A  insuiiicicnt  appropriation  for  tlieir 
siipjiort  was  annually  made  hy  the  U.  S.  governnient,  and  the  citizens  of 
Texas  had  assisted  them  fron\  time  to  time.  Sn\  Interim-  h'ljd.,  1882,  '207, 
•KK).  4:;():  /,/.,  eong.  41,  t^ess.  2.  8;!.5,  SIW;  U.  S.  Sni.  J/isc,  coi^^.  41,  scss.  2, 
>l"i'  Kid,  17,  '21;  //.  /'Jr.  JJi.r.,  cong.  47,  se.ss.  '2,  xxi.,  no.  77,  M. 
"^t  e  pp.  4&-V  thin  vol 


4  m 


-H  * 


kM 


r  |1 


■ :  i 


626 


TEXAS  RES'JOKEl). 


'it 


[hMik 


li  m 


1852  by  captains  Marcy  and  McClellan,  under  the 
direction  of  the  war  department,  it  was  discovered 
that  there  were  two  niahi  branches  to  the  river 
proper;  but,  probably  owing  to  the  inaccuracy  of 
their  instruments,  the  explorers  located  the  lOOtli 
meridian  below  the  junction.  In  1857  the  commis- 
sioner of  Indian  affairs,  who  wished  to  know  the 
boundary  between  the  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  coun- 
tries, caused  an  astronomical  survey  to  be  made  for 
the  purposes  of  ascertaining  the  true  meridian,  which 
was  found  to  be  80  miles  west  of  the  junction  of  the 
two  forks,  the  surveyors  designating  Prairie  Do^ 
Fork,  that  is  South  Fork,  as  the  main  branch.  Texas 
at  once  questioned  this  designation,  and  congress 
passed  an  act,  approved  June  5,  1858,  authorizing  the 
president  in  conjunction  with  the  state  of  Texas  to 
mark  out  the  boundary  line.  Commissioners  on  both 
sides  were  appohited  who  proceeded  to  do  their  work 
in  1860.  No  agreement,  however,  could  be  arrived 
at,  and  Texas,  adopting  the  report  of  her  commis- 
sioner, established  the  territory  in  dispute — about 
2,000  square  miles  in  area — as  a  county  under  the 
name  of  Greer."  In  1882  a  bill  was  before  congress 
seeking  to  establish  the  North  Fork  as  the  true 
b(jundary,  but  hitherto  no  settlement  of  the  question 
has  been  attained.  Meantime  complications  hav( 
arisen,  through  persons  claiming  to  exercise  rights  on 
the  disputed  land  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state 
of  Texas;  conflicts  have  taken  place,  and  blood  hax 
been  shed,  owing  to  procrastination  in  the  adjustment 
of  the  disputed  claim.** 

On  the  16th  of  January  1883  John  Ireland,  having 
been  chosen  governor,  assumed  office  and  was  sue- 
ceeded,  in  January  1887,  by  L.  S.  Ross.  No  state' 
in  the  Union  has  passed  through  more  political  vicissi- 

*•  In  an  act  of  congress  of  Feb.  24,  1879,  'to  create  the  northern  judicial 
district  of  the  state  oi  Texas,'  etc.,  Greer  county  is  included  in  the  (listrict. 
U.  S.  Statutes,  1878-9,  318. 

**  The  question  having  been  agitated  for  so  many  years  the  references  re- 
specting it  are  very  numerous.  The  above  sketch  is  derived  from  See. 
Jnta-ior  Ifepf,  1882,  15;  U.  S.  //.  Reptt,  cong.  47,  sess.  1,  v.,  no.  1282. 


11  ^ 


MANY   FURNACK   FIKRS. 


.JL'/ 


tudes  than  Texas.  During  the  present  century  h(rr 
jicoplo  have  fought  and  bled  under  no  less  than  five 
different  national  flags,  representing  as  many  different 
governments.  First  we  find  her  with  a  sparse  popu- 
lation among  which  might  be  found  some  few  indi- 
viduals of  the  Anglo-American  race,  under  the  royal 
standard  of  Spain,  ruled  by  monarchical  laws;  next 
the  eagle  of  the  Mexican  republic  dictates  the  form 
of  government,  and  exasperates  by  oppression  the  free- 
spirited  settlers  from  the  United  States ;  then  follow 
revolt  and  a  short  but  sanguinary  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence, terminating  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Texan  republic  with  its  emblematic  lone  star  flag. 
After  a  brief  existence,  however,  as  a  sovereign  nation, 
Texas  was  content  to  repose  beneath  the  standard 
of  the  stars  and  stripes,  which  in  turn  she  threw 
aside  to  fight  under  the  confederate  banner.  Such 
is  the  outline  of  her  career.  The  land  which  was 
once  the  abode  of  savages  has  been  converted  into  a 
civilized  country  which  will  prove  a  center  of  human 
development. 


m 


CHAPTf:R   XX. 

INSTITUTION  A  l>  ANI>  EDUCATIONAL  MA'HT.llS. 

1835-1888. 

Rafis      Pko<;krs.s — roriiLArniN— Social     Aiivan(;kmknt — Dkcrkask     i>y 
Crime— '!"iin    Statk  CArrroL-TiiK   IIunisvim.k    Penitkntiaky--Kk- 

FORM    OK  AlllTSKS — Rusk    J'ENnF.NTIAUV      (MlAltllAIU.E    In.stitutions— 

Asylcm  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumh— Tin:  Institute  for  the  Bmnd-- 
IN.SANE  Asylum — Development  of  Education— A i-ritoPKiATioNs  fou 
niE  Establishment  of  Fri:e  Schools — The  Puiilic  School  Systfm 
Statistics— Founding  ok  theTexas  University — The  Aoricultuum, 
AND  Mechanical  Collecjf: — First  Protestant  Churches — Mauisiack 
BY  Bond  Li.r.ALiZED — Ec-clesiastical  kStaiistics — First  Priniint, 
Press  in  Texas — Early  Newspapers — Texas  Editorial  and  Pkkss 
as.sociation. 

Short  as  has  been  her  life,  the  comraonwealtli  of 
Texas  has  had  a  varied  experience ;  first  as  the  borch  i- 
land  of  contending  colonies,  then  a  lone  re|)iil»li(',  as 
niember  of  the  great  federation,  nieinber  of  the  south- 
ern confederacy,  and  finally  reinstated  as  one  of  tlio 
still  unbroken  union.  The  annals  of  her  past  canri, 
as  we  have  seen,  are  replete  with  stories  of  rf)inaiitir 
events,  and  persev(Ting  struggles  to  shake  oil*  tlio 
l(!aden  weight  of  impeding  influenct^s,  and  elevate  lier- 
s(!lf  to  the  proud  level  of  advancing  civili/atlon.  ITcr 
future  is  bright;  she  has  entered  tlie  broad  higliway 
of  universal  progress,  and  henceforth  her  march  will 
be  one  of  unprccedtinted  prospcirity.  A  marvellous 
rapid it}'^  lias  already  marked  her  onward  course  \o 
wealth  and  happiness.  Probably  there  never  was  a 
country  which  entered  upon  the  long  and  brill i  tut 
progressional  career  which  we  may  confidently  look 
forward    to  In    this   instance,  und(^r   more    favornhli 

(  .'■.■2X  ) 


i  5 


«"«picos  than  tliis  staf,.       a  i.,  "" 

'  l]"J>""l'l"  a,v  .vtill  five.,,  <„    ■„    ./"'^   '"■'■''■  <"i'"i<'<i 

"  i""'"-  'l<-l.t,-  tl„.i,.  ,,ul,l  c  Y  '    •        ''.?■"  "  ''"1-  "r 
""■>•  I'avo  not  all  fi,„[.,'^  T    "    '»  aro   l,<.i,-  ow„,  „,„, 

''"""''"'"■«  »'■'•  >">t  I..T,;  itt  ,1     '  u''""*^ '""'  "i'1'.vssivo 
»  itli  Jut  vast  -iroa  of  t;  In       '  ,"*''"-*  "'"J   <l('atl> 

anv  ,.s  „„  h,.i^.|,tof  .,.aXur  \  ■^""  "^  »•"•'""»', 

"71  ""V  not  rea.sona,h  a ',;:""''  "''«  ^"'"'"™- 
-"'-ttle-,;i':';^,,;">«-;,  frontier  ],avo  ooasoj 

'•''  .VX'Uins  to  foarless  If:^-  •■  ^";'^'»«"<'»s  an.l  vvh  ,. 
'-  ai'plioation  of  I*  ta  '"f  r""",  "f  .>"»<"-  l' 
!'""  fc.-  path  tI,o  r<  fco  tnV  f"    ,"'■''?  '**  ^""i'!"' 

;:':,;';;■"■•'  tv-.-d°t;»  S  ^it  I'^l  ^'^•^■-  -»« ti. 

"t.,0  ,,,,•,„  „f  „MalT,.v«l     ,,  '  "'^'f  ''■''i'"^'i<»'s  will 

;\'"l«t«l  by  official  .statstio'r    '''•>'-,'"■"  st'ikii.-lv 

t'  "'."""orce,  i,Klu.,trio    S ;;;;  I'l'l"!'^'""".  a^n™!' 

/""'g  to  tile  ccMisii- >.,>f,.  />      ^    '.^  *-''tui|)rjjs(>s 

-  totaJ  population  ^'  'V^'-"^!^"  ^'^'^^-'  ^tu    :' 

'V^'^"»0  source  it  annoirs/rV^  '^000,000.     JV  ,;  ,' 
•^'V"'"!^  fanners   '> ',7!  ^I.     i  *^'^^*^  "^  18G0,  ti.ero  w 
■'"1'    /  -iOo  o^i      ,*:'   '^'^  stock-rasors  9  000  .        ,  ^^'^^' 

<  (..)0.  school  teadicrs      T,,  7  qoA  fr"     '''^'^"^'J^'i'its, 

^^^  f-'nnors  and  planters!  14    'J,?     ^''''  '"^"^'^  ^'^^^^ 


:  :  I 


5no 


INSTITUTIONAL  AND  EDUCATDNAL  MATTERS. 


stock-raising,  including  drovers  and  herders,  I0,!)r)4 
traders  and  detJers,  exclusive  of  clerks  and  enpldvi  s 
in  stores,  and  4,334  teachers.'  In  connectioa  \v\{]\ 
this  extraordinary  increase  of  population,  due  mainly 
to  iunnigration,  it  will  be  jiroper  to  compare  tlut 
social  and  political  condition  of  the  people  with  wliat 
it  was  quarter  of  a  century  ago, — as  described  in 
chapter  XV  of  this  volume — and  just  subsequent  to 
the  war. 

During  the  re-construction  period  tlie  condition  of 
the  people  of  Texas,  from  all  points  of  view,  may  l»c 
considered  to  have  reached  its  lowest  ebb.  Tlic 
sudden  elevation  of  the  freedmen  to  the  riiihts  of  citizen- 
ship  and  suffrage,  overwhelmed  for  a  time  the  Avliiti' 
population  at  the  polls,  and  the  colored  inhabitants 
with  their  partisans,  the  "black  leaguers,"  caiiird 
their  candidates  for  all  state  offices.  As  a  result  of 
this  abrupt  change  from  slavery  to  political  ecjuality 
with  the  whites,  not  only  was  a  conflict  between  the 
two  races  inaugurated,  but  the  del)ased  negroes,  no 
longer  debarred  the  use  of  sjurituous  liquor,  under  i;s 
influence  incessantlv,  enijaLied  in  fravs  anions  tluiii- 
selves,  which  generally  terminated  in  bloodshed.  Tlic 
number  of  murders  committed  during  this  period  Mas 
un])aralleled  in  any  epocli  of  Texan  history,  as  I  liave 


iTlie  following  table,  made  from  the  U.  S.  census  returns,  will  dialile 
the  reader  to  mark  the  rapid  increase  in  populatioji: 


"'  '  " 

1830 

18(10 

KS70 

18.S0 

White 

104,034 

58,5J8 

420,S!»1 

182,»'_'l 

403 

olht,700 

253,475 

370 

25 

l,iu7/.':i: 

Black 

3!i:{,;^+ 

Indian 

V.''2 

Cliinose 

i:!i; 

*21'_',r)!l2 

(504,210 

818,5/0 

i,r.«.)i,74ii 

According  to  the  state  bureau  of  statistics,  tlie  population  in  ISStwas 
2,215,700,  showing  an  increase  at  tlie  rate  of  over  155,000  a  year. 

W.  O.  Hamilton,  representative  in  tlie  legislature  from  Coiii.uiilio  aiii 
Brown  counties,  has  lately  introduced  among  otlicr  important  liiU-.  <  n'  '■' 
provide  for  the  taking  of  a  state  census,  with  a  strong  jirobability  (f  it)  It- 
coming  a  law.  Hamilton  was  born  in  Oeorgia,  .Tune  .'lO,  ]S,")4,  was  .uhiiitt  1 
to  tlu'  liar  in  1879,  in  wliich  year  lie  wont  to  Texas  and  settled  in  Cinii^nr'i' 
county.  In  1880  he  was  elected  county  attorney,  uiid  in  Mov.  1884,  tn  tk' 
legislature,  Bioij,,  MS. 


SOCIETY. 


B81 


slK^vn,'  and  wlmt  was  worse,  tlio  judiciary  was  inadc- 
(lii;it(!  to  punish.  Intimidation  ruled  the  hiw  courts, 
}i;irty  spirit  swayed  the  jury  Ijoxes,  and  local  pul>H(r 
passion  dictated  verdicts,  licnce  lynch  liiw  was 
more  operative  than  the  penal  code.  But  this  clinos 
was  not  destined  to  endure.  The  flood  of  ininii;4ia- 
tioii  which  set  in  from  the  states  aiul  all  parts  of 
Europe  after  the  war,  soon  turned  the  scale.  It  niat- 
tcnd  not  whence  the  immijj;rant  came,  he  was  ready 
to  support  the  white  race  against  the  black  league  rs. 
A  "white  l(>ague"  started  into  existence,  and  in  lis7 4 
was  triumphant.  The  short-lived  supremacy  of  the 
i)la(k  league  was  destroyed  forever  in  Texas, 

Since  that  victorv,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  new 
settlers  have  made  Texas  their  home,  and  their  ad- 
vent has  tended,  more  than  any  other  cause,  to  sup- 
press lawlessness  and  crime,  and  build  up  an  orderly 
and  law-abidln<jf  communitv.  Drawn  from  countriis 
where  the  rigid  laws  of  monarchical  g(  vcrmnents 
f'onipelled  obedience  and  secured  order,  or  proceeding 
from  older  states  where  well-regulated  society  had 
developed  under  the  more  liberal  principles  of  repub- 
licanism, they  brought  with  them  an  abhorrence  of 
.savae;ism  and  a  love  of  social  fraternitv.  They  wislu-d 
to  pursue  their  industrious  and  progressive  vocations  in 
peace,  and  turbulence  found  no  encouragement  among 
them.  Thus  it  was  that,  under  the  new  constitution 
i^'i  1876,  a  code  of  laws,  as  stern  in  the  punishment  of 
crime  as  those  prescribed  in  any  civilized  country,  has 
hcen  framed;  and  more  than  this,  in  Texas  to-(hn', 
tlic  laws  against  criminals  are  enforced  with  a  (hgi'ce 
of  vigor  and  undeviating  justice  observable  in  no  otlier 

'•^ TTepworth  Dixon  writing  in  1S75  says;  'W'^  learn  on  good  authority, 
tli.-vt  there  were  3,000  murders  in  Texas  last  year,  and  that  nearly  all  thi.'se 
iiiiu-ikTs  were  committed  liy  negroes  on  tiieir  hrothiT  hlacks. '  Whitf  <  '(iiii/iii:<f.^ 
i.  3;)l.  It  is  to  such  superticial  enquirers  and  writers  as  Uixon,  m  ho  an;  iipt 
to  accept  and  put  into  print  any  wild  information  supplied  to  them,  that 
Tixiis  is  indebted  for  nnich  of  the  hail  reputation  whicli  she  gaineil  at  one 
time.  But  if  this  gross  exaggeration  were  true;  if  indeed,  all  the  African  votoi-.s 
hail  kilh'd  each  otlier,  instead  of  only  .3,000;  and  if  the  low  Irish  votei's  iia<l 
•liiiif  likewise,  the  world  would  still  turn  round,  and  United  States  politics 
wiiuld  he  as  pure  as  it  uow  is. 


]    1-^ 


til 


^t'm 

u  ywi 

^|h 

ii 

i  Iti 

I  v-tliKn 

J"  ^^  IK*  Iffl 

'•'\ 

Ili^B  '^1 

i; 
h 

iHBil 

032 


rNSTITUTrOXAT.   ANT)  KnUCATIOXAI.  ^TATT]•;I^«!. 


1  'llli 


Htato  of  th(!  union.'  NcviTtlu'lcHS,  the  jn'oplr  jux;  sti!I 
ready  to  take  the  law  into  tlieir  own  liands.  Mm 
derurs  caught  icd-liiindt'd,  horse-stealcrs,  and  ravlsln  ix 
of  woiiKin  aro  apt  to  liave  justice  sunmijinly  «lealt  oiit 
to  tluMU  by  a  erowtl  of  indl'unant  elti/ens,  wlio,  wIk  ii 
tlu!  case  in  dear,  are  too  impatient  to  tolerate  tlic 
slow  process  of  the  criminal  courts.*  TTiid(«r  tin  in- 
fluence of  this  judicial  S[)ectre,tlireatenini4' imniediiift! 
punislnnent,  and  the  pr(nnpt  antl  reliahhi  applicitidu 
of  the  laws  in  i\\v.  tribunals,  crime  in  Texas  is  decreas- 
ing in  a  marked  degree.* 


'  For  iiist.;iri(!i!:  the  jnmislimont  for  rapn  is  death.  On  .Tuly  5,  188,^,  ;i  niriti 
was  1iiiii;^;m1  for  this  (Tiirii!  in  Vsli'ta,  Kl  I'aso  ooimty.  llti  was  a  disiliam.  il 
Holdicr,  (111  liis  May  tlirdiij^li  tlit;  t'liuiitry  to  the  ua-iterii  states. 

M)iiriiii;  tht;  six  months  (hiding  .hiiie  .'tO,  1885,  no  hiss  tiian  'M  ]nrs(iiis 
Vfc.n'  lynclie(l  in  'I'exas.  Tiie  nunilier  of  .seoimilreli  thus  t'Xeeiited  in  all  tlif 
8tate^  and  tei'ritories  diirinj^  the  same  period  was  99,  Texas  heading  the  list, 
followed  hy  Tennessco  aiut  the  Indian  Territory,  each  with  seven.  Ol'  (Ik; 
tot.il  :<uinl)er  thus  put  to  death,  58  were  white  and  41  lilaek.  Tlu;  eiiiiiis 
they  snIl'eT'eil  for  wen;:  nuirder  44,  horsestealing  .'51,  rape  14,  ineendiari  iii 
3,  trainwrecUnijf  2,  nninlei-ous  assault  2,  unknown  reasons  2,  ami  1  for  Imr- 
glary.   .S'.  /''.  liulld'ni,  .Inly  23,  1885,  eopi(!(l  from  (Jliirniin  Tr/'iniic. 

'•'  Hy  e(.usulting  tiie  folhiwing  tahles  of  criminal  statistien  for  tlio  four  years 
BUeceedine  the  adoption  of  the  luiw  constitution,  the  reader  will  lie  a.lile  ta 
form  a  comparative  estimate  of  the  proportionate  decrease  of  crime  as  rr.'anis 
increa^eil  population,  and  the  increase  of  convictions,  tliereliy  showin;^  V.x 
growing  eltieiency  of  the  trilmnals. 


INDIcrMKSTS 

1877 

1878 

1879 

isso 

Murder 

398 

2,2()0 

20 

82 

5.3 

51 

85 

175 

3,130 

519 

2,:!7I 

24 

!K) 

53 

49 

25(! 

15t 

3.5K) 

122 

558 

7 

1 

9 

24 

17 

01 

3U 

2,081 

19 

79 

34 

47 

155 

183 

2.'.>12 

•'■)'.) 

Theft 

1  75.S 

Arson 

23 

Perjury 

Kape 

71 
41 

Rii1i!i('ry 

ForLjiM'v 

i:ii 

Bnrt'l  irv 

2(11 

'J'o/iiL^ 

2,.V.IJ 

C")NVI(TI()*:S 

115 

051 

5 

10 

10 

9 

19 

82 

907 

Murder 

71 

471 

5 

3 

11 

13 
9 

58 

.'•S 

Theft 

.)s! 

.1 

Perjury 

Kape 

a 

Rohliery 

Foruerv ' ' ' ' 

IS 
lii) 

Burglary 

lit 

'l\.t.nh.... 

!!4I 

799 

::.s 

From  the  above  showing,  it  appears  that  whereas  in  1877  there  wore  3.1  "0 
indictments  with  only  641  convictions,  iu  1880  the  indictments  liad  decri  ;i  iil 
to  2,592,  auU  tho  couvictious  iucreasud  to  738.     This  shows  that  a  hcoldjy 


(-! 


s. 

lire  still 
.     Mui' 

•jivislins 
Icalt  out 
lO,  wlnii 
nitc  tlu- 
T  tlif  "m- 

tnliciit  lull 
i  dcciras- 


')_  1SS3,  ;iiii;in 

liin  'M  iiii-sHin 
it.il  ill  •ill  t""^ 

•adill^  the  li-it, 

il'Vl'Il.        Of    tllC! 

C.      Till!  riiiun 
4,  iiu'i'iiil'Mii  m 

anil  1  fiii'liMr- 
me. 
r  till!  foiii  >'■•'"' 

will  l>i!  iil'li'  '" 
riiiieJisi-ciaiils 

y  tdiowiui;  l!;u 


7i 

tl 

111) 
i:u 
•ioi_ 


4S! 


IS 

',11 


bcrc  wcrr  3.1''*J 

lui.l  (liHMv:i-=|il 

I  that  a.  litMl"'-!')' 


HOSl'ITAJ.ITY    AND   liKI'lNKMKNT.  888 

In  otlicr  rcsjtccts  |)r(»!i^i-css  In  'IVxas  is  ((lually 
iii;irk('tl.  The  l(»iL''  liuts  liavr  ^ivcii  way  to  ctduloitaldt) 
tV.iiiic  l)uil(lin«^s  oil  wcll-ri'iiccd  farms,  wliilo  villa  rcsi- 
(Itiui'H  of  wraltliv  a'ji'iculturalists  adorn  tlio  coniitrv, 
iiiid  ill  tliti  c'itii'S  Hue  cdiriccs  and  spacious  |»iil»li«', 
Imildili'L^'^  liuvo  Ix'cii  erected.  Tiu;  state  ca|»itoI  at 
Austin,  ulieii  coniitleted,  will  rival  in  dimensions  and 
Ilia 'J,  11  i  licence  any  otlier  edifice  of  tin;  kind  in  the 
I'liited  States,  with  tliu  exce[)tioli  of  the  lialioiial 
«.i|>lli)l  Jit  Wasliinu;toii.* 

With  all  this  advancement  in  wealth  and  elevation, 
(!ic  former  characti'ristics  of  tlu;  IVixans  still  [)rt\ail. 
Hospitality  is  y(>t  a  ])ioininent  virtu(>,  and  tlic;  res|>< » t- 
aitle  straiiLfer  or  visitor  is  rei-eived  with  a  n'enuini! 
Welcome.  He  may  he  called  upon  to  givi'  soiiu;  ac- 
cnuiit  of  himself,  hut  iiKjulritis  leadin*^  to  such  infor- 
iiiatioii — iiecessarv  as  a  i)rovisi<nial  safeguard  coiisid- 
oriiiL^  the  condition  tliat  Texas  has  emeri;!'*!  from 
are  iievt^r  impertinently  mack'  or  inconslderati  ly 
|nvssed.  The  example  set  hy  tlu;  soutlu'in  element 
ill  hospitality  and  other  virtues  is  not  without  elVect 

jinli'ial  tone  has  liwu  innngurateil,  Imt  that  there  i«  .itill  room  for  iiri]>rovc.- 
iiii'iit. 

'' i'.y  a  jirovisioii  of  the  eonstitntioii  of  ISTti,  art.  xvi.  »ec.  'u,  ;!,()(l(t.<)()0 
iicic-i  iif  the  puMic!  ilomain  were  aj^jroiiriatccl  for  the  ]iuri)ose  of  eicel  in;;  a 
iirw  eajiitol  and  otlier  neee.s.sary  Imililiiifjts  at  the  seat  of  i.';overiiijient,  tlio 
l.iiiils  to  In;  sold  miller  (lireetion  of  the  le;^islatiire.  'I  he  lands  ajjiiropriated 
\<y  liu'i'lalive  aet,  approved  Keh.  'JO,  \S~\),  amounted  to  :i,(».">(),(M)0  acres,  iiiid 
ail'  <iliiatecl  in  the  seetioii  known  a.s  the  ranhaiidle  of  Texas,  heing  inehided 
ill  tlKMiiuntie.s  of  Dallam,  Hartley,  Oldham,  l)eaf  Smith,  Parmer,  ( 'a  (ro, 
iJiili  y,  L.inil),  Coehran,  and  iloekley.  In  reply  to  an  advertisement  of  Nov. 
■Jit.  jssO,  f,ir  jilans  and  speeilieations,  eleven  designs  were  sent  in,  that  of  H. 
K.  Myers,  arehiteet,  Detroit,  Miehigan,  heing  adopted.  The  form  of  tlie 
I'uildiiig  is  that  of  the  (ireek  cross,  with  a  rotunda  and  dome  at  the'  intersee- 
ti'iii.  Its  length  is  .'iti'J  feet,  exclusive  of  jiorticos,  and  its  gre.itest  widlh  '2~i 
ft.  Desicjcs  the  hasement  and  dome,  it  will  comjirise  three  full  storie's.  Ae- 
ii'i'iliiii,'  t<i  the  contract,  work  was  to  commence  on  (>r  hefore  Feh.  1,  1S.S2, 
aiiij  the  edidce  to  he  completed  and  (hlivereil  en  orliefore  .Tail.  1,  ISSS.  The 
iniitractor,  Mattheas  Schnell,  of  Knck  Jslan<l.  Ill,  engau'ed  to  erect  the  Imild- 
iiiU  ad'oriling  to  the  jilau  and  speeilieations  for  the  ;),();)(>,(>()()  acie<  of  land. 
1.  1-  ailiiitioiial  "lO.dOO  acres  ai>]ir<il!ri,ited  hy  the  li  gisiat'.ire  Were  set  apart  to 
'li'iray  the  ex)n!nses  of  surveying.  (Conveyances  of  lands  are  ma<le  to  the 
iHiitiactor  hy  instalments,  as  the  s|)ecifie(l  renuirements  as  to  tiiiu!  ami  work 
'iiiiir  arc  eoiii[)lied  with.  Tlu!  original  contrai't  has  uiideriioiK;  various  mcidi- 
li'"itiims.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  March '_*,  ]f>N."),  heint;  the  aunivcr-ary 
111  the  iiiJepeudeuce  of  Texas.   'J'cx.  licpt  Cap.  JJuiklinj  Cum.,  Jan.  1,  IbS'S, 


ir  1^ 


F 

'!•' 


'  *       ^fl 


»f.  M 


¥.   I 


684 


INSTITUTIONAL  AND  P:DUCATIONxVI.  MATfERS. 


on  inimigraiits  from  foreign  clinics.  While  iniltatiui'- 
these  hij^li  princi})les  the  latter  bring  with  thcni  a 
trnn(|uillizing  influence,  steadily  operating  in  tlie 
direction  of  a  hiifher  order  of  civilization.  A  na- 
tionul  character  is  gradually  being  developed  by  anial- 
guiiuition,()hj('ctionable  distinctions  are  gradually  van- 
isliing,  and  refinement  is  taking  the  place  of  cojum'- 
ncss.'  The  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  wliite 
people  of  Texas  will  be  a  connnunity  homogeneous  in 
ftelings,  principles,  and  aspiratioiio.  Texas  has  pas,s<  d 
tiirough  the  furnace  of  an  ill-considt^ed  problem;  lias 
bei'ii  worsted  in  the  argument  conducted  b,'  bayonet, 
Hword  and  cannon,  and  has  accepted  the  resalt.  Xo 
spot  on  earth  is  more  favored  with  all  the  resources 
needed  for  an  advanced  condition  of  ?)rogressiA'e  devil- 
opinent  than  is  Texas,  and  her  people  have  lo.»g  since 
scuttled  down  to  their  pursuits  amid  the  enjoyment  d 
permanent  tranquillity. 

With  reference  to  the  crimhial  statistics  gwvu 
Rbov(\  it  is  proper  to  make  some  mention  of  the  state 
penitentiaries.  The  first  provisions  for  the  estahlisli- 
nient  of  such  an  institution  was  n^ade  by  the  Icglslii- 
ture  in  1846.  In  the  followinp"  year  work  was  com- 
menced  at  Huntsville,  and  1 1,000  square  yards  were 
in  time  inclosed  with  a  brick  wall  and  bu;l(rm<j:s  ereeted 
containing  2  40  cells,  the  first  ccmvict  being  incanti'- 
ated  October  1,  1849.  Duriuir  the  followini;  decade 
only  412  malefactors  were  connnltted,  and  on  Seii- 
tend)er  1,  18(50  there  were  no  more  than  200  (H)nviets 
in  j)ris«>»i. 

Tlie  system  adopted  by  the  state  government  w.is 
to  make  tlie  j)cnitentiarv  self-su))porting  by  conxiet 
labor,  and  in  I85G  machinery  and  suiUible  buildiiiijs 
were  erected  forthe  manufacture  of  cotton  and  wonltii 
goods,  work  connncncing  iu  the  factory  in  June  et' 
that  year.*     From  this  time  to  the  close  <  ^  the  civil 

'  Saiil  ail  Kuiili.-li  si'ftltT  til  lli'pwortl'  J)ix(iu  iiuirc  tliiiu  ;i;u  ye..  ■  au  ■, 
'Vii'  drink  less  liiiuor,  iiiul  iinoki;  iiKiri'  Uiw.'    \\'/iifr  'o//'/.,  i.  .'■.'?(). 

''  I'rovisiou  was  uuidc  foi*  thu  cstablishuieut  of  this  factory  by  the  logiJa- 


Ti 


STATE  nilSON. 


fl:w 


war  tlic  income  derived  was  greatly  in  excess  of  the 
cxi)onditure.  ' 

During  the  reconstruction  period  the  nuni))cr  of 
convicts  so  increased  that  there  vi.  ^  neither  room  nor 
oniploynient  for  them  witliin  the  walls  of  the  p;;hiten- 
tiarv,"  and  recourse  was  had  to  employing  tlie  rsur- 
])his  on  the  railroads — a  system  strongly  dt'precated 
1)V  Governor  Davis.''  Moreover,  the  annual  exjR'nses 
began  to  exceed  the  income  at  a  gradually  increasmg 
rati',  and  on  July  5,  1871,  the  perutentiary  was  leased 
to  Ward,  Dewey  &  Co,  foi'  tlie  term  of  fifteen  years.'' 
This  was  neither  a  humane  nor  enlightc'.ied  ])olicy, 
th'>  convicts  heing  submitted  to  systematic  maletreat- 
niciit.  They  were  ill  fed,  bjully  clothed,  hard  worked, 
and  nmch  abused.  The  charges  of  inhumanity  be- 
came so  repeated  that  in  April,  1875,  the  govt'rn- 
luciit  appointed  a  connnittee  to  investigate  and  report 
iipoii  the  conditiim  and  general  administration  of  the 
)icuitentiary.  The  result  was  that  a  mandatory  law 
was  passed  by  the  fifteenth  legislature  requiring  the 
•jjovernor  to  resume  possession  of  the  Huntsville  peni- 
tentiary, and  on  April  2,  1877,  the  lessees  surrendi-red 
the  control  of  it  to  Governor  Hubbard.  After  this 
lamentable  failure  of  the  lease  system  it  is  sur])rising 
that  the  government  should  have  persisted  hi  it;  yet 
th(!  penitentiary  Wd-i  again  leased  December  IG,  1877, 
to  E.  H,  C'lmtingham,  of  Bejar  county. 


turn  ill  ].S,").t.  All  pnssililc  laLnr  such  as  brickinaking  was  pnrfnrmcil  l>y  the 
ciMiviots,  l)y  ■whom  also  most,  of  tlic  work  was  done  in  the  erection  and  ex- 
tcpsion  t'roiu  Lime  to  time  of  the  penitentiary. 

'■' For  tl.e  2.3  moiiths  endinjf  Aug.  ',i\,  1S;V.),  gooils  wore  manufactured  to 
tilt;  amount  of  ^ItWjtW"),  yielding  a  profit  of  .*!|4,.S4".).  This  was  the  jiroduc- 
tiiiii  of  40  looms.  During  the  war  additional  niacli.  lery  was  set  up,  and  tlic 
siHicrinttnidet.t,  Thomas  Carutliers,  in  his  7-eport  to  the  legislature  of  .Aug. 
HI,  iMi:?,  states  that  in  L'l  months  'i,'J.'{,'{,.">S7  yds  of  Osnahu;-g><,  405. ill!,")  yd.i 
iiitfi.ii  jeans,  and  3'J*2,Si)0  yds  Kersey  and  other  goods  had  lieeii  in  iiiufac- 
tuicd.     The  income  amounteil  to  .'?l,.VJl,(iS7,  far  exceeding  the- s'xpendituron. 

'"In  1805  the  number  of  convicts  was  118;  in  1870  it  was  480  and  HM  in 
1S71. 

"  j^eo  his  message  of  Apr.  29,  1870,  no.  .''i  in  T(X.  Cnl.  />><•.,  no.  2. 

'•The  leseees  were  to  pay  tlie  state  annually  .i<r),00()  during  tl\o  lirst  live 
.Mars;  .slO,000  durhig  the  next  live  years,  and  §20,000  during  the  last 
Hiuunuuuuiuiu. 


r 


f« 


im  !t-il 


5nG 


INSTITUTIONAL  ANT)  EDUCATIONAL  M.vTTERS. 


It  had  long  been  evident  that  additional  insti<^,u- 
tions  of  the  kind  were  necessary,  as  the  cxistintic  one 
contained  accommodation  for  little  more  than  oik^ 
fourth  of  the  convicts.'^  In  1875,  therefore,  provis- 
ion was  made  for  the  estahlisliment  of  two  others, 
one  east  of  the  Trinity,  and  one  west  of  the  Colorado. 
The  first  was  estal)lished  and  located  near  Husk,  5,000 
acres  of  land  liaving  been  purcliased  in  the  vicinity  of 
that  town,  and  the  necessary  buildings  erected.  Tlio 
Rusk  penitentiary  was  completed  in  January,  is?!); 
it  contains  528  cells,  has  attaclied  to  it  a  library  and 
epidemic  hospital,  besides  the  general  hospital,  and 
cost  the  state  $1(50,000. 

This  additional  nutans  for  the  confinement  of  pris- 
oners has  done  mucli  toward  the  suppression  of  crime 
in  Texas.  There  is  no  longer  an  avenue  of  escitpc 
open  to  the  majority  of  convicted  criminals  as  was 
the  case  before  the  erection  of  the  liusk  penitentiary, 
and  the  risk  wliich  malefactors  tab  3  of  meeting  with 
their  deserts,  without  cliance  of  evasion,  is  so  laroclv 
increased  that  it  constitutes  one  of  the  factors  which 
regulate  the  decreasing  ratio  of  crime  to  j)opulati(iii. 
With  regard  to  the  administration  of  these  institu- 
tions, owing  to  the  enlightened  policy  of  Burnett 
(iil)l)s'*  and  his  supporters  in  the  legislature,  the  sys- 
tem of  leasing  the  penitentiaries  has  been  done  away 
with.  On  April  18,  1883,  an  act  to  provide  for  tlic 
more  efficient  management  of  the  Texas  state  jh  ni- 
tentiaries  was  approved,  the  third  section  of  wliich 
enacts  that  "no  lease  of  the  penitentiaries,  or  either 

'■'Oti  Jan.  1,  1870,  the  total  number  of  convicts  was  1723,  of  which  culy 
4-i3  MiTo  oniiiloyod  in  and  ininiodiatcly  around  fho  pri-^nn.  the  riMnaiin'iT 
were  lahoring  on  farms,  railroads,  and  in  f-aw  mills.  From  Soiit.  1,  I'Tt, 
to  .Ian.  1,  ISVti,  '_'()()  convicts  escaped  and  US  were  killed  in  attemptiii^'  to 
e.!caj)e.   O-iv.  Cnlr'.i  Min.,  Apr.  lS7(i,  4'2. 

"  Ho  was  ))orn  in  Yazoo  city.  Miss.,  May  10,  IS.jl,  his  father  heing  .(inlgo 
Hugh  1).  Oihhs,  ami  his  grandfather  (Jen.  (Ico,  W.  (iil.hs,  lioth  jiroMiiiieiit 
in  that  stat(!.  Jiarnott  tlihhs  gnidmited  at.  the  university  of  Virginia  iu 
1H71.  and  also  at  the  Lehanou  Law  Cnllige  in  1N7.'?.  when  he  went  to  Tixii'* 
and  settled  in  I  lallas,  where  lie  was  elected  city  attorney  in  1S7.">  and  tvviiu 
reelcctecl  in  IS77  and  1S70  re-liectively.  In  ISSS  he  was  chosen  scu.iti  v  to 
th(!  state  legislature  from  that  I'oiiiity.  and  in  Nov.  IS.Sl  was  elected  lieuten- 
ant gov.  iiy  a,  niajonty  of  ):5»',0U0  votes.  Jiioij.  iSkckh,  MS. 


IS. 


DEAF  MUTrS  AND  BLIXD. 


[  instltu- 
itlnji;  ono 
:liau  (>iH> 
:>,  provis- 
o  otliers, 
r'olnraflo. 
isk,  5,000 
^'iciuitv  of 
:ed.     Tl>c 
iry,  1S71); 
brary  and 
spital,  and 

it  of  pri«- 
n  of  crime 
of  escap*^ 
lis   as  was 
'uitcutiary, 
!ctin;j;  witU 
i  so  largely 
•tors  Avhicli 
population. 
sc  inslitu- 
f  Burnett 
c,  the  sys- 
doiu'  away 
do   for  tliy 
state  p'lii- 
1  of  \vliieli 
,  or  eitlier 

of  wliich  "uly 
tlie  rcm;iiu<'.i''' 
I  Sei-t.  1,  1^'"-'. 
attoini>tin:4  '" 

L.ah  in-omiiH'nt 
]„f  Virfliir.a  m 
Lvcnt  t..  '1'^''^ 

Is::,  ami  twu'c 


of  tlicm,  shall  hereafter  be  made,  and  tlie  state  si:a]I 
resume  control  thereof."  The  law  was  to  tahe  efllct 
after  passage.'" 

l']nactnu>nts  were  passed   in  August,  185G,  for  tlie 
cstablislnnent  ofcliaritabk^  institutions.  Tlu;  aj)])ropria- 
ro  suffifiontlv  liberal  for  tlio   rccnrirenicnts  at 


tions  wi 


pu 


tliat  tune,  an  endowment  of  100,000  acres  of  land 
and  $10,000  being  granted  for  su])})ort  to  each  asylum 
to  i»e  erected  for  the  deaf  and  dund),  the  blind,  and 


fo 


r   orpjians. 


or 


lunat 


ic 


asj 


lum    $30,000    of 


United  States  bonds  were  appropriated  for  the  erec- 
tion of  the  building,  a  similar  quantity  of  land  being 
also  donated. 

Tlie  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  was  openc  d 
Jaiiunrv  2,  1857,  I.  A'an  Nostrand,  of  New  York,  be- 


lli', 
nil 


J  ai>pointed  the  first  principal.  Instruction  coni- 
■ncod  wltli  only  three  pupils  which  number  had 
increased  to  seventy-one  ])}'  October  31,  1880,  and 
John  S.  Ford,  the  superintendent,  hi  his  report  of 
tliat  (late,  believed  that  the  future  annual  increase 
would  be  nearly  100  per  centum.  Under  an  act  of 
t!ie  fourteenth  legislature  the  experiment  of  teaching 
the  deaf  mutes  the  printer's  art  was  made  and  pro- 
duced most  favorable  results.  The  [mpils  soon  proved 
themselves  apt  scholai's  in  type-setting  and  press 
work,  and  Ford  considered  that  if  allowed  to  linisli 
their  education  in  this  brancdi  they  would  success- 
fully compete  with  the  best  practical  })rinters.  Other 
iiieclianical  arts  tauLilit  in  this  asvlum  are  mattress- 
making,  book-binding,  cabinet-making,  shoe-making, 
and  some  others. 

A.  similfir  system  of  instruction  is  pursued  in  tlie 
education  of  the  blind,  but  these  unfoitunatt;  beings 
lalior  under  areater  disadvantages  than  the  deaf  and 

^' Trx.  St:U(!  Pcnifcn.  Iiiilrx,  ]SS.'?.  Tlio  loa-;c  to  < 'unninrjliam  c'\[)'r('(l  .l.iii. 
1.  ISSI;  ('onsequcntly  sitico  tliat  date  tlio  pi'iiituntiaricM  liavc  Ix^cii  luic'cr  tlic, 
cnnti'cl  iif  the  govt'rnint'iit. 

'  !n  re  ;;,ir(l  to  iui  firjiliaii  asylum,  ill  I'^ti^  siuli  an  in^titutidii  v.n  njiciiid 
n;  l'.:!\i:Miii,  ll:iri-i»  county,  liy  the  l!cv.  Mr  i'rustoii.  Jii  JsT.'ltlii;  l(').'i-latiiri! 
il"iiati.|  to  tliis  iustitiitio'i  a  jiortiou  of  tlio  hunl  set  apart  in  1S,':()  fur  an 
iiqilir.ii  asylum.    Timdl,  7-W. 


{■: 


688 


mSTITUTIOXAL  AND  EDUCATIONAL  MATTERS. 


dumb;  progress  is  slower,  and  most  meclianical  open- 
]iati()ns  are  beyond  their  requirement.  Nevertlieli  ss 
they  soon  become  proficient  in  making  baskets, 
brooms,  and  chairs;  they  are  also  taught  music  and 
telegraphy,  in  the  former  of  which  they  make  especitil 
progress.  This  institute  went  into  operation  in  1858, 
with  ten  pupils  in  attendance,  a  commodious  house 
being  rented  in  Austin  until  the  state  building  avus 
completed.  In  that  year  the  legislature  added  ^G,5()0 
to  the  sui)porting  fund,  and  appropriated  $12,500  fi)r 
the  purchase  of  a  site  and  the  erection  of  the  build- 
ing, which  was  finished  by  December  1800.  Duriiii; 
tlic  war  means  were  wanting  for  the  successful  ()[)(i'a- 
tion  of  this  establishment,  but  $9,600  were  expciu 


va 


in  18G7  in  repairing  the  building,  and  the  sixteenth 
legislature  appropriated  $7,500  for  the  erection  of 
additions  thereto.  In  January  1879,  sixty-eight  Itlind 
persons  were  in  attendance;  since  that  time  the  insti- 
tute has  progressed  in  proportion  to  the  necessity  for 
])roviding  for  the  relief  of  this  helpless  class.  Both 
tills  institute  and  that  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  are 
situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Austin. 

The  site  selected  in  1857  for  the  lunatic  asylum  liis 
three  miles  north  of  Austin.  The  plan  adopted  for  the 
construction  of  the  buildhig  was  such  as  to  admit  of 
additicms  being  made  to  it  from  time  to  time  without 
marring  the  symmetry  of  the  whole.  Glasscock  and 
Mill(;r,  of  Austin,  obtained  the  first  contract  by  wliicli 
they  engaged  to  erect  three  sections  for  the  sum  of 
$47,514.  Tlie  first  superintendent  was  C.  G.  Ketiiaii, 
who  held  office  from  1858  to  18G2  when  Dr  Stoiinr 
succeeded  him.  During  that  period  67  patients  had 
been  admitted,  of  whom  49  were  males  and  1>^ 
females.  After  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  Texas 
additional  premises  were  requlrcid  for  the  admissimi 
of  freedmen,  and  in  18G7  what  is  known  as  the  Cross 
property  was  purchased  and  improved  at  a  cost  of 
$35,000.  The  completion  of  the  original  plan  of  the 
building   having  been   prevented    by   the  ci\il  war, 


SCHOOL  LAND  GRANTS.  5:i;) 

Si:0,000  was  appropriated  in  1870  for  the  erection  of 
tlu'  remaining  sections.  In  that  year  th(i  inmates 
\V(ie  83  in  number,  which  by  August  31,  1878,  had 
increased  to  275."  With  the  growth  of  popuhiti<)n 
the  necessary  additions  liave  been  made  to  acconnno- 
datc  tlie  hicreashig  number  of  applications  ft)r  admis- 
sion into  the  asylum. 

It  may  be  asserted  without  cavil  that  previous  to 
Hk^  independence  education  was  a  d(!ad  letter  in 
Texas,"  and  in  their  statement  of  grievances  in  tlie 
declaration  of  independence,  the  colonists  mathi  the 
faihue  of  the  Mexican  government  to  })rovido  means 
of  instruction,  which  had  been  promised  for  their 
diiMren,  one  of  the  many  grounds  of  complaint.  No 
sooner,  however,  was  the  victory  won  than  the  Texans 
ill  their  constitution  of  1836  declared  that  it  sliouhl 
he  the  duty  of  congress,  as  soon  as  circumstances 
would  adndt,  to  provide  by  law  a  general  system  of 
etkieation. 

Accordingly,  in  January  1839,  the  congress  of  the 
new  republic  assigned  tliree  leagues  of  land  to  eai-h 
oi'uanized  county,  and  in  the  followin.g  year  an  addi- 
tional leiigue,  for  tlie  purpose  of  estal)lishing  })rlniary 
schools.  By  the  same  act,  fifty  leagues  of  land  were 
devoted  to  the  establishment  of  two  colleges  or  uiii- 

''I'lio  tv)t;il  resident  iiuniher  of  lunatics  during  the  lisoiil  year  ending 
Auj;.  .'il,  1S7S  was  '.i~0,  thus  exhibited: 

I'liticiits  discharged  restored TiS 

I'atitiits  discharged  improved 1\ 

I'atiriits  disc'.iarged  uniniproveil 4 

I'liti.Mts  died i-.! 

laiiiiiining r "JT"' 

Om.  I[,ih}Htrd's  Mr.^.,  Jan.  U,  1S70,  37. 

"'AliMunte,  in  his  rejxirt  of -Ian.  1,  IS;^."),  states  that  a  .school  had  existed 
inlVj:ir,  supported  hy  the  aynntaniieiito.  Init  it  had  he<'n  closed  Ironi  want 
lit  liiiiils;  that  there  was  a  private  one  near  lira/oria  with  ;U)  to  40  ]iiipilt, 
wliii  h  was  >ui)]xirted  hy  suhscrii)tions:  and  tiiat  tliere  were  three  jiriiiiary 
srliuols  rev3^'ctivelj-  at  Niieogiloches,  San  Agustin,  and  .loneslmrg.  He  re- 
iii,iv|i<  il,  -  tho.sc  <H>hinists  wlio  ccudd  attord  the  ex])ense  jirefcrred  to  send 
tl;c:i  (  h  /.iren  to  K'  educated  in  the  LI.  S. ;  tiiose  who  could  not,  cared  little 
iilioiit  iir-<truef-i»»t  thcr-  sons  in  matters  other  than  felling  trues  ami  hunting 
Willi  LMuiu.  A.«.  E-^t^'J.  TrJ.,  40,  G4-"),  70. 


6:o 


INSTITUTIONAL  AND  IIDUCATIONAL  M.M'TERS. 


f-;: 


yfei' 

iiitll 

;      i 

mIiI 

1 

1 

t  1 

H 

I 

1 

'  (' 

1 

1 

it    ' 

h; 

i 

i 

i 

1 

h. 

vcrsitics,  to  bo  tl icrcaftor  created.  Tri  February  1 '  !  '\ 
a  law  was  passed  making  the  chief  justice  and  two 
associate  justices  in  each  county  a  board  of  scIuk  1 
conujiissioners,  wliosc  duty  it  was  to  organize  tlidr 
county  into  scliool  districts,  inspect  schools,  exaniinf 
teachers,  and  give  certificates  of  qualification  iiiid 
cliaracter  to  disserving  ajiplicants.  Under  this  ba^is, 
it  seems  that  schools  were  established  in  the  nioif 
settled  countli.'S.'" 

J3ut  a  thorough  sj^stem  of  general  education  in 
Texas  was  of  slow  ijjrowth,  owinuf  at  first  to  sriarseufss 
of  population,  and  later  to  set-])acks  caused  by  the 
disorders  created  by  the  war  with  Mexico,  anfl  tlmt 
of  the  secession.  When  Texas  enteri'd  the  union,  it 
was  ])rovided  by  the  new  constitution  of  JH45  that  tlie 
legislature  should,  as  early  as  practicable,  estahli.-Ii 
free  schools  throughout  the  state,  and  furnish  nujins 
for  their  support  by  taxation  on  property;  that  imt 
less  than  one  tenth  of  the  animal  revenue  of  the  stiitc 
del•i^'ed  from  taxation  should  be  set  apart  as  a  jxr- 
petual  fund  for  the  same  purpose;  and  that  the  lands 
already  granted  for  public  schools  should  not  be  alitii- 
c.ted.  But  the  confusion  which  presently  set  in  pit- 
ventcd  anythhig  from  being  done  till  January  lsr)4, 
when  an  act  to  establish  a  system  of  schools  was  a]i- 
jtroved,  and  $2,000,000,  hi  five  percent  United  States' 
bonds,  were  set  apart  as  a  school  fund.  Under  tliis 
act,  a  system  was  organized,'"  which  continuiMJ  in 
o})eration  till  the  civil  war  broke  out,  when  again 
confusion  prevailed,  most  of  the  public  schools  bciisg 
closed  during  that  period. 

On  emerging  from  the  civil  strife,  Texas  found  liei- 


i^Tlic  U.  S.  census  of  ]S"0  shows  thnt  .340  ]nil(li(;  schools  were  njiintid 
as  existing  in  Texas,  witli  .StiO  tiaolicrs  and  7,'.t4()  sclmlars. 

^'^' Aecordinf^  to  the  U.  S.  census  of  IS(i(),  there  were  ],'J18  jnililie  sehoels 
in  Texas  at  lliat  time,  witli  l.'27-4  teachers  and  'MJW  1  seholai's.  'J'lie  school 
income  amoinitcd  tfi  84H,ni.S,  of  vhich  .SlJ.TtH  were  <h'riveil  frniii  i  imI.av- 
mints,  810,847  from  taxation,  and  iJtiiS,;{lt4  from  public  funds,  miking  >'-e.'.ivt, 
having  SlVCi,  liS4,  wimli  douhtlcss  came  from  tuition  fci^s  ])aid  liy  tiie  )i.i  ruts. 
The  sciiools,  therefore,  were  not  yet  free  schools,  [iropeily  siieuking. 


RS. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  niOVISIONS. 


r)4l 


and  two 
jf  scluM  1 
Vr/c  their 
,  cxainiiit' 
ttion  and 
,]iis  l)aMS, 
the  inoiv 

ucatiou  iu 
sparseu'ss 
icd  by  tliG 
I,  and  that 
ic  union,  it 
45  tluit  tlie 
i,   estahlish 
lish  nu'aiis 
-;  that  mt 
of  the  stair 

rt  as  a  ]» i- 
lit  the  huul> 
ot  he  aVu'.i- 
set  in  pvr- 
liuarv  l^"'-^' 
ols  was  a]i- 
iti>d  States' 
Under  this 
ntinuoil    ii'- 
,vlien  cVia'iii 
ihools  hciu;4 

found  hor- 

\n  were  reV'"'*^" 

iHll.lic   S.lni"!' 

,i  TlK--!'.-! 
U  from  iiiil"«- 
^n:dun^SM).'M 

leaking- 


self  without  resources,  and  her  school  fund  wasted;" 
Imt  she  devoted  herself  at  once  to  the  task  of  repair- 
iiiLj  the  evil.  Under  the  constitution  of  IHGT),  all 
funds,  lands,  and  other  property  previcmsly  set  apait 
f(»r  the  support  of  the  free  school  syst(>in  were  rededl- 
oati'd  as  a  perpetual  fund.  It  furthermore  devoted 
to  tliat  fund  all  the  alternate  sections  of  land  reserved 
out  of  grants  to  railroad  coni))ani(>s  and  other  corpora- 
tions, toujether  with  one  half  of  the  proceeds  of  all 
future  sales  of  public  lands.  The  lejjjislature  was  de- 
])rived  of  the  power  to  loan  any  portion  of  the  school 
fund,  and  required  to  invest  the  s}>e('ie  principal  in 
United  States  bonds,  or  such  bonds  as  the  state 
iiii^lit  ijjuarantee;  and  it  was  authorized  to  levy  a  tax 
for  educational  purposes,  special  provision  being  made 
that  all  sums  arising  from  taxes  collected  from  Afri- 
cans, or  })ersons  of  African  descent,  should  be  exclus- 
ively ajipropi'iatf-d  for  the  mahitenance  of  a  system  of 
])ul»rie  schools  for  the  black  race.  Provision  for  the 
uni\ersity  was  renewed;  a  superintendent  of  [)ublic 
instruction  was  directed  to  be  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ei  iioi',  who,  with  hhnand  the  comptroller,  should  con- 
stitute a  state  board  of  education,  and  have  the  genei'al 
nianagcment  and  control  of  the  ])erpctual  fund  and 
•'onnnon  schools,  under  regulations  thereafter  pre- 
scrllied  by  the  legislature. 

The  constitution  of  IHGS  did  not  materially  alt(>r 
tlirsr  provisions,  except  in  one  markcid  particular,  and 
tliiit  was  in  the  significant  omissioii  of  the  provision 
upftropriating  the  taxes  [taid  by  colored  persons  for 


->X.  ally  all  tlic  ?'2,00f>,000  in  U.  S.  homh  appears  to  have  l);>,'ii  lost  l.y 
iiijiiilioioin  loans  torailr(ia<l  eonijiiinies  Infore  tlie  oiitl)reak  of  I'.o  war.  (Jov. 
TliiufUuiortoii,  ill  lii.i  nici^ago  ol  AulT.  IS,  lS(i(i,  says:  'There  is  also  in  tlio 
liu;i>iiry,  due  tlie  school  fund,  S|,7.").'t,IU 7,  iMlereit-liearins^  bonds  of  railroad 
tiiiii|iMiies  with  interest  due  >i])on  said  bond*  np  to  Mareli  I,  Lii;;,  amount- 
ing to  >;!(»(),•_'();». :s<).  I  am  unahlc  to  form  an  op  nion  as  to  the  ji'dhabdity  of 
till,' p;M  inL'iit  of  this  interest. '  Oov.  J)a\ii,  in  liia  message  of  Apr. 'JS,  l.S7(), 
iiK'liK  •  u  the  .school  fund  ,*'J,74'i,l!).S,  |  ■  inc  pal  and  intei'est,  due  from  rail- 
riiid  coinpauics.  Mi;  reuiark-".  'I.sniipo.e  tqiwards  of  t\\o  millions  of  th.o 
tutid  diic  hy  the  railroads eould  he  real  /u  I  \\i  Ji  certainty.'  lie  reeormiemU 
isulu  m1  all  the  roada  indebteil  to  the  selioi  1  fund. 


^mrn^ 


I II 

s 


i-rMii 


'i  i 


I 


542 


INSTITUTfONAL  AND  EDUCATIONAL  MATTERS. 


the  support  of  schools  for  their  children.  The  schools 
were  inadc!  free  to  all.'^ 

Uiulcr  tliis  cotistitution  a  law  was  passed  Au*jjust 
13,  1870,  diroctinj^  the  governor  to  appoint  a  supctiii- 
tondciit  of  public  histruction,  to  serve  until  the  next 
general  election,  and  ordering  that  tlienceforward  tliat 
official  should  be  elected  by  the  peo[)le,  to  serve  for  a 
term  of  four  years;  each  organized  county  was  made 
a  school  district,  and  eacli  couiitv  court  a  board  (»f 

1  *' 

scliool  directors,  whicli,  subject  to  the  direction  of 
tlio  state  superintendent,  were  charged  with  the  duty 
of  dividing  it  into  sub-districts.  The  schools  were  to 
be  open  at  least  four  months  in  the  year,  and  the  di- 
rectors were  to  see  that  all  cliildrcn  between  six  and 
sixteen  years  were  to  attend,  unless  instructed  else- 
where. ()ne-f()Ui'th  of  the  annual  state  revenue  from 
taxation,  an  annual  p<dl-tax  of  one  dollar,  and  the  in- 
terest on  the  perpetual  fund,  were  set  apart  for  the 
SU]i])ort  of  the  schools. 

In  April  and  November  1871,  amendments  wore 
made  to  this  law.  The  state  superintendent  was 
directed  to  ai)point  for  each  judicial  district  a  super- 
visor of  education ;  and  the  board  of  education — tlie 
attorney  general  now  taking  the  place  of  the  comp- 
troller— was  directed  to  apportion  anew  the  teri'itctiv 
of  tlie  state  into  educational  districts  not  exceediii!.,' 
twelve  in  number ;  all  existing  supervisors  were  to  be 
retired,  and  one  for  each  of  the  twelve  districts  ap- 
pointed, w1k)S0  duty  it  would  be  to  examine  ti'acliers, 
and  re-subdivide  the  counties  in  his  jurisdiction  into 
districts,  appointing  for  each  five  school  directors, 
with  the  approval  of  the  state  superintendent.  These 
directors  might  levy  taxes  not  exceeding  one  per 
centum,  for  the  erection  of  school-houses.  A  jniialty 
of  $25  for  non-attendance  at  scliool  was  ordered  to  be 

"Art.  ix.,  act'.  1,  of  the  coiistitutiou  rcatls  tluis:  It  shall  lie  tho  duty  "I 
the  l('!,'i.slature  of  thia  state  to  make  suitable  provisions  for  the  siiii[ii'rt  an  > 
niaiiiti'naiK'(!  of  a  systeiri  of  puhlic  free  si'hools,  for  the  gratuitous  iii-.tnii,'t;.  ii 
of  all  the  inlwihitaiits  of  this  state  between  the  ages  of  six  ami  eiglitcou. 
U.  S.  t'/iart.  and  Comtit.,  pt  2,  1814. 


;!!'! 


P 


SCHOOL  STATISTICS. 


543 


f'dllcicted  from  the  parents  of  non-attending  chiklren. 
I'lidcr  tliis  system  schools  began  to  mcrease  rapidly 
in  number." 

During  the  years  1873  to  1875  inclusive,  consider- 
ahlc  cliangcs  were  again  made.  Tlie  government  was 
now  democratic.  The  state  supcrintendency  and 
county  boards  of  directors  were  retained,  while  the 
state  board  of  education  and  supervisors  of  large  dis- 
tricts were  suppressed,  and  the  trustees  of  each  sc1k)o1 
dintrict  were  ordered  to  be  elected  by  the  voters  of 
tlic  district.  Under  this  reformed  system,  the  control 
of  the  schools,  management  of  the  funds,  the  adoption 
oftlie  method  of  education,  and  other  matters  connected 
witli  free  tuition  were  i)laced  in  the  power  of  the 
jH()|)le,  who  elected  their  inunediate  agents.  Tlie  en- 
rollment in  the  scholastic  year  1874-5  was  124,567 
puiiils,  under  3,100  teachers  in  2,924  schools. 

By  the  constitution  of  187G  some  chang(>s  were 
aLjain  effected,  both  as  regards  the  perpetual  fund  and 
tlie  system.  Instead  of  one  half  of  the  proceeds  of 
sales  of  public  lands  being  set  a])art  for  the  fund,  it 
was  directed  that  one-Iialf  of  the  public  domain  should 
bo  donated  to  it  f*  all  lands  granted  to  counties  for  the 
supjiort  of  schools  were  made  the  property  of  th( 
counties  respectively  to  which  they  were  granted, 
and  the  proceeds  when  sold  were  to  be  held  in  trust 

'-'In  Dec.  1871  there  were  1,324  schools,  with  1,578  teachers,  and  G3,ri04 
silidlais.  The  report  fur  the  foUowing  year  showed  2,000  scli'iols,  witli  127,- 
(')7J  I  innllu<l  scholars  imder  2,2.13  teachers.  //.  Ki:  Dor.,  cong.  44,  sess.  2, 
iv.,  ]it  2,  385-0. 

-'Tliis  change  was  introduced  hy  A.  T.  McKinney,  wlio  was  a  meniljcr  of 
the  ciiiistitiitional  convention  of  1875.  Mclvinney  was  horn,  March  IS,  1S38, 
in  Uauildlph  county.  111.  His  fallicr,  who  was  president  of  ^Vcst  Tennessee 
CoUfgi',  migrated  witli  his  family  to  Texas  in  1850.  The  sun  gnuhiatt^d  at 
rrincolon  in  1858,  and  was  admitted  to  the  har  in  18{)1.  He  t^crvcd  as  a 
luiviile  soldier  in  tlie  confederate  army  for  two  years,  and  on  his  return  to 
Uxas  settled  in  Huntsville,  and  there  practised  his  profession.  In  1S82  he 
was  appointed  regent  of  the  university  of  Texas;  was  elected  to  the  house  of 
rtiire>cutatives,  taking  his  seat  in  .Jan.  1883.  In  the  18th  legislature  he  in- 
ti'iiiUieed  tlic  measure  whicli  endowed  the  state  university  with  1 ,000.(100  acres 
of  liiiiil.  JfcKiiuiey  has  made  various  suggestions,  recomniendiug  a  new  phiii 
fell'  tlie  government  and  control  of  the  puldic  school  system. 

'■■'\'y  the  constitution  of  ISfiS,  th„  puMic  lands  given  to  counties  were 
placed  umler  the  control  of  the  legislature,  and  when  sold  the  proceeds  were 
to  be  added  to  the  puhlic  school  fund. 


■25 


rPl 


644 


INSTITUTIONAL  A\T)  EDUCATIONAL  MATTERS. 


by  tho  counties,  for  the  benefit  of  j)ublic  scliools 
therein.  Separate  schools  were  to  be  [)roviik'tl  for 
the  white  and  colored  children,  and  impartial  pt(»- 
vision  made  for  both;  and  the  board  of  oducation  wns 
restorcid  to  be  composed  of  the  governor,  comptrullrr, 
and  secretary  of  state.'" 

Under  these  provisions  laws  were  enacted  for  the 
carrying  out  of  the  same.  At  a  sptjciall y  called  ses- 
sion of  the  k'gislature,  January  1HS4,  improvements 
in  the  system  were  effected.  The  office  of  state  sup- 
erintendent was  reaffirmed,  the  superintendcint  Ik  iii^r 
made  the  ofiicial  secretary  of  tho  board  of  educatidii; 
boards  of  examinee's  of  teachers  were  provided ;  and 
colored  school  communities  were  given  the  right  to 
have  trustees  of  their  own  race  for  their  schools."'  In 
1884  county  school  affairs  were  superintended  by 
county  judges,  and  in  cities  and  towns  the  boards  of 
aldermen  had  tho  exclusive  power  to  regulate  an  J 
govern  the  free  schools  within  their  limit.  Austin, 
Galveston,  Houston,  and  the  larger  cities  have  sclioel 
superintendents. 

The  system  of  free  schools  in  Texas  has  firmly  fixed 
itself  in  public  esteem.  According  to  Spaight's  offi- 
cial map  of  December  1,  1882,"  the  princii)al  of  the 
perpetual  school  fund  amounted  to  $4,1()G,I38;{,  in  easli 
and  bonds;  the  amount  of  land  pertaining  to  the  same 
was  33.000,000  acres,  besides  4,002,1)12  acres  given  to 


^•'TJy  the  school  law  of  1S83,  this  hoard  was  authorized  to  appoint  a  sinri'- 
tary  witli  a  salary  of  §1,800  a  year.  U.  S.  Ifrpt.  Com.  E/iir.,  ]SS;<-4,  ■2{'d 
lieiijaiiiiii  V.  Haker,  was  made  secretary  in  Jan.  1883,  and  held  thiit  dtiia' 
for  18  months;  tho  oHice  of  state  superintendent  of  puhlic  instructicni  was 
tlien  created  hy  act  of  tlie  18th  legislature  in  extra  session,  anil  iu  Nm-. 
1884,  Baker  was  elected  to  it  hy  a  majority  of  181,01(5  votes.  He  jiriparoii 
tiie  ])id)lic  scliool  law  in  force  at  the  time  of  writing,  188(5.  Baker  \v;is  Ikiiu 
in  Kussen  c<iunty,  Alahama,  Jan.  'JO,  ISol,  migrated  to  Texa.s  at  t!u;  airo 
of  18,  pi-actised  law  in  tlie  town  of  Carthage,  and  in  187(5  was  elccfod  tut'.f 
loth  legislature,  was  reelected,  aiul  sei'ved  during  the  Kith  and  17th  legisla- 
tures, when  lie  declined  reelection  and  moved  to  Decatur. 

''''  The  franier  of  this  law  was  A.  J.  Chambers,  wlio  was  bom  in  ^lissis- 
sippi  in  ]8;!5,  and  went  to  Texas  in  185.1,  where  he  was  engagcMl  iu  .■<cli(«il 
teaching  for  ten  years.  In  1882  he  was  elected  to  tho  18th  legislature,  aiiil 
served  to  .Ian.  188."). 

'^"In  I'i'.i:  /tVioxrnv,  Soil,  and  Clhiiof.c,  being  the  report  of  A.  AV.  S]i,iig!it, 
tho  commissiuuer  of  iiiaurauce,  statistics,  and  history,  for  the  yeai-  1S>J. 


EllS. 

ic  scliools 
)vid(jd  for 
irtiul  |»t()- 
•atioii  was 
•iu])trullLr, 


IW'VKiWilTY. 

Jli'rf^'r'''  ""■"''''"rtionmont  forties,,    ,    ,• 
yi  r  1882-,),  b,  count  i«,  ..jti,.,  .„„|  .         '"'"  "■l">l"»tic 

«l'"lly   cvorvd    l.v    tl,o    ,:,i  l';"  '■''"■'"!'''"■<■  was  ,H,t 
""""'"'    "-i",^'  pau'l  t    H„  "  f"'   •''^•''"."'    '""'I.    »"".., 

"Inn  an  act  w-i«  „...    "i  'P  ""    Marc,    ;jo    .oo, 

'-'  "'• "  '"i'd  tf';::  inL'::;'''"^  '"■•  «-•  ■  "i-  i-  ' 

l'l'™.yand  funtituro.     I,,  S     T  *'"'  I"'"*'""'  "f 
«^.-K,t,y  wa*  opcnci,"  you«r  f.;       ^  '«**•'  «'«  "'"- 


« 


I  m 

i 


r 


"t 


J' 


'  l| 


11 


If    M 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


*-  lilM 

;;    1^    112.0 


IM 

22 


1.8 


1-25      1.4    ||.6 

4 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


&? 


L<5> 


Ipii 


646 


[NSTI'JUTIONAL  AND   EDUCATIONAL  MATTERS 


admitted  on  equal  terms,  tuition  free.  The  acadi mic 
dcpartineiit  comprises  instruction  in  literature,  .sd. 
ence  and  the  arts,'^  the  course  extending  over  fom 
years.  In  Juno  1885,  the  number  of  students  was 
206,  of  whom  55  were  law  students;  of  the  remaining 
151  nearly  one  third  was  represented  by  females.'' 

Special  mention  umst  be  made  of  the  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College,  located  four  miles  from 
Bryan,  Brazos  county.  It  was  incorporated  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature  approved  April  17,  1871,  con- 
gress havhig  granted  November  1,  1866,  180.000 
acres  in  land  scrip  for  its  foundation.  The  fund 
derived  from  this  donation  amounted  in  1872  to 
$174,000,  which  were  invested  in  bonds  of  the  state 
bearing  7  per  centum  in  gold.  By  successive  a))[)ro- 
priations,  made  by  the  state,  aggregating  $187,000, 
suitable  buildings  were  erected,  and  the  institution 
was  opened  in  October  1876,  there  being  six  pu[)il.s 
in  attendance.     The  increase  in  the  number  of  stu- 


wocmI,  T.  D.  A\'oot«u,  K.  J.  Siuikiiw,  M.  W.  (Jaruett,  Jainea  B.  Clarku,  i[.  L. 
Crawford,  an<l  IJ.  Hadra;  A.  1'.  Wooldriil".  retary.   Tvx.  Unhvr.,  tn'UH.  \, 

188:i-84,  '2.     One  of  the  memliers  of  tli  i  iu  1886  wa.<i  Oeo.  TIkks  TiM, 

who  was  ehairiiiau  of  the  committee  ot  ition,  in  1881,  which  franud  the 

l)ill  to  establish  ami  organize  the  univir>si,  . .  Todd,  wlien  only  four  yvar.s  nt 
age,  was  taken  to  Texan  hy  his  father  who  moved  thither  iu  184:i.  He  was  cilu- 
cated  hy  his  niotlier,  whose  maiden  name  was  Kliza  Ann  Undgins,  uiid  wijo 
originated  and  condiicted  for  many  years  a  female  educational  institute  at 
Clarksville,  Texas.  He  comi>leted  his  education  at  the  university  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  on  his  return  practised  law  iu  Jefifcrson;  on  the  outbreak  of  tliu 
civil  war  volunteered  in  the  1st  Texas  regiment,  and  after  served  iu  Hooil's 
Texas  brigade. 

•'■'  Leading  to  the  degrees  of  bachelor  of  arts,  master  of  arts,  baciii'ldr  c)l 
letters,  l)achelor  of  science,  and  bachelor  of  laws. 

'■^*  From  tlie  reports  sent  in  to  the  U.  S.  com.  of  education,  1884,  it  appears 
tliat  the  other  colleges  and  universities  iu  Texas  at  that  time  were  as  fol- 
lows: St  Mary's  university,  (Jalvestou;  Soutliwestern  university,  (ionrge- 
town;  Baylor  university,  Ijulependeuce;  Mansfield,  male  and  female  college, 
Maustield;  Salado  college,  Salado;  Austin  college,  Shermau;  Trinity  univer- 
sity, Tchuacana;  Wai;(»  university,  Waco;  Marv'in  college,  Waxaliatchit: 
and  Add  lliin  college.  Thorp's  spring.  Five  of  these  institutions  admit 
young  men  only,  the  other  five  are  open  to  both  sexes.  The  collegiate  insti- 
tutions exclusively  for  young  women  are:  Dallas  Female  college,  Hallxs; 
Ursuline  academy,  Oalvestou;  the  Latliea' Annex  of  Southwestern  univer- 
sity, Georgetown;  Baylor  Female  college,  IndeiHiudence;  Woodlawu  Female 
college,  Paris;  Nazareth  academy,  Vict<iria;  and  Waco  Female  college. 
All  these  arc  autiiorized  ))y  taw  to  confer  degrees.  There  are  also  the  Austin 
Female  iustitute,  Bryau  Female  institute,  and  Soule  college.  U.  S.  Rcpi 
i'mn.  KiltK.,  1883-4,  204-5. 


RELIGION.  MT 

(it  I  its  was  SO  rapid  that  the  directors"  in  their  report 
of  January  1879,  mention  that  in  June  1878,  there  were 
•JjO  students,  and  tliat  416  applications  for  admission 
luid  been  filed,  all  of  whom  could  not  be  received  on 
account  of  want  of  room.  At  the  present  time  tlie 
income  derived  from  the  United  States  grant  amounts 
to  $14,280,  the  fund  having  increased  by  the  accunmla- 
tion  of  interest  previous  to  the  opening  of  the  college. 
A  separate  branch  of  this  institution  has  been  estab- 
lislied  in  Waller  county,  exclusively  for  the  use  of 
colored  students.  It  is  known  as  Prairie  View  school, 
and  in  March,  1882,  was  attended  by  51  students." 


As  the  reader  is  aware,  religious  intolerance  pre- 
vailed in  Texas  down  to  the  time  of  her  independence. 
Previous  to  this,  a  few  attempts  had  been  made  by 
clergymen  of  tlie  baptist  denomination  to  organize 
congregations,  but  their  efforts  had  met  with  violent 
o]!j)osltion  on  the  part  of  the  authorities.''  In  1837, 
however,  a  baptist  church  was  organized  at  Wa.shing- 
ton,  Z.  N.  Morrell  being  chosen  pastor,  and  money 
Wiis  subscribed  to  build  a  house  of   worship.^"     The 

•'Tiiu  management  of  tlie  college  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  hoard  of 
ilii-('<'tors,  composed  of  the  gov.  who  was  pres.  of  the  hoard,  the  lieut-gov., 
tilt!  .speaker  of  the  house  of  repre.ientatives,  and  six  other  memlters.  Later 
a  hoard  of  trustees  wjis  formed,  the  pres.  of  which  at  the  time  of  writing 
is  (Jeorge  Pfeufier,  who  has  done  nnicli  hy  his  ahle  administration  to  raise 
tliis  institution  to  a  high  position,  having  secured  for  it  ample  endowments 
and  necessary  appliances.  PfeufJFer  wa.s  horn  in  Bavaria  in  \8'M),  migrated 
to  Texas  in  1845,  and  settled  at  Corjms  Oliristi,  whence  he  removed  1-4  years 
later  to  New  Braunfels.     He  was  chairman  of  the  senate  com.  on  education. 

"^V.  S.  D>ixirt  of  A<irk.,  1871,  321>;  1872,  :m;  1875,  5'.';  //.  Ex.  />,»•., 
mug.  4'-',  sess.  2,  vii.,  no.  WTt,  .S2!);  2\'x.  (for.  M'sn.,  187(5,  187»;  'JW.  I{q>t. 
I'i'i!ri(i  Vli'w  School,  1882.  By  an  aot  of  the  legislature,  .Marcli  1881,  it  was 
]ii'(ivided  that  tlirco  students  from  each  senatorial  district  should  he  ap- 
p.iiiitud  hy  the  senators  and  representatives,  and  maiutiiined  and  instructed 
tivr  (if  charge.  To  state  .students  a  cmirse  of  stiuly  is  assigned;  paying 
stiiijcuts  make  their  own  Bcl(M'tion.  In  18S2  127  students  were  reported  as 
taking  the  full  course;  in  1884  only  108  Mere  reported.  //.  Kr.  I>ix\,  uong. 
47,  stss.  1,  vol.  12,  249-50,  GIO;  /{rjif.  Com.  E'/in:,  188:{  4,  2(i.->,  MX 

■'■'  In  182(),  Elder  .Joseph  Bays  preached  at  the  hou.se  of  .NIoses  Shipuian, 
111  tlie  Bra/os,  and  afterward  moved  to  San  Antonio.  Jn  I8'_".»,  KMi-r 
Tlidinas  Hanks  also  preached  in  Shipman's  house.  During  the  same  year, 
tlic  lirst  Sunday-school  in  Texas  was  organized  hy  T.  .T.  I'ilgrim.  AfornU'x 
Fln.r,;:^  itml  Fniitu,  72-.1. 

"  .Morrell  remarks  that  this  was  the  first  church  I'wv  organized  in  Texas 
(III  strictly  gospel  principles,  having  the  ordinances  and  ofncers  of  ancient 
ii'ikr.     Of  course  Ik?  means  u  liapti't  church. 


OMI 


INHTITUTIONAL  AHl)   EDUCATION AI.   MA'nKl<.><. 


first  protcstant  episcopal  church  was  estal dished  in 
1838  at  Matagorda  by  Caleb  S.  Ives,  wlio  t'ollcctcd 
a  congregation,  established  asf;hool,  and  Imilta  church. 
During  the  same  vear  R.  M.  Chapman  organized  a 
parish  in  Houston 

In  early  days,  the  Anglo-Texans  cannot  bo  said  to 
have  exhibited  nmch  sentiinentalism  on  the  score  of 
religion ;  indeed,  they  may  be  considered  as  forming  a 
sonuiwhat  godless  comnmnity;  l)ut  with  tlie  great  it)- 
flux  of  Immigrants  since  the  war  of  secession,  Texas 
has  proved  a  fair  field  for  evangelical  enterprise.  Many 
denominations  In  1888  were  well  represented  in  tlic 
state.  According  to  the  United  States'  census  of 
1880,  the  number  of  raethodists  was  157,000,  of  cath- 
olics 150,000,  of  baptists  125,000,  and  of  presbyterians 
13,000. 


The  first  printing-press  in  Texas  was  put  into  oper- 
ation at  Nacogdoches,  early  in  July  1819.  It  wa.s 
brought  into  the  country  under  the  auspices  of  (li  n 
eral  Long,  who  established  a  provlsitmal  government 
and  a  supreme  council,  which  issued  a  declaration 
proclaiming  Texas  an  independent  republic.  Th( 
printing-office  was  plticed  under  the  management  of 
Horatio  Biglovv,  and  was  used  for  the  publication  "f 
various  laws  enacted  and  proclamations  issued  by  that 
ephemeral  govenuneiit. 

Ten  years  afterward,  the  first  regular  news|ia|irr 
made  its  appearance.  It  was  published  at  San  l^\li|)(\ 
anil  bore  the  title  of  The  Coftmi  Plant,  Godwin  13.  Cot- 
ten  being  editor  and  proprietor.     This  publication  was 

^•'I'ln!  marriage  ccrenuniy  in  Tcwn  li.id  Inun  littlo  resorted  to  ui>  t"  tliis 
time.  Marriages  before  tlie  inil(|u^iiilrin'o  were  illeg.il  unlcssi  jicrt'orincil  liy 
liriests,  wlio  wi're  oU'eii.sive  to  the  Aiiglii-Tc^xatis,  (llid  luoreoVi'r.  exacti'il  a 
ffO  of  !^'2r>.  A  eustorn  firvw  into  vogue  of  the  j)artieH  simjily  signing  a  l"inil 
in  the  i)re.i(!nco  of  witnesses,  and  tlu^u  beeoniiug  liushand  and  wife,  jiyan 
act  of  eongress,  a|i|)roved  Jnno  5,  lH;i7,  provision  was  made  to  legali/t.'  \\iv^' 
marriag(!s  Ity  liond  hy  alhiwing  parties  ho  connected  to  tiike  out  a  liecriM'  in 
«lnc  form,  and  l>e  married  heforo  an  ordained  minister  of  the  gospel,  a  jndj^e 
of  a  district  court,  a  justice  of  a  county  court,  or  a  justice  of  the  pe.i<  > .  iiH 
of  whom  were  so  autiiorized.  Ltiirn  Hcpnh.  Trx.,  L  233-1).  in  the  autiiimi  of 
the  Hamo  year,  Morrell  ])erfonued  the  rite  nadcr  the  new  law.  /Vcfo  •■I'l'' 
Fi'mta.  78. 


NKWSl'APmW. 


540 


issued  under  the  above  nai^io  during  the  four  years 
. 'in ling  1832,  when  it  was  eallod  The  Texas  Repuhlican. 

The  second  paper  was  tlio  Trxax  (inzcffeand  Hrazoria 
.l</(rr^<Vr,  wliicli  was  publislied  in  Brazoria  in  1830; 
ill  September  1832,  it  was  merged  in  the  (^nnsiifwtifmal 
.[(li'oratc  awl  Texaji  Pnhh'v.  Advert hrr,  D.  W.  Anthonj 
being  editor  and  proprietor,  on  the  dcatli  of  whom  by 
cholera,  in  July  1H33,  tlie  paper  ceased  to  be  issued. 

Xext  in  order  was  tlie  Texas  Ikepuhlleaii,  jiublished 
at  Hrazoria  by  V.  C.  Gray,  of  New  York,  I)«Mtanber 
17,  1834.  It  was  printed  on  the  old  press  introduced 
hy  Gotten,  and  in  January  1 835,  was  tiie  only  paper 
|)ul)lished  in  Texas.  In  August  1830,  the  issue  wjis 
•liseontinued.** 

Tlie  fourth  paper  is  of  historic  interest,  being  the 
T(le;/ra2)Ii,  which  was  started  by  Gall  and  Thomas  H. 
Borden  and  Joseph  Baker  at  San  Felipe  in  August 
lS3r).     When  that  town  was  abandoned  by  the  gov- 

•  riitiient,  in  April  1830,  on  the  approach  of  tlie  Mex- 
icans, the  press  was  conveyed  to  Harrisburg,  and 
wjiijc  the  twenty-second  numlur  was  bi'ing  printed, 
tlir    forces  of  Santa    Aima  entered    the  town.     Six 

•  opits  only  had  been  struck  off  when  tin;  pi'inters, 
[n.'ss,  and  type  wtire  seized  by  the  Mexicans.  The 
iiiati  rial  was  thrown  into  Bray's  Bayou."  In  thi; 
iMlowing  August,  the  J^onlens,  having  bought  a  new 
[iiv>s  and  material,  revived  tli<'  T  h ;/nij,li  at  (^>luinbla, 
and  subs(>quently  moved  to  Houston,  wliere  the  papier 
was  j»ublished  for  many  years  under  the  titK;  of  tlici 
lliiii.^lini  Tele(/r(ij)/i." 

After  tlu)  indejtendeiiee,  tin;  nuiiibtM-  of  iie\vspa|>er8 
imivased  rapidly,"  the  first  daily  paper  ever  i)ublished 

'Miniy's  will!  w:is  a  slirrwil  woman,  iiiul  wax  ohargi.il  with  intriguing;  to 
iliri'ttlio  eseajio  ol'  Santa  Anna.  Her  lni-<i)anil  fell  \iniior  sn-<](ioion,  ami  iu? 
nniuvid  to  California,  wiicro  liu  liccatne  Wfalthy.  Sul>sL'i(urtitly  In;  ri'turnrd 
t>  N.  Nnrk,  and  (;nniniittc(l  Hnioide.    T<x.  Edit,  anil  Prvsn  .1  -ivw. ,  IST.l,  no.  'J,  2. 

''Oik;  at  least  of  the  k'ix  copies  i«  Htill  in  cxistouuu.  'I  he  paper  was  puh- 
Ii^iieil  in  (piarto  fonn. 

^  111  1S75  it  was  the  oldest  uewspapor  in  the  state.   Letti^r  of  .rohn  ForlM'S. 

"Mention  must  ho  inado  of  the  7''avM  Plmilir,  pulili'^hiMl  at  Bra'oria,  in 
1"':!7,  hy  T.  Leger  and  A.  P.  Tlionnmou;  the  (Urilinn,  cstaMislieil  hy  II  iiniltou 
Stiiiirt  ^ii  1S.^S  at  Oalvcaton;  the  Austin  City  O'tzi'ltr,  .xtarted  in  Oct.  1H:«»  hy 


\  Mi 


SfH) 


INSTITUTIONAL  AND  EDUCATIONAL   .\L\TTKU.S. 


in  Texas  being  the  Mominfj  Star,  by  Crugor  aiui 
Moore  of  the  Telegraph,  from  about  1840  to  1844. 
Previous  to  this  time  papers  were  issued  weekly,  I'l- 
weekly,  or  tri-weekly,  according  to  circumstances." 
According  to  the  census  of  1880,  280  newspap*  is 
and  periodicals  were  published  in  Texas,  which  num- 
ber, by  1888,  was  considerably  increased.  On  Soptcm- 
ber  10, 1873,  the  Texas  Editorial  and  Press  Association 
was  organized,  and  formally  incorporated  April  ,), 
1875,  under  the  act  of  the  legislature  approved  A\m\ 
23,  1874,  entitled,  "An  act  concerning  private  corpo- 
rations."** 

Samuel  Whiting;  ami  the  Tcx/m  Sfiitinel,  at  Austin,  in  Jan.  1840,  l)y  .lacnii 
W.  f'ruger  and  (leo.  W.  Bonnell.  The  first  paper  published  at  Oalvcston 
was  the  Thitm,  edited  and  owned  l>y  Ferdinand  Pinkard;  and  as  early  as 
1835  a  paper  was  estiihlished  at  Matagorda  Ity  Simon  Mussinii,  an<l  puhlislnil 
for  ahout  three  years.  At  San  Luis,  on  San  Luis  island,  west  of  (lalvestun. 
wa«  jiuhlished  in  1840  the  Advorate,  wliieh,  during  its  brief  existenei'.  «iis 
the  largest,  haiidsoinost,  and  ablest  paper  of  its  time  in  Te.vas.  T.  Kubinsdii 
and  M.  Hopkins  were  the  principal  editors  and  managers.  Both  city  ami 
paper  have  long  since  i>as8ed  out  of  existence.  In  1839  the  Otizfltf  was  starttil 
at  llichmond  on  the  Brazog,  K.  E.  Handy,  one  of  ( Jen.  Houston's  voluiiteiT 
aids  at  San  .Tacinto,  being  editor. 

"  Kennedy,  howuvei,  makes  mention  of  a  «laily  paper  Injing  publislieil  aa 
early  as  June  1839.     He  fails  t<»  supply  the  names.   J'l.r.,  ii.  393. 

*-'Tho  association  had  power  to  buy,  hold,  and  sell  property;  to  maiiitaiii 
and  defend  judicial  proceedings;  to  make  contracts;  to  borrow  money  on  tlie 
credit  of  the  assm-iation,  each  stockholder  being  only  liable  to  creditors  fur 
the  unpaid  portion  of  his  stock;  and  to  make  proper  and  needful  )iy-laws. 
C'apitiil  stock  $10,000,  to  be  divided  into  shares  of  !SS25,  and  capable  i>i  ln'ing 
increased  to  $50,000.   Trr.  Eii.  Pre^s  Arnior.,  charter,  etc.,  nos  1,  3,  and  4. 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

INDUSTRIES,  COMMKKCK.   ANI>  HAILKOADS. 

l83o  188S. 

I'HYMi  Ai.    Divisions— A    Fokbst   Ke<jion— Thk   Level   rRAiKiEs  or    the 
(ii'LK  Coast — Central   Highlands— A    Va8t  Ca-itle   KKtiiuN — The 

I'WHANIILE     AMI    StAKEO    PlAIN — CLIMATE     ANIJ     KaINKALL — CoPlnN 

l'i!i>in:(rri«iN-  The  Cekeals — Pk<m;hess  or  A<!uini.TrkE— Caiti.k 
Statihtics — SniCK  Trails  to  the  North — The  Texas  Fevek — AVii:k 
Fkn<;e  Troubles — Sheep  and  Hoiwes — Minerals— Manikacitkino 
am>  Mechanical  Industries — Foreign  CoMMEUt'E — Imi-okis  am>  \.\- 
I'oKTS — The  Postal  Service — Railroad  Systems — The  Oi.nK.sr  I,im:s 
HopsTON  THE  Natural  Centre — Narrow  (UiMiE  Lines— Likeu- 
ai.ity  ok  the  State  (rOVERNMENT— The  Strike  at  Fort  Wokiii. 

Texas,  wliicli  comprises  220  counties,  of  wliich  17fi 
were  organized  bv  January  1886,  is  naturally  (Uvidinl, 
ill  an  agricultural  point  of  view,  into  six  grand  divis- 
ions, dirtering  in  physical  features  and  in  the  charac- 
ter of  their  soils,  most  of  which,  however,  an^  of 
extraordinary  fertility. ' 

The  first  of  these  divisions  is  kn«»wn  as  t^ast  Texas, 
and  includes  the  territory  lyhig  between  the  Sabine 
and  Trinity  rivers,  and  that  portion  of  the  state  situ- 
ated between  the  Sabine  and  Red  rivers.  The  soil 
varies  in  character,  but   a  distinctive  class  is   that 

'('.  A.  WestUrnok,  a  prominent  lintl  owniTaml  iiuprovi-r  of  stoi'k,  stiitea 
tliat  tlic  Bra/os  imttoni  lantl  is  consiiliirt'd  supLTJor  to  any  otliur  in  Texas. 
Hi;  was  liiirn  in  Nortli  Carolina,  .Ian.  1,  18;W,  and  arrived  in  'I'exas  in  1858. 
The  f>tiinate3  of  the  area  of  Texas,  and  tlie  apportionments  thereof  may 
v.iry  iMinsiderably.  Tlie  Texiu  Farm,  Jan.  15,  1880,  gives  tiie  following  fig- 
ures: ]irairie,  1 10,423,100  acres;  forest,  l.'),000.000;  improved,  'J.'j.OOO.OOO; 
'ultivuted,  8,000,000;  and  covered  with  wat«r  11,076.040;  the  unavailable 
land  liting  11,076,040  acres,  making  a  total  of  170,099,200  acres.  By  the 
7V.i<M  AVnViP,  Jan.  1886,  310-11,  the  following  statistics  are  supplied;  area 
17(),0()0, 000  acres  of  which  111,179,78.5  are  prairie  lands;  46,302,500  timlier 
l.ind,  tlie  remainder  covered  with  water.  About  1.3,000,000  acres  are  im- 
I'rMVcd,  of  which  about  7.000.000  are  in  cultivation. 

.■mI) 


)  j 


IPi 


%. 


iMi'2 


INI)II.STRIK»S,    (OMMKIiCK,    AND   ltAILKOAJ»S 


known  as  the  rod  landa,  wiiit'h  I'xtt^iul  tlir<)U*;li  nrvt  rul 
c()unti(^s  from  tluit  ot*  H<)UKt«)n  to  tlu'  Sabin*;.  V]n>i 
Toxas  is  a  'jiiat  tinibertJil  ivgion  and  pioduci  s  n 
var'mty  of  forest  trees,  of  wliieh  the  prlneipal  arc  ihr 
pine,  attaininij;  an  (Miornious  »jjro\vtli,  tlu;  white  nak, 
wliite  an<l  n-d  eyprrss,  magnolia,  liickory,  peenn,  and 
cedar.  Many  saw-mills  are  in  operation,  pn  pariiii^ 
the  tind)er  sup[)lied  from  these  forests,  the  mniiiu  r 
greatly  inereasing  along  the  railroad  Hnes.  ^Vitll 
regard  to  tlie  magnolia,  larg(^  tracts  are  fniiiid 
occmpied  exclusively  by  woods  of  tliis  lieautifnl  tni , 
the  timber  of  whicli  is  very  hard,  fine-grained,  and 
takes  a  polish  like  satin.  In  the  cultivated  dis- 
tricts of  eastern  Texas  cotton  and  com  are  the  nia\)]v 
crops,  thougli  sugar  is  cultivated  in  some  counti<s  on 
tlie  bottom  lands  of  the  Trinity.  Fruit  trees  tliiivi' 
especially  on  the  red  lands,  the  peaches  prochiccii 
thereon  being  famous  for  their  flavor  and  size. 

South  Texas  is  that  ])ortion  of  the  state  which  li(S 
along  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  extending  from  20  to  100 
miles  into  the  inti^rior.  It  is  a  vast  prairie  plain  lis- 
ing  imperceptibly  to  the  hilly  regions  of  central  Tixas 
The  great  prairies  of  which  this  division  is  conii)i>s(il 
aiv  intersected  by  hmumorable  rivers  and  streams, 
and  are  for  the  most  part  treeless,  tind)er  being  nnly 
found  along  the  margins  of  the  streuujs  which  aiv 
densely  wooded,  and  in  isolated  groups  of  elms  and 
live-oaks,  called  "islands"  or  "motts. "  The  snll  is 
unsurpassed  in  richness,  being  of  alluvial  origin,  sup- 
plemented by  sedimentary  deposits  of  the  rccKkd 
waters  of  the  gulf  and  decayed  vigetable  niattcr. 
The  depth  of  the  soil  in  the  rivei-  valk^ys  is  \(  n 
great;  it  has  been  examined  to  the  depth  of  .">0  litt, 
where  it  shows  scarcely  a  perceptible  dift'enncc  iVoiu 
the  surface  soil.  On  the  prairies  the  land  is  baldly 
so  rich;  the  soil  is  of  a  black  tenacious  nature,  win! 
that  of  the  valleys  is  of  a  chocolate  color.  The  slaplo 
products  are  sugar-cane,  cotton,  and  corn;  vegclalilts 
of  all    kinds   flourish    exceedingly    well ;    and    many 


NATURAL   DIVISIONS. 


.Vi.l 


tropical  fruits,  such  as  tlie  orange,  banana,  and  t^uava 
liiii  bo  8U(;co3sivoly  cultivated  in  certain  localities. 

Central  Texas  extiiuls  from  the  Trinity  to  the  Colo- 
rado and  the  Ui)tli  dej^ree  west  longitude,  and  from 
the  soutlu'rn  alluvial  [)li»in  to  the  .'VJd  denj^rei!  north 
latitude.  Its  pbysieal  feafun's  an;  of  a  hilly  ehaiae- 
U'V,  displayhii^  gentle  undulations  as  It  rises  from  tin; 
southern  plain,  j:jradually  develo[)in|^  into  hiLihlan«ls 
aiitl  valleys  which  assuini>,  as  the  traveller  journeys 
inland,  a  somewhat  mountainous  aspect.  Tin;  soils 
ill  this  reglonare  loams  of  various  colors,  black,  brown, 
ltd.  and  chocolate,  but  all  containin;^  sand  in  sueh 
preporticm  as  to  render  them  easy  of  tillage.  A  laro;«; 
|)(trtion,  probably  one  fourth,  is  timbered;  and  as  this 
division  is  composed  of  hills  and  valleys,  roUinijf  prul- 
ries.'  and  forests,  tlu^  landscape  scenery  is  ind(>scrib- 
ahly  hcautiful.  Cotton,  corn,  oats,  and  other  cereals 
are  inae  produced,  and  the  northern  portion  is  a 
favorite  wheat-sjji'owin*jj  re'jjion.  Immenst;  herd.>^  of 
swine  are  raised  in  tlu>  vicinities  of  the  post-oak  for 
ists,  and  sheep,  horsts,  and  cattle  by  thousands  thrive 
on  th(>  prairies  and  hill  sides. 

Situated  on  the  north  of  this  division  and  west  of 
I'astcni  Texas  is  north  Texas,  terminated  on  the  west 
bv  the  DDth  meridian.  It  is  a  re!.;lon  composed  of 
tonsts  aiul  prairies,  the  soil  beinuj  a  loam  of  thret; 
varieties,  namely  the  dark  sandy  loam  of  the  forests, 

•Mi'iition  must  1)0  iiijule  of  tlio  '  h(>g-\v;illii\\  '  jir.iirio.-i,  sitti.-itiMl  in  tlio 
u  iitliriii  iMPi'tioii  (if  this  (livisioii.  'llicy  iirc  so  calluil  from  tin-  multituilcs  of 
■iiii.iU  ui'|iii'>sions  ill  till)  siiif.ioi'.  Tiu'  soil  in  llicso  priiirirs  arc  as  Macli  hm 
Ur,  .111(1  aftfi-  a  rainfall  as  sticky  aiul  clnj^'ny.  Tlic  follow  iiij,'  explanation  of 
the  oimiii  of  tlii;st!  wji.llows  is  gi\cn  liy  S.  I'..  Hiu-klcy  in  tlir  F/rst  Aiiiiicil 
ti<\><i1  mJ  t!ii'  (Irolii'iiotl  timl  A'irhiiltiuid  Snrn  i/  nf  Trxn-,  IS7I,  ll'J.  'Tlu) 
lust  sniMiiuT  was  unusually  dry  in  niany  |>artsof  tlio  stati-,  ainl  larj;o  ciacks 
Wire  niiiili;  in  all  .soils  alioumliiig  in  wallows.  Hig  rains  came,  llooiling 
ia;uiy  parts  of  till)  country.  .Vi'lirwanls  in  passing  s\  Ikto  the  liog-wallow.s 
iniviiili'd,  wt(  coulil  sec  plainly  how  tlicy  were  made.  '1  ho  holes  niailo  liy  tiie 
ricki  w.Tc  hoing  lillrd  in  nart  hy  tho  washing  in  of  loose  t'arth,  madi'  looso 
'M  till' I'.lges  of  tho  erauks  ny  tlio  rain,  and  thero  iu)t  lieing  sutlicieiil.  <artl» 
ti  lill  ihi- very  deep  crack.s  d<!pressions  were  made.  These  things  were  re- 
[x^iitoilly  seen  l»y  tho  inem!)ors  of  our  jiarty,  and  left  no  douht  in  tlio  mind  of 
M\\  iiiK'  as  to  thecau.se  of  wall()Ws. '  'rhosoil  successfully  resists  the  severest 
Jrimlhs.  If  deeply  plowed  the  crops  will  lie  green  and  tlouri.ihing  whoa 
tlii'^o  aiiiiiiid  tlnnii  ai-e  i)erishing  for  want  of  moisture 


^   '3 


''I 


.i.>t 


1M»USTHIL.S,   COMMEKt'K,   ANIJ  RAILROAIts. 


the  sticky  black  of  the  prairies,  and  the  jilluvial  uf 
tlie  valleys.  With  the  exception  «»f  the  [i'lnv  tlic 
forests  contain  varieties  of  tiniher  similar  to  thost;  of 
east  Texas  and  tlie  northern  portion  of  centr»l  Texas. 
A  new  tree,  however,  lu^re  appears,  the  Osfij^e  oraip^c. 
or  hois  (/'  arc,  which  attains  a  large  size,  aiul  is  in 
iSU'iit  (leniand  for  raiii-oad  ties  on  account  of  its  aliil- 
ity  to  resist  decay.  The  staple  products  are  the  saiiu' 
as  those  in  north  central  Texas,  especially  wheat.' 

Western  Texas  comprises  that  extensive  territory 
lying  south  of  the  .32d  [uirallel  of  latitude,  and  wi-.st 
of  the  I)9th  meridian  to  the  Colorado,  thence  exttiid- 
ing  on  the  west  and  south  of  that  riviu',  to  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  This  is  the  most  sparsely  populated  portion 
of  the  state.  It  contains  every  variety  of  soil  and 
physical  f<»rmation.  Level  and  rolling  prairios, 
disserts,  «lense  forests,  high  ta])le-lands,  valleys,  docp 
canons,  and  rugged  mountains,  are  found  to  succeed 
viU'h  other  as  the  traveller  moves  from  the  sea-hoard 


■'N.  M.  liiii'dnl,  of  I  >idlaii  county,  Hpeiikiiig  of  northern  Texan,  say;)  that 
tliu  ailjiiHtnient  of  tliu  dittieultieH  whieli  oneo  existed  in  connection  'with  tlii' 
old  Peter's  colony  niarketl  an  eitoch  in  the  history  of  northern  Texas,  liv 
the  terms  of  the  contract  hetween  the  colony  company  and  the  r(|iiilihi' "i 
Texas  each  family  intrtHhiced  was  to  receive  (>40  acres  of  land,  and  cacli 
single  man  !)'20  acres.  The  convention  MJiicli  framed  tlie  first  ciinstitiitinn 
<if  the  state  of  Texas  in  I84.'>,  among  other  acts  pa.ssed  an  ordinance  ilnh'r- 
itig  that  the  comjiany  had  failed  to  carry  nut  their  contract,  and  was  iiiH 
entitled  to  any  land.  Thus  hoth  the  commny  and  many  immigrants,  who 
hail  been  introduced,  had  no  titles  to  their  lands,  llie  contract  expircil  'hily 
I,  1S48,  anileettlera  kept  arriving  till  that  date.  <lreat  excitement  "iw  the 
consequence  of  this  doulitfiil  possessory  right  to  their  farms  and  Imnirs,  aiiii 
the  troultle  continued  till  1S.V2,  when  tlie  legi.slaturo  passed  a  law  (.'ranting 
to  each  head  of  family  040  acres,  and  to  each  single  man  StJO  acns,  iiimu 
proper  proof  lieing  produced,  of  settlement  prior  to  .luly  1,  1848.  The  coin- 
[lany  was  compensated  for  their  services  in  introducing  colonists  In  a  j^'rant 
of  700  sections  of  land  located  west  of  the  settled  portions  of  colony.  <iiiv. 
Btdl  appointed  Col  Thomas  W.  Ward  commissioner  for  the  purpose  dt  ik'tir 
mining  who  were  entitled  to  lands  and  issuing  certificates.  Since  that  turn 
there  has  lieen  little  trouble  in  that  portion  of  the  state  with  regard  to  laii|i 
titles.  Buford  was  honi  in  Tenn.,  .lune  24,  1824,  migrated  to  Texas  in  IMii. 
and  settled  in  r)allas  county  in  1848,  having  been  admitted  to  the  har  m 
184").  He  served  as  dist  attyand  dist  judge  of  the  l(!th  judicial  dist.  ami  m 
tered  the  confederate  army  in  18<n  as  a  private  under  (!rn.  Ben  Met 'iilli"'!. 
being  made  col  of  the  l!Hh  Texas  cav.  in  April  of  the  following  >iar.  In 
the  spring  of  ISO."),  Buford  resigned,  and  was  elected  to  the  state  li<.'islaturi' 
in  18(i6,  and  later  again  filled  several  judicial  offices.  In  Jan.  18.54  he  iiiarriw 
Mary  Knight,  daughter  of  an  old  pioneer  of  Dallas  county.  AWf-f  im  P''"' 
(hi,  MS. 


rONFlCUUATlON   AND  CLIMATE. 


MR 


nil  a  curviliiKiar  route  trending  northward.  This 
viist  rcLC'ioii  Is  the  pt^culiar  feedin|j;  j^routid  of  iniiiunsc 
IkkIs  of  eattle  and  flocks  of  sheep,  es|)ecially  aloii«j  the 
|{io  (Jraiule.  In  tlie  central  and  nortliern  portions 
\\li(  ;it  and  other  cereals  are  cultivated,  hut  fin-niinj^  is 
.,'( in  rally  nt'glected,  agriculture  Ixnng  a  seconihiry 
cdiisideration  to  the  great  industry  of  stock-raising. 
()t'  the  region  lying  west  of  the  Pecos  river,  niu -h 
still  remains  to  ho  known.  It  has  hardly  any  popuia- 
tidii.  ('xeej)t  in  the  small  towns  on  the  Kio  (fraiidc, 
ill  VA  Paso  county,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  tlio  United 
States  military  posts.  The  sanu!  is  the  case  with 
Tom  Oreen  and  Crockett  counties,  two  of  tin;  largest 
ill  the  state,  lying  on  the  north-east  <»f  the  Pecos 
fiver.* 

The  sixth  and  last  natural  <livision  has  acquired  the 
iiaiiie  (if  the  panhandle  of  Texas.  It  includ(?s  the  ter- 
ritory lying  north  of  the  34th  parallel  of  nortii  lati- 
tude, and  west  of  the  100th  meridian.  The  greater 
jioition  of  this  region  consists  of  prairies,  which  are 
iiitc  rsccted  hy  large  tracts  of  h/oken  country  con- 
taining lugged  hills  and  gorges.  Sandy  deserts,  too, 
arc  met  with,  and  the  great  Llano  Estacado,  or 
Staked  Plain,  <^\te!ids  along  the  south-western  portion 
of  it.'  The  prairies  and  staked  plain  are  covered 
with  a  variety  of  rich  grasses,  among  which  may  be 
iiieiitioiied  the  mesquito  and  gamma,  blue-stem,  bunch 
sodij^e,  and  buffalo  grass.  This  portion  of  Texas  is 
well  adaj>ted  to  grazing  and  stock-raising,  the  belief 
that  it  was  generally  deficient  in  water  being  exploded 
hy  later  investigations.  The  panhandle  is  hiterseeted 
hy  innumerable  ravines,  in  most  of  which  small 
streams  and  pools  are  found;  in  the  prairies,  also, 
"k'pressions  frequently  occur,  which,  filled  by  tlu;  rains 

'Till'  t'ciiir  largest  counticii,  are,   Presitlio,  r2,9r)5  sq.  miles:  Torn  (itveii, 
i'-'.".7',l:  I'ucos,  11,370,  and '>ockett,  IO,0'J<.>  so.  miles.  Spni,,ld\t  Official  Map, 

Tills  immense  plain  extends  in  a  geological  point  of  view,  from  the 
niirtlierii  imint  of  the  state,  southward,  nearly  tt>  the  northern  houndaries  of 
Kinney,  Uralde,  and  Medina  counties,  west  of  San  Ant<mio.  7V.r.  Henhg. 
■i'jrii:  Siiri'iy^  second  annual  report,  1876,  31. 


: 


\ 


;;  ' 


r! 


■r 

fi    H   •- 


'\ 


9M 


lNUU«TUIK.s,   COMMKllCK,    AND  RAILU0AI>«. 


1 


hold  water  during  the  greater  part  of  the  y»nr,  rvrfi 
in  Heasons  of  Wivcre  drought.  This  impervious  <|u.ilily 
of  the  8()il  autliorizes  the  assertion  tliat  aiiiticiul 
res(;rv«>irH  can  Ix'  aucccHsfully  constructed,  caiKililc  of 
sui>|)lvin«'  lar<'c  lierds   of   cattk;  and    a  ronsultiuhli,. 

I    I.     «•  '^  "  111  A 

[M)nulation  with  water  all  the  year. 

Tlio  climate  of  Texas  varies  from  moderately  t. m- 
)erato  to  seml-tn  )pical  a<*cordlng  to  altitudt  iind 
(K^ality.  At  Fort  Davis  in  Presidio  county,  o.OOO 
fe«!t  above  the  sea  level,  in  January  1873  the  tin  i 
niometer  was  onco  15°  below  zero,  and,  in  the  nor  tlit  m 
l)ortion  of  the  state,  Hnt)W  nnd  u-c  and  extrem*  ly  (did 
weather  are  experience<l  in  the  winter;  but  the  cdlil 
is  n(!ver  protracted,  the  w<!ather  durin*;  the  \hi<uy 
portion  of  that  .season  being  mild  and  pleasant  Jii 
the  central  })art  snow  and  ice  are  seldom  seen,  and  in 
the  extreme  .south  arc;  of  v»ry  rare  occurrence.  Tin 
rain-fall  in  Texas  is  as  varied  as  the  climate.  Xevn- 
tlujless  the  100th  meridian  may  l)e  regarded  as  a 
dividinjx  line  between  two  re<'ions  subiectto  rain-falls 
widely  ditK'rinijf  in  quantity  and  regularity.  l]ast  of 
that  line  the  rains  are  abun<lant  and  rarely  fall;  \\v>i 
of  it  they  are  irregular,  droughts  frequently  ottur. 
and  the  <\uantity  is  greatly  diminished. 


"The  panliamllo  is  tho  4.'Jd  rcnreaont  ivo  district,  and  noiuh  to  the  Ippiv 
laturo  only  Olio  rcin-OHCiitative,  wlio,  in  ?  iOwasJ.  W.  Ilrowiiinj;  of  Wliidir 
county.  Urowiiiiin  canio  to  'I'cxa.s  at  tlic  ago  of  1(»,  and  ncttlid  in  >i;.nla'i- 
ford  county  in  ISti",  iH'ginninjj  lif(;  as  acf)«l>oy.  He  found  time,  liM\\iv(r, 
to  Htudy  law  at  inlt'i-vals,  and  was  ailmittcd  to  tlio  liar  in  ls7<>.  Iluvin^ 
served  as  ju-ttico  of  tlio  jioaoo  and  county  attorney  for  Sliai'kflinrd  iniiiity, 
in  1881  lio  was  appointed  district  attorney  of  the  new  juclii'i;il  ilistriit  tlitii 
fonnciL  Ho  was  elected  to  tiie  lower  liouse  of  the  legislituro  in  l^'^-.  H'' 
was  opposed  to  leasinj|  tin;  ]nililic  lands  to  cattlemen.  Tlieal)o\oiic.-ii  riiition 
of  Texas  is  mainly  derived  fmni  the  rejidrts  of  S.  B.  ]>iieU!c_\,  aln.i'lv 
quoted;  Tij-d.^;  llir  ffcs'inrnn  nnd  C'aixtl.ilUh  •!,  issned  l>y  tlio  Soulli-we  tern 
Immigration  company  in  ISS);  and  iSt>"!ilil'^  Ifi'sntiroi,,  Soil,  <  Hm.  T-.r., 
1882. 

'The  average  annual  rainfall  ea -t  of  tlie  lOOtli  meridian  may  '"'  't  ilmr: 
at  from  alioiit  ItOinelies,  southern  'l  cxa'i  exceeding,  ami  central  aihi  'iniil.tiii 
Texas  falling  siiort  of  this  average.  The  fall  in  tho  western  ]i(iiliMn  ol  tlic 
Htato  is  much  lielow  this.  With  respect  to  this  region,  jiarticiilar-*  air  ,-niiic- 
what  deficient;  but  some  estimate  of  an  average  may  lie  derivcil  imm  th>' 
mean  annual  rainfall  at  tho  following  places,  as  supplied  in  Sjiaiglit'-  nllicMi 
map  of  1882.  Kagle  pas.s,  MavericK  county,  2G.<K)  inches;  Kl  I'a-^",  I'f-^-'i 
Fort  Davi.s,  Presidio  county,  '22.45;  Fort  McKavett,  Menard  eoiiety,  •J'J.71; 
and  Fort  Klliot,  Wlie<dur  count v,  1(».47.     Tho  rainfall  is,  however,  iiimnsini}, 


il 


AiiKI('ri;jlJKK. 


1157 


'i  IK  cuuHo  of  this  dilKrciico  lies  in  tljc  fiwt  that  tho 
pn\;iiliM};  wiiuls  along  tlio  coast  ami  tlio  oaHtorn  in- 
trri'-r  of  Ti'xas  arc  soutlu'ily  and  Houtli-i-aHtcrly,  and 
(niiiiiiLr  fnun  lli(!  gnlf,  tlio  atniosplu'ir  Is  lioavily 
cliiir^id  witli  va}i(»r,  wlicrtas,  llio  wimls  wIi'k  li  sw(t|> 
fiKiii  lilt'  Htuitli  and  Houtli-wcst,  over  wi-strrn  'I'rxas, 
an  loUliod  of  tlioir  liunri<l/v  in  tlnir  pussagc  over 
tilt  ( ordilltras  of  ^Mexico,  ana  *lio  dry  aiid  iv;^u»ns  in 
tlir  north  of  thiit  rcpuhhc. 

AiiM»ngtlio  agricuhural  |>ro<hi('tlons  of  I'cxas,  cotton 
taki  s  the  lead,  exceeding  in  vidut!  tliat  of  all  others 
jiut  together,  excluding  Indian  corn.  In  1879,  tlu 
cultuio  of  this  plant  extended  ovir  2,178,4.35  acri  s, 
whidi  liad  increased  in  1882  to  2,8  10,118  acres,  yiehl- 
iiiu'  <)7 4,427,120  pounds  of  cotton,  an<l  it  is  to  Ik-  »  - 
sincd  that  tho  yield  per  acn;  is  greater  in  T<;xas 
tliiiii  ill  any  other  .''ate.'  The  value  of  the  yield  for 
m-1  w.ts  nearly  J?t)O,O00,OO0. 

Of  ciTci]-*  Indian  corn  Is  more  extensively  culti- 
viit.d  than  any  other.  In  1870,  2.408,587  acres  were 
suwii  with  this  grain,  yielding  2!>,(>f;5, 1 72  hushels;  in 
mi  a  crop  of  .•i:i,.377,OO0  busliels,  worth  $.'53,043,2:50 
was  produced  on  2,803,700  acres;  and  in  1882  the 
imiiilMr  of  hushels  amounted  to  03,410,300.  Next  in 
valiii'  follow  oats,  the  productions  of  whicji  in  hushels 
tnrthe  same  three  years  are  represented  rey[)ectiv<  ly 
I'V  the  figures  4,893,350,  8,324,000,  and  0,2.39,000, 
tiie  last  amount  heing  estimated.  The  value  of  the 
•  r(i|.  ,.f  1881  was  $5,077,040. 

Whfut  was  introduced  into  Texas  hv  the  earlv  si't- 
tiers  mcrelv  as  an  exix-riiiient,  in  the  endeavor  to 
tmiiisli  flour  for  honu'  coiisumj'tion  in  tli(>se  districts 
wliicli  were  remote  fi'om  a  market.  For  many  years 
It  Mas  cultivated  onlv  to  verv  small  extent,*  and   in 

'  '>i":.'  til  tlio  iiUTcu.siiig  aroa  of  land  juit  iiinkr  eiiltivatiim,  ami  tlu^  iiicn  a.--i'il 
.'riiWlli  iif  trees  on  tlic  jiraiiics. 

"Iti  the  last  iiieiitioiii'il  year  Texas,  Louisiana,  anil  Arkansiis  jirodiieeil 

I'lU  gri'.iti  st  yield  jier  aere,  tho  resiieeUvc  li^jurcs,  Kliowing  tlie  jirojtortion, 

•  11),'  L'lO,  •.';{."),  and  '2',V,].      '1  he  llgures  for  all  otiier  cotton  growinj^  "tatea  were 

I'W'joo    r.  S.  n.  lux.  Dor.,  cong.  47,  hc-s.  1.,  vol.  20,  (JTIM. 

■'.Aec'unling  to  tho  census  of  1850,  the  total  protluetion  of  th»' etate  wm 

:ily.-ll,7--".Mjiiahela. 


\ 


m 


I 


i 

'■0. 

•i" 

1  - 

':  i'm 

"-t^d^B 

J.- 

■':■*■ 'f^^ 

658 


INDUt:' s  UIKS,    a)MMKUCK,    AND  KMLROADS. 


early  days  the  belief  prevailed  that  the  soil  of  IVxus 
was  not  adapted  to  its  culture."  But  those  iinprcs- 
sions  yielded  to  more  careful  attention  to  the  selection 
of  suitable  land.  Tt  was  discovered  that  a  gnat  lu It 
suitable  for  the  most  successful  cultivation  of  wheat 
extends  through  northern  and  central  Texas,  and 
further  developments  have  proved  wheat-producint,' 
land  is  not  limited  to  that  region.  In  1879  tlitre 
were  iJ73,G12  acres  sown  with  this  cereal,  yickhng  2,- 
567,760  bushels;  in  1881,  3,339,000  bushels  were 
produced  on  263,200  acres,  valued  at  $4,674,600;  the 
estimate  for  1882  being  4,173,700  bushels." 

Other  grains,  barley,  rye,  and  buckwheat  arc  only 
cultivated  to  a  small  extent.'"  Experiments  jiavt 
been  made  with  rice,  but  have  not  been  sufticuntlv 
encouraging  to  hold  out  the  expectation  that  it  \\n\ 
ever  become  a  staple  production.  Tobacco  cultuiv 
receives  little  attention,  as  also  that  of  the  sugar-cane. 
Viticulture  is  assuming  some  impoi-tance,  sonic  kinds 
of  grapes  thriving  well  in  most  of  the  settled  poitidiis 
of  the  state.  The  wine  produced,  however,  is  mostly 
manufactured  for  home  consumption,  its  ex}K)rtati(iii 
not  being  so  i)rofital)le  as  other  productions.  Tin  El 
Paso  grape  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  and  tlio 
wine  made  from  it  has  long  been  in  great  repute. 

In  1860  the  number  of  farms  in  Texas  was  4*2. 8!H 
comprising  25,344,028  acres;  in  1870  there  wviv  01, 
125  farm.s  with  18,396,523  acres;  and  in  1880,  174, 
184,  witli  36,292,219  acres,  valued  at  $170.468,8.^(1 
The  relative  percentages  of  unimproved  land  for  tliosi 
years  are  rt!spectively  represented  by  the  figuivs. 
89.5,  83.9,  and  65.1.     The  size  of  these  farms  varied 

'■'  I'arker  Mritiug  in  I.SH4  -5  says:  '  Wliwit  will  not  grow  iu  tliis  t'lmiitn. 
The  Htalk  will  run  uj)  rank,  hut  the  ear  will  not  fill  with  phuiip  kerntl* 
Trip  to  tlir  lV<:~it  ami  Tix.,  141. 

"  Tho  ahovc  Rtatisties  aro  takuu  front  tho  report  of  the  uoiiiiiiissiniu'n'' 
agriculture  for  1S81-2,  in  U.  S.  II.  Ex.  Doe.,  cong.  47,  seas.  1,  vil.  •-'().  ■"'- 
(i7(>  jiasHiui. 

•-'.lames  A.  Redtlick  gives  tho  following  average  yield  per  acn'  <f  c(r(al< 
in  Texas:  wheat,  20  hush.;  oats  and  barley,  70  hush.;  eoru  fnnii  "J.'i  to  40 
bush.  KeiMii'k  was  born  at  I^Ji  <irange,  Fayette  county,  and  son  til  thniui:!; 
the  confederate  war. 


Wifli  1„, 

"<;>■,. 

from  III,. 
l!*">7.  In, 

'•'Tl,,. 

»-ero  („  1 

«M  dllci' 

I.UI»0.(MII» 

•'".Votlicr 

"liii  111,1,11 

Kr'HiMil.s. 

'i:iii.llv  ill 

STOCK   RAISING. 


559 


iroin  loss  than  three  acres — of  wiiich  there  were  very 
few — to  over  1,000  acres,  the  averages  for  the  sani» 
\on.rs  bcmg  respectively,  501,301,  and  208  acres.  In 
1880  the  total  amount  of  inijmnctl  land  taken  up  a.s 
fiirii'.s  was  120,05,314  acres,  and  of  unimproved  2.'5,- 
()4 1,005  acres,  including  15,851,305  acres  of  woodland 
and  forest.  The  nund)er  of  persons  I'ngaged  in  all 
the  occupations  of  agriculture  during  the  same  vear 
was  350,317,  of  wliom  330,125  were  males.  The 
iiuiiilicr  of  male  laborers  is  represented  by  the  figures 
1 10,205,  and  of  female  laborei-s  by  24,517.  The  total 
iiuiiilK'r  of  farmers  and  planters  was  200,404,  of  whom 
4,5(12  were  females,  the  balance  of  the  number,  350,- 
;U7  l)eing  represented  by  stock-raisers,  herders,  gar- 
(K'lk'is,  vine-growers  and  others." 

A'Ticulture  in  Texas  occasionallv  suffers  both  from 
(Irouglits  and  floods.  Gra«shoj)pers  .ind  locusts  '*  have 
ul.so  assailed  the  cro[)s,  but  their  visits  are  of  rare  oc- 
curence. Where  formerly  the  buffalo  roamed  in 
countless  numbers,'"  innnt'nse  herds  of  cattle  now  find 
tluir  pasture  grounds.  Before  the  civil  war  almost 
tho  onth'c  area  of  Texas  was  on(;  vast  feedinuf  ground 
fur  cattle,  horses  and  sheep,  but  during  the  last 
twenty  ycuirs  great  changes  have  been  effected  by  the 
influx  (»f  innnigrants,  who  liave  taken  up  large  <juan- 
tities  of  lands,  previously  rangi'd  over  by  stock,  ami 

'T.  S.  ('<'iisi(<,  1880,  vol.  1.  Tlu!  foUiiwing  t.ilili',  takiii  fnnii  tlu»  rcptirt 
"I  tin?  coniiiiis-ioiu'r  of  agriiultlirn,  rriircsciits  tlio  llui'tiiiitioiis  in  the  iivt  rage 
niti's  iif  iiioiitlily  wall's  jiaiil  farm  lalmrt'i-.s,  with  and  without  hoanl,  in  five 
years,  ihiiiiig  tho  period  from  IStili  to  188*2. 


Without  hoard. 
\Viflil„.anl..., 


SiMt.(M> 

12.;:-' 


I8(>i) 

1. •<.•-•  I 


1875 


187» 


1882 


!?l8.-_'7     I     *!-J().2(l 
11.4'.>    I      ii.o:! 

"( Iriis.-ihoppers  laado  their  list  ajipcarancc  in  1848,  the  swarms  coiiiirij,' 
Iroiii  the  north  will)  tlit;  Ot'toluvc  winds.  Tlii-y  again  appeared  in  18.'")(i  and 
l!J">7,  liiiiii  ihv  same  (juarter.    7'i r.  Aim.,  18(51,  1S8. 

''Tlie  i)iin'alo  is  now  extinet  in  Texas,  Imt  as  late  as  187(5  great  nundiers 
were  to  ho  fountl  ill  tho  i)atdiiUidle.  W.  ('.  Koogle,  a  large  cattle-raiser 
«M  (line  engaged  in  hunting  theiii  in  tiiat  region,  and  remarks  that  tiioiigh 
l,0()(),()(H)  of  thorn  were  needlessly  killiMJ,  their  destruction  did  mon'  than 
'iny  other  thing  to  civilize  the  country,  inasnmeh  as  it  compelled  the  savages, 
«ho  iiiululy  dc])cudcd  on  them  for  food  and  covering,  to  suck  other  hunting 
gnimiils.  Koogle  was  born  in  Maryland  in  184'.),  and  settled  in  the  pan 
li;"iaiuiii  1«70.  Remarhon  'IW.,  Ms. 


Si 


060 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,    AND  RAlLROADri. 


C'^»n verted  tbein  into  cultivated  farms.  In  tliis  part  of 
tlic  state,  comprising  the  greater  portion  of  eastern, 
nortlieni,  central,  and  southern  Texas,  cattle  arc 
raised  mostly  as  domestic  animals.  Consequently  tlie 
great  ranges  are  now  to  be  found  in  the  region  west 
of  the  98tli  mtaidian.  and  south  of  a  line  extendiii^i 
from  San  Anttuiio  to  Matagorda:  in  the  soutlicni 
portion  of  this  extensive  region  })rol)aMy  more  cattle 
are  raised  tluin    in  ajiv  other  division  of  the  state." 

L 

The  panhandle,  however,  is  admitted  to  be,  witliout 
exception,  the  best  stock  country  in  Texas;  it  is  cuni- 
jiaratively  a  new  country,  but  the  staked  plain  is 
behig  gradually  recognized  to  be  as  fine  a  gia/in*; 
region  as  can  be  found  in  tlie  Ignited  States."  DuriiiLT 
tiie  last  decade  tlie  increast;  in  the  number  of  stock 
has  been  enormous,  as  will  be  evident  to  the  reader  hv 
referring  to  the  table  below,  showing  the  statistic  for 
the  last  six  years  only.'" 

'"It  was  fstimated  in  188.">  that  tliore  were  fully  '2,.')00,(KK)  lica.l  vf  cattli 
in  the  south  of  'J'cxas.  U.  .?.  Bureau  of  Stntktks,  Report,  ( 'attic  ltiisiiio^>. 
May  16,  KS.S5,  lOS. 

"The  panhandle  was  first  partially  stocked  m  J876.  In  Nov.  |S77 
diaries  CJoodniglit  located  a  lienf  of  U.'200  liead  of  cattle.  Accordiii;,'  to  tin 
reports  there  were  2'lTi,  8,")7  head  in  July  1880.  U.  S.  H.  Muic,  cong.  47,  sc^s. 
'2,  vol.  \',\,  pt  3,  gen.  fo.  072.  (i.  W.  Littlcfleld  est;il>lished  a  ruiic'io  in 
Oldiiam  and  I'otter  counties,  and  sold  it  in  June  ISSl  toa  Scotch  .^vnilicati 
f..r  .«'2.")3,00().    Lial<j!<  hl's  L'nmtrl:'-  on  Oif.  and  Aijric,  MS. 


1881 


1882 


I 


18S3 


'»_1_S80 

4,8!)M!(K>    I    ri.UK.SCK)    \    r),r);ir>,2(H)    |    li,088,7(K) 


1884 
li..")!»-_'.r)(Kr 


ISS^ 
">.l.lKU.(i(XI 


The  aliovo  figures,  with  the  exception  of  tlioso  for  188;"),  do  nut  nikii 
the  actual  nunihcrs.  Tliis  is  explained  liy  (Jeo.  li.  Loving,  of  Fort  Wmth. 
in  his  letter  of  .Ian.  '20,  188;"),  to  the  chief  of  the  U.  S.  bureau  of  statistic. 
lie  .states  that  aicording  to  tlie  comptroller's  report,  the  assessiiunt  rulNc' 
tlie  state  showed  that  oil  .Ian.  I.  1884.  tliere  were  at  least  7,0IH).(liKt  li.ad  if 
cattle  in  the  state,  and  that  the  actualnunihcr  of  cattle  in  Jan.  18S.')  wasalioiit 
(•.000,000;  the  discrcjiancy  arl-cs  from  the  fact  that  hut  few,  if  any.  .'f  th. 
largest  ranchmen  render  the  full  numher  of  cattle  owned  liy  thciii  t  .r  taxa- 
tion. U.  ,S.  liiinnii  S'  '/.,  lit  .«./;-.,  102;  ITo)'/  /i/vo.,  IJn-  Sf'i'/.-  .)[■„•'■„' nl.  h 
is,  indeed,  impossiiile  to  give  any  other  than  approximate  nundiers,  a.s  stiiti.-- 
tiral  tiiliU's  compiled  liy  dillcrciit  individuals  siiow  extraordinary  diircrciiiv.v 
For  insianee  the  tallies  s>ip]ilicd  in  I'rorinlni'j.ful' tin'  i'iiM  Xiitinnal  ('•'Vtiuli"' 
o/CiitUr  (!rivi-<i:s  .7  t/i,  I'Hitnl  Stnti.i.  Inlil  iii  St.  I.niiis,  Mn..  N<iv.  ISSt,  pli. 
12  :!,  give  r),(KW),7"l.")  as  tiie  nuinhcr  for  l>s8:i.  and  4,8<»4,()i»2  for  IN^I:  »»'' 
tliese  figures  are  sui)posed  to  include  all  cattle  c  larni-",  ranelio-i,  and  r.'.iigt^-. 
One  of  the  liirgest  cattle  owners  in  Texas  is  Col.  C.  C.  Slaughter,  nf  Malla- 
county.  In  Howard,  I'orden,  l)awson,  and  Martin  counties  he  owns  'J'JO.tW 
acres  of  land  in  fei'-simple,  and  has  ;M0,00«)  acres  under  lease.  In  l'>vjl:i 
refused  !?!, 000,000  for  his  cattle  interests  alone.      He  also  owns  hali   intcivst 


THE  CATTLE  P.UniXKSS. 


cm 


In  a  country  so  proclurtivo  of  incroaso,  rattlo-dc  aliiiLj 

has  Ix'coino  a  jjjreat  bus'niess,  aiul  yearly  Iiuiulrcds  of 

thousands  of  animals  arc  driven  northward  to  ranjjfcs 

In  N<l»raska,  Dakota,  Colorado,  Wyoininjr,  Montana, 

and    Idaho,  where   cattle,  as  experience  has  proved, 

incirase    more  ra])i(lly  in  weijj^ht    than  if   raised  for 

iiiarktt    on    the    Texas    ranijjes.     This    business    has 

'4i(i\vn   up   chiefly   duriuij^  the  last  fifteen  years,  the 

iiiiivmient  varvinsjj  vear  hv  year."    Latterlv,  the  yreat 

markets   for   driven    cattle  have    been  Dod'o    ("itv, 

Kansas,  and  Oiu^alalla,  Nebraska,  which  arc  reached 

liy   regular   cattle    trails,    the    drovers   haviiiL'    been 

crowded  awav,  farther  and  farther  west,  from  the  old 

main  route  by  the  ra|)id  settlement  of  Kansas,      The 

lailioads,  also,  now  transport  stock  hi  <.n-eat  numbers. 

It  is  considered  that  the  establishment  bv'  the  United 

Statos'  compress  of  a  ixreat  national  cattle  trail  leadintr 

imrtliward  would  conduce  ijreatlv  to  the  cattle-raisin*; 

intt  rests   in    Texas.     The    fact   that  the    mairi    line, 

known  as  the  Fort  Griffin  and  Dodge  City  trail,  is 

ill  a  raiirlio  (if  1(M1,0()0  acres  in  the  panhandle.  He  was  born  in  Sahine  county, 
tVli.  !t,  l.si>7,  was  a  capt-ain  of  rangers,  ami  in  1S8.")  was  ek'cteil  jire,i(lent  of 
thfi'attk'  A-isooiation  cf  West  Texas.  SlmijliUrH  Xnfc'^  "ii  T<x..  MS.  Cul. 
W,  I  'i;t\v  t'linl  Voting  is  another  man  of  enterprise.  He  was  liorn  in  Keiitneky, 
|ii..  !l,  I.VJO;  served  in  tlie  confederate  army,  and  in  1S7!>  settled  in  (iar/a 
I'Uiity,  Texas.  In  I8JS3  he  formed  the  Llano  Cattle  eo.,  selliiij;  iSO.O();) 
iuivs  (li  laud.  He  owns  l."),(K)0  liead  of  cattle  and  lielieves  tliattlie  llereford 
kwd  is  the  liest  adapted  to  the  climate  of  that  section  of  the  country.  Ynuiti/i 
Si'ilniK iit-1,  MS.  L.  H.  Collins,  who  went  to  Texas  in  ISCm,  considers  that  the 
I'lst  class  of  stock  for  the  country  is  tlie  l>urham;  tliougli  lie  says  the  Hei-cford 
i;ittlc  are  excellent  to  cross  with  tlie  native  Texas  animal.  The  Burmnda 
st"(k  is  also  good  for  crossing.  L.  li.  Collins  was  horn  in  Louisiana,  April 
'.'■-'.  jsts.  Il(  iiKirkt  on  S/ork,  MS.  N.  C.  liakUvin  remarks  tiiat  with  care, 
iiiil"'rttcl  stock  do  very  well  in  Texa'!,  and  little  loss  nceil  he  feared.  Bnli/irhi'i 
I!  i.iiiii.i  nil  Sfiifk;  MS.  John  S.  Andi-ews,  of  ])allas  county,  is  a  prominent 
»t"cki:iisi'r,  and  has  heen  engaged  in  that  business  along  tho  western  border 
It  many  years.  Jiii;/.  Sbfr/i,  .NIS. 

'T.  N.  liiinaii  (>)'  StitfiMirn,  i(f.  sup.,  2'^A.  John  B.  Slaughter,  brother  of 
•'.<'.  Slaughter,  has  been  engaged  largely  in  this  business,  wliich  is  very 
prniital'li'.  His  first  venture  was  made  in  1S7H,  when  lie  paid  ."ST  for  yearlings 
•iinl  slU  ami  .S|'2  respectively  for  animals  two  years  and  tiirie  years  old.  Ho 
'Irnve  tliiiii  to  Kansas,  and  after  wintering  them,  sold  the  beeves  at  the  rate 
"'•"'.'Oa  liead;  the  yearlings  he  kept  till  tiie  spring  of  1875,  when  they  real- 
'■".■>\  s.'i'J  a  head.  SliiU'ihtir,  l'iitt!f-<h<iliii'i,  MS.  .John  Sparks  was  tiie  tirst 
'  ittli'-ilcah'i-  will)  imported  the  long-horned  Texas  steers  into  tl<.  state  of 
Virginia.  He  was  born  in  Mississippi,  Aug.  HO,  IH43,  and  went  witii  his 
iitlur's  I'aiiiily  to  Texas  in  18.")7.  He  realized  a  considerable  fortune  in  tiie 
'iisintss,  and  iias  iiii  interest  in  large  cattle  ranchus  in  Nevaila  and  Itlalui. 

->'/■.;..' .V, A .«,  MS. 

llisT.  Mex.  States,  Vou  n.    36, 


f 

li:l 

mz 


rii 


*)4 


ff* 


108 


INDUSTTJES,   COMMKRCE,    ANTD  RAILROADS. 


IM 


[   1 


ho'mcf  gradually  forced  westward,  has  led  to  the  ajipiv- 
heiision  that  eventually  no  way  will  be  open  tlir(>u;^li 
the  country  where  a  sufficient  sup])ly  of  water  at 
necessary  intc^rvals  can  be  found.  ()n  Januarv  17 
1885,  James  F.  Miller,  of  Texas,  introduced  in  tl;  • 
liouse  of  representatives  a  bill  to  establish  a  <j[u;ir,i;i- 
tin(>d  live-stock  trail  thniULdi  Indian  Territory  to  tlir 
southwest  corner  of  Kansas,  thence  over  the  unap- 
propriated public  lands,  on  the  most  practicable  route, 
to  the  north  boundary  of  the  United  States.'* 

That  the  reader  may  understand  the  recjuiicim  iir 
that  Texas  cattle  should  be  made  subject  to  ([iiaraii- 
tine,  it  is  necessary  to  explain  that  an  extr.iordinarv 
and  destructive  bovine  disease  is  generated  in  tli;:t 
state,  known  as  the  Texas  fever;  also  called  splcnii 
fever  and  Spanish  fever.  It  is  endemic  rather  tlia;i 
epidemic,  the  cause  of  it  being  yet  unknown.  TIi  ■ 
lowlands  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico  are  admitted  to  ho  tin 
locality  of  its  origin,  and  the  hifected  area  is  Ixlicvtl 
to  embrace  more  than  half  of  the  state."  It  is  a  ii . 
markahle  fact  that  the  cattle  of  southern  Texas  do  imt 
tluMuselves  suffer  from  this  disease,  but  connnunicat^ 
it  when  thev  are  driven  north  to  the  cattle  of  nmrr 
northern  latitudes,  the  infection  being  the  result  ol* 
the  latter  walking  over  or  feeding  upon  the  trails  aloiiu' 
which  the  former  have  passed." 


'•''■'  It  was  proposed  that  this  trail  should  be  of  any  practicahlc  widtli  not  ex- 
cociliiig  six  miles,  ami  the  (jtiaraiitiiicil  grazing-grounds  Hhould  not  nxiwd  1;' 
miles  sipiare  iit  any  one  place.  U.  S.  linrmu  o/  Sta/iitir-^,  iif  .iii}'.,  -7,  h"' 
The  approximate  numher  of  cattle  driven  north  from  Texan  during  tlie  jun  ■! 
from  18«)()  to  1S84  ineliisivo,  is  5,1201, i;{2,  the  greatest  'drive'  heiug  in  l>ri. 
and  numhering  (500,000.  Tlic  'drive'  of  18^4  Mas  .300,000,  wlii.li,  at  .*l7a 
head,  amounted  to  Jj?."),  100,000. 

■-'  Its  northern  limit  is  supposed  to  he  bounded  by  an  irregular  li:i»,'t'XteiiJ- 
ing  in  a  southwesterly  direction  from  tlie  northea^  t  corner  of  (  uaysou  iniiii;} 
to  long.  100°;  thence  westerly  to  EI  I'aso  county;  thence  nuitlnvist  t ■ 
the  bonier  of  N.  Mexico. 

■•'-'The  generally  accepted  theory  is  tliat  the  disease  exists  in  a  latiut 
state  in  the  cattle  of  southern  Texas,  under  conditions  of  food  .'iiul  clinia:. 
which  prevent  impairment  of  the  hcaltli  of  the  animal;  during  the  iiiigniii  i 
nortliward  the  latent  cause  of  disease  passes  ott'  in  focal  matter,  and  is  iiili.il'  • 
or  taken  into  the  stomachs  of  the  northern  animals  wheji  they  fccil  mi  i;niui>  • 
passed  over  by  Texas  cattle.  To  animal <  tlius  infected  the  disc:ist'  is  I'lW' 
Experience  proves  tliat  it  is  never  communicated  north  of  South  I'hittiryr 
Tlie  couiuiittee  of  the  Wyoming  Stock-growers'  Asuociation,  ai>i»)mtcd  u 


SHEEP  AND  HOUSES. 


^63 


During  late  years,  syndicates  of  cattle-raisers  have 
Ihth  formed,  which  have  acquired  large  tracts  of  land 
ill  western  Texas.  These  extensive  properties  have 
1)(  1 11  surrounded  hv  wire  fences,  which  have  occasioned 
iiiucli  trouhle  between  agricultural  settlers  and  the 
cattlemen.  When  farmers  found  their  roads  to  the 
IK  aicst  towns  closed,  they  ]>roceeded  to  open  them  l>y 
cutting  the  fence  wires.  Tliis  action  was  resisted, 
and  not  a  few  lives  were  lost  in  the  quarrels  whieli 
ensued.  The  right  of  road  qu(^stion  became  so  serious 
from  the  determination  of  the  farmers  to  nisist  U[ii.n 
their  really  just  demand  for  convenient  lines  of  transit 
to  and  from  their  farms,  that  Governor  Ireland  con- 
vened a  special  session  of  the  legislature  in  December 
18.S3,  to  legislate  on  the  matter. 

As  the  reader  is  aware,  cattle  raiding  on  the  lUo 
Grande  frontier  has  been  carried  on  for  many  years. 
Tlicse  depredations,  however,  are  diminishhig  yearly 
ill  magnitude,  owing,  in  a  measure,  to  the  organi/.u- 
tion  of  cattlemen's  associations  for  the  mutual  protec- 
tion and  benefit  of  stock  owners. 

Ill  sliee[)  raising  Texas  takes  the  lead  of  all  other 
states  of  the  union  in  .almost  as  marked  a  dcirree  as 
ill  cattle  breeding. ^^  The  numln'r  of  horses  also  is 
in  excess  of  that  of  any  other  state  except  Illinois. 
The  subjoined  table  gives  the  comparative  figures  for 


<    I 


investigate  the  subject,  reported  at  the  annual  meeting,  April  1885,  tliat 
cattle  lirought  from  southeru  'lY'Xin  are  mily  daiigLToiis  fm- aliout  60  days 
imm  tlio  time  of  leaving  tlieir  native  rangu.s.  The  cause  of  the  (listaso  is 
I'liniiiiati'il  while  on  the  trail.  On  Jiarcii  I'J,  ISS"),  a  (|uarantine  law  vas 
lias.iii'l  l>y  t  '  'te  of  Kau.sas,  prohihiting  cattle  heiiig  driven  into  tlie  state 
troiii  >(iuth  .11  me  37th  parallel  of  nortli  latitude  thiring  the  months  from 
Miiriii  Ist  to  Dec.  Ist;  a  similar  law  M-as  ])assud  March  20,  ISH,"),  l>y  the  slate 
•it  (  (ilnnirhi,  asiiigning  the  3(>tli  parallel  as  the  «marantine  line;,  the  proliiliiti.in 
[icriiiil  liriiig  iro\n  ^farch  1st  to  Nov.  1st.  In  New  Mexico,  Nebraska,  and 
"Viiiiiirig  (juarantinc  laws  are  in  force.  Tliey  are  less  rigid,  however,  and 
tliuir  aiijiliiation  is  left  to  the  decision  of  executive  officers,  Mho^c  duty  it  i-( 
t"ili't»Tiiiine  when  quarantine  regulations  shall  he  enforced  and  when  <K.s- 
cmitiinu.l.  fd.,  31-,'5,   l.^t-T. 

■  •'.  M.  Rogers  of  Nueces  county  remarks  that,  since  the  country  las 
lioen  fenced,  there  is  a]  disposition  on  the  part  of  sheepmen  to  c!iaiii.-e 
tlu'ir  liiisiness  to  that  of' cattle  and  horse  breeding;  not  that  the  sliei.'p  bvisi- 
ncKs  will  not  pay,  but  tliat  they  believe  cattle  and  horses  will  pay  better  on 
iacloatd  ranges  than  sheep.  Ktmarku  on  Stock  Jiummj,  MS. 


5G4 


INDUSTRIES,  COMMERCE,   AND  RAILROADS. 


I?'  'J 


tlio  four  loading  states  in  each  of  these  industries  tor 
five  years." 

In  1858  the  legislature  passed  a  law  authoriziii'^  a 
geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  state,  jind 
the  appointment  of  a  state  geologist.  B.  F.  Shur- 
nard  coniinenced  work  in  1851),  but  only  accomplished 
superficial  and  partial  reconnoisances  of  small  portions 
of  the  state,  and  was  superseded  in  the  following  \(  ;ir 
by  Francis  Moore.  The  civil  war  and  the  subsequent 
confusion  which  prevailed  in  Texas  interrupted  ojiem- 
tions  for  many  years,  and  it  is  only  during  the  last 
decade  that  information  of  value  has  been  obtained 
relative  to  the  nihieral  resources  of  tlic  state. 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  immense  coal  deposits 
exist  in  ricli  veins  found  in  a  wide  belt  extending  fiom 
Clav  and  Monta<j:ue  counties  in  the  north  to  \\r\>\> 
county  in  the  south.  Little  enterprise,  however,  has 
hitlierto  boon  displayed  in  the  exploitation  of  this 
mineral  wealth,  and  the  principal  mines  opened  are 
chiefly  worked  by  the  railroad  companies  for  huoi 
tlve  fuel." 

»'  SHEEP. 


mi- 


Texas , 

Calif oniia. . . . 
N.  Mexico. . . 
Ohio 


1880 
5,y40,'20O 
5,7-27,:{0() 
LMt!»0,70() 
4,90l',40() 


ISbl 
0,850,000 
G,'2G."),000 
S,<.)oO,100 
4.!t:)l,500 


1882 
7,877..">00 
r),<H)7,G00 
n,<.»(i0,0(K) 

5,or.o,r)()o 


]88H        I       l>M 

7,!»r)(>,'.MM)  I  s,(i:i:,,7(io 
(»,'Jo:<.0(M)  (;,;i,v.'.:«itt 
4,4;;.-),i:(K)  |  4,47!i,."'(ti) 

,".,000,000  I  4,>N)0,(»0il 


Tixas... 
Illinois. . 
Missouri , 
Iowa. . . . 


890,000 

1,1 2.-.,  300 

859,700 

830,700 


H0KS]':S^ 

947,500 

l,i;U,900 

861,300 

842,  .300 


1,02.3,500 

1,141,10,) 

871,800 

883,900 


1,038,100 

1,1 51,. 300 

8.tO,(K)0 

9.39,100 


l,(>H."i,l(li) 

1,1.V.I,7(H) 

!t4iS,!Ni(l 

'.)!K),:tH) 


Xuint'rical  exactness  in  statistics  of  tliia  kind  is  impossible,  bnt  the  aliuvf 
figures  are  as  aiiproxiniately  correct  as  can  l)e  attained.  The  qiiaiitity  ii 
•Wool  produced  in  Texas  in  1880  was  0,928,019  Ihs  at  the  spring  clip;  in  l^^^i 
tiie  clii>  was  estimated  at  31,000,00011)8.  U.  S.  Bunun  of  Shit.,  no.  4,  l.SMW. 
54.5-0;  WiKxl  BroM  Lire  Stork  Movement,  Attention  is  l)ein^  paid  to  iiiirnivi 
ment  in  the  breed  of  horses.  J.  Johnson  had  a  fine  T.orse  called  IJlii'- 
Bird  which  beat,  Nov.  16,  1885,  LeLa  li.,  the  winner  of  a  race  M 
|!30. 000  at  Sacramento,  Cal.,  in  the  previous  September.  Jolnmyn,  /I'f.v  ■//"/•-< 
in  Te.r.,  MS.  The  nuiul.er  of  hogs  in  Texas  increa.sed  from  1,1HMI,0(HJ  m 
1880  to  2,153,000  in  1884. 

'^*ln  1885  the  principal  mines  worked  were  those  in  Palo  Pinto.  Tiirktr. 
Webb,  Maveric,  and  Presidio  counties,  and  in  the  Eagle  mountains  in  tlic 
extreme  west  of  Texas.  It  is  estimated  that  the  coal  fields  in  Tcx.n  exttiil 
over  an  area  of  .30,000  sq.  miles.  Bcj)t  Sec.  Int.,  cong.  41,  sesa.  3,  I'.'.");  Lnui 
and  Thompson's  Galveston,  39-42. 


MIXES  AND   MANUFACTUllKS. 


5'*)5 


Tlio  iron  vein  enters  Texas  from  the  noiilieast  in 
Biiuio  county,  and  the  on;  is  fimnd  in  ahiindaiicc^  in 
tilt'  eastern  counties,  and  in  tlie  mountainous  districts 
of  tlio  upper  Colorado  and  its  tributaries.  In  Llano 
county  there  Is  a  massive  hill  of  inm  ore,  .'JO  feet  hi,L»h, 
8()0  long,  and  500  wide.  The  ore  has  been  tested  and 
found  to  j-ield  70  per  ct-ntof  pure  iron."  As  yet  the 
dt'velopment  of  this  mining  industry,  like  that  of  coal, 
is  only  in  its  infancy.  It  does  not  a})i)ear  that  any 
ent(  r[)rise  in  iron  smelting  was  engaged  in  Ix'fore  the 
civil  war.  Dunng  that  period  three  small  furnaces 
\\c\v  erected. 

Another  metal  which  Texas  3'ields  in  great  abun- 
eUiice  is  copper,the  belt  of  which  extends  from  Wichita 
county  southward,  with  some  interruptions,  and  a 
westerly  bend  to  Pecos  and  Presidio  counties.  A 
coinpaiiy  was  chartered  in  1885  to  work  coppi'r  mines 
in  ArcJier  county,  which  ma\'  be  considiued  rs  the 
first  serious  step  taken  toward  the  establishment  of 
this  industry  in  the  state.  Silver-bearing  ores,  }»riit- 
(ilKtlly  argentiferous  galena,  crop  out  in  Llano  county 
and  can  be  traced  to  San  Saba  and  Burnett  c(»unties 
where  old  S[)anish  mines  are  still  to  be  .seen,  as  also 
along  the  Pecos  river.  Lead  is  found  in  El  Paso, 
Presidio,  Gonzales,  and  Gillespie  counties, 

Valuable  deposits  of  salt  are  found  in  Gregg,  Hi- 
(!al^(),  Van  Zandt,  El  Paso  and  many  other  counties. 
Along  the  Kio  Grande  it  is  found  in  inexhaustible 
'|uantities,  the  salt  lakes  of  El  Paso  being  famous. 
Iviuallv  so  is  the  Sal  del  Rey  in  Hidalgo,  which  is  a 
l:U!.fu  body  of  salt  water  about  one  mile  in  diameter 
and  nearly  eii'cular  in  shape.  From  this  lake  the 
|ii'o|)le  of  Texas  was  supplied  with  salt  during  the 
eivil  war.  Building  stone  of  every  descri}>tion  exists 
throughout  the  state,  an<l  ]^urnctt,  Llano,  and  San 
^alia  counties  contain  beautiful  varieties  of  marble  of 

■'"(icfi.  T.  Toilil  narrates  tli.'it  in  early  days  wairi mors  (iti  tlic  rnad.s  Icad- 
111::  iiitci  .tctl'crsoii  \isi'(l  tiat  inm  rofks  <iu  which  to  liaUe  tiieir  lireail,  and  li.at 
till' .siiuc  into  horso-nlide.s  without  the  trouble  of  tiuieltiiii;  tliu  ore.  JtiJ'iixou 
InjiiXucn,  Fub.  10,  IbSO. 


a  >  'j,'i 


I  c 


1,1 


It  I 


I 


see  INDUS'IRIKS,   COMMERCE,    AND  RAILROADS, 

tlifforent  colors,  white,  black,  flesh  color,  and  cloudid, 

Tho  manufacturing  and  mechanical  industrits  arc 
but  sli<j;litly  developed  in  Texas.  It  is  essentially  uii 
a;j;rioultural  country,  and  the  various  inchistries  cn- 
^aij^c'd  in  under  the  above  two  general  heads  an;  iidt 
pursued  to  an  extent  ade(|uat(!  to  meet  the  home  dr. 
niand.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of 
ISHO  the  total  value  of  all  such  products  for  that 
year  was  only  $'J0,7ll),l>'28,  employing  a  caj/ital  of 
$:)/245,5Gl  and  12,159  hands,  11,045  being  nial.s 
above  16  years  of  age.  The  wages  paid  during  tli»> 
same  i>eriod  amounted  to  $3, ,34.'^, 087,  and  the  v.ijiic 
of  the  materials  used  to  $12,U5G,20D,  showing  ii<  t 
ju'oceeds  to  the  amount  of  $4,420,572.  Tlie  vahif  df 
sinilar  i)roducts  in  California  for  tlie  same  year  was 
$1 1(5,218,933.  The  subjoined  table  exhibits  the  prin- 
cipal industries,  namely  all  those  on  which  a  capitiil 
of  over  $100,000  was  employed."  In  1870  tlie  valuf 
of  the  corresponding  ])roducts  was  $11,5  17,302,  wliicii 
compared  with  the  figures  for  1880  exhibits  an  in- 
crease of  $U,202,G26  for  the  latter  year. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Texas,  previous  to  h(T  p- 

Valuu  of 


1880 


Capital. 


lil<'u'k.>4iiiitliiiig 

Root  and  shoes. 

IW'ick  iiuil  tilo i 

Carriages  and  wagons.. | 
Flour  and  grist  mills. . 
Foundry  iiTifl  niach.  lihop 
Ice,  artilicial  ........  I 

Liiinlier,  planed I 

Lumber,  sawed 

on,  cotton-seed  and  rake. 
I'rintingand  pulilisliing 
Sadillery  and  harness.  . 
Sash,  d<ior.s  and  blinds. 
PliiUKhter'gA  mentpiipk'g 
Tin. copper,  and  iron  ware 


$  •299,C45 
100,152 
183,5:«) 
150,700 
.3,082,952 
305,350 
342, 5(X) 
143,000 
l,f)()0,!)52 
202,000 
447,!H)0 
28r),<»25 
106,4(X) 
202,200 

230, 7;«) 


Totals, 


No.  of 
work- 
men. 


707 
235 

1,185 
211 

2,001) 

3I')0 

80 

191 

3,180 
158 
414 
270 
82 
132 
217 


Wages. 


180,502 
87,223 

204,49!) 
92,014 

3()8,G83 

149,212 
40,855 
73,775 

732.914 
3<),272 

232,924 

110,570 
49,800 
49,800 

105,174 


:?7,810.93<>IS110,043  .«!2,520,223  gl  1,240,410  ■■*I7.1H'.'."- 


Materials. 


247,4(54 
140,043 
105,074 
1.39,000 

0,371,000 

228,151, 

45,485! 

295,(h10 

2,01M>,775 
192,441 
207,438 
.325,.-)79 
305, 2(K) 
280,220 
259,300 


Vaim;  nf 

I'roiliu't.s 

7'J7,(I7!> 
37'.'.- Ill 
44.  .(IS 

:!()i  Mni 
7.  I'll  7, 177 
.■i:i'J,7'S 
I7ii.(i''i> 
4.')H.iK"l 

3,i;7:i.4i:i 

■J7i>.4''i> 

(;i).'v.iNiii 

r).s7,N7l 
4H!,.-><«' 
4.H(i.4'»' 
4!ll,4'.'!l 


11.  Mixc.  Due,  cong.  47,  scss.  2,  ii.  189-90,  g;.a.  fol. 


IMPOR'iS   AND   KXPOUTS. 


54)7 


admission  into  the  union,  was  very  limited,  the  imports 
raivly  exceeding  lialf  a  million  dollars,  and  the  exports 
liriii<4  })roi)ortionately  small."  With  the  year  1870, 
liow'cver,  foreiijn  trade  assumed  a  viiror  which  marked 
tilt'  hei^inning  of  an  era  of  })rosiK^rity,  and  a  rapidly 
iiK  leasing  development.  In  tiiat  year  the  exports  of 
tldiiM'stic  merchandise  from  Galveston  amounted  to 
.$1  t,S0!),001,  and  in  1881  to  $20,085,248,  the  increase 
Ixiiijjf  attained  through  spasmodic  fluctuations.'*  The 
total  amount  of  domestic  merchandise  exported  from 
all  tli(;  ports  of  Texas  for  the  year  ending  June  .'{0, 
18s:!,  was  $:j;{,400,808,  over  $20,000,000  rei.ivsenting 
cotton.  Nearly  nine  tenths  of  the  commerce  with 
toivi:^fn  countries  is  conducted  through  the  [tort  of 
(liilveston,  as  will  he  seen  by  reference  to  the  suhjolned 
talile,  showing  the  commercial  statistics  for  the  year 
ending  June  .'30,  1883." 

-'"rin;  value  of  the  iinpoitit,  including  coin  and  hullion,  at  Oalveaton  in 
is.-,ll  was  .-?!»■-',•-•.'>»;  in  I8il(),  .s.-.;n,  l."):};  in  lS(i(i,  .*lll,;i.-)7;  18ti8,  .<C.7!t,!)(;();  and 
bii'.l,  S'_'l)(>,.")17.  'J  lie  valutas  of  tlioexjKirts  from  tlii!  same  port  for  tin;  sanie 
y.ais  w.ro  ri'spectively  )?1, '_•.")•_',  !fJ.'),  !?.'.,  772, 158,  .*!  1,288,  !••_'(  i,  §.-),H2!>,  1 10,  and 
V.i,''li'.  I •'»;{.   U.  s.  If.  Ki;.  l)i»:,  cong.  47,  hcss.  2,  xviii.,  p.  lix.-lx. 

-'■''J'lie  following  talilu  indicatui  the  tluctuationn: 


Imports. 

KxportH. 

1\0              

$  .")0<t,2.'n 

l,2.-..-),0i)3 
1,741,000 
2,420,  (J2(» 
1,4;!2,2.") 
1,2I8,0:{4 

1,  :{.•}."),  005 

1,411,,5»4 

1,081,201 

87l,!t:{8 

1,107,241 

:<,i(H;,<;t)0 

.'{,022,274 

S14,S()!t,()OI 

bTI 

i:j.7(>4,:{84 

W,i 

12,211,774 

Is7:{.             

i7,()2!t  (;:{:{ 

]\i 

i!),i:{.">,'.»5i 

h7.").     . 

15,S7t),(i.S-2 
l.'),24,">,041 

isTii 

h77 

l.->,l(J0,:i!»4 
12  177  510 

IsTS 

isTli. 

1(>,:«K{  877 

issil 

l(!,712,S(il 

lvs| 

2(),r)8.".,-_'18 

bvj 

15,51 5.0t»4 

/■/. 


"                                         I               Jniiiort.s. 

1                    '■ 

Exports. 

(::ilvist.,n 

!S1,5I  1,712 
8(tl,447 
1(K),084 
711,787 

§2!>,(;27.8!I8 

I'ra/.H  lie  Santiago 

Siiliina 

1,102,801 

871,(Mi8 

C(ir[ms  ( 'liristi 

1,798,081 

Total 

P,  125,0.10 

.«!;W,400,8(t8 

k 


■  4i 


V.  S.  II.  Ej:  Doc.,  coug.  48,  ausa.  1,  xvii.  134-5,  27U-7.     The  growth  of  mcr- 


Wt^i 


088 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,   AND  RAILROADS. 


As  the  increase  of  tlie  tomiajjfo  of  vcshcIs  i'inj(!(i\((| 
in  the  carryinj^  trade  is  neci'SHarily  |>r(>|M>rti(tMair  \,, 
the  increase  of  coiiiinerce,  some  iiiforination  with  r,-- 
ixard  to  the  former  may  l>e  iiiterestiii«j.  In  is;)(;. 
whini  tlie  exports  from  (ialvcston  aniountcrl  in  v.iliic 
to  $1,252,1)25,  the  tonnajj^e  of  vess«Ms  entered  at  that 
])ort\vjcs  10,84f)tons;  in  18(10  it  was  :}2,2r):};  in  IS70, 
,'n,555  tons;  in  1880,  117,1)72  tons;  and  in  Ish:{, 
153,014  tons.  At  the  date  of  June  .'{0,  ISBIJ,  th.iv 
were  documented  in  the  state  of  Texas  274  vessels, 
with  an  agu^rej^ate  tonnajjfe  of  10,(572  tons,  of  which 
30  were  steamers,  a«jj<jfre<i^atini^  3,308  tons.  Tliciv  is 
bat  little  sliip-buildi  iw-  in  Texas.  DuriiiLj  the  vtar 
I'udin*^  June  30,  1883,  nine  small  saUin!^  vessels  weie 
lauiicju'd,  a!j^gre<jjatin<jf  only  1)0  tons,  and  two  steamers 
a«^gret;ating  nearly  05  tons.  Internal  traiis|»(Mfati(iii 
is  cari'UKl  on  by  river  steamers  of  lij^ht  draft,"  and 
alon*^  the  systems  of  railroads  that  have  been  estah- 
hshed.  Durin<j:  late  vears  measures  Jiave  been  adoiitrd 
for  tlie  inij)rovement  of  rivers  and  harbors.  Coiisi(h 
erablo  sums  of  money  are  being  ex[)ended  in  jirojects 
to  deepen  the  channels  over  the  bars  at  tlie  entianccs 
of  the  bays  and  at  the  mouths  of  the  prinei[»al  rivers. 

In  early  days  the  high-roads  leading  through  Texas 
were,  as  Kennedy  remarks,  **of  nature's  construction," 


oantilc  operations  in  individual  cities  is  illustrated  l)y  the  success  of  S.iiiL'cr 
Hros,  wlKilusale  inurcluints  and  dealers.  This  liriii  does  husiiu'ss  in  \\  acn  to 
tlie  amount  of  lu'arly  .S.")<M>,0(tO  M-ortli  of  goods  annually,  and  in  Dallis  it 
nearly  three  times  that  amount.  Wlien  they  first  opened  tlieir  hmisf  in 
Waco,  tlu'y  em])loyeil  only  two  clerks;  now  they  employ  (So  clerks  in  tlii' 
same  estahlishment.  This  result  was  attained  in  less  than  a  dozen  yars. 
Sdiiijt'r't  Sfiitriiit'iU,  MS. 

^'lu  1850-1,  a  canal  was  constructed  hy  the  (Jalveston  and  Iha/ni  Navi- 
gation {*(). ,  connecting  ( ialveston  and  Rrazos  river,  at  a  cost  of  .'?;U(>.(liin.  Tlie 
4'Utting  is  8  miles  in  length,  .">0  feet  wide  at  tlie  surface,  awl  .SA,  feet  drrp:  the 
remainder  of  tliis  transportation  line  is  HO  miles  in  length,  and  jiasses  tliiiiui;li 
the  slack  waters  of  tiic  Oyster  ]$ay  and  West  Bay.  U.  S.  II.  Mixc,  inii:;.  17. 
sess.  2,  xiii.  7.")4-.5,  gen.  fol. 

■'■^  Improvements  are  being  eflfected  at  Sahine  pass  and  Blue  Ruck  liar,  »n 
the  Sahine,  Neciies,  and  Trinity  rivers;  at  the  entrance  to  ( Jalvestmi  liarlmr. 
and  on  a  ship-cliannel  in  the  hay;  on  RuH'alo  hayou;  the  channel  ovcrtlieliar 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Brazos;  at  I'ass  Cavallo  inlet  to  Matagni-da  hay:  Aiai)s;is 
]iass  and  hay,  up  to  Rockj)ort  and  Corjius  I'hristi;  o!i  tlie  harhorat  ISra/'is 
Santiago;  and  in  tlie  protection  of  the  river  hank  at  Fort  Brown  on  tiiu  Kii> 
Grande.   U.  S.  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  coug.  48,  sess.  1,  vol.  iv.  1047-97. 


IIOADS   AND  MAIL8. 


TKli) 


and  in  the  iWy  st^aaou  no  difficulty  was  cnrountcrcd, 
(Atcpt  at  tlui  livtTH,  ill  j()unu'yin<jj  tVoin  tlu*  \\\o 
(iijiihIo  to  tli(^  Sal)ino  in  cania«j;t'S  ;^'  durinj^  tlic  rainy 
iiKuitlis  travi'llin<jf  was  very  toilsonu^  and  cxitcns'ivc. 
T!i<  |M»stal  service  jtloiiuf  snrli  routes  was  irrej^ular  and 
(It  litient,  l)Ut  as  tin;  country  hecanu;  more  settled,  a 
on  liter  de<jfree  of  efficiency  was  attained.  In  IS.')?, 
till  nveiland  mail  route  was  estaMislied  between  San 
Antciiio  an«l  San  Die<^o,  California/*  under  a  contract 
ciitt  led  iiit(»  with  the  njovernnient  l»y  Jan»es  Vl.  IVireh. 
llrt'rii-in«^  to  the  postinaster-m'neral's  n'port  of  ])e- 
(iiiilxr  4,  1808,  it  will  bo  found  that  the  ainiual  cost 
(if  mail  transportation,  includinjj;  route  and  local 
ii^ciits  and  mail  messi'iiijjers,  for  the  years  endin<jf  June 
:;o.  JHf)/  and  1858,  was  respectively  .$-j:5'J,i;{8  and 
s:!,V,i,:{00,  the  estimate  for  the  year  endhit'  June  .'{0, 

hie  t 


IS.V.i,  lu'inir  .^(504,1^(53. 


Tl 


lis  ureat  increase  is  ( 


0 


a  lai'-'c  mnnher  of  new  service  routes  beinuf  established. 
From  this  time  the  service  has  developed  in  j>ropor- 
tidii  to  the  Increasing  reciuirements  of  the  state.  Ac- 
citi'diiH^  to  the  postmast'f-<ifenerars  rejuirt  of  November 
111,  1MHI{,  it  appears  that  in  the  years  ending  June  150, 
li^8'_'  and  188J{,  the  number  of  post-offices  in  Texas 
was  resj^ectively  1,4^58  and  1,448.  The  aggregate 
1'  ii''th    of  the   mail   routes  for  the  latter  vear  was 


'■  Alinnnto  says:  '  Desdc  Mt'xieo  liasta  los  I'stadrts-Unidos  hc  iiucdc  via  jar 
'  11  ciiitiKigt!,  a  lo  iiieiKM  M'is  iiu'sos  del  ailii,  iirincij)iand(>  en  mayo  d  juiiin. ' 
.\''.  F..-1'ul.  Tij.,  44.     See  also  ('"/•.  I myrcson,  '1,  wo.  vi.,  44-"),  (!o-88,  talilu  no. 

7,  in;. 

'Mlti  tlic  niiiiv  iKH'tht.Tn  overland  mail  nmtc  to  f'alifornia,  Adam  Itankin 
■l"lm<iiii,  in  l.S."i."),  liouglit  the  Staked  I'laius  station,  tlie  most  daiijienms  jioint 
■  !i  till.'  line.  Mo  also  aei|uired  otiier  stations,  Imt  was  comiKdled  to  give 
'Ih'Iii  u])  on  aceount  of  the  diHiculty  lie  exiierietiri'il  in  olitaming  lalioring 
null,  ouiii^  to  tlie  liostility  of  the  Indians.  .Inhnson  was  lioni  in  Kt'iitucky 
Frli.  s,  |s:i4,  and  settled  in  lUirnett  eoiinty,  Texas,  in  1S44.  lie  served  with 
il;-tiiiitiiiu  in  tl'.e  eonfederatc  army,  doing  most  imiiortant  sciKiting  service. 
\\v  div.iiiizi'd  tlielireekeiiridge  guards,  and  was  made  a  general  of  hrigade  liy 
M"ri;;iM.  At  the  engagement  at  <lral)l)s'  cross-roads,  near  < 'iimlieiland. 
.'■i!m>c.ii  received  a  shot  in  the  right  eye,  the  hall  passing  in  nar  of  the  left 
ivi',  and  through  the  left  temiile.  Hoth  organs  wen;  instaiiMy  detrovcch 
IVuig  t;ikcii  jiri.oner,  he  was  exclianged  Marcli  'li),  I.SCm.  and  return<il  in 
tliiit  year  to  Texas,  Mhcre  he  took  Mj(  liis  ahoile  on  a  sin,ill  r.inclio  in  l.claiid 
'■'I.  fit  I'-rni'fx  Bin  I.  if  A.  It.  J  'liiisoii,  MS.  I'articnlars  of  tlic  two  great  o\  cr- 
liiiiliiiid  route)  will  lie  fouml  in  /'.  H.  Sen.  Dm:,  eoug.  '.i't,  sess.  '_',  iv.  ~;'>\}- 
■'•l    .Sec  alio  7Vx.  Aim.,  ISM,  Ul'J-50. 


I" 


I 


570 


INUUSTIIIKS,   roMMKRCE,   ANT>  RAIIJlOADS. 


18,871  niilo8,  tlio  mails  lu'in^  tranH|K)rto(i  ovor  5, .".7 1 
uu\vH  by  rail,  and  492  milrs  l»y  HtcanilK»at,  tlic  IkiI- 
aiico  (»f  I. '{,008  mill's  rcprt'sciitiu}^  routes  (h'si;j;?iiitt(| 
as  "star  routes,"  irn'^ular  prod'cdinj^s  in  contracts  fnr 
which  hav(i  been  repeatedly  exposed."  The  tot.il  an- 
nual transportati<»n  is  representt>d  hy  distances  aj^i^rc- 
gatinif  8,l)48,o:}5  miles,  at  a  cost  (.f  !?718,r)ir.." 

liailroad  systems  have  been  developed  in  an  extiJKir- 
dinary  dejLfree  in  Texas  durini^  tln»  last  ten  3'ears.  hi 
1870,  there  were  less  than  .'JOO  miles  in  ojK'ration,  .-iikI 
in  1870  only  about  1,000  miles,  while  in  1885  over 
7,000  miles  had  been  completed.  Purinf(  the  npiili- 
lic  numerous  chai-ters  for  railroads  wen*  j^ranted,  hiit 
none  were  acted  upon,  and  it  was  not  until  18.V2  flint 
the  first  road  was  commenced,  A  brU'f  account  df 
the  oldest  line  in  the  state  will  not  beuninterestin;^'. 

In  the  above-named  year,  a  preliminary  survty  vns 
made,  and  some  work  done,  on  what  was  then  callid 
the  ]^uttalo  Bayou,  Brazos,  and  Colorado  road,  start- 
in«j;  from  llarrisburg  with  a  westerly  direction,  and 
in  t]w  same  year  the  whistle  of  tin?  first  locomotivooii 
Texati  soil  was  lu'anl  at  Harrisburjj^,  beini;  also  tin 
second  put  in  motion  west  of  the  ^Mississippi.  The 
company  was  organized  June  1,  18r)0,  at  J^ostnii, 
JSlassachusetts,  by  General  Sidney  Sherman,  \\]u> 
may  be  rej^ardcd  as  the  father  of  railroad  systems  in 
Texas.  The  work  j^rogrcssed  slt)wly,  and  the  Colo- 
rado was  not  reached  till  1851),  when  the  lini'  \v;i> 
open  to  Eagle  lake,  G5  miles  from  its  initial  point, 
In  1800,  it  had  been  extended  to  Columbus,  theiivtr 
being  brid*}  d  at  Alley  ton.  By  an  act  of  the  Ici^isla- 
ture  the  ci  rter  was  changed  in  1870,  and  San  An 
tonio  made  the  objective  point.  Since  that  time  it 
has  been  ca  3d  the  Galveston,  Harrisburg,  and  San 
Antonio  rai  ,vay,  perhaps  better  known  as  the  "Sun- 
set route."  On  January  15,  1877,  the  road  readml 
San  Antonio,  the  citizens  of  Bejar  county  having  votnl, 

^  This  remark  doea  not  nijply  individually  to  the  Texas  mail  service,  kt 
to  that  of  tne  U.  S.  generally. 

»«  U.  S.  U.  Ex.  Doc.,  coug.  48,  seas.  1,  ix.  108,  133. 


Janu; 

S[).c(j 

llir  p; 
to  if. 

ill','  til 
J 'a  so, 
into  \v 
is  >til| 
that  p( 
Tlir  I,. 

JiKid  ill 

and  <)«• 

liirf,.,| 

miles,  t 

I'lanch 

ii''<'tion 

'**!|iit|i;»r( 

iii.iiii  111 
^'<»l•tIlel 
<^-in  Xai 
.i,'iv('ii  to 
I'.iih'oad 

The 
lh'Ust( 

was    fr,.; 

<'"'•]  ""■■vt( 

.1  line  fi 
tlio  state 
instead 
Khcneze 
It'.^nsJatui 
,1,'i'inted  t 
thoiiccfor 
I'ivaliT  e> 
aiTatigod 

ly,,  l,S.-,-0;   1 
f/ioiiipso/i'ti  Gi 


m 


HAM, WAYS. 


871 


.Taiiuarv  1^70,  $.'100,000  iucountv  bonds  t«>  sorun-  tho 
s|i.  fdy  <'«)ii>j»lt'ti(m  of  tli«!  liiu\  In  tlio  Hiiinc  month 
tlic  passi'ii^tT  terminus  was  ilianj^cd  from  l[ariisl)Ui'»; 
ti  lloiiston  l>y  a  lino  from  I'lcice  junotion.  Follow- 
iii;4  tlio  Huttinjjf  sun,  it  lias  since  lu'cn  ('xt('U(U'«l  to  VA 
J';iso,  where  it  coimeets  with  tin*  South<'rn  Pacific, 
into  which  system  it  has  been  incor|>orate«l,  though  it 
i.s>till  under  the  control  of  its  own  mana;j;ers.  At 
that  i)oint  it  also  connects  with  the  Mexican  (Central. 
TIk'  leiijjrth  of  the  main  line  is  H4H  miles,  and  no  rail- 
road in  Texas  has  had  more  inHi"«nce  In  the  scttlemeiit 
and  development  of  tlie  country.  The  hranches  con- 
II. (ted  with  it  Jire  the  La  (Jran<^e  from  Columhus,  .'U 
miles,  the  Gonzales  from  llarwoo«l,  12  miles,  and  the 
Itiaiich  to  Eai(le  Pass,  on  the  llio  (Irande,  where  con- 
ii'ction  is  made  with  the  Mexican  Internutional.  At 
SpnUnrd  junction,  a  few  miles  from  San  Antonio,  the 
main  line  is  crossed  l)y  the  International  andClreat 
Northern,  which  ionnects  at  Laredo  with  the  Mexi- 
can National.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  access  is 
j^ivcii  to  all  ])oints  in  the  ^fjxican  republic  that  have 
railroad  connnunications."' 

Tlie  next  lailroad  conunenccd  in  Texas  was  the 
Ifoiiston  and  Texas  Ci'utral.  The  original  charter 
was  t^rantcd  in  1848,  by  winch  the  company  was  in- 
('i)r]»oruted  under  the  title  of  the  Galveston  and  lied 
liiver  Railroad  company,  tlit;  obj(!ct  being  to  construct 
a  line  from  Galveston  to  the  northern  boundarv  of 
the  state.  Work  was  begun  in  1853  at  Houston, 
instead  of  Galveston,  by  the  original  incorporator, 
Klu'ui'zer  Allen,  his  action  being  confirmed  by  the 
loi^islaturc,  which,  on  February  7th  of  that  year, 
,1,'ranted  the  charter  fjr  the  road  under  consideration; 
tluMiceforth  the  line  assumed  its  present  name.  The 
rivalry  existing  between  Galveston  and  Houston  was 
arranged  by  a  compromise,  under  which  the  two  cities 


lit 


i'  I 


';  »  I 


m 


•u 


^. 


hi  !| 

A'- 


■infr 


'■r/niW,  018-19,  7C6-7;  T,'x.  Aim.,  1850,  219-20;  1800,202;  1801,228; 
ISi;:,  l,s,VU;  1808,  122-0:  liiidrM  T,.r.  Aim.,  1882,  210;  18H:?,  72;  L^uid  and 
Tkuiiihion'i)  GalveatoH,  49-50;  Tex.  Jmiu.it.  Houston,  1884-5,  'i'A. 


572 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,   AND  RAILROADS. 


were  connected  by  the  Galveston,  Houston,  and  Ifen- 
derson  road,  which  was  begun  at  Vh-ghiia  point,  and 
completed  in  18G5,  a  junction  being  effected  with  tin.' 
Houston  and  Texas  Central.  In  1859,  a  bridge  was 
constructed  across  the  bay  by  the  city  of  Galvostt)ii. 
The  main  line  was  slow  in  progress,  having  only  ])vvn 
advanced  about  80  miles  when  the  civil  war  biokt; 
out.  Then  an  interruption  occurred,  and  it  was  int 
until  March  1873  that  it  reached  Denison  citv,  (iiav- 
s(jn  county,  where  a  junction  was  formed  with  the 
Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  road,  thus  opening  coin- 
munication  by  rail  with  St  Louis.  The  distance  from 
Houston  to  Denison  is  341  miles.  Branch  lines  are 
from  Hempstead  to  Austin,  115  miles;  from  Breiiliam 
through  Waco  to  Albany,  Shackelford  county,  '2:i\ 
miles,  which  northwestej'n  division  is  to  be  extciKKd 
through  the  panhandle  to  New  Mexico  and  Colorado; 
and  the  northeastern  division,  aheady  constructed 
from  Garrett,  Ellis  county,  to  Roberts,  51  miles,  and 
intended  to  reach  the  southern  contiguous  corners  it 
Intlian  Territory  and  Arkansas.  There  is  also  a  12- 
mlle  branch  from  Garrett  to  Waxahatchie. 

Houston  is  the  natural  railroad  centre,  no  less  tliaii 
ten  different  lines  converging  to  it  from  as  many  }>oiii!s 
in  the  four  quarters  of  the  compass.  Three  of  tlusi' 
have  been  already  mentioned;  the  remaining  inads 
are  the  International  and  Great  Northern,  ojKMU'd  to 
Longview,  Gregg  county,  distant  232  miles  from 
Houston.  From  Palestine,  Anderson  county,  ex- 
tends the  Laredo  branch  to  the  Ilio  Grande.  41.) 
miles.  This  railroad  is  the  result  of  the  consolida- 
tion of  the  International,  chartered  Au'jjust  17,  1H7(i. 
and  the  Houston  and  Great  Northern,  chartered 
October  22,  1806.  Houston  Tap  and  Brazoria  liail 
way  was  completed  in  18G0,  purchased  in  1871  liy 
th(!  Houston  and  Great  Northern  com])any,  and  now 
forms  part  of  tlie  International  and  Great  NortLeiii 
sj'steni.  Its  direction  is  due  south  to  Columbia.  l!ra- 
zoria  county.     The  charter  was  granted  Septendur  I, 


RAILWAYS. 


573 


>)".i 


f  these 

1U'(1   to 

from 

■tv.  cx- 

v,  4l.> 

lisoVula- 

1870, 

liU'trVcd 

|871  l«.v 
iiilur  1. 


1850,  and  the  line  completed  about  August  1859,  its 
Icn^tli  being  50  miles.  The  Texas  and  New  Orleans 
railway  extends  from  Houston  to  Orange  city,  near 
tlu"  Sabine  river.  It  is  106  miles  in  lengtli  and  was 
npciK'd  in  1861.  It  now  forms  part  of  the  Southern 
racific  system.  Connection  is  formed  b}'  it  with 
M(ii!j;an's  Louisiana  and  Texas  railroad,  which  com- 
|tl(  tcs  communication  from  San  Francisco,  California, 
to  New  Orleans. 

Ill  May  1873,  the  Gulf,  Colorado,  and  Santa  Fe 
line  was  charterea.  This  was  a  Galveston  enterprise, 
tin'  intention  being  that  the  road  should  start  from 
tliat  city,  and  passing  up  the  valley  of  the  Colorado 
lio  carried  on  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.     The  orisci- 

1  • 

iial  plan,  however,  was  changed,  the  line  turning  uj> 
the  valley  of  tlie  Brazos  to  Cameron,  thence  to  Tem- 
]ile  junction,  Lampasas,  and  Coleman,  a  total  distance 
of  iiJl  miles  already  constructed.  This  is  the  main 
line  known  as  the  Santa  Fe  division,  and  wlien  com- 
jileted  will  pass  through  the  panhandle  to  that  city. 
The  Fort  Worth  division,  already  completed  from 
Temple  junction  to  that  point,  is  intended  to  pass 
through  Montague  county,  and  be  extended  through 
Indian  Territory  to  Fort  Dodge,  Kansas.  Construc- 
tion was  commenced  at  Virginia  Point  in  May  1875, 
and  the  road  opened  to  traffic  as  far  as  Richmond  in 
1^^7S.  Branch  li»\cs  have  been  built  from  Alvin  to 
Houston,  24  miles;  from  Cleburne  to  Dallas,  54  miles; 
and  from  Somorville  to  ]^dontgomcry,  53  miles  in 
lt-'li;j;t]i. 

The  Houston.  East  and  AVest  Texas  narrow  gauge 
railway  extends  northward  from  Houston,  and  is 
already  constructed  beyond  Nacogdoches.  This  road 
was  chartered  in  March  1875,  and  was  intended  to 
reach  ]led  river  in  Bowie  countv,  (onnectinix  with 
the  entire  systems  of  r.ailroads  in  eastern  Texas  and 
southwestern  Arkansas.  Tlie  western  division,  as 
{irojocted,  was  to  extend  from  Houston  to  Victoria, 
Goliad,  and  Bceville,  a'.id  thence  to  Laredo  on  the 


^i 

■nfB 

i  B|' 

»      1 

'  S'i 

r      , 

■|l 

ij 

ii  : 


1^ 


674 


INDUS iRIES,   COMMERCE,   AND  RAILROADS. 


Rio  Grande,  having  a  branch  to  Coi-pus  Christi  bav. 
This  system  was  an  enterprise  of  the  citizens  of  Hous- 
ton, its  promoter  being  Paul  Bremond  of  that  citv. 
Anotlier  narrow  gauge  railway  is  the  Te^as  Western, 
the  objective  point  being  Presidio  del  Norte,  on  tlic  Kio 
(xrande,  1)00  miles  due  west  of  Houston.  Construc- 
tion on  this  line,  to  any  great  extent,  was  for  some 
time  delayed  Connection,  however,  was  made  at 
Seaby,  53  miles  from  Houston,  with  the  Gulf,  Colorado, 
and  Santa  Fe  road.  The  Texas-Mexican  line  is  now  in- 
corporated with  the  Mexican  National.  It  was  or<fa- 
nized  in  1875  under  the  appellation  of  the  Corj)us 
Christi,  San  Diego,  and  Rio  Grande  railway.  The 
branch  line  from  Houston  will  connect  with  the  main 
trunk  line  at  San  Diego,  Duval  county,  Galveston 
will  also  be  connected  by  another  main  branch.  Tlic 
division  extending  from  Corpus  Christi  to  Laredo  is 
already  completed,  and  construction  is  progressinj; 
rapidly  on  all  other  divisions.  This,  also,  is  a  narrow 
gauge  Ihie. 

Besides  these  systems  which  all  centre  in  Houston, 
mention  nmst  be  made  of  the  Fort  Worth  and  Den- 
ver City  railway,  crossing  the  panhandhi  from  its 
south-eastern  to  its  north-western  corner.  Work  is 
progressing  rapidly  on  this  line,  about  400  miles  \)v 
ing  already  completed.     Fort  Worth,**  in  fact,  is  an 


)e- 


""The  growth  of  this  city,  wlt'ch  was  incorporatecl  in  1S7.3,  was  uxtrannli- 
nary.  B.  B.  Paddock  states  that  when  the  first  raih-oa<l  rcachi'il  tlu'tuwn  in 
187(5  there  were  not  more  than  1,G0')  inhahitants;  it  has,  in  ISSS,  a  [minilu- 
tion  of  over  HO,(K)().  Within  tlie  corjKirate  limits  there  are  over  'i(H)  arti-iiii 
wells.  Paddofk  wont  to  Texas  in  1S7-,  an<l  is  connected  with  the  Fdit  W.r  li 
and  Rio  ( trande  K.  R.,  the  cliartcr  for  Mhich  was  granted  in  July,  1  Ss.").  ,V  /  - 
OH  Fort  iVortIt,  MS.  The  iirst  niaj'or  was  William  V.  Burts,  liorn  in  Tiihh  - 
see,  Dec.  7,  1827.  He  went  to  Fort  Worth  in  M'iiS  and  was  the  liist  pnui: 
tioner  there.     In  1874  Burts  re.-<i;^ned,  and  (iiles  H.  Day  was  clfi'tcil  \h: 

second  mayor,  serving  in  that  capacity  till  1878,  when  lie  was  sui Ii'l  I.' 

R.  K.  Beckham,  followed  hy  John  T.  Brown.  In  J 882  John  Peter  Siniili, 
an  aide  otlicer,  was  elected,  and  reelected  in  1884.  Smith  was  Immi  in 
Kentucky,  Sept.  Hi,  1831,  and  settled  in  Fort  Worth  in  1853;  at  tliat  tiim 
there  were  not  more  than  half  a  do/eii  families  in  the  place.  Sniitii  taiiglit 
in  the  first  school  established  in  Fort  Worth.  BiirU'  liio/.,  MS.;  Iloi/'s  lli'j., 
MS.;  Smith's  Fort  Worth,  MS.;  L.  L.  Shirt's  Biog.,  MS.';  Thv  T<:r>i.'<  Sf^rht, 
Oct.  20,  1885.  A.  P.  Ryan  of  Fort  Worth,  gives  some  account  of  tin;  tine 
agricultural  capacities  of  that  portion  of  the  comitry,  and  of  tlir  tliiivng 
condition  of  that  city.     He  was  born  in  Wayne  county,  Kentucky,  in  l^'lii 


HAILWAYS. 


.'),.) 


otlior  great  railroad  centre,  nearly  a  dozen  lines,  coni- 
])leted  or  in  course  of  construction  concentrating  in 
tliat  city. 

jVIany  other  lines  are  also  projected  to  connect  with 
tlie  al)Lve-nanied  system,  on  which  more  or  less  work- 
was  (lone,  while  the  construction  of  others  will  bo  under- 
taken accordhig  to  the  transportation  requirements  of 
this  progressive  state.  In  the  above  brief  account  of 
the  railroads  in  Texas  I  have  confined  myself  to  the 
main  systems  in  operation  within  her  boundaries; 
but  the  reader  will  apj>rehend  that  numerous  local 
liiirs  connect  conununication  between  them  and  most 
of  tlic  principal  towns,  and  that  the  whole  net-work 
is  connected  with  the  great  transcontinental  and  main 
roads  of  the  United  States,  and  also  with  the  Mexi- 
can systems — of  still  greater  magnitude  if,  in  some 
future  time,  they  be  connected  with  stupendous 
trunk  lines  reaching  into  South  America, — a  consum- 
ination  already  conceived  by  projectors. 

Railroad  enter[)rises,  from  the  first  initiative  stops 
taken  to  introduce  into  Texas  this  nu'ans  of  trjms[)or- 
tation,  have  met  with  most  liberal  assistance;  from  tlie 
state  government.  Charters  have  been  granted  on 
easy  terms,  enormous  sums  of  money— principally 
fi'oin  the  school  and  university  fund — have  been 
loaned,  and  a  large  amount  of  public  funds  has 
been  donated  to  such  conn)anies  as  have  fulfilled  their 
contracts,  extensions  of  time  having  been  granted 
whenever  the  petitions  for  such  were  reasonabU\  It 
is  to  this  liberal  action  of  tlie  state  that  Texas  is  in- 
ilchted  in  a  great  measure  for  ht^r  late  rapid  (h'velop- 
iiiont  and  increase  of  popiihition.  T(^\as  did  not 
escape  beinsjf  afl'e 'ted  l>v  tlie  trouble  caused  bv  tliv- 
serious  strike  of  railroad  employes  in  the  s|»rii';4  <'f 
1H8(;.  On  April  3d  of  that  year  a  train  which  kt't  Fort 
Worth  on  its  way  south  was  ('red  into  at  tl'.' junction 
of  the  Fort  Worth  and  New  Orleans  llailroad,  two  miles 

Went  t()T(!xaa  in  IS.IS;  and  servoil  in  tlie  t'oufeduratc  army  iluriiig  tlio  whole 
of  tht'  civil  war.  ObscmUiom,  M.S. 


.iti 


i.  p 


670 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,   AXD  RAILROADS. 


,1 


1^ 

h 


I 


from  tlie  city.  Deputy  Sheriffs  Townsend  aiul  SihmmI, 
and  Police  Oflficor  Fulford  were  scvercdy  wounded, 
the  former  dyinoj  tlie  next  day.  Great  excitenKut 
prevailed  throughout  the  state,  and  military  Cfinipun- 
ies  were  rapidly  hurried  to  Fort  Worth.  The  <  iicr- 
sretic  measures  adopted  by  the  governor  and  tlio 
authorities  of  many  principal  towns  fortunately  pro- 
vented  further  bloodshed." 

'^^  Thf  Di'Uixs  Mnniiivj  K<  ll•.^,  Ap.  4  and  5,  1886"  Tlie  strike  coiniiicnci'il 
in  the  work-sliops  of  tlie  Texas  ami  I'iieitic  R.  R.,  at  Marshall,  }liuTi.<iin 
L'DUnty,  owing  to  tlie  discharge  of  C.  A.  Hall,  a  fcreiriaii  in  tlie  cir-sli.ip 
there.  Hall  was  a  proniineiit  otlicer  in  the  Knights  of  Lahor,  who  rcL'ariliil 
his  dismissal  as  an  attack  upon  their  order.  The  strike  cxtfiided  to  tl;e 
Alissoiiri  I'aoitic  system.  The  authorities  that  have  been  cousulteil  du  the 
industries  of  Texas,  are  the  following. 

Stephen  M.  Blount  was  in  1888  the  only  living  signer  of  theiUclara- 
ton  of  the  indepemlence  of  Texas.  He  was  horn  in  (Jeorgia,  Feb.  1.'!, 
ISOS,  and  moved  to  Texas  in  July  18{io,  settling  at  San  Augustine,  fn  \K\) 
he  wa'*  elected  a  niemher  of  the  convention  that  declared  the  indepciiilciiie 
and  uoiiiinated  <ieneral  Houston  for  the  position  of  comiiiander-in-ihiof  nt 
the  Texan  forces.  Blount  was  .i  close  personal  friend  of  Houston,  wlidiii  ho 
regards  as  having  heen  a  grand  man.  In  1837  Blount  was  elected  clerk  \\{ 
San  Augustine  county,  h()lding  that  position  for  four  years.  His  wlmle  life 
has  heen  one  of  activity,  having  served,  previous  to  his  arrival  in  Texas,  in 
sLiveral  official  capacities  in  Oeorgia.  He  M-as  commissioned  cciloncl  of  t!ie 
8di  regiment  (Jeorgia  militia,  and  was  aide-de-camp  hotli  t;»  Hnii-tJea. 
Roliert  Tootle  ami  ^Iaj.-<;en.  David  Taylor  during  lS,'W-4.  Col  r.liiuiit 
married  in  18.'?9  a  Mrs  Lacey  whose  family  name  was  Landoii,  and  his  family 
consists  of  six  children.   Biiyj.  Skrfr/i,  MS. 

Doctor  Sherwood  A.  Owens  was  horn  July  '22,  182-i,  in  Logan  county. 
Kentucky,  aii'l  graduated  at  Kemper  College.  Missouri,  in  ISl.'t.  In  IM^ 
he  took  his  degree  in  the  meilical  department  of  tliat  state  university;  prac- 
tiseil  in  New  Orleans  until  Feb.  1840,  when  he  made  preparations  to  goto 
California  hy  the  overland  route  via  Salt  Lake,  and  arrived  at  Sacranu'ii'ii 
.July  "Jd  of  the  same  year.  There  he  followed  his  jirofession  often  luakiii; 
jTilH)  a  day.  In  18.")1  he  removed  to  San  Francisco,  hut  in  the  followiii::  year 
sailed  for  Mclliourne,  Australia,  ami  M-as  nearly  ship-wrecked  on  tlie  pi  -a_'i'. 
At  .Melliouine  the  doctor  was  otTercd  the  position  of  surgeon  on  the  I>riti  a 
tleet  ordered  to  the  Baltic;  went  to  Chronstadt  and  Sevastopol,  where  he  rt- 
sigiieil  in  jireference  to  becoming  a  British  subject,  a  requisite  reiiuin-il  hy 
that  government  in  view  of  the  existing  war.  He  then  returned  to  San 
Francisco,  arriving  there  in  Dec.  18.").").  After  further  travelling  he  liiiaily 
married  Lucy  J.  'liiurman,  of  .letTerson,  Missouri,  went  to  Texas,  and  setilfl 
at  Waco  in  the  autumn  of  18")7.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  .sur^'eon  in 
the  confederate  army,  and  M-as  present  at  several  important  baltle<.  He  ;i 
a  zealous  mason,  and  has  been  eminent  commander  of  his  coininaiulery. 
lih;,.,  MS. 

Isaac  Van  Zandt  was  born  July  10,  1813,  in  Franklin  county.  Teiiiie<'i'i': 
feeble  health  prevented  him  from  receiving  a  thorough  education.  Haviiy 
engaged  in  mercantde  pursuits  in  Mississippi  for  several  years  he  ahaii'ioiieii 
that  vocation;  engaged  in  the  study  of  law;  and  in  183!),  having  iM:i.'ra!el 
to  Texas,  commenced  practice  at  Marshall,  in  Harrison  county.  In  t:ie  tel- 
lowing  ye.ir  he  was  elected  representative  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Tevan 
congress  and  reelected  in  1841.  His  nextotheial  position  wa-i  iliac  of  ilian;> 
d'  atfairs  to  the  United  States,  which  he  resigned  in  1844.  Having  i'  turn  1 
to  Marshall,  ho  wa:j  elected  iu  1845  a,  delegate  to  the  cuuvcutioii  that  com- 


;ii' 


BIOGRAPHY. 


pU'toil  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States,  and  framed  the  first 
constitution  of  the  new  state.  In  1847  he  hucanie  a  candi<latu  for  the  olKce 
of  governor  of  the  state,  and  while  en^ajjutl  in  an  active  canvass  for  that 
positixu  he  died  of  yellow  fever  Oct.  lltli  at  Houston.  Van  Zandt  was  a 
man  of  rare  natural  abilities,  and  from  his  probity  and  amenity  of  conduct, 
was  ri  sjjccted  and  revered  by  all  who  knew  him.  Five  out  of  six  children 
liuru  to  liiin  were  living  in  1888,  namely  Louisa,  widow  of  Col  J.  M.  C'lough, 
wlin  fell  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Donnclson;  Kleber  M.,  born  November  7, 
is;)t),  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858,  and  removed  to  Fort  Worth  in  180.5, 
wlicru  he  engaged  in  mercantile  business  until  1874,  when  he  turned  his 
attention  to  banking,  and  became  president  of  Fort  Worth  Bank;  l^ycurgus, 
a  iiractising  physician,  born  Jan.  5,  1840;  Fanny,  born  May  lo,  184"J,  wife 
of  DiKtor  Elias  Beall,  of  Fort  Worth;  and  Ida,  born  May  20,  1844,  the  wife 
of  J.  .1.  Jarvis,  a  lawyer  and  farmer  of  Tarrant  county.  Van  Znmlf,  Memoir, 
n,..  1.  MS.;  /(/.,  no.  2,  M.S. 

K.  I).  Linn,  a  son  of  John  J.  Linn,  the  author  of  Beminuceiici's  of  Fifty 
}'"!/•<  /;(  Texiis,  was  born  in  that  state  in  1848,  and  received  his  education  m. 
tilt.'  private  schools.  He  is  a  prominent  member  of  tlie  committee  on  educa- 
tiiin,  and  has  been  a  member  of  tlie  14th  to  IDth  legislatures  inclusive.  lie 
was  tlic  originator  of  the  bill  to  fund  and  pay  the  public  debt  of  Texas.  Is 
filitiir  and  proprietor  of  tlie  Virtorid  Adniaitc,  and  one  of  tlie  trustees  of  the 
Nuw  Y(ii-k  and  Texas  railway.  His  father  was  a  member  of  tlie  general 
eciiisultation  which  organized  at  San  Felipe  Nov.  ■"},  1835,  declared  against 
the  central  government  of  Santa  Anna,  and  established  a  provisional  govern- 
ment. .1.  J.  Linn  was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  of  safety,  quarter- 
master-general during  the  revolution,  and  afterward  elected  to  the  1  st  and 
2il  Texan  congress.  Linn,  Bioij.  Sh'trh,  MS. 

Captain  Marcus  D.  Herring  was  born  October  11,  1828,  and  educated  in 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana.  Before  he  was  20  years  of  age,  he  was  licensed 
tMpraetise  law.  In  Texas  he  resided  in  Austin  from  1853  to  1S5(>,  when  he 
removed  to  Waco,  where  he  practised  very  successfully  his  profession.  Dur- 
ing tlie  last  three  years  and  nine  months  of  the  civil  war  he  served  in  the 
coiifeiierate  army.  Capit.  Herring  is  a  royal  arch  mason,  and  belongs  to  the 
I.  0.  0.  F.,  being  the  founder  of  the  widows'  and  orphans'  house  of  that  so- 
ciety. Binj.,  M.S. 

Col  .biliu  C  McCoj'  was  born  Sept.  28,  1819,  at  Clark  county,  Indiana; 
was  eiliieated  at  Charleston  and  Wilmingt(m  academies,  and  admitted  to  tlie 
Karin]S42.  On  Jan.  1,  1845,  he  arriveil  at  ( lalveston  as  an  agent  for  the 
Peter's  colony.  In  1851,  he  married  a  niece  of  Ex-gov.  Porter  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. During  the  war  of  secession,  he  hehl  various  positions,  such  as  <juar- 
tirinaster,  enrolling  officer,  and  provost  marshal.  Col  McCoy  is  a  prominent 
mason,  having  become  a  member  of  tliat  onler  in  1848.  He  has  lillcd  every 
iiossilile  p<isition,  and  in  1883  was  idaced  as  R.  E.  Grand  Commamler  of  the 
liranil  Cunimandery,  K.  T. ;  is  now  chairman  of  the  committee  of  correspon- 
deike  (it  the  Grand  Commandery,  K.  T.   Trxd.t  Bio;/.,  MS. 

T.  ('.  Cook,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives (pf  the  I'Jth  legislature,  representing  Colorado  county.  Was  burn 
at  Tu>ialiMisa,  Alabama,  September  l'.(,  1831).  He  received  his  degree  of 
M.  1).  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania  in  1859,  and  that  of  A.  M.  at  the 
university  of  Alabama  in  18l5(.,  in  which  year  he  migrated  to  Texas.  During 
tin;  civil  war,  he  was  surgeon  of  the  1st  regiment  of  heavy  artillery  of  the 
confederate  army.  Bicxj.,  MS. 

J.  W.  Swain  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  18.39,  and  arrived  in  1859  in  Texas. 
He  served  in  the  confederate  army  till  the  surrender  of  Johnson's  army,  and 
cu  his  return  g.ive  his  attention  to  farming,  which  avocation  he  jiursueil  for 
tive  .  He  then  adopted  law  a.s  his  professiim;  has  served  both  as  repre- 
sentative and  senator  in  the  state  legislature.  In  1883,  he  was  elected  for  a 
stcouil  term  aa  comptroller,  with  the  extraordinary  majority  of  li)O,000  votes. 
Asa  ineinlier  of  the  state  board  of  education.  Swain  is  anxious  for  the  adop- 
tion of  text-book  uniformity.  Ttnu  Bimj.,  MS. 

HiisT.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  H.    87. 


?!/ 


4  i 


v1:  :  II 


A. 


v^ 


i 


078 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,  AND  RAILROADS. 


J.  W.  Baines,  secretary  of  state,  and  an  active  member  of  the  state  l)oar(l 
of  education,  is  a  great  supporter  of  public  schools,  and  strongly  in  favor  of 
uniformity  in  text4)ooks  and  method.   Texas  Biotj.,  M.S. 

Among  periodicals  may  be  mentioned  Street's  Monthly,  a  literary  and  ma- 
sonic  publication.  J.  K.  Street,  the  proprietor,  was  born  in  Tuiincssce  in 
18.S7;  went  to  Texas  in  1854,  and  has  for  many  years  been  engageil  in  enter. 
prises  connected  with  the  press.  Street'i  Bhij.  Sketch,  MS. 

Samuel  Bell  Maxey  was  born  in  Monroe  county,  Kentucky,  Man'li  ."iO, 
1825,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846,  and  served  tlirough  tlie  Mexican 
war.  He  resigned  in  1849,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850.  In  |s,")7 
he  settled  at  Paris,  Texas,  and  was  elected  state  senator  in  18GI,  but  rosi^rncl 
and  took  service  in  the  confederate  army,  at  tlie  close  of  which  lie  was  a 
brigadier-general.  Was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1875,  and  reelected  in 
1881.  Statement,  MS. 

W.  S.  Pendleton,  a  member  of  the  19th  legislature,  was  born  in  Tennes- 
see Feb.  7,  1850,  and  graduated  at  Manchester  college  in  1809.  Afterward, 
having  studied  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1873  settled  in  Tar- 
rant county,  Texas,  where  he  engaged  in  practice.  In  1878,  he  was  electeil 
district  attorney  of  that  county,  Lemg  twice  reelected  to  the  same  otiiee.  In 
November  1884,  he  was  elected  to  the  house  of  representatives,  where,  among 
other  measures,  be  introduced  that  known  as  the  jury  bill,  inserting  new- 
causes  of  challenge,  and  making  provisions  by  which  p.  "ossional  jiiryintu 
are  excluded,  and  allowing  intelligent  men,  who  read  the  papers  andkeep 
tliemselves  informed,  to  sit  as  jurors,  though  they  may  have  formeil  opinious 
from  what  they  have  read.  Bioij.,  MS. 

George  Clark  was  born  in  Alabama  in  1841;  served  through  tlie  civil 
war,  in  which  ho  took  part  in  many  battles,  being  wounded  on  three  .-ievural 
occasions,  and  went  to  Texas  in  January  1867.  In  1808  he  settled  at  Waen, 
which  has  since  that  year  been  his  place  of  residence.  Was  a  member  of  tlie 
democratic  state  executive  committee  of  1872,  and  attorney -general  of  the 
state  in  1874;  this  office  he  held  till  April  1870.  Somewhat  later,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to  codify  the  laws,  and  served  in  that 
capacity  till  Oct.  1,  1878.  In  1879,  he  was  app'  mted  judge  of  the  court  I'f 
appeals,  continuing  in  office  till  Oct.  1,  1880.  Since  that  time  he  lia.s  pur- 
sued his  practice  as  a  lawyer  at  Waco.  Bloij.  Sketch,  MS. 

The  hrst  county  judge  elected  under  the  new  constitution  was  W.  li. 
Plemons  of  Clay  county,  no  less  than  10  counties  being  attached  to  the  one 
named  for  judicial  purposes. 

Jackson  Bradly  settled  in  Dallas  county  in  1851,  but  afterward  nioveil  to 
what  is  now  Johnson  county,  where  he  was  justice  of  the  peace  for  10  years. 
In  1801,  he  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Lublwck  a  captain  in  the  sitate 
militia.  During  the  civil  war,  he  served  as  a  lieutenant  ni  the  confederate 
army.     Bradly  was  born  in  1810  in  South  Carolina.  Bioij.,  MS, 

One  who  has  seen  10  years'  service  with  the  rangers  is  C  L.  Neville. 
During  that  i)eriod  he  was  captain  of  six  different  companies.  He  was  beru 
in  Alal>ama,  and  became  sheriff  of  Presidio  county.  Biixj.,  MS. 

The  following  is  a  more  complete  list  of  authorities  consulted  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters:  Those  of  an  official  character  are,  t'omj.  O'lolic;  II.  Jmn-'.; 
H.  Me.  Dors.;  H.  Mkcvl.  Docs.;  H.  Com,  Reps.;  Sen.  Jourx.;  Sen.  Bx.  />">,• 
Sen.  Muicel.  Docs.;  Sen.  Com.  Reps.;  Mess,  ami  Docs.;  Cen^iiM  Jt'ijii.;  U.  S. 
Laws;  Sec.  Interior  Reps.;  A(jric.  Reps.;  Education  Rcpi^.;  Com}'/.  Ciimnnj 
Revs.;  Postmaster-ijen.  Reps.;  Cocmt  and  Oeodetic  Surveyn.  To  the  respective 
indices  of  which  the  reader  is  referred  for  matter  relating  to  Texas.  Texas 
state  documents  are,  StiiteOnz.;  Oov's  Messa/jes;  Trcns.  Rcp'^.;  C'lmyt.  h''f: 
Supt.  Ptd).  Instruc.  R(ps.;  Attorney  Cfen.  Reps.;  Stnte  Engineer  /iV;w./  'J''-^"-" 
Repealed;  Den/  ami  Dumb  Asylum  Reps.;  Lunatic  Asylum  Reps.;  SUrtr  Penitin. 
Reps.;  Capitol  Buildinff  Com.  Reps. 

The  following  are  works  of  a  non-official  character.'  Conhn-ir'.i.  T'X.: 
Tex.  Aim.,  1857-61,  1868;  Foote's  Tex.,  i.  218-63;  ii.  186-92,  339-41;  /M'M 
Ttx.,  55-72,  17&-82;  Uan/wd'a  Tex.  State  Ren.,  1876,  1878-9,  passim;  UU- 


AUTHORITIES. 


579 


o/(v/'.«  Jnum^f,   43-480;  Id,    Cotton  Kimitlom,   L    3r)7-76;   ii.   5-20;  Mnore'n 

7>../v>.,   Tij-.,  14-lR,  42-137;   DMurmlCx   U.  S.  Iif<i.,  see    imliojs;  Mn,ii\ 

lli<t.    Ti.i:,    \)a.aa\m;  Kenne,li/8  Tex.,    ii.    1!)5,  250-8, "  344-5,  3i»2- 3,    4()il  P.); 

Ii,d'r'.t  Tix.,  253-301;  ^MrAr'^  Ttx.  Ainu,  1878,  200  pp.;  1882,  passim;  /,'<«•/.'.< 

S.    \V.    Tex.,  42-102,  201-50;  Id.,  Tex.  Guide,  7-17;  ThmWn  Trx.,  pas.-im; 

A/..    Hid.    Methodism,    13-180;   Dewees'  Lillira  from    Tex.,   235-8,    :«)'.)  1  J; 

T>o,l,ie'.t  Plaim  Gt.    Went,  405-19;  Froxt's  Mex.    War,   299-307;  I)iifii.</r!,.i  ij 

lloiMim,  1-146;  Dixons  White  Com/iient,  i.  325-56;  Ifoij3  Life,  MS.,  1-2,  33-0; 

/'/■(A/,  nm  AmeriXti,  ii.  293-333,  337-08;  Street's  Tex.,  N.  Y.,  1871,  1C)0  pp.; 

(!,rni\t  Ri-pbito  Ilomton,  11-17,48-9;  GmldanCs  Where  to  Emhinite, -iWl-rAl; 

D „n>'mrh'n Mimoii.  Advent.,  10-12,  00-2,  82-4;  Id.,  Denertx  of  X.  A,,,,,-.,  VX\~ 

51;  North's  Five   Yeitrsiit   Tex.,  19t>-209;  De  Bmr.s  Bev.,  hvc  indices;  Id.,  In- 

,hi<lr!idnes.,  ii.  544-53;  Id.,  Eiin/r.  2d  Ed.,  331-41;  Id.,  S/<it.   View,  100  89; 

:ii:f  '.t;  Tex/is  in  I84O,  243-7;  Barlieys  Tex.,   11,  16-22;  Mii-mo  Mcrirmio,   ii. 

Wl'l  4;  Overland  Mail  Co.  Mem.,  1800;  Mex.   War  and  it^i  Heroes,  i.  20S- 1 1 ; 

MrC.iln-'ii  Cowp.  Vieirs,  750-5;  Almonte,  Hot.  Est.  Te.t.  11-12,  40-05,  70,  82  3; 

Aililri'SK  to  Memh.  Memphis  Conven.;  Tex.   Veterans,  I'roeeedinijs,  1883,  80  ]>p. ; 

I.iiiii'n  Reminis.,  65-7,  283,  322-4;  Hunt's Menh.  Ma;/.,  xii.  to  xlv.,  .sec  iiidice.; 

Xnnll's  lievol.  in  Tex.,  157-05;  Overlind  Mouthli/,  i.  l')7-04,  307-71;  ii.  3()'.) 

74;  vi.  555-61;  vii.  270-7;  Lund  and  Thompson's  Gidvestim,  (!alv.   1885,  151 

ji]).;  Sjmi/hi's  lies.,  Sail  and  Climate  Tex.,  Galv.,  1882,  300  ]ip.;  IliU(ir<l's  Li/'e 

0/  MrCleilan^  41-59;  IIi.4.  Ma<j.,  iii.  204-6;  Maillard's  Hist.    Tex.,  343  .VJ; 

Xilts  Reif.,  Ixii.  to  Ixxii.,  see  iiuliccs;  LouijhlMrowjh's  Pac.  T'leiirnjih;  Sirisher' 

.liner.  Sietrh-ltook,  V.,  no.  6,  339-54;  vi.,  no.  2,  85-100;  no.  3,  201-13,  no.  0, 

4'.'.S-:U;  Peeos  Valley  Cuttle  Grmoers'  Assor-iation.,  15pp.;  Id.,  Laml  and  Irri<j. 

I'll.,  Chiirter,  1885,  11  \^\y.;  Maajrei/or's  Proijre.is  0/ Amer.,  ii.  1257-01;  Sirasn/ 

itii'l  .Meltons  Ft.   Worth  Dirert.,  1877,92  pp.;  Bentlri/  and  PH'irini's  Tex.  Leijal 

Dh-rrL,  1876-7,  110  pp.;  Potter's  Tex.  Reml.,  10-20;  I)e  Ryie's  Te.c.  AlUim, 

IKii.siiii;  Haven's  Our  Kext  Door  Neiijhlmr,    418-23;  Huijhes'  Gove.   <<)    Tx.; 

Uniivll  ,i-  Co.'s  GaziUee.r,  VMi-l;  Lon</s  Amer.  and  West  I  ml.,  194-5;  MePhtid's 

7V.C.  Freemason,  ii.,  no.  10,   12;  Amer.  Sketch-liool;  7-11;  A'owc.  Anwd.    I'oi/, 

tliv.  :U5-0;  Xeiix'irs  Reml.  in  Te.e.,   171-3;  Appleton's  Gu>  le,  397;  Putnnni's 

Mi'ij.,  ii.    151-4;  Baneroft's  Footprints  of  Time,  511-12;  Bustamnnte,  (li'ilmfe 

Mix.,  MS.,  i.  2!?-4;  Colorado  and  Brazos  Cattlemen s  Assoe.  Proemlin'js,  1.S80- 

4,  47  pp.;  Howard's  Speeeh  on  Par.  R.  R.,  6-9;  Crane's  I/i.'^t.   Wash.  Cn.  Te.r., 

HO-'J;  Miir.-ihidl'a  Christian  Mis.'iions,    ii.  244-50;   Shepnrd's  Land  of  the  Azl., 

hi:!  •-'04;  Crouhl's  Alamo  City  Giude,^^.    Y.,   1882,    151  pp.;  Xntionnl  R.   R. 

I'i'iir.,  Proeeediwjs;  Prorealiitijs  l.tt  Nat.  Conv.  Cattlemen,  12-13;  Tex.  ond   Ilir 

('ii)i'ii>ii;f,i,.s,   17-01,  GiVtert's  Ahilene  Iieport<:r  3d  An.  Ed.,  Abilene,  ISs4,   110 

i'li.;  I'illinj's  Bih.  of  N.  Amer.  Lamj.,  nos.   1402,  2910;  Industries  of  Ansti4i, 

Au-^tiii,  I8S5,  108  pp.;  Munijuia  Clement  Pastondes,  no.  ii.  18  20;  P<t  file's  E.i- 

pwr;  III  hiMries  <f  San  Anton'io,  San  Antonio,  1885,  130  pp.;  We.4ern  Tex.,  10- 

!•".»;   Wiieo,    The  Einiij.  Guide,  Waco,  32  jip. ;    Woo<t  Bros.  Live.  Stoek  Mmrinent; 

I'lip-   ''(/;•.,  74,  no.  16;  143,  no.   19;  107,  no.   18;  185.  no.  1;  Corhlt's  Lefts. 

Miiiiii.il,  ,'W2,  .300;  Giddinfs,  Ca-teof,  1-37;   Tex.  Pac.  Uaibray,  Anjunienls,  4- 

Itl:  ('iitlinnn's  Navarro  Co.,  1885,  32  pp.;    Visit  to  Tex.,  322;    Varios  Jiii]>reso.<i, 

•J,  11.1.  vi.   35-40,44-5,  56,  00-5,  7<5,  79-81,  MS;  Industries  of  lJatlo.i,  Dallas, 

ISS,->,  138  pp.;    Velivico,  Notinas  Son.,  297-8;  Tex.  Elitorial  ami  Press  Assise., 

I'hiii-ti r.   lie.;  Coke's  Speeeh  on  Reaijnn  Bill,  Wash.,  18S5,  23pji.;  Thoinpsou's 

llii-oi  Mix.,  97-8;  Minutes  oj  Memphis  Conv.;  Te.r.  Col.  Does.;  tUlltti'sA  Fun 

/lisf.irlr  Rreords,  N.  Y.,  1885,  131  pp.;  MeCul'oeh's  Defuse,  Austin,  1S79,  4(i 

lip.;  /v.    Worth  Commercial  Cluh,  Charter,  1885,  12  pji. :  Terrell's  Address  on 

I'riMfi' Coi-p.,   Au.stin,   1885,  .32  pp.;  Ft.    Worth  and  New  Orleans  R.  A*.  Co., 

<'lmrtir,  Memphis,  El  Paso  and  P.  R.  R.  lUit,  8-20  47-02;  Semamirio  Indu.i- 

trin,  .Mi.r.,  no.   ii.  325;  Carter,    Wynne  and  De  Berry's  Tex.  Laivs  Relafini/ to 

Cnl.  0/ Defils,  1885,  16  pp.;  MrFnrlane's  Coal  Regions  of  Amer.,  502  4;  AtUin 

birert.,  1877-8,  9-10;  Momn  Bros.  Mem..,  1879,  37  my;  Zamavoii,  Hist.  Mex., 

ti-  !M>.':  .Mrrrantile  A (jency  Annual,  1871,  154,  157,  159.     In  addition  to  tlio 

I>rt'o(Mling,  an  immenfle  mass  of  newspapers  have  heen  examined,  wliieh  lack 

of  •^pate  forbids  mentioning  in  detail.     Names  are  given  of  a  few.     Waco  Ex- 


FT'  ! 


580 


INDUSTRIES,   COMMERCE,   AND  RAILROADS. 


iil 


£,.riimmer,  font,  ana  jtuunm,  )iiii)iiMiie(i  in  nan  rranciHCO,  \:a,\.  Jto.  Kivmiit- 
run  and  Olnf)e  Dfinocrat,  puMiHhud  at  St.  Louih,  Mo.,  and  the  I ntr r  <h-i'ii u  i\t 
(^liicacrn,  JU.  Niincrous  uianu.script  HtatonicntH,  conipriMinu  much  valuuMe 
data,  Troni  proniiuuut  citizeus  aud  jiiouoers  of  thu  ittato  of  Tcxa»,  have  alite 
Lcuu  vxaiuiutiiL 


CHAPTER  XXIL 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURANOa 

1800-1845. 
llEnivisioN  OF  Provincias  Intkbnas — Movements  Dhrino  tiie  Wah  o* 

iMiKl'KNDKNCK — CurZ  DeKENDS  I  HE  UoYAL  CaI'SE DrilANllO  CaT- 
11  1!ED     BY     NEliUETH — CHIHUAHUA     AN1>     DURAN(U)     MaDE     KErABATE 

Si  VIES— Pakty  Strife  and  Revolts— Liherals  anu  Conservatives 
-  Federal   Coalition    in   the   North — Chancie   ok   (!oveknors    in 

Dl'RANGO — Al'ACHE   RaIDS   IN    ClIIIHIAiniA— DECLINE  OF    I'llKSIDIO   Dk- 

KKN("EH — Indian  Warfare — Scalp  Huntino — Massacre  at  Janos — 
The  Central  Kboime — Federal  Oitosition — DuRAi^oo  Joins  Paue- 
nEs'  Revolution. 

Thk  objections  that  had  in  1785  led  to  th(^  division 
of  the  provincias  internas,  forced  themselves  more 
stroiiijjly  than  ever  upon  the  home  ^overnm(;nt  as  tlie 
(t  nil  plication  of  duties  increavsed  with  growing  popu- 
latiuii  and  resources.  In  1804,  accordingly,  came  a 
iMViil  decree  ordering  a  redivision  of  them  into  two 
distritts,  the  Occidente  and  Oriente,  the  Califomias 
;iii(l  tiie  southern  portions  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  Nuevo 
SaiitiunJer,  below  the  line  between  Soto  la  Marina 
and  Parras,  being  left  to  Mexico.'  The  new  com- 
andante  gtnieral  of  each  district  was  to  exercise  the 
saiiii'  authority  as  the  existing  conunander.' 

Political  changes  interfered  with  the  observance  of 
this  order,  till  the  war  of  independence  made  its  exe- 
tiilioii  in  1812  a  military  necessity.     Viceroy  A^ene- 

'Tlu'  Bdlson  do  Maijiini  falling  to  tlio  eastnni  ilistrict.  Tlio  oastcrn  l>or- 
iIt  f.illii\v(}(l  Ivio  Pilou.  See  i.  GIJH,  ct  sc^q.,  this  sorios,  for  {ircvious  extent. 

■Till'  siihalterii  cliiof's  salary  was  to  Imj  .S*2,(KM),  vliili:  tiu^  governor  and 
'■'iiiaiiilante  general  was  to  receive  SIO.OOO,  a  nMluotioii  of  .^r),000.  The 
"ruiito  eiunniaiidor  had  to  orgaui/o  forees  to  jiroinoto  the  colonizatiou  of 
Tixw.    'I'cxt  iu  Jital  Ordcn,  May  30,  1804;  Mayer's  MSS,  iii. 

(581) 


^1  I, 


n' 


r 

■ 

m 

i 

||B 

•1 

1 

i^^ 

11 

1 

w' 

4fl 

CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAXOO. 


gas  tlicreupon  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
()ccid(Mite  section,  tlie  brijjjadier  Alejo  Garcia  Coiidc. 
governor  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  a  deserving  soldier 
nearly  half  a  century  in  tlie  royal  service.* 

The  Oriente  division  was  offered  to  the  Marisral 
de  campo,  Felix  Calleja,  and  he,  declinhig  to  accept 
the  position  presented  it  to  Simon  Herrera,  govcriinr 
of  Leon,  who  was  slain  by  insurgents  before  accept- 
ance, whereupon  Colonel  Arredondo  received  the 
position.*  Nava,  who  ruled  the  united  provinces  at 
the  opening  of  the  century,  was  replaced  in  lft(»4  hv 
Colonel  Pedro  Grimarest,'  and  he  soon  after  by  lhi;j;a- 
dier  Nemesio  Salccdo  y  Salcedo,  who  was  presently 
recalled  to  Sj)am. 

The  troops  under  Sara's  command  consisted  in  fait 
of  ou\y  some  four  hundred  and  fifty  nuni,  many  (it 
whom  were  filibusters  from  the  United  States;  hut 
with  this  slender  force  he  invaded  Texas  in  ISIJ, 
and  took  ])ossession  of  several  cities,  driving  back  tlif 
forces  of  Salcedo  and  llererra.  Warned  of  this  dan- 
ger, Arredondo,  whose  forces  had  been  (piarteretl  in 
the  valley  del  Maiz,  at  once  marched  against  tin? 
enemy,  collecting  men  and  material  on  his  way  thi(iui;li 
Nuevo  Santander.  Meanwhile,  Colonel  Elizondo,  who 
had  been  sent  in  advance,  had  aHowed  himself  to  hi: 
drawn  into  an  engagement^  and  was  totally'  routed. 
A  few  weeks  later,  however,  Arredondo  himself  in- 
flicted acrushino;  defeat  on  the  insurjrents,  now  uiuKr 
the  command  of  Alvarez  do  Toledo,  who  had  su|)- 
planted  Sara.  Many  of  the  prisoners  were  executid, 
imduding  all  the  filibusters  who  fell  into  tln^  hands 
of  the  Atc-xicans,  and  thus  ended  all  hope  of  aid  fioiii 
the  United  States  to  the  cause  of  the  revolution. 

*The  register  says  47  years,  during  eight  of  wliicli  ho  occu[)ieil  Hio  latter 
graik';  ilecorated  witli  mcrito  de  ifiicrnt  ami  otlicr  distinctions.  The  onUr 
for  tlie  division,  dated  May  I,  isll,  was  confirmed  in  1812.  Text  in  I'mr. 
IiiUtii.  licid  (h-iltn,  1811;  Jlaycr'n  MSS,  noa.  0-7,  refer  to  the  Souuia  diapttr 
concerning  (Jarcia  C'onde. 

•See  lllsl.  Mex.,  iv.  541-3,  this  series. 

■'Of  thi?  3d  battalion  of  Estremailura  infantry.  Real  Onleo,  -May  30, 
1804;  Jlaye/s  MSS,  no.  3. 


Th 

of  |>o 
J'csoUl 
.'Hid  V 
iiiiuei 
IxMiiei 
hut  to 

ulanni 
de  Sai 
of  the 
tlie  Ui 

rection 
a nee  in 
Jiini  by 
thi-  Ui] 
Texan  / 
ill  Mexi 
tiiat  Jio 
Jai'g(3  an 
Nalcet 
while  av 
sciited  b 
war  for 
^\  hen  ; 
liillisejf 
'•xchide 
to  his  p] 
suverciiri 

''"is  posj 
""'  (iiiain;!!  ; 
■■ij'i,ii,ti,,  M,.j 
J'iku  met  hill 

\l.  L'7»;    XV. 

'Ho  urgei 
"atcli  ,vas  , 
,4|i|'<-'il  of  sul 

Jllf    |i,.„j,lu 

'jun,|-,,„  j,„]y 
•\^--  l!l.-,  0,  fsas 
",'  "ii-^i!  anpe: 
;'^m,vl,  at  Tar 

"it'iiu  the  Lu. 


REVOLUTIONARY   MOVKMKNTS. 


583 


The  changes  thus  iiiudt!  \V(^ro  tluo  less  to  tlio  inereaso 
oi'  population,  and  the  (lcvelo|)ini!nt  of  tlio  material 
irsdurces  of  these  provinces,  than  to  military  reasons, 
iiiiil  with  a  view  to  the  suppression  of  revolutionary 
iiinxcments.  In  the  north-west  the  only  trouhles  to 
li(M  iicountered  were  the  usual  Ijostilities  with  Indians, 
hut  toward  the  east  the  revolution  had  attain  assumed 
jilarming  proportions.  In  1811,  Bernardo  Gutierrez 
do  Sara,  a  citizen  of  Kevilla,  and  a  strong  Supporter 
(if  th(3  revolutionary  niovement,  had  taken  refuge  in 
the  United  States  after  the  suppression  of  the  insur- 
nction  in  Nuevo  Santander,  and  there  sought  assist- 
aiict;  in  hehalf  of  his  cause.  The  welcome  accorded  to 
liiiii  hy  the  ])eoplo,  and  the  well-known  intentions  of 
tin;  United  States  g»)vernnient  with  regard  to  the 
Texan  frontier,  had  given  rise  to  no  little  uneasiness 
in  Mexico,  and  this  was  further  increased  by  a  report 
that  he  was  already  on  his  march  at  the  head  of  a 
lai'Lje  army,  to  support  the  fortunes  of  the  insurgents. 

Salcedo  had  filled  the  otfice  satisfactorily  enough, 
while  availing  himself  of  the  many  opportunities  ])re- 
sciitcd  l)y  remoteness,  and  the  disortlers  attending  the 
war  for  independence,  to  accumulate  a  large  fortune.* 
When  this  contiict  broke  out  in  the  south  he  exerted 
liiuistlf  most  commendably  by  adopting  measures  to 
cxchule  it  from  his  own  territory,  and  by  appealing 
to  liis  purse-strings  and  patriotism  in  behalf  of  his 
sovereign.^     While  failing  to  achieve  anything  note- 


1" 


"■f    'ill 


'' 1 1  i.s  position  embraced  the  oflfices  of  inspector  of  troops,  snixlelcgado  of 
tlio  liiiaiKH'  and  mail  depts.  He  returned  with  the  Hpriiig  fleet  of  1S14. 
Al'iiiniii,  Mrj.,  iv.  .S7;  Dinrio  ('<)rfi:t,  xix.  '2'M;  J-Mirllit  Orrhl.,  Sept.  4,  18(JS. 
I'iku  iii.;t  him  in  1807.  Tmr.,  2So,  4i.'l--8;  J'iiw,  A'.  J/ij:,  '21,  45;  Utir.  Mcj-., 
xi.  •J74;  XV.  40,  »o:J;  xvi.  812. 

'Hi;  urged  tiie  l>i»h«p  to  exert  himself.  Lnrcl.o,  Mien.  AVc,  MS.,  7-11. 
Watch  was  also  kept  by  Freneli  ayeuts.  Cut.  I'ror.  St.  Pup.,  xix.  .'{0-3*2. 
.\piic' il  of  sulHirdiuatca  in /'((;i.  \'<ir.,  xviii.  pt  27;  xxxvi.  pt  (iS;  clxi.  pt  12. 
liiu  jn'oplo  responded  with  similar  warintli  hoth  in  money  and  prayers  and 
'juror,, 11  .solemnument  u  Fernando  Vll.  for  Rev.'  (Inr.  Mex.,  xv.  !M)2;  Id., 
XV.  lit.-,  (i,  s;}8-9;  y.\\.  832;  xxii.  «:{-();  xxviii.  879-84.  etc.  At  the  l.eginninj^ 
111  tlicsii  appeals,  during  divine  service,  an  oininoiis  incident  occurred.  The 
t'  iiiivii  at  Tapacolnies,  near  Chiiiuahua,  cau),;lit  tire  from  the  altar  Ajiril  8, 
I^'IS,  and  burned  with  swell  rapiility  that  over  .SOO  persons  perished,  200 
within  the  building,  and  100  of  injuries.   Diario,  Mex.,  viii.  523-4. 


m 


B84 


CHIHUAHUA  AXI)  DURANOO. 


worthy  in  tho  f\o](\  at^ninst  the  insurgents,  Ik;  Iiad 
the  uiicnvlablo  Hatisfaction  of  auporintt-ndlng  tin;  trial 
and  (ixcrution  of  tln'ir  ^tvat  Icatlor,  Hidalgo,  and  his 
chief  officers,  in  tho  course  of  Mav  to  July,  IHl  1." 

Nueva  Vizcaya  was  not  K  ?t  wholly  intact  hy  the 
war,  and  somo  feohlo  local  oflorts  w<'ro  nimlo  hy  ardi'iit 

1>atrit)ts.  A  month  Ixforo  Hidalgo's  capture,  a  nuin- 
>cr  of  hiHurgonts  wito  secured,  and  the  openiiit^  df 
1812  was  marked  hy  a  conflict  at  San  Francisco  hc- 
tween  several  hundred  men.*  Toward  the  close  of 
1814,  Trespalacios  and  Cahallero  ])lanned  an  outlin-ak 
at  Chihuahua,  but  the  plot  was  revealed  to  (Janiji 
(^)nde,  who  now  controlled  the  Occidente  section  tVoin 
this  point,  an<l  promptly  nipped  the  movement  In  ar 
resting  the  pnnci[)als.'*  This  com|>arative  exeniptidn 
was  maiidy  due  to  the  watchfulness  of  the  authorities. 
including  the  clergy,  who  exercised  most  eliectivclv 
the  pardoning  power."  Brigadier  Berfuirdo  J^cmavia 
y  Zapata,"  governor  intendente  of  Nueva  A'izc.iya, 
and  his  lieutenant  at  Durango,  the  asesc.r,  Angel  J'i- 
nilla  y  Perez,'^  were  ct)nspicuously  zealous  in  tlie  royal 
cause.  Chihualiua  liad  its  usual  Apache  raids  tn 
meet,  and  Durango  suffered  in  1820  brief  irruption 
from  rebellious  Opatas,  which  was  quelled  without 
any  serious  bloodshed.^'*     Tho  visit  of  the  ex[ihir(;r, 

*  As  fully  related  in  Ifht.  Mex.,  iv.  276  et  scq.,  this  scries.  A  iiKniiiinoit 
was  eruotoil  (PU  tho  siiot  of  oxecutinii  hy  diicreu  of  July  10,  \i>'S.\.  .i  \i\.\\\\ 
j)yraiuiil  sihtoiiikUmI  ny  circular  stcjis.  Jijiru'/rii',  Chili.,  HS  !»;  l)i<-r.  I'liir.,  n. 
(iitH.  Alliiwaiiccs  wore  grautuil  for  animal  ceremonies  thereat,  (ormi,  Fcl. 
i\h.r.,  Aug.  'J7,  KS7'.'. 

•The  royalists  nunihcred  Al?<,  an<l  claimed  to  have  killed  .'100,  hf^iili'* 
securing  325  male  i)ri.s(iM.:rM  uml  ;  ernvvd  of  women.  The  heads  of  tlie  kittir 
were  shaved.  <lac.  Mex.,  iii    ■i-l-iS;  ii.  li;{(>. 

'■•On  Nov.  4,  1814.  T!i.,  I  .'trayer  was  .T.  M.  Arneta,  who  had  sorvcil 
Hidalgo  as  colonel.  Tlis!  (''iiiers  wtire  eondemiied  to  ten  years  in  im-iiilio. 
Trc-spalacios  escaped  from  Hahana,  and  Cahallero  was  jiardoned  in  S[i;iiu. 
A  lama II,  Mcj.,  iv.  '20<J-8. 

"  lii.shoj)  Ca.staiTiza  ohtaincd  this  privilege  from  the  viceroy,  and  dfkgntnl 
it  to  the  priests,  the  '  hando  sohre  indulto.'  Our.  Mex.,  viii.  5.'<'.(-4'J. 

•^Of  .'>4  years' service  in  181'2,  1.5  licingas  hrigadier.  Id.,  xii.  ."^41;  .U'Ujir'i 
MSS.,  no.  vii.,  2;  Dor.  Mix.,  no.  iv.,  '2X 

'^He  was  jiresented  hy  tho  citizens  with  a  gold  medal,  'por  sint'iilir  ser- 
vicios.'  Not irhniO I'll.,  tit.  2.'1.  ISKS;   /Kinn-M),  in  Pap.    I'ltr.,  xviii.,  pfJT. 

"Of  whom  240  were  captured.  Noticioso  (Jen.,  Deo.  20,  1820. 


rUUZ  AND  NKORKTK. 


nsft 


I'iko,  ami  tho  luonu'iitarv  roostabUHhinont  of  Jcsuit.s, 
ill  1811),'*  caus»'«l  II  tempo rarv  oxcitciiu'iit.  In  iHliI, 
tin-  |)rov iuocis  wore  ('Ih'cihmI  by  roccivliii^  tlio  lilwral 
coiistUutlon  conr«'(lo«l  to  the  oolt)i»i('S  by  Spain,  with 
tilt"  proHp«Mt  of  an  aiKlunicia.'*  Altliou^h  tlu;  conHti- 
tutioii  Wiis  suspended  Hoon  after  bv  tlio  vicTov,  Nueva 
\'iz«!iva  nianaj^ed  to  eleet  a  representative  to  tln'  e('>r- 
tcs,"  till  its  revival,  in  1820,  provided  also  an  assem- 
l)lv  and  provincial  deputations. 

Fioyalty  to  Spain  was  most  pronounced  at  tlio  open- 
lii.r  of  tliis  third  decade — so  much  so  that  when  Itur- 
liidti  turned  ajjjainst  his  viceregal  master,'"  Geneial 
(\'\y/.,  ruler  of  Nueva  Galicia,  and  the  second  power 
in  the  country,  went  to  Durani^o  to  make  a  final  effort 
ill  lirlialf  of  the  totterin;^  cause  of  Spain,  lie  entei-ed 
t'lJit  city  July  4,  1  821,  attended  hy  ofHcials  from  Za- 
ciitccasand  other  points,  with  a  few  hundred  soldiers." 
Xcjjrete,  Iturhidc's  lieutenant,  followed  in  pursuit,  and 
l.iid  siege  to  the  city  early  in  August,  with  about 
;?,000  men.  The  defence  was  maintained  for  over 
tlii'ce  weeks,  with  brisk  firing  and  occasional  sorties, 
varied  bv  assaults,  which  involved  severe  losses.^* 
Xcgrete  finally  planted  a  battery  against  a  vulneralJc 
]ioiiit,  and  on  the  30th  gained  a  decided  advantage. 
By  til  is  time  defection  had  assisted  to  undermine  the 
zeal  of  the  royalist.     A  truce  was  accepted,"  and  on 

'■'Tlicy  entered  ])urango  on  Palm  Sunday  to  reopen  tlieir  eollcgo.  Tiny 
V\\  to  loavo  again  tiy  decree  of  1S2I.  Vi<\t,  !'"(•.,  clxv.,  pt  17.  On  Disumor- 
i':iO',ii  B-rl,:i.,  see  Sor.  Mu:  Oim/.  Bo!.,  i.  4!)i-."). 

"•(V.,y,w,  Dinrlo,  xv.  '281»;  xvii.  KM);  C'orfcf,  Art.  Ord.,  1814,  ii.  ir)9-(M). 

'".T.  J.  (iiiereAa,  native  of  Durango.  He  was  curate  of  S.  Miguel,  Mexico; 
>uli>i'inioiitly  canon  doctoral  at  PueliLa,  and  prominent  in  sjipcading  vacciua- 
t;"ii.  According  to  Alniinin,  M(j.,  iv.  '21S,  he  ilied  at  (Mdi/  on  Oct.  l.'l,  ISIM, 
'luring  the  epidemic,  yet  Cortes^  Dhtiio,  six.  238,  alludes  to  him  as  acting  in 
hJ). 

'^Tlie  provincial  deputation  hanteneil,  in  March  18'2I,  toassuic  the  vieo- 
T'V  i>f  its  devotion,  and  Bishop  L'astafiiza  warnc'd  his  flocks  against  the  pcr- 
tiiiiniis  acts  of  Iturliide.  Oac.  Mix.,  xii.  .'Wl  '2,  40-_'. 

''■" The  total  force  at  Diirango  was  now  placed  at  ahout  1,()0;)  men.  (Ii'o. 
Owt,!,,  Aug.  I,  1821.  Cuevas,  I'orniii,  i.  IOC),  reduces  it  to  harely  800. 
Licfii'ia,  A'Uc  y  Jlcrt.,  4(12. 

•'l".-jici'iiil!y  t!ie  sorties  of  Aug.  (>th,  l.")tli,  and  :?OLh.  On  the  latter  occa- 
^iiiii,  a  1p;dt  st)'uck  Xegrcte  in  the  mouth,  kimcking  out  three  trctii,  and  coin- 
I'llLn.,'  Iii(  t(!mi)orary  retirement.  Lin-njit,  Ai/li\  ;/  J'n-t.,  4li"_'  ;{. 

■'Idiring  whioh,  troops' ou  both  aides  frateruized.  Gac.  Gwvl.,  Sept.  1, 
1821. 


\\\- 


U' 


if  m 
■mm 


586 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURANGO. 


September  3d  the  garrison  surrendered,  with  tlie 
lionors  of  war,  and  porniission  to  retire  with  Cruz  to 
Spain."  M.  Urrea  was  installed  as  gefe  politico, 
while  Antonio  Cordero,  who  had  governed  at  J)u- 
rango  as  civil  and  military  governor  for  the  last  tliice 
years,  was  rewarded  for  prompt  adhesion  with  the 
coniandaneia  general  of  the  Occidente  section,  in  place 
of  (^rarci'a  Conde,  who  had  delayed. 

In  the  following  year  the  empire  was  received  Avith 
tlie  acclamation  usually  accorded  to  success,  and  Clii- 
huahua  and  Durango  were  gladdened  with  the  pros- 
pect of  separate  comandancias  de  armas."  Wlieii 
shortly  after  the  federalists  rose  against  Iturhide, 
Chihuahua  joined  with  equal  readiness  in  the  cry, 
after  a  momentary  objection  from  Janos."  In 
Durango  measures  were  at  first  taken  against  tlie 
movement,  but  on  March  5,  1823,  the  troops  de- 
clared in  favor  it  it,"'  followed  by  the  people.  Coin- 
andante  general  Cordero  resigned,  however,  as  did 
Brigadier  I.  del  Corral,  civil  and  military  governor  at 
Durango,  whereupon  the  diputacion  provincial  dec  land 
the  intendente  Juan  Navarro  successor  to  the  latter, 
and  Jaspar  de  Ochoa,  colonel  of  the  pronouiiciiiiif 
garrison,  as  commander  in  place  of  Cordero. 

By  decree  of  July  19,  1823,  the  supreme  con;4re>^.s 
decreed  the  division  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  into  two 
provinces,  to  be  known  as  Chihuahua  and  Duraiii,'o, 
respectively,  the  capital  of  the  former  receiving  the 
title  of  city  and  becoming  the  seat  of  a  dij)utaci(»n 
provincial.'"     The   act   was    just   to   Chihuahua,  to 

■-^Textin  /'/.,  Sept.  lath.  The  officials  took  tlie  oath  on  Sept  IMh.  /'";). 
Vnr.,  1.  i>0.  The  I'coplo  and  authorities  began  to  vie  in  honoring  iturliiiit. 
Gar.  Imp.,  i.  249-51,  38!). 

^3JAu'.  Mi'm.  Gun:,  18'23,  25;  Pop.  P.dit.,  ii.,  pt  15. 

'-'*  Whose  garrison  objected  to  the  proclamation  of  the  Ca.sa  ilata  ]il.iii  at 
Chihuahua,  on  March  12tli,  and  marclied  ui)on  tliis  city.  Negotiations  simhi 
brought  these  troops  over.   I'imirt,  Doc.  C/ii/i.  M.S.,  i.  27-38,  IK),  !»:{. 

-•'("oininandiint  Ochoa  at  Durango  pronounced  for  it.  The  iliimtacinii 
provincial  reconunended  the  new  order  to  the  people  in  July.  Viill'j'>,  l''"'- 
Me  J-.,  i.,  pt  viii.  1-7.  Vaca  Ortiz,  deputy  for  Durango  and  cast  into  prison 
by  Iturbide,  was  now  honored.     Bwitnimtiite,  Ifiit.  Itnrliiile,  97. 

•■"i  Chihuahua  to  extend  from  Rio  del  Norte  to  Kio  Florido,  and  I  »iiraiiL'<' 
coutiuuiug  to  its  original  sonthern  boundary.  J/tx.  CoL  Ord  y  JJcc,  ii.  U'*' 


IXTERNO  DEL  NORTE. 

^v]lichwas  already  conceded  a  population  of  over  100,- 
noO,  with  roquirenicuts  that  made  necessary  a  separate 
administration  from  that  residing  at  the  distant  and 
uncongenial  Durango.  Nevertheless,  a  party  per- 
suiided  the  chamber  to  reunite  the  two  provinces,  in- 
cluding New  Mexico,  under  the  ap})ellation  Estado 
Iiiterno  del  Norte,  with  cai)ital  at  Chihuahua."  Du- 
ruiiL:^!),  however,  raised  objections.  She  demanded 
tliat  her  chief  city  be  retained  as  capital,  or  that  she 
1)"  made  a  separate  state  or  territory,"  on  the  ground 
of  liir  large  population,  with  resimrces  far  superior  to 
tliose  of  Chijiuahua  and  of  several  existing  states. 
Tlio  appeal  found  hearing,  and  on  May  2ild  and  July 
C),  1824,  the  separation  was  affirmed,  New  JMexico 
l)iiiig  declared  a  territory  of  the  federation.""  In  the 
following  year  the  two  states,  issued  their  constitution, 
in  ;u  oordance  with  the  federal  organic  law  of  the  re- 
imblic^" 

Chihuahua  established  oidy  one  legislative  chamber 
of  not  less  than  eleven  deputies,  while  Durango  in- 
dulged also  in  a  senate  of  seven  members,"  thereby 
supplying  additional  food  for  the  party  feuds  which 
quickly  began  to  unfold.     In  the  constituent  legisla- 


-'OeiTce  of  Jan.  31,  1S"24.  On  Feb.  4th  was  issueil  a  law  creating  a  lifxis- 
liiniic  for  tliia  state,  tassiguing  to  L'liilnaliua  ami  Durango  live  deputien 
eiuli,  and  to  New  ^Mexico  one.  Mc.r  C>1.  Or-i  y  Drr.,  iii.  '25-0,  18. 

-"Tliis  appeal  was  made  ))y  thu  diimtacii".  itself.  Tt  was  slifiwn  tliat 
pijiulation  and  resources  were  3Ulli'v'.;ntly  abundant  for  a  separate  <!xisti'noe. 
J'inir/,  Doc.  Chill.,  MS.,  ii.,  no.  1. 

■'■''I'he  decree  ot  May  2'_'d  u^.[.Iied  only  to  Durango,  so  that  the  claim  by 
riiilmaliua  hung  in  the  balance  till  July  (1th,  whin  slie  also  Mas  dculari;d  a 
sitatc,  with  ajiproval  of  ilejuties  elected  in  May;  the  eiglit  proprietary  nicni- 
iicTs  joining  with  the  three  suplcntcs  to  form  the  legislature.  Mix.  Cnl.Ord 
II  ]>■''■,  iii.  50,  54-5.  Her  limits  were  Paso  del  Norte  on  one  side  and  tbo 
iiaiii'iida  de  Rio  Florido  on  the  south,  'con  su  resjiectiva  pertencncia.'  Tl 
Uiu'unu'o  legislature  vhich  met  on  June  .'iOth,  had  eight  j)ropriel:ary  members, 
and  President  Escaizaga,  yet  for  tlie  following  legislature  eleven  M'erc 
clcitiil,  at  the  rate  of  one  for  11, (KK)  souls,  the  I'stimated  pojiulation  being 
IJil.o."  ;  r.  Col.  Tcj.,  30-2.  The  federal  constitution  of  Octoi)er,  con- 
tiriiiiil  tlic  separation. 

^'  I'lirango  on  Sept.  1st,  and  Chihuahaaon  Dec.  27tli,  the  provisional  Con- 
stitulioii  of  the  former  apjieaied  as  early  as  .Tuly  2;(,  1S24,  and  I-  1 1,  H^-(i5; 
-l/ir.  Col.  Coiistit.,  i.  15(>-y4,  274-311).  This  will  lie  considered  in  a sc]^ ;ari.ao 
ciiaptcr. 

■'Her  voting  in  1825  ia  given  in  Pap,   Var.,  xxxi.,  pt  :>vii    I   .". 


688 


CTTIHUAHUA  AND  DURANGO. 


i 


ture  or  convention,  the  esoocp'^  and  yorkino,  or  con- 
servative and  liberal,  elements''  already  asserted 
tlieniselves  in  a  marked  degree,  for  a  time  under  the 
localized  nicknames  of  Cliirrincs  and  Cuclias."  Soon 
the  military  entered  as  a  third  party  to  watch  tluir 
opportunities  for  spoil,  Tlie  elections  for  the  fiist 
regular  legislature  were  disputed,"  and  it  was  not  till 
May  1,  1826,  that  the  body  was  histalled  '^  in  not  fullv 
complete  form.  The  triumphant  liberals  contiolkd 
it  and  failed  not  to  direct  blows  against  the  clerical?), 
who  responded  by  fomenting  a  conspiracy  i'or 
August  4th.  This  was  promptly  stopped  with  the 
aid  of  informers,  and  more  strenuous  measures  wcro 
taken  against  the  party,  to  which  end  extra  powers 
were  conferred  upon  the  governor,  Santiago  Baca 
Ortiz,  deputy  to  the  first  national  congress,  and  leader 
of  the  yorkino  party.**  Tlie  result  was  that  tlie  o))- 
ponents  had  recourse  to  fresh  plots,  one  of  wliicli  in 
November  met  the  same  fate  as  the  preceding;"  an- 
other took  place  in  March  1827,  when  Lieutenant  J. 
M.  Gonzalez  proclaimed  himself  comandante  general. 
arrested  tlie  governor,  dissolved  the  legislature,  and 
terrified   the   liberals  generally,  assisted  by  women. 


"'■'The  rise  ami  (levelopment  of  which  are  treated  in  IfinC.  Mcx.,  v.,  tliis 
series. 

^^  Tlie  former  denoting  pretenders  to  learning  and  greatness,  and  ;is  tliey 
emhraced  besides  C'huroliinen  and  Spaniards,  the  students  and  youth,  lie 
term  'partido  de  los  niuch.iehoa  'was  also  applied  l)y  tlie  Cuchas,  a  naiiu' sig- 
nifying buffoons  and  lieggurs,  who  gained  their  bread  by  creatuig  niuiriiiuiit 
among  tlie  people,  linndm,  Xot.  Dur.,  6'2  .1.  The  Chirrines  nnt'iiiltd  .i 
green  standard,  with  tlie  watchword  Viva  la  Religion  ('at(')lica;  lu'iiic  iil  o 
the  appellation  Catholics.  Tlie  latter  sjilit  after  IMS  into  Atalayas,  ar  mw 
men,  who  objected  to  the  extreme  conservatism  of  the  other  faction.  See 
also  Zdiiiln,  I'l'v.  Mvx.,  277  et  seq. 

"'Arguments  for  both  sides,  in  Ahililt;  Eupcin.;  Mcx.,  01iKi-n>.  nl  ('iiinir""', 
1-2;  Eilo  ricni'  iiiiii/  iil  (vwo,  1-2;  Pup.  I'di:,  xxxi.,  pts  IS,  22,  Ixix..  \i\  11, 
witli  remonstrance  against  divisions  of  tlie  constituent  committees. 

^■'' Under  the  prcsi<lei!cy  of  J.  .T.  de  Kscarzaga,  in  the  senate,  anil  1.  M. 
de  Arricta,  in  the  house.  J.  de  Matos  had  been  president  of  the  coiisHtiuiit 
convention.  Son.,  Acfu.'i  Cnn;/.,  i.  220. 

""Tile  legislature  elected  the  governor,  hence  this  selection.  His  , -nil' r- 
ings  as  one  of  tlie  deputies  imprisoned  liy  Itiirbide  had  earned  liiiii  iirvA 
svmi)atliy,  wiiicli  he  justiiied  liy  an  energetic  and  able  adinini-'li'.iiiiiii. 
Ji'<i  „!nz,' X"f.  I>„i:,  ()4. 

■'"  It  was  fniiioiited  by  Canon  Zubirta,  More  than  20(Hiad  joined  tin'  plot 
when  it  was  divulged,  t'orrvo  iicinanario,  i.  08-711,  I2;J-4. 


POLITICS. 


689 


r  con- 

Icr  llie 
Soon 
h  tlu'ir 
le   first 
iu)t  till 
ot  fully 
iitrolK'd 
lericak, 
,cy     lor 
rith  the 
es  Avcvf" 
I,  powers 
i-o   Baca 
id  leader 
,  ihv  oy- 
w]\\v]\  in 
[i\if\^'  au- 

euaut  J. 

ox'iu'ral. 

ure,  and 
Wollicll. 

}[('.r.,  v.,  this 

ami  ^'■^  tuey 
youtli,  li.e 
a  iiaiiu'si^- 
lig  niciriimut 
k  lUltuiU'il  'l 
I;  lu'IU'U  al  0 
';,Y;IS,  1)1- new 

■action.    f^i^tJ 

((/  CiiiKjri'-^i, 
I'lxix..  I't  11. 

|e' aii'l  1.  >!• 
|e  c'cvu^Mtiu'tit 

HissiuVr- 
[,,1  him  ;:'■'■■'' 
liiiiiii^ti"!"""' 


•<l  Uh' 


ot 


wlio  felt  it  a  duty  to  sustain  their  confessors."  The 
ucuoral  government  took  prompt  steps  to  check  the 
iiiovenient,  by  sending  General  Parras,  whose  mere 
})roseuce  sufficed  to  dissipate  it,  for  Gonzalez'  men 
passed  over  and  their  leader  fled."  Comandanto 
<f('iioral  J.  J.  Ayestaran  was  replaced  by  Jose 
Fi!j;ueroa. 

The  following  elections  proved  as  unsatisfactory  as 
the  preceding,  until  finally  the  supreme  government 
interfered,  and  effected  a  settlement  for  the  moment,^* 
in  favor  of  the  yorkino  interest,  this  party  having 
carried  the  day  at  Mexico,  by  electing  Guerrero  to 
tlie  presidency."  Disorders  at  Mexico  in  1828,  pro- 
f.A  (luced  a  corresponding  el)ullition  between  the  fy,c- 
tions  in  the  north,  and  the  installation  of  the  new 
looislature  did  not  take  place  until  the  midtlle  of  the 
rollo.ving  year.  Even  then  it  was  quickly  dissolved 
by  Governor  Baca,  who  replaced  it  by  one  of  more 
pronounced  yorkino  type.  Guerrero's  liberal  admin- 
istration being  ovei'thrown  in  December,  Colonel 
Gaspar  de  Ochoa  pronounced  in  favor  of  tlie  rebellious 
vioe-])resident  liustamante,  and  in  February  1830, 
mustered  a  rabble  in  opposition  to  the  new  governor, 
F.  Florriaga,  whom  he  arrested  with  other  promnient 
vorkiu  >s.  He  then  summoned  the  leirislature  which 
had  'lu  oM  ciissolved  by  Baca.  The  civil  and  military 
aiilt,:>ri!i>  s  were  now  headed  by  J.  A.  Pescador  and 
O'hu. 


V 


'ho  ;  encrpl  feat  ires  of  the  preceding  occurrence  ap- 
plied iiif>L  i-j  Chihuahua,  although  in  a  modified  form. 


*M)iifia  1).  Pacheco  de  Arenas  inarclicd  through  the  streets  and  enlisted 
f"ll"\yiis.   Titriicl,  Kiic.  Mi'j.,  '273^S4. 

■''''ilio  expulsion  of  S  )auiards  was  a  cause  for  the  revolt.  Snurii  )) 
X'n;irn>,  IliM.  M,'j.,  8'2-li\  ]V>,r<r.i  Mr.,:,  i.  :J1:{-I4.  Sf«;  also  Cor  fro  /■',■>/., 
Apiil  l-.'tii,  May  2,  1827.     An  amnesty  was  granted  to  the  rel«'ls.  Arrillojn, 

'  Ohliiriiig  aceej)tani'e  of  the  divisions  made  by  the  electoral  ennventious 
^'  -.")-:;(),    1827.    Toniil,  Xnr.  M<j.,  27;<-84.      For  names  of  senators  see 

■'    ;  I  Li/r^,  182!>,  IS,  ;{:{-4. 

'■"■  ;c).'i  slut  ure  sent  its  congratulations  and  eontrihuteil  .^lO.tMK)  to  the 
J."i»  .  treasury.  Conro  FiiL,  .Ian.  :!(),  Feb.  12,  13,  June  8,  1828,  sup., 
wliili.  e'iiiliuahua  gave  three  times  as  nnieh. 


■    PL 
^'  4K,' 

r    li 


'4>i    'ii 


?.    11 


%.  m 


■M 


-'•m 


!:.  *!■ ' 


m 


;'i. 


Ill 


590 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURANCO. 


I; 


H    J 


^i 


The  first  person  elected  under  the  new  constitutidii  of 
1825,  was  Simon  EHas  Gonzalez,  who  being  in  Soiioia. 
was  induced  to  remain  tliere,  J.  A.  Arce  takiii-j;  ]iis 
place  as  ruler  in  Chihuahua.  In  1829,  houiver, 
Oonzulez  became  comandante  general  of  Chihuahua, 
his  term  of  ottice  on  the  west  coast  having  expired. 

Arce  showed  himself  a  less  thorough  yorkiiio  than 
his  confrere  of  Durango.  Although  unable  to  resist 
the  popular  clamor  for  the  exjndsion  of  the  Spaniards/' 
he  st  •  •)  onorreled  with  the  legislature,  which  dc^'hircd 
its(>lf  u  for  Guerrero,  and  announcing  his  siijipd', 

of  Bustui'  .(ite's  revolution,  he  suspended,  in  ^laicli 
18.'10,  ci<»;ht  members  of  that  body,  the  vice-sjjovtriKir. 
and  several  other  officials,  and  expelled  them  from  tlio 
state.  The  course  thus  outlined  was  followed  hv 
(lovernor  J.  I.  Madero,  who  succeeded  in  1831,  as- 
sociated with  J.  J.  Calvo  as  comandante  ueiieral, 
stringent  laws  behig  issued  against  secret  societies. 
which  were  supposed  to  be  the  main  s])ring  to  thr 
anti-clerical  feelinix  amonjx  liberals.  This  feeliii"-  was 
wide-si)read,  and  at  tlie  first  symptom  of  reaetion 
against  the  government  at  ^Texico,  IJurango  dis[>!a\r(l 
active  approval.  In  ^Tay  1832,  Jose  Urna,  a  rising 
officer,  undertook  to  su]>port  the  restoration  of  l^vsi- 
dent  Pedraza,  and  on  July  20th,  Governor  EloiriaLia 
was  reinstated,  and  the  legislative  minority  overtlirowii 
together  with  Baca  was  brought  back  to  assist  in 
forming  a  new  legislature,  which  met  on  Septeiiihti 
Ist."  Chihuahua  showiuix  no  desire  to  imitate  tin 
revolutionary  movement,  Urrea  prepared  to  iiivad. 
the  state.  Comandante-ixeneral  Calvo  threatened  tn 
retaliate,  and  a  conflict  seemed  imnnnent  wlieii  tl.' 
entry  of  Santa  Anna  into  Mexico  put  an  end  to  tl  > 

*'Wlii(,hiiianifeste(litselfstrnnglyin  1S2G.  La  Pnlanca,  Sviit  H,  IS-li.  I'- 
IS'JT  tlio  k'gi.slaturc  oppuseil  tlie   I'XimLsiou  liill  liy  eight  votos  ag;iiii-t  tW' 
Mom,  OhniM  Sm  Iftis,  ii.  'Z'liS;  Imt  in  vain,  for  thruo  sooro  wvrv  cxiu'llcil  ci* 
of  eight  score  entercil  on  the  list.  Mix.    Moii.  Estnd.,  IS'J'.t,  il<n'.  I;  <'vrr' 
Fed.,  Jan.  2,  1828. 

"  Under  the  presidency  of  M.  Castafieda  in  the  hnver  house,  uinl  of  } 
Romo  in  the  senate.  Piiiurt,  Col.  Doc,  no.  '2't\;  Zu.iMc.l<,  ni<t.  Mi-t.,  X" 
1)02. 


LE<;ISLATUHK  AND  OOVERNORS. 


591 


dispute."  A  now  U'nislature  mtt  at  Dumn<jfo  in  Feb- 
luiiry  1833,  and  B,  ^^[t'ndarozciueta  sucrcoded  as  gov- 
t  riior,  botli  ready  to  cooperate  in  the  liberal  measures 


u  Jl 


4i 


DtTRANGO  AND   SiNALOA. 

"f  Farias,  whom  President  Santa  Anna  had   loft  in 

"Cnrrospondcnt'C  l)ctM-een  tlie  respective  governors  ami  ootiiinaTidi'rs  in 
'^'-pt.  Oct.,  in  niiioH,  Dn<:  C/iifi.,  ii.  11- '-'2;  Id.  Coll.,  IS.'W,  1  •_';  Bustuiiwuite, 
Vui.  Pnliia,  MS.,  iii.  193-5,  reproduces  some  lofty  cpistka  from  Calvo. 


'MlliiP 


592 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAXGO. 


i 


charofe  of  the  administration  to  feel  the  puUic  ])uUi\ 
wliile  he  kept  safely  in  the  background  till  tin;  tuiu 
of  affairs  should  become  clear.  One  step  was  tin.' 
banisliment  of  Bishop  Zubiria  for  resisting  the  l;i\v 
relating  to  curas  and  other  encroachments  on  the 
church;"  another  joined  the  western  states  in  a  short- 
lived coalition  for  sustaining  the  federal  system/" 

No  sooner,  however,  had  Santa  Anna  turned  upon 
his  colleague  in  alarm  at  the  imposing  efforts  of  tlio 
clerical  party,  than  legislature  as  well  as  governor  ful- 
lowed  the  example  by  adopting,  in  July  1834,  his  phm 
of  Cuernavaca,  which  put  a  check  to  reforms.  ]3ut 
sucli  was  their  lukewarmness  in  enforcing  it  that  tliu 
commanding  officer,  Colonel  J.  I.  Gutierrez,  on  Scp- 
te.nbcr  -"d,  at  the  head  of  the  garrison,  affirmed  tlu' 
plan,  and  at  the  same  time  declared  the  term  of  tlie 
legislature  and  governor  expired."  At  a  convention 
of  citizens  called  by  himself  to  select  a  new  provisional 
ruk;r,  lie  naturally  obtamed  the  vote,  with  P.  J.  I']s- 
calante  for  his  deputy,  and  a  council  to  guide  tlie 
administration."  Considering  it  for  his  intcitst  to 
discountenance  such  radical  dispositions  of  state  au- 
thorities, Santa  Anna  ordered  the  rehistatenu>iit  of 
Mendarozqueta,  associated  with  Ochoa  as  conuuKhuifc 
general.  Gutierrez  hund)ly  yielded,  but  Escahmte 
refused  to  surrender  office,  midst  riotous  demoiistr;i- 
tions,  whereupcm  troops  were  sununoned  from  Zacate- 
cas.  Their  approach  gave  force  to  the  mediation  of 
the  returned  prelate,  and  the  change  was  etlected 
without  bloodshed." 

■"' Correspomlenco  in  Zuhiria,  Docs,   1-27;  Pop.  Vnr.,  Ixxiii.  pt  >S.    Tlf 

hishop  (lepiirted  ipiietly  by  night,  on  Alay  9th,  to  obviate  an  I'liioutL'  an g 

his  devoted  Hock. 

♦*The  supreme  govt  approved  the  ol)ject  in  Oct.  183.1;  the  fcih  nil  l\atiia' 
came  to  naught;  but  the  germ  was  left  for  adefensive  alliance  against  saviit-'t^ 
inroads  from  the  north.  Documents  in  Pimirt,  Doc.  Son.,  ii.  '2\,  Hi  -,  -tl; 
Id.,  Coll.,  nos.  97,  200,  297-8,  .318. 

<'Text  in  Pinnrt,  Coll.,  no.  .320.  Midst  cries  from  the  mob  of  M\irrii  la 
Fedcraeion!  y  Viva  Santa-Anna!  Rnniirez,  Not.  Dur.,  15. 

*"  Names  in  Tievvpo,  Sept.  22,  20,  Oct.  8,  2(i,  18.34. 

**Ofmirioti,  Oct.  8,  22,  29,  Nov.  20  2,  18.34.  Gutierrez  wrote  a  Iniii:  di"- 
culpation.  showing  that  he  had  merely  given  effect  to  popular  df-iii-.  ami 
obeyed  every  order  from  Mexico.  Indeed,  his  moderation  procured  w'uh  ap- 
proval in  Durango.  Dur,  Examm  Cril.,  30  44. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


693 


The  ensuing  election  brouglit  a  new  legislature,'* 
with  governors  conforming  to  the  change  of  aspects. 
Nevertheless,  in  September  1835  political  hifluence 
brought  in  as  ruler  Jose  Urrea,  of  federalist  tendon - 
cii's,  wliose  different  re voluti(jnary  efforts  had  brouglit 
liiiii  to  the  grade  of  brigadier,  with  an  ambition  to 
gain  further  distinction." 

lu  Chihuahua,  where  the  reaction  under  Farias 
had  found  less  active  response,  the  Cucrnaviica  plan 
was  adopted  in  July  1834,  with  quiet  defereiico  to  the 
national  decision.  At  the  same  thne  the  old  favorite, 
Sinitiii  Elias  Gonzalez,  lately  comandante  general, 
was  nominated  governor,  while  the  supreme  authori- 
ties conferred  the  military  connnand  upon  Colonel  J. 
J.  Calvo,"  whose  firmness  had  earned  well-merited 
praise.  The  state  was  in  the  midst  of  a  war  with  the 
Apaches,  which  required  the  concentration  of  all  en- 
or^ies  and  resources  for  defence.  After  a  review  of 
tlic  situation,  Elias  declared  that  the  interests  of  the 
territory  would  be  best  served  by  uniting  the  civil 
and  military  power,  at  least  while  the  campaign  lasted, 
Ojiposition  being  made,  he  firmly  insisted,  and  re- 
signed." This  exemplary  abnegation  was  not  lost, 
for  in  1837  lie  was  renominated  with  acclamation.** 


Tlio  advance  of  settlement  in  these  northern  prov- 
inces, as  described  in  a  preceding  volume,  had  been 
contested  step  by  step  by  the  aborigines,  till  sword 
and  cross   succeeded   in   bringing   the  less  roaming 


^Witli  J.  M.  Asrinaoto  for  covernor,  who  was  replaced  liy  J.  M.  del  U<i- 
gatn  ill  tlie  beginning  of  IS.'IS.  l>iir.  One.  Ooh.,  Jan.  9.~\  1835. 

■'Altliough  styled  also  comandante  general  in  Pinart,  Coll.,  no.  440,  Kl 
Tiniipi,  Oct.  13,  1834,  proclaims  H.  Ochoa  as  appointed  to  this  position  on 
Sejit.  'J'Jil,  in  order  to  neutralize  the  bent  of  the  other. 

'M.  >1.  Echavarrfa  was  declared  vice-governor.  Id.,  Aug.  7-8,  Sept.  (>, 
1834.  (lovernor  Madero's  term  was  ahout  to  expire.  For  deputies,  etc,  see 
/'/.,  Se]it.  19th;  Pinnrt,  Dor.  Chih.,  MS.  ii.  25-30. 

"'This  was  represented  by  the  Sol  tie  Mnyo  as  an  act  by  the  lugi.slature, 
liiit  El  /'■iii'il  of  Chihuahua  exjjlained  the  truth.  Onasicion,  Apr.  .30,  May  13, 
•fimc  13,  1 S35.  Calvo  was  accordingly  recognized  also  as  governor.  A  rrilhvja, 
Kn-"p..  1S35,  549;  HH.  Dor.  Cat.,  i.  1G6.  Echavarria  acted  at  times  for  him. 
Oi/.  .S^  /•„,,.  (Sac.),  xiii.  5. 

**  Ami  likewise  for  Sonora.  Oandnra,  Eiipo8.,9-\0;  Pap.  Far.,  cliii.,  pt  10. 
Hist.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  n,   38 


i.i 


594 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURANGO, 


tribes  under  subjection,  and  driving  the  rest  into  tlio 
mountains  beyond  the  Rio  Bravo  and  tlie  IIik  s  (if 
presidios  skirting  it.  Among  these  intractaVjle  ]>aii.!s, 
designated  by  tlie  general  terms  of  Apaches  and  Cn- 
manclies,  hunting  was  practically  the  only  occu])utii)ii. 
Closely  allied  to  it  was  warfare,  fostered  during  (his 
long  struggle  till  it  became  a  second  nature,  and  stim- 
ulated by  the  brooding  idea  that  their  hunting-grounds 
had  been  taken  from  them  by  white  invaders.  I'iLjlit, 
as  well  as  vengeance,  therefore,  urged  them  to  retalia- 
tion by  entering  this  domain  bequeathed  by  their  fore- 
fathers, and  wresting  a  share  of  its  produce  in  fat  cattle 
and  fleet  steeds,  with  scalj^s  for  trophies.  The  ordi- 
nary chase  fell  into  comparative  disrepute  Ixsiile 
this  ready  source  of  supply,  made  glorious  by  dariiij; 
feats  and  bloody  achievements. 

The  colonial  government  cried  one  measure  after 
another  in  the  effort  to  clieck  the  terrible  raids,  wliieli 
between  1771  and  1776  resulted  in  the  slaughter  of 
1674  persons  in  Nueva  Vizcaya  alone,  not  countiii;; 
soldiers,  travellers,  or  captives,  while  vast  districts  wciv 
laid  desolate.  In  1786  Viceroy  (xalvez  proposed  a  war 
without  cessation  or  mercy  aufahist  everv  trilx'  until 
it  siiould  be  forced  to  sue  for  peace — a  peace  to  he 
based  on  nmtual  interest,  by  encouraging  tlie  Indians 
with  regular  or  occasional  gifts  while  undenniniiio- 
their  health  with  subtle  distribution  of  fiery  li(|ii(tr. 
and  creating  a  desire  for  luxuries  tliat  could  be  obtained 
only  in  peaceful  intercourse  with  settlers.  Any  in- 
fringement of  treaties  was  to  be  relentlessly  punished, 
and  wars  of  extermination  suscitated  amoni;  the  trihi  .s. 

This  Machiavellian  policy  was  pursued  with  ^reat 
success,  although  subjected  to  modifications  Ity  (liU'ei- 
ent  commanders,  for  during  the  remainder  of  tlie 
century  and  the  beginning  of  the  following  no  serious 
depredations  are  recorded.  With  the  chanui  s  and 
administrative  corruption  attending  the  entry  of 
Viceroy  Iturrlgaray  came  a  degree  of  laxity,  wliicli 
encouraojed  the  insolence  and  darinsx  of  the  Aiuiclies, 


RAIDS  AND  DEPREDATIONS. 


595 


isuro  afttT 

aids,  wliu'li 
auj^Utoi-nf 

)t  couutlnij; 
^tricts  were 
)()st'(l  !v  war 
tviln'  until 
X'aci'  to  lie 
,]ic  Iiiduins 
nacrininiii;4 
iei'v  li>lU"V. 
bJobtaiu^tl 
Any  iu- 

rtlu'tlilH'S. 

witli  i^rcat 
IS  l>v  ilill'fi'- 
lidcr  of  tlie 
irr  no  serious 
IhaiiLl'^  anil 
c  entry  "i 
,xity.  ^vllH^l' 


Two  chiefs,  Rafael  and  Josd  Antonio,  proved  especially 
trcublcsome  in  their  raids,  which  extended,  durlnir 
lialf  a  dozen  years,  from  Rio  Bravo  to  within  the 
bonkirs  of  Durango,  and  resulted  in  the  murder  of 
300  persons,  the  kidnapping  of  more  than  two 
score,  besides  heavy  losses  hi  property."  Soiiora 
suffered  also.  The  death  of  these  two  savages  in 
IS  10  procured  a  lull,'*  wliich  was  broken  by  no  very 
severe  outrages,  save  in  1813-14,  when  Sonora  bore 
the  l)runt.  Yet  petty  depredations  were  of  constant 
occurrence. 

Tlic  transformation  of  the  colony  into  a  republic, 
with  its  rapid  development  of  party  strife  and  male- 
aihuiiiistration,  led  in  the  north  to  indifference  and  de- 
sertion among  the  unpaid  orneglected  soldiers,  and  to 
a  re(hiction  of  the  presidio  garrisons  so  as  to  render 
several  of  them  of  little  service.  The  ever  chang- 
ing comandantes  and  comandantes  generales  had  been 
prompted  by  pledges  or  zeal  to  reorganize  or  improve 
tlie  garrisons,  but  the  lack  of  funds  and  means  had 
ever  proved  insuperable.  Assignments  of  funds  were 
freijucntly  procured  from  state  and  general  govern- 
ments, only  to  be  set  aside  for  other  preferred  credi- 
tors, or  to  be  absorbed  by  revolutions  which  were  often 
starti'd  solely  to  obtain  possession  of  such  moneys. 
Tlie  sums  allowed  served  for  momentary  propitiation, 
to  secure  the  small  portion  of  the  force;  others  re- 
ci'ivod  (»nh'  partial  pay.  The  immense  arrears  were 
no  longer  hoped  for  either  by  soldiers,  or  by  settlers 
fioHi  whom  the  former  had  been  obliged  to  extort 
su[)plies  on  credit." 

*'Iii  Dor.  Mix.,  ser.  4,  iii.  1-88,  is  given  a  detailed  account  of  l.'J7  raids 
liv  tliciM,  and  therhief  Chinche  wlio  perished  in  1800,  resulting  in  'J'.IS  Itillcd, 
51!  wdutided,  and  45  captives.  Eactrnrlo  o  Siirinta  lichwion,  by  Ruiz  de  Busta- 
maiito. 

*'  Ilafael  was  of  Opata  descent,  and  educated,  according  to  some  accounts, 
liy  a  Suiioran  priest.  This  enabled  liim  to  acquire  useful  guidance,  tlirough 
the  roliliud  niail,  for  his  depredations.  He  had  for  a  wife  a  Mexican  captive, 
wliiise  Idve  indue  mI  her  to  fight  by  his  side.  When  he  fell,  she  refused  to 
surrender,  and  killed  several  soldiers  before  herspirit  fled  to  join  her  warrior 
liom.  /■',■,.,./«./,  ii.  240;  Putnam's  Ma;/.,  iv.  412. 

"'  Ovci  a  million  was  owing  to  the  few  existing  troops  of  Sonora  aloue 
act,)rdiiig  to  Vdcuco,  Son.,  90-2;  Soc.  Mcx.  Oeo'j.,  BoL,  viii.  .'592-4. 


5% 


CIIIHUiUIUA  AND  DURANfJO. 


For  a  while  the  colonial  presidio  system  was  1(  ft 
unmolested  to  prompt  the  diminishing^  jy^arrisoiis  tn  a 
certain  maintenance  of  order  among  the  finrrouiidiiH^^ 
tribes,  by  energetic  pursuit  and  punishment  of  niaiau- 
ders,  in  which  expeditions  they  were  sustainrd  to 
Bomc  extent  by  the  local  guprds,  although  these  wcri? 
seldom  provided  with  better  arms  than  bows  and 
lances.'*  Soon,  however,  the  spwit  slackened,  partly 
because  the  raids  were  not  sufficiently  severe  t<>  louso 
tlie  people,  partly  from  political  preoccupation  and 
from  tlie  causes  above  enumerated.  The  Indians 
were  not  slow  to  perceive  the  change,  and  as  tlic  lack 
of  means  became  perceptible  in  diminishing  j)n'S('nt3 
and  allowances,  they  felt  an  additional  motive  fur  re- 
suming the  long  deferred  inroads.  In  1831  the  upris- 
ing began,*' extendmg  gradually  into  Scmora.  Tlie  <,fov 
ernmcnt  of  Chihuahua  took  prompt  steps  by  sciidinu; 
troops  in  different  directions,  one  party  under  Cajitain 
Ronquillo  penetrating  to  the  Gila.  Nevertheless  tlu> 
peace  proposals  of  the  wily  savages  were  entertained 
in  1832  with  such  readiness  that  the  stolen  cattle  and 
other  booty  were  conceded  to  them.** 

The  effect  of  such  leniency,  in  marked  contrast 
with  the  extermination  policy,  was  to  encourage  the 
Indians  to  renewed  inroads  on  a  larger  scale.  In  faot. 
the  state  capital  itself  was  threatened  that  yeai".  and 
their  ravasjjes  reached  such  an  extent  that  one  settle- 
ment  after  another  was  abandoned. 

The  method  of  the  marauding  tribes  was  well  oal- 
culated  to  inflict  the  greatest  possible  damage  witli 
tlie  minimum  of  exposure.  After  leaving  a  small 
band  to  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  women  and 
camps,  the  rest  of  a  tribe,  to  the  number  of  perhaps 
200    or    300,   would   approach   the    selected    raiding 


^  And  few  could  manage  the  bow  adds  the  Opcmdmi,  May  I.*?,  1S;)5. 

"'l^ue  to  a  lack  of  policy  aud  circums|)ection,  says  Conde,  S(x:  Mer- 
Oe.o;/.,  Boi,  V.  313,  which  meant  the  withholding  of  rations,  cU:,  and  tlif 
attempt,  as  Escudero  adds,  Not.  Chih.,  249-50,  to  force  them  into  a  more 
civilized  life. 

^The  cattle  were  actually  branded  so  aa  to  prevent  dispute. 


SYSTEMATIC  STRALTXC}. 


B97 


left 
to  a 
idin;^ 
a  I'i  lu- 
ll to 
wore 
■i  and 

iJU'tlv 

rouso 

1 1  and 

iidians 

:'fS('iit3 
for  ri'- 

;■  UjM'is- 
|\i';40V 
m'udm;^ 
^a|>taiii 
less  tlu' 
rtaincd 
ttle  and 

ontrast 
[a^c  tlu' 
in  fact. 
•;\r.  and 
.  settk'- 

Lvcll  oal- 

L.jri'   witll 

a  snudl 
liu'U  and 
1  pi'viiaps 
raiding 


i<-.,  and  the 
[uti*  a  more 


grf)un(],  and  tliviJiug  into  small  i»artios,  overrun  it  at 
ditli  ivnt  points,  tiius  cnsurinjjj  more  booty,  wliilc;  di.s- 
tr.iitiiit]f  the  settlors  from  effective  pursuit     The  entry 
^ri'iitrjiliy  took  place  durin*^  moonlight  nights,  the  day 
In  iiig  passed  in  hidden  retreats,  guarded  by  sentinels. 
If  travellers  or  caravans  became  the  object,  ambus- 
(iult'S  proved  the  best  means  for  entra])ping  them.     A 
d('tt;rmined  resistance,  howi'ver,  readily  obliged  the 
assailants  to  retreat.     For  the  capture  of  stock,  stam- 
peding devices  were  much  in  vogue.     In   retreating 
witll   the   booty,  the    party  often    divided    into  still 
snialUr  bands,  in  order  to  secure  at  least  a  porti«>n  of 
the  i)lunder,  a  fleet  rear  guard  being  left  in  observa- 
tion to  give  warning  or  to  misdirect  pursuers.     Occa- 
sionall}"  a  larger  number  would   unite  to  check  the 
troops,  so  as  to  give  time  for  the  captured  sttwk  to  bo 
liurricd  off.     If  closely  pressed,  the  Indians  prcfoir(>d 
to  spear  the  animals  rather  than  leave  them  for  a  lati-r 
descent.     At  the  rendezvous  chosen  before  departure, 
the  hands  met  to  divide  the  spoil,  whereupon  e     h  re- 
turned to  its  home,  there  to  celebrate  succe.-^s  with 
dances  and  other  entertainments,  to  which  the  posses- 
sion of  scalps  lent  special  eclat.     Women  and  children 
were  captured  for  adoption,  the  latter  being  reared 
iis  warriors.     Indeed,  some  of  the  fiercest  and  most 
formidable  fiijhters  and  chieftains  have  been  assijjcned 
to  this  origin.       Although  averse  to  the  risk  of  open 
liuttlus,  the  Apaches  nevertheless  offered  and  accepted 
it  on  many  occasions,  displaying  tactics  fully  equal  to 
tliosi;  of  the  troops,  with  due  coordination  of  cavalry 
and  infantry,  of  bowmen  and  lancers.*^ 

Under  the  Galvez  system,  each  presidio  had  to  send 
»iut  every  month  a  reconnoitring  party.  In  time  of 
danger,  settlers  as  well  as  soldiers  kept  horses  and 

'^'Adclitional  details  on  their  habits  and  warfare  may  he  found  inSor.  Mia: 
'J'o-j.,  BoL,  V.  315-17;  xi.  92,  llSetseq.;  Vela-ico,  Son.,  253-4;  Esctulero,  Son., 
"1-C. 

'-I'iko  refers  to  this  as  early  as  1806.  A  Spanisli  officer  '.sj)oke  of  his 
civalry  lireaking  their  infantry  as  a  thing  not  to  he  tliought  of.'  Tnw.,  XV.)~ 
^''  111  my  Xnth'e  Ruccs,  i.  493  et  seq.,  their  weapons,  methods  of  warfare, 
t'l'..  are  ileseribed. 


■'  1 


,,.  i-^. 


;■' 


•m 


c  i  1 


598 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURANGO. 


> 


supplies  ready  for  instant  niarcli.  The  dccliiu  in 
sticiigtli  and  discipline  among  the  garrisons  invulvid 
the  total  or  partial  abandonment  of  this  corddii  (.f 
ohscrvation.  Latterly,  the  skillful  and  daring  nuun  u- 
vres  of  till!  Indians  rendered  these  Hyh»g  excursions  df 
less  valu(\  Moreover,  the  small  parties  ordinal ily 
detached  for  such  duty  were  now  exposed  to  grcati  r 
danger,  owing  to  the  ever-increasing  efficiency  of  Ind- 
i;ui  armament,  hi  muskets  and  powder  obtained  fioiii 
United  States  traders  in  exchange  for  cattle  and  otln  r 
st(>l(!n  effects.  The  large  proportion  of  forced  reeiuits 
ill  the  republican  army  tended  to  diminish  still  nioiv 
its  value,  for  these  unwilling  soldiers  were  little  inclined 
to  expose  their  lives.*' 

As  the  danger  increased,  a  general  call  to  arms  was 
made;  the  governor  received  extra  power,  and  a  Iduii 
of  $80,000  was  decreed  to  wage  war  upon  the  sav- 
a<jes.**  Yet  nothing  availed.  Whenever  a  batid  was 
chisely  pressed,  it  accepted  the  too  readil''  ^bnJ 
peace,  thus  obtaining  an  opportunity  to  disp  "  its 
booty  and  replenish  its  store  of  ammunition.  This 
effected,  it  stood  prepared  to  join  other  bands,  which 
had  meanwhile  been  extending  their  ravages  in  loss 
protected  districts.  And  so  the  devastation  contin- 
ued ;  settlements  were  deserted,**  and  famine  followed 
in  the  wake. 

Repeated  appeals  were  made  to  the  general  gov- 
ernment for  aid:  but  the  struiryrle  carried  on  tlirou^li- 
out  this  decade  between  conservatives  and  liberals,  iii 


®  Ctregg  declares  tliat  three  or  four  Apaches  would  venture  M-ithiu  siglit 
of  Chihuahua  to  ravage  with  impunity.  The  troops  sent  in  pursuit  would 
generally  keep  well  beyond  range,  or  retreat  before  obtaining  a  viow  of  tl.i' 
foe's  main  body.  Yut  the  local  journals  were  filled  with  accounts  nf  iiri«li- 
gious  feats.  Cow,  Pminis,  294-7.  Formerly  25  soldiers  could  rout  100  InJ- 
lans;  now  they  face  equal  numbers.    Velasco,  Son.,  248. 

«*  Every  mouth  §9,000  were  to  be  furnished.  Chih.  Man{f.,  1-2.  The  mi! 
itia  was  placed  at  disposal  of  the  sup.  govt.  ArrilUujn,  liecop.,  1834,  4l)!l.  I- 
was  difficult  to  collect  the  loan;  some  persona  contributed  m  eflTccts.  I'iii"rl, 
Doc.  Chih.,  ii.  24-7. 

"At  first  the  partidos  of  Galeana,  Aldama,  Rosales,  and  Paso  siiffereji 
most.  Cdrmen  was  reduced  to  lialf  its  population;  other  places  di'clineil  ^ti" 
more;  '  no  iiroduceu  ya  ni  la  octava  parte  de  lo  quo  antes. '  Esmdtro,OiiU 
125. 


SCAI  P-HUNTINO. 


000 


CM  ly  direction,  diverted  troops  and  funds,  so  that 
litilc!  could  bo  granted  for  the  relief  of  these  provinces. 
]^.  sides,  complaints  from  that  quarter  liad  been  too 
fi(  i|iu'nt  and  exaj^i^erated  to  create  much  attention. 
Sd'iii,  jiowever,  camcabitter  affirmation.  Encouraged 
by  the  im})unlty  enjoyed  by  the  Apaches,  the  Coman- 
clics  joined  more  freely  in  the  raids,*"  giving  tliem 
wider  proportions,  and  the  Indians  penetrating  fur- 
tlit  r  and  further  into  the  interior,  until  they  overran 
Durango,  and  penetrated  into  Zacatecas."  Then 
came  a  clamor  that  revealed  the  serious  nature  of  the 
danger  and  roused  the  government  to  at  least  a  s[)as- 
iiiodic  efiort.  The  suggestions  from  deputies  and 
oonnnandants  for  protecting  the  frontiers  were  sub- 
mitted to  connnittces  charged  to  frame  reports  on  the 
matter.  Meanwhile  some  money  and  troops  were 
sent  to  cooperate  with  the  state  forces,  which  suc- 
ceeded in  driving  back  the  invaders,  or  rather  induc- 
iii<4  tliem  to  withdraw.  This  accomplished,  the  troops 
returned  to  the  political  arena,  and  the  Indians  re- 
newed their  operations."* 

Ill  their  despair  the  states  placed  a  price  upon  the 
heads  of  the  marauders,  offering  $100  for  every  male 
scalp  and  half  that  amount  for  that  of  a  female." 
With  this  inducement  foreigners  and  friendly  Indians 
joined  in  the  human  hunt,  notably  a  man  named  Kirker, 
who  organized  a  regular  company  ft)r  seeking  scalps.'* 

•*  In  May  183."),  COO  or  700  entered  the  state  and  several  engagements 
foUoWfil.  Opo«t(70«,  June  23-5,  183");  Cavo,  Tirn  Si/lan,  iii.  82. 

"'  111  1S40  the  Conianches  came  within  four  leaguea  of  Durango  city, 
which  hes  apparently  remote  from  such  visitors.  Mij:  Mem.  Giur.,  KS41,  'MS. 
Tliut  same  year  the  Apaclies  entered  the  centre  of  Sonora  for  the  first  time 
within  memory.  Soc.  Mix.  Ocoij.,  Bol,  xi.  92-.3.  The  incursion  into  Ziica- 
teiiis  was  marked  by  the  slaughter  of  Iiundreds  of  victims.  Mix.  Infirrtie 
P'.«liii.s.,  12-14,  20,  37.  This  authority  ascribes  the  Comanclie  raid  to  tlie 
treaties  concluded  with  them  about  tliis  time  by  Mason  and  Clioiitcau  in  the 
U.  S.  Markets,  maps,  arms,  and  other  aid  were  freely  supplied  from  that 
(luiirtcr. 

"Vclaaco,  Son.,  103-4,  declares  that  the  dcteu'-ea  were  even  more 
neglected  in  1845  than  during  the  preceding  decade.  Soc.  Mix.  Gnuj.,  Bol., 
viii.  :i'.t!»-400. 

'"And  yet  more  infamous,  .?25  for  a  cliihl.  It  was  in  operation  but  a 
few  weeks  says  (Iregg,  Com.  Prairies,  i.  2t)9-;W0. 

'°  Uubbs,  who  joined  the  party,  states  that  James  Kirker  was  a  Scotch  trap- 


I:  'i-i! 


n  i 


n 


G  i 


•..    -c 


h     I' 


■'■■,  1: 
■■!!  ■! 
-Hi  I; 


600 


CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAMGO. 


His  first  success,  in  surprising  an  Indian  camp,  provod 
so  ijfrcat  that  only  a  portion  of  the  i)rouiiscd  funds 
was  paid.  Jealousy  also  assisted  in  suspeudiuo;  the 
project.  The  result  had  been  a  marked  diminution  (if 
ravaij^es,  but  these  now  increased  once  more  in  niau;- 
nitude,  till  "barely  a  horse  remained  in  all  the  state,'"  ' 
the  marauders  penetratinof  to  the  centre  of  Duraiiijo, 
slaughtering  in  one  week  of  September.  1845,  100 
persons,  and  in  October  50  persons  in  the  Cueiicainc 
region  alone."  Troops  and  volunteers  were  massed 
and  sent  forth,  and  reports  came  of  victories  and  of 
Indians  expelled,  to  be  followed  by  others  of  ficsli 
outraives  and  of  disastrous  defeats,  till  the  minister  of 
interior  affairs  himself  cried  out  that  the  state  wus 
in  desolation." 

In  Chihuahua,  Governor  Garcia  Conde  had  recdurse 
in  1842  to  the  pusillanimous  and  dangerous  oxjx'dieiit 
of  buying  peace."  This,  as  often  demonstrated, 
proved  only  an  incentive  to  further  hostilities.  Sonera 
protested  loudly  against  the  conclusion  of  such 
treaties,  which  temporarily  secured  certain  portions  of 
Chihuahua,  at  the  expense  of  the  adjoining  state, 
which  was  raided  by  bantls  which  took  refuge  ni  Clii- 
huiihua,  selling  the  acquired  booty  there  under  cover 


per,  captured  some  time  before  by  Apaches,  associated  with  them  as  a  IwuKt. 
T  retl  of  the  life  Kirkor  ran  off  with  the  money  seciirctl  for  t^uld  Aiinihu 
liooty,  ami  now  appeared  to  tight  his  formor  oonirades.  Wilif  /,;'/<,  SI  .'!. 
Amurioaus,  Sliawneos,  and  Mexicans  united,  forming  a  party  of  'JOD.  .irLnnl- 
ing  to  yili'.i'  Rcij.,  Ivii.  li).  H()l)l)s,  1)3,  DS-'»,  :;ay:'.  most  of  tlie  Aiim  riiaiis 
left  after  failing  to  receive  full  paynieut  tor  tiie  yield  of  the  first  hunt,  wliiili 
brouglit  1 82  scalp'i  ami  18  cruilives. 

"'As  Bustamante  puts  it.  Oulihu'te,  ii.  lOo-t.  For  raidn,  see  A/.,  lH'ir. 
Mcx.,  M.S.,  xliv.  59,  127. 

"^'^  Amino  del  Puehln  gives  some  harrowing  details.  Got.  18,  2.S,  Xdv.  4,  (i. 
27,  Dec.  18,  1845.  Ahejuxfi  very  full  about  tlie.sc  raids,  especially  in  tlir  Oit. 
and  Nov.,  1844,  issues.   Bnl.  Xotic,  .Tan.  11,  1845. 

"He  charged  U.  S.  officers  with  directing  these  inroads.  Piiim-I,  f'"ll., 
no.  851.     See  also  Ymtnijx  lliit.  Me.r.,  378. 

''*Cniiile,  in  Allium,  Mex.,  i.  22;  Bhicra,  Hut.  Jai,  iii.  541;  Cnw/',  Viifll-.. 
1-8;  Pttfi.  Viir.,  dvi.,  pt  2.S.  The  people,  however,  endorsed  liiiii.  :iiiil  i» 
1845  a  general  clamor  called  for  his  restoration  to  the  governship  fp)iri  wliieli 
he  had  been  removei'.  viVji/yw.  or  Chili.,  in  Mi.irrl.,  iii.  5;  liu.it.iiiiimif< ,  Di'r. 
Mcr.,  MS.,  xliv.  .59,  81,  127,  with  account  of  raids.  It  was  o|>i'iily  mlvn- 
cated  to  grant  certain  bonds  monthly  rations,  §5,0(M)  a  year,  ami.  irinri'iivir, 
tlie  right  to  sell  their  stolen  booty.  Pinart,  Doc.  C/tiL,  MS.,  ii.  3-. 


CENTRALIZED  (iOVERNMENT. 


601 


of  t  lie  agreement.  In  their  exasperation,  tlie  Sonoraiis 
on  one  occasion  quietly  followed  some  bantls  to  their 
oiK'ampments  round  Janos,  and  when  they  appeared 
for  their  stipulated  rations,  fell  upon  them,  slaughtering 
more  than  a  hundred  men,  and  carrying  off  nearly  as 
iiuiMV  women  and  children.  Deeds  like  these  a?"o  said 
to  liave  been  not  infrequent  in  past  days,  and  to  have 
done  more  to  inflame  the  Indiana  than  encroachments 
upon  their  hunting  grounds. 

All  measures  failing  to  avert  the  tempest,  the  tcr- 
ri1)](!  man-hunting  is  again  resorted  to,  and  Kirkcr 
onco  more  engages  in  scalp-taking.  But  the  Apache 
is  tioot  and  cunning,  and  the  chase  soon  becomes  un- 
profitable. But  if  hostile  scalps  cannot  be  had  there 
art'  plenty  in  the  peaceful  rancherias.  And  so  the 
liuntors  pounce  upon  many  an  innocent  band,  ren<ler- 
iii;4  tlie  surprise  and  massacre  yet  safer  to  themselves 
liy  smding  beforehand  kegs  of  liquor  to  over-power 
the  warriors.'* 

The  overthrow  of  the  federal  system  in  18.10  for  a 
centralized  form  of  irovernnunt '*  reduced  the  state's 
to  (li'j)artments,  under  governors  appointed  by  thi^  su- 
iirenie  authority."  Tho  chann;e  tended  to  calm  for  a 
tune  the  political  factions,  and  the  ensuuig  war  with 
fTrance  united  opponents.  Nevertheless,  the  federal 
feeling  was  not  extinct  in  Durango,  and  in  IH.'JZ  both 
jj;overnor  and  assembly  appealed  to  the  president  hi 
favor  of  the  constitution  of  1824,  deelarhig  the  central 
;j;ovornment  to  l)e  too  v-emote  to  ])ro]H'rly  understand 
the  wants  of  the  provhice."     In  IB.'i'.),  a  feeble  move- 


''Tliese  nnscnipulous  proceedinga  wtrc  aaturally  kept  as  quiet  as  possiMc. 
Riixtmi  heard  of  several  iustaiiees,  and  stales  that  neither  aj,'e  nor  s(,'x  was 
^laicl.  A>hrn.,  ir)8-9.  }<i'm  Ji<fiflrtf,  M,in:,  <  :?•_'•_':?.  Iw/.  Af.  Urpf.  1S7I, 
■I'll.  M.ill,  /9riH.,  MS.,  )71~-,  aihls  tliat  .settled  i'arihuniaras  and  even 
Mi'MiMiis  were  fre(|uently  mistaken  (1)  for  Apaelies  and  more  nuirders  eoni- 
niittcil  in  a  nionth  tlian  .\jiaelu!s  eonlil  have  done  in  a  year. 

■''Si'o  /fl.st.  A[fj:,  V.  144  et  seq.,  tliis  aeries. 
I'idMi  the  'tenia,' three  candidates,  proposed  by  the  tlepartmcntal  as- 
seiiiUlv. 

'/'"r.  Iispos.,  in  P(ip.   Vm:,  xxxix  ,  pt  i?.     This  was  supported  liy  local 
ai'pcMls,  aa  Z>«r.  I{i})r>:i.  ik  Vktoriu,  1-10. 


'is ; 


C02 


CHmUAHUA  AND  DURANGO. 


I 


nicnt"  was  made  in  sympathy  with  the  federal  ist  re- 
volt which  Urrea  had  maintained  in  the  noitliwist 
and  east  for  two  years,  and  in  1841  the  conuindjuito 
general,  J.  A.  Heredia,  joined  the  Gnadalajaia  pio. 
nunclaniiento  by  Paredes,  which,  demanding  a  reft  iriiKd 
constitution,  brought  about  a  dictatorship  under  Santa 
Anna/'  This  opportune  movement  procured  for  liiiii 
the  governorship/'  but  his  remissness  h)  seconding;  tlic 
ri'volution  of  the  same  leader  against  the  dictatoi-,  at 
the  close  of  1844,  lowered  his  prospects  soinewliat. 
The  return  now  to  a  federal  system  brought  13.  ^Itii- 
darozqueta  into   his  place/' 

In  Chihuahua,  both  the  assembly  and  goveriKU'. 
General  J.  M.  Monterde,"  sought  to  resist  the  inevo- 
ment  against  Santa  Anna,  and  failinix  in  this,  the  lat- 
ter  placed  in  charge  of  the  administration  Deputy  Luis 
Zuloaga.  The  character  and  abuses  of  this  man  [no- 
voked  loud  protests,"*  and  in  June  1845,  Connnandaiit 
Ugarte  compelled  him  and  several  obnoxious  asstiii- 
blymen  to  resign,  whereupon  Angel  Trias  was  instalKd 
as  g«)vernor.'"''  Neither  this  governor  nor  tlie  livil 
authorities  of  Durango  favored  the  uprising  of  (im- 


"'Ky  Capt.  Kosa  and  some  artillerists  on  ^[ay  ."^d.  rom.-gi'ii.  IKivilia 
proiuplly  .suppressed  it.  Biixt-.tiiiiiiitf,  (Inhhutc,  i.  1S7.  !M.  t'astafuiia  wa.s 
gdviTiuir  at  the  tiai-j.  P.  de  Oi'lioa  had  acted  iu  ISIiT,  and  befure  him  IVfia 
ancl  Kspar'.a.  Pay.   Var.,  clxxx.,  pt  vii.,  10. 

^  JJi.4.  .\fi:f.,  V.  'J'JT  etseip,  tliis  .serie.s.  Heredia's  proelamatimi,  in  !'■'• 
llrjo.  Dor.  Mix.,  ii.,pt4()4,  i;{-l-4.  The  hisliop  of  Uurango  jirote-^ted  a^'aiii>t 
the  power  given  the  congress  liy  the  orgaiiie  law  of  1S4.S  aa  iniupartMl  witii 
that  of  the  elmri'li.  Dui:  Oriii:  J'nlmlo,  in  /',rj).    I'lu:,  ilvi.,  ])t  4. 

■"Mn  whieh  he  was  eontirnied  in  1844,  although  failing  toohtaiiia  (liiisi\o 
majority  in  the  iirimary  loeal  election,  ('oiisfitndomil,  Feb.  '27,  Mar.  1,  l">n. 
Mendaro/cpieta  and  Zuliiria  had  acted  jireviously. 

•■-Hu  still  IkM  llie  power  iu  1847,  although  F.  Elorriega  acted  in  lS4.'i  ami 
184(1.   Mi'iii.  JIM.,  Fell.  1,  1S4(). 

•■■'Who  succeeded  F.  Carcia  Coiide  in  184.'?.  The  latter  had.  m  IMfl.  ly 
cneral  retpie.st,  succeeded  the  deceased  gov., .!.  M.  Irigoyeii.  who  h.ol>lii'rlly 
)efore  ri'plaeed    Klias  (lonxalez.      M.    Andrade,  Man!/.,   wa.s  .ippniiitcil  in 


18lti>,  but  set  aside  before  taking  possession.  Pujt.  I  ur.,  l.xxx.,  pt  i.  8ii; 
/(/.,  Itcprin.  (If  Alliudf,  and  j)t  8,  tor  8\ieeessors.  Conilf,  I'iiiiln:,  ."i;  </'"''• 
JIi'iii.  Hue,  doe.  1,  .S')''.  Ml.)-,  (j'l'i^j.,  Bol.,  xi.  1'.),". 

'•'  A  widely  .signeil  petition  appeareil  for  his  removal  for  gauiMaiL'  aii'l 
dishonesty,  together  with  otliev  meniiiers  of  the  assembly,  of  whu  h  lie  v,a« 
the  eldest,    lf(1ll■l^.^.  roiifrn  At'oiiiililin,  1-18;  MmyI.,  iii. 

i*^,!.  Hustamante  acting  for  a  wliile.  Ami;/o  Piiili.,  ,Tuly  8,  12,  I."),  184,").  .'»<■ 
tiniaui  is  meutioued  as  eom.-gcu.  early  iu  1845.  Bol.  .Xotic,  Fob,  1.'!,  Marcli 
11,  1845. 


PAREDES  AND  GARCIA  CONDE. 


603 


eicl  Paredes  at  the  close  of  the  year,  but  the  general 
succeeded  in  gahiinoj  jX)ssession  of  the  power,  one  re- 
sult being  the  installation  of  Irigoyen  in  Trias'  place. 
In  Durango,  the  troops  resolved  to  proclaim  Paredes, 
and  Heredia  took  advantage  of  it  to  gain  control ;  but 
(Jarcia  Conde  made  a  resolute  stand  at  the  head  of 
tlu'  militia,  and  persuaded  the  governor  to  join  with 
liim  in  submitting  to  the  new  president,  whereupon 
order  was  restored. 


m 
si 


••I 


^.-_K; 


";  )lh  11 


CHAPTER   XXIII. 

LATER  HISTOR!f  OF  CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAXCO. 

1843-1888. 

Preparations  for  War  with  the  United  States — Vidal  Defeatkh  hy 
DoNii'HAN — Ba'itle of Sacramento— Doniphan  OccrpiEs  Ciiiiir Aiir A  - 
He  Marches  to  Saltillo — Siege  and  Fall  of  Kosales— Fiiumiki! 
Defence — Failure  of  Military  Colonies — Indian  Raids  ami  Si  ai.i' 
Hi'NTiNci— A  Coalition  of  States — Sale  of  the  Mesilla  Vai.i.kv  - 
Plan  of  Ayutla  Adopted — Cajen  Invades  Chihuahua  and  ]>i  kamki 
— Victory  of  the  Liberals — Entry  of  the  French — Juarf./  Fuf.s 
TO  Chihuahua — Brincourt  Occupies  the  City — Dkpai!Tui!k  ok  hie 

InVADEIIS — DURANCO    OPPOSES    THE    JUARISTAS — MuKDER  <)V  pAliiM— - 

Revolution  of  Porfirio  Diaz — Lerdista  Movements — Sierra  ^Iujaha 
TERRrroRY  Formed — Suppression  of  Indian  Raids, 

A  CAUSE  for  the  comparative  lull  in  political  stiift' 
in  these  provinces,  as  contrasted  with  the  a^itatinii 
in  the  republic  generally,  lay  in  the  relations  with  the 
nortliern  republic,  which  since  1841  had  beuoiiie 
strained.  In  1843  the  prospect  of  war  was  Ciitti- 
tained,  and  the  government  began  to  give  si'iious 
attention  to  frontier  defences,  a  measure  wliicli 
appeals  for  protection  against  savages,  had  failed  to 
evoke.  Anns  were  sent  with  which  to  increase  tlic 
the  efficiency  of  the  presidios  and  to  equip  the  militia, 
and  a  regiment  of  defensores  de  la  Frontera  was  or- 
dered to  be  organized  ni  each  of  the  three  frontier 
divisions.'  The  people  joined  enthusiastically  in  the 
defence  preparations,  and  aided  in  sending  500  ni<  ntn 

^To  consist  of  liglit  cavalry,  in  fonr  escuadronts  of  two  conipanit-  caili, 
with  a  force  of  il4  men  ami  4i'  otlicers,  to  cost  ^lOO.GOS  a  year.  AiMitinii^il 
Cdiiiiianios  were  granted  to  the  east  ami  west  jirovinoe.-f  ami  to  Taiiiauliiiii". 
Details  in  M(x.  Mv»i.  Giicr.,  1814,  does.  3,  '2'2A.  'llie  exi»'nses  \n  ri'  tn 
reeeive  preference  at  the  treasury.  Pnlncio  Li  i/i>i,  lS44-4(>,  !'.•.  Tin  tlino 
frontier  divisions  were  Soiiora  and  Siualoa,  Cliiimahua  and  Dnrango,  C"aluiila 
and  Texas. 

(004) 


f  I? 


V 

1 1 


THREATFAED   INVASION. 


605 


Xr\v  Mexico,  against  the  expected  invasion.'  They 
I'Viii  submitted  for  a  while  to  the  interruption  of  the 
overland  caravan  with  the  United  States,  sprung  up 
of  late  years  with  great  advantage  to  these  settle- 
iiu  nts,  so  remote  from  the  market  centres  of  the  re- 
puhlic' 

As  the  prospects  of  war  increased,  troops  were  or- 
dcvod  into  these  central  sections  of  the  frontier,'  mod- 
ified by  subsequent  operations^  Governor  Irlgoyen 
not  displaving  a  zeal  commensurate  with  the  eaoor- 
iK'ss  of  the  ascendant  war  party,  was  ft)rced  to  resign 
in  favor  of  the  energetic  Trias,  who  stood  conspicuous 
for  anti- American  sentiments.  The  change  was  op- 
portune, for  he  gave  a  decided  impuhe  to  preparations, 
Ity  seeking  a  loan  among  his  people,"  with  which  to 
equip  and  organize  the  numerous  volunteers.'  This 
self-reliance  wa.j  the  more  needful  as  the  promised  aid 
from  the  republic  diminished  to  a  small  contribution 
of  arms,  and  a  few  troops  from  Zacatecas  and  Du- 
ranuo,  brouijfht  bv  the  little  esteemed  Heredia.'  In 
the  latter  department  equal  zeal  was  exhibited,  with 
a  uiusterinij  of  some  3,000  volunteers. 

After  the  invasion  of  New  Mexico  by  the  United 
States  troops,  a  corps  of  12,000  men  was  sent  to  the 


I 


*i 


'I    i 


-Of  whom  .SOO  roinained.  BuMrtmnnie,  TTid.  Santa  Anna,  MS.,  iii.  46. 
>'ln.i-iineiis  of  the  alarm  notices  may  be  consulted  in  ConstUudontil,  April  2.3, 
1>44. 

'  V  \,  in  March  1844  the  frontier  custom-houses  were  declared  open  again. 
Dit'lm  and  LriZ'iiio,  Lnj.  Mcr.,  iv.  752-3. 

'  Kilisola  was  first  appointed  commander  of  forces  in  Zacatecas.  I)urango 
ami  Cliihuahua,  strengthened  with  l,(X)()  men  from  San  Luis  I'otosi,  liringing 
ti'ii  liiittery  pieces.  Tiie  national  guards  could  in  case  of  need  lie  calh'il  upon 
tosi'ivt!  outside  of  their  respective  states.  Text  in  Etrwicro,  Mem.  I'lii/i.,  4."); 
P'l]'.   V'fr.,  Ixxxvii.   pt  1.'?. 

On  .Inly  11th  the  Chihuahua  assenilily  decreed  the  raising  of  COOO  men. 
S'lifi-i  ii.'O',  Aug.  7,  1846.  In  tiuadalupe  60  of  the  leading  citi/uns  joined  as 
V(iluMti.ers.  Rcstnurdi/or,  Aug.  11,  184(5. 

"■Sulisiitquently  a  forced  loan  was  assessed  among  the  towns.  Jri,^  Enp., 
Fell.  i:i,  1847. 

■  Wislizcnus,  Totir,  48,  adds  that  a  cannon  foundry  was  erected. 

''Only  1,000  muskets  were  sent.  Apuntes  Gtn'rin,  1.39— iO.  In  estimating 
for  tho  repuhlican  war  fund,  the  bishop  of  Durango  was  assessed  ^0,0<I0. 
J/'j.  Col.  Lvii.,  1 844-46, .');i7.  544.  Monit.  Comfit.,  April  22,  1845;  J/ew.  Hist., 
h\x.  -Ji;,  1846.  Col.  Cuilty  left  Durango  on  Nov.  27th  for  Chihuahua  with  500 
viuu  ;iiid  4  guns.  Irix.E--j>.,  Dec.   12,  1846. 


11 


■il^'    !; 


il 


606      LATER  HISTORY  OF  CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAXOO. 

frontier  to  check  their'  advance  into  Chiliualma, 
Lieutenant-colonel  Vidal  '*  beinj^  in  conunniaiul. 
Eaijjer  to  meet  the  enemy,  this  body  passed  bt  Vdinl 
El  Paso,  and  A.  Ponce,  who  had  been  sent  foiwaid 


Chihuahua. 

with  500  cavalry,  70  infantry,  and  a  howitzer,"  came 
December  25th,  suddenly  upon  the  enemy  careKssly 

'To  recoiKiuer  New  Mexico,  stiya  Bustamante.  Mem.  HiM.,  v.  '.Ml. 

'•'  Ool  Cuilty  of  Durango  having  fallen  sick. 

"Americans  place  the  detachment  at  from  1,100  to  1.2*20,  imln<ling 
militia.  U.  S.  Onv.  Dor.,  cong.  :W).  .sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Die.,  i.  4'.>S;  aii.l  Musta- 
mante,  Mem  Iliit.,  vi.  27,  implies  the  same. 


DONIPHAN'S  EXPEDITION. 


607 


en  ramped  at  Brazitos."  This  formed  a  main  body  of  .")00 
11)1 11  under  Colonel  Doniphan,  who  had  been  ordered  to 
piopoed  from  Santa  Fo  to  Chihuahua,  to  ruinforee 
Wool's  colunm,  which  was  expected  to  be  in  posses- 
sion of  that  town.'^  So  complete  was  the  surjjrise 
that  the  Americans  had  not  time  to  saddle  and  mount 
tlicir  horses.  But  Ponce  lost  his  opportunity  by 
wasting  time  in  drawing  out  his  force  in  formal  l)attle 
array,  which  being  carefully  completed,  he  sent  in  a 
black  flag  with  a  summons  to  surrender,  the  alterna- 
tive bsing  an  attack  without  quarter.  The  Ameri- 
cans, however,  had  recovered  from  their  confusion, 
had  seized  their  arms,  and  formed  in  line,  Doni[)lian's 
answer  was  an  empliatic  invitaticm  to  charge,'*  where- 
upon the  Mexicans  bore  down  upon  the  enemy,  deliv- 
ering a  noisy  but  ineftcctual  fire  at  long  range.  Aftor 
tliioc  vollevs,  the  cavalrv,  with  Ponce  at  its  h('a<l, 
charged,  but  when  within  range  the  Americans,  wlio 
liad  hitherto  withheld  their  fire,  besjjan  a  deadlv  rif1(> 
practice  which  threw  the  horsemen  into  disorder. 
Doniphan's  rear  column  now  appeared  hurrying  for- 
ward, and  the  repulse  was  converted  into  full  flight, 
the  Mexicans  abandoniuLT  their  howitzer,  and  lcavin«x 
aljout  two  score  dead  on  the  field.  ''  Vidal  retreated 
to  Chilmahua,  and  on  the  27th  the  enemy  occupied 
El  Paso. 

Learning  that  Wool  had  not  advanced  into  Chihua- 
hua, Doniphan  remained  for  some  weeks  at  the  latter 
phue,  awaiting  the  arrival  of  his  cannon,  which  came 
up  early  in  February  1847,  to  the  nund)er  of  six 
pieces.     On  the  8th  of  that  month  he   resumed  his 


1 
1. 
1 

to 

in  .  I 

dn.l,. 
1 

lo.s  •. 


Twenty  miles  from  EI  Paso,  on  the  Rio  Bravo. 

Soe  UiM.  Mi'x.,  V.  405,  et  sec|.,  this  serius. 

'  He  writes  in  his  reiiort:  'Tlie  reply  was  more  ahnipt  than  decorous — 
Kirge  anil  he  ilanmeil.'  Alev.  Win.  Doniptian  was  a  lawyer  of  -Missouri, 
I'lUg  a  l)riga(lier  of  militia,  about  8i)  years  old,  and  u^iward  of  si\  feet  iu 
lit.  Biography  hi  Ifioi/iis'  Dniip/iinnEijo'i/.,  K^'-H).  He  ha<l  lu'en  left 
iininand  at  Santa  Fe  on  KearnevV  departure  fur  California.  When  ViA. 
V  came  to  relieve  liini,  he  first  compelled  the  turhulent  Navajos  to  con- 
I'  .1  treaty  and  then  niarelied  toward  Chihuahua. 

I'niiiphan  places  their  ileail  at  ~^.  and  the  wounded  at  l.')0.     His  own 

'US  uue  kdlud  auJ  7  slightly  wouuded.   C.  S,  Gov.  Doc,  ut  aitp.,  4'.W. 


f!: 


COS      LATKU  iriSTOUy  OP  CHIHUAHUA  AND  DURAXfiO 

march,  his  force  now  numbering  924  effective  nun, 
chiefly  Misaourlans.  Under  its  escort  was  a  train  df 
315  watijoiiH  of  tlie  long  delayed  trade  caravan  for 
Chilimiliua.  Thus  hampered,  Donlplian's  march  was 
slow  along  the  arid  route,  affording  the  Chiliualiuaiis 
amj)le  time  to  prepare  for  defence.  Twenty  miles 
north  of  the  capital  the  mountain  ranges  on  the  east 
and  west  unite  hy  a  series  of  hills,  through  which  the 
pass  of  Sacramento  aff'ords  an  opening  for  the  road 
to  El  I'aso.  Two  eminences,  the  Cerro  del  Sacraincntn 
on  the  west,  and  another  northeast  of  it,  conunand 
the  entrance.  Here  Comandante-General  Heivdja, 
in  accord  with  the  <xovernor,  took  his  stand  a<j:ainht 
the  invaders,  sustained  by  a  force  of  about  2,(i()() 
well-armed  men,'*  and  protected  by  a  system  of  iv- 
doubts"  with  tern  pieces  of  artillery. 

On  the  2Hth  of  February  the  Americans  were  seen 
approaching.  The  strength  of  Doniphan's  force  was 
well  known,  and  so  ccmfident  were  the  Chihuahuaiis  of 
destroying  it,  that  preparations  were  ma<le  in  tlie  city 
to  celebrate  the  expected  triumph.'*  But  of  what 
avail  of  enthusiasm  without  efficiency  against  tlie 
fatal  rifles  of  the  enemy  and  his  well  served  artiHerv? 
A  slight  reconnoissance  revealed  to  Donii>han  that 
the  system  of  redoubts  could  be  readily  turned  on 
the  west.  On  arriving,  therefore,  within  a  favorahlc 
distance  he  suddenly  diverged  to  the  right  and  ^ainid 
an  elevated  plateau.'*     Recognizing  their  blunder  the 


"In  Ajyiintfia  Oucrrn,  143-5,  are  given  Bome  details  with  wliicli  I'ma  liar- 
cena,  Iienienl(M,  125,  Bustamante,  Itmi.iiini,  ii.  105-6,  and  Maiislicl.l,  J/i.c 
W<ir,  105,  nearly  agree.  Doniphan,  in  the  report  jiroviously  (pioti'd,  \k  ."lOI, 
Bays;  'The  force  of  the  enemy  was  1,'JOO  cavalry  from  Diirango  ami  (liilin.i- 
hua  with  the  Vc  -a  Cruz  dragoons,  1,200  infantry  from  Chihuahua,  .'!(•(*  artil- 
lerists, and  1,420  raneheros  Tiadly  armed  with  lassoes,  lances,  and  iiiai  litti'i's 
or  corn-knives;'  nuiking  a  total  of  4,120  men.  Tl»c  Snurrcn'O',  M.ii-.  'J.'i, 
1847,  enumerates  2, 100,  and  understands  that  2, .500  will  be  niasscil  fdi- tlie 
fght.  /»-M,  JSsj). ,  Mar.  20,  1847.  Heredia  was  assisted  in  the  cuniiiiaini  I'V 
Conde,  Trias,  .Tnstiniani,  and  Ugarte. 

"  Doniphan  gives  the  number  at  27. 

^^ Apiinfr^i,  Giierm,  14.'),  149.  Brooks,  IfLst,  274,  relates  that  cunls  had 
been  prepared  with  which  to  tie  Doniphan  and  his  men  and  semi  tliciii  to 
Mexico. 

" '  Si)oiIing  our  plans,*  exclaims  Bustamante,  in  a  tone  as  if  I'xpoctiin} 


'•'  i 


SOMK    FUiHTINC. 


(mt 


M(  xicans  cndeavonid  to  cfmiitcract  ili.3  inovorTuiit  l>y 

ii(lv;iM*'irig    tlieir    cavalry.      Tlic    movcincnt    vvjis   n<»t 

(■(rc<'i(:<l    vvitli    Hudicuiiit   j)r()iii{)tiK!Ss,    for  tlu;   eiiorny 

iiiiliiiihcrod  tlieii"  j^uiis  and  opcru'il   so  dcsti'Ui'tive  a 

lift'  upon   tlif^   nuni  tliat,   unacoustoint^d   to   artilh^rv. 

til.  y    liastily    fc^ll    back    l)eliind     ilw    entrcnclinicnts. 

Till'    Anuiricans   continued   to  advance,    and    planted 

two  1  \velv(!-])ound  howitzers,  well  sup|)orLed  by  cavalry, 

;i.,r,i!ii.st  tlu;  line.      The  firi;  from  these  pieces  was  very 

cltrcllvo,  while   the  Mexican   artillery   was   n^nde'red 

iihaost    us(!less    through    a   inlsundc!rstood   order   for 

iiiovinj^  a  portion  of  it  to  the  Ceri'o  del  Sacramento." 

;Vs  they  camo  to  dose   range    the   Missour-ians   dis- 

iiiDUiited    and    plied  their  riHciS   with   ujierring   aim. 

llciloubt  after  redoubt  was  gained ;  tlie  eastern  lieight, 

<arinonaded  in  reverse  l)y  the  tix-pounders,  was  sooii 

ciuricd;  and  tlie  battery  on  the  Ceiro  del  Sacramento, 

wliicli,  during  the  engagement  maintained  a  liarndess 

fir(\   was  taken   by  assault.     The    Mexicans  fled  in 

every  direction,  leaving  on  tlie  ground  MOO  killed  and 

about  the  same  numlxT  wounded.      Forty  prisoners, 

t<'n  pieces  of  artillery,  and  a  larg(!  cjuantity  of  stores 

fell  into  the   hands  of  the  vi<  tors,  wlio  acknowledged 

the  loss  of  two  men,  besides  a  few  wounded.^' 

Trias  retired  with  the  authorities  and  remnant.-i  of 
the  iirniy  to  Parral,  leaving  J)oni])han  an  undi^^'puted 


tile  ciiirjiy  to  walk  straight  into  t)ii:  nidi'  tr.i])  srt  fur  tlieiii.  FnvnMon,  ii. 
tw>7. 

"All  tlic  pieces  in  the  riulouhts  wero  hurricilly  tiirown  out  of  hattcry  and 
liutiu  iiKilion  toward  the  L'urro  del  Sacramento,  while  tlii^  infantry  actually 
Will  t.)  inovo  in  the  sauio  dircMjlion.  'I'hoii^ih  lliredia  ciideavorcil  to  cor- 
rect Uie  itiistako,  it  proved  fitai;  no  cfl'ort  enidd  allay  tlic  confusion. 

■'()iily  one  fell  on  the  lield.  (f.  S.  (,'<iiK  Dor.,  cong.  oO,  sess.  1,  If.  Ex.  Dor., 
i.  ■"lOI,  ridJ-i.'l;  /(/.,  .sess.  2,  70  7,  lll}-;i(i,  willi  .Huppleinentary  reports. 
Hii,'li;  -,  l}oiiij)/ifni,-<  Eqird.,  ',\\',\-\i\,  adds  to  the  eajtUire  .'?(),0(H)  in  uioney, 
•"MMD  slieep,  etc.  See  also  Fiirlnir-i  l'n!nn/.i'''r,  -Ud-.VJ;  E/ir  :ln'  Canqxiiiii, 
iMst;  /A,W«'  Wild  Li/<\  i;!!)-.57;  PnUm,  llist.  U.  ,S'.,  74I-:{;  Wkir,r.-i  h,..<t 
'.  "v*,  70  (i;  Pf'ti i:-iou'n  Mil.  Jlrrws,  70;  Ji'iniwy'.i  (M/in-  ,Si>lr,  i;i7-7S;  jV/Y<.<' 
/'.;■,  Kxii.  102,  144,  171-");  Ftwt.'i  I'irl.  UK  'Alrx.,  i2\\-\);  Id.,  Mr.r.  War, 
--I).  ISustanianto  asc'''''-^  tlio  tlefeat  to  the  inuoin[>etence  of  the  loaders,  ko 
*  H  kiiiiwn  in  Mexico  that  defeat  was  predicted.  Inni.tiin,  ii.  107-8.  In 
tliis  .Ms.  of  this  Avork  ho  exitresses  unutterable  Kliamc  over  the  affair.  Cmittn' 
^>"r'J,  \M;  Id.,  cong.  8^1-(i;  liiplnj,   War  Mex.,  i.  458-69. 

Hist.  Mex.  Statks,  Vol.  U.    ^^'^. 


f).  "-i 


-.A-  f\ 


>4>  hfe     i'lf 


■m 


610       LATKll    IIISIOUV   OF   flllllUAJJU A    AM)   J)L;UAN(,() 

entry  into  Cliihualiua.''  Tho  position  i)f  tlit;  luttei 
was  somcwliat  embarrassing :  In  tlio  midst  of  ahostil. 
country,  several  liuntlnid  miles  distant  from  otln  i 
si'ctlons  of  tlie  army,  liis  men  cojunosed  of  vnlunttcis 
unfit  for  garrison  duty,  witliout  clothes  oi-  p.iy.  iind 
with  term  nearly  expired.  Many  interests  urged  liim 
to  remahi,  yet  he  had  orders  to  join  Wool.  I  fin- 
ing that  the  latter  was  at  Saltillo,  a  nu^ssage  was  dc 
spatched,  March  "HM\\,  to  obtain  his  instinct iiinv;, 
The^.e  were  to  proceed  to  that  ])oint.  On  Ajiiil  -JOtli, 
accordingly,  Doniphan  set  out  by  way  of  Mapimi  and 
Parras,  and  reached  Saltillo  on  Alay  22d." 

After  the  departure  of  the  Americans,  atfiijr.s  re- 
sumed their  (':ourse,  under  the  cond)ined  ell'oits  of 
governor  and  assemblymen,  wlio  had  already  jdiiicd 
those  of  other  departments  in  favor  of  restoration  nf 
the  federal  constitution,  now  that  the  weakness  of  tlic 
supreme  governnu;nt  afiorded  oi)i»ortunity,^'  and  foi 
stayhig  the  seizure  of  mortmain  i)roperty  for  war  pur- 
poses. The  ap|)eal  against  this  proceeding  came  fiom 
Durango,  which  had  shown  greater  respect  for  erclo- 
siastical  property  than  the  sister  state.'^'  With  the 
progress  of  the  war,  and  the  ]»rospect  of  another  inva- 


-'  Strict  orders  were  issued  for  maintaining  discipline  and  protucUiij;  Iir"!' 
erty.  IJolihs  Wthl  Life,  V.Vl.  Tiio  citizen.s  eagerly  welcDnicd  the  tni'li- <-iim 
van,  and  luany  looked  upon  tlie  American  entry  aa  lilienitioii  fniiu  Iiiilni'i 
wars  and  exactions.  BuMitmanU',  InmiMum,  ii.  108.  Fonrial  iiossissidii  w,i- 
taken  on  Marcli  1st,  in  the  name  of  the  United  States. 

-^Suffering  nnich  hardship  from  dust  and  scorpions  and  liuk  of  watiT 
Not  far  from  Parras,  Capt.  Keid  intercepted  and  defeated  a  li:iii'l  <if  (m  ('"• 
munchc  raiders,  with  a  loss  to  them  of  17  men,  and  the  recovery  ot  il  oiiptivo- 
and  1,000  head  of  animals.  Bmok-i'  JUmL, '2Sl;  CoiUts'  Cowj.,  S7-8.  'I'lio  jn'n- 
pie  of  Parras  voted  thanks.  The  regiment  was  sent  on  to  Moiitcny,  ami 
ordered  home,  arriving  at  New  Orleans  on  .Tunc  15th,  after  making  a  lircuit 
of  4,000  miles  within  12  months.  Saiita  Fti,  Couij.,  35-7;  J/ui/lw/i'  l)i>iiq>h"ii'< 
Birped.,  3G7-70.  Doniphan  was  voted  a  sword  by  the  congress.  Caii'i.  (-Hi". 
'1847-8,  327,  337,  433,  45!);  BrndrU'.t  U.  S.  Crmlry,  104-7.  ParUniiin,  '>''■ 
Trail,  415-17,  praises  the  order  and  effieiencv  of  tlie  volunteers.  Ami  so  in 
U.  S.  Gov.  Doc.,  ulnsitp.,  54-5,  495-513. 

-*The  representative  in  the  congress  had,  in  Jan.  1847,  l>ecii  instnictiilt" 
advocate  a  reform  of  the  1824  organic  law,  and  a  nund)or  of  cliaiinLv-i  lieiu- 
ticial  to  the  state.  Consult  Em-tidi-ro,  Mvm.  Chili.,  73-4.  KsiiuKin,  a-  i 
member  of  the  congress,  protested  against  the  seizure  of  mortiiiain  pniperty 
for  war  purposes;  this  should  be  made  to  contril)ute  only  its  sliarc. 

'^''Tiie  governor,  indeed,  had  refused  to  publish  the  decree  Inr  Minn: 
ludilmain  estates.  Bu-ttiviinnfc,  Mkhi.  //'■</.,  ilS.,  vi.  .". 


rUICKS   ASSAUL'I'. 


(ill 


sioii.  proparations  fur  defonciMvcn;  ivsuiiu'il,'"  tlif  |»rr- 
sidio   coinpaiiic's  boiiiij;  niducod    to  tlio    tliaiJU'tcr   (»t' 
iiiilitla.      News  of  peace  nej^otiatlons  tended  to  al)ato 
tin  se  eflorts;  then  came  suddenly  tlie  announeiMneut 
of  ( reneral  Price's  ap|)roacli  witli  a  larjjje  foi'ce.'"     A 
in('sst>n,u;<.'r  was  sent  with  a  Hajjf  «)f  truce  to  tlie  Sacra- 
iiiciito   pass  to   [)rotest  aj^ainst  the  advance,   on    the 
oroimd  tliat  ])eace  liad  ah'eady  been  conchided.      Prici; 
i\\f:n'ded  tliis  as  a  mere  suhterfujufc,  and  i)uslied  for- 
\v;u(l,  whereu[)on  Trias  retreated  with  a  fi'W  liun<hed 
null,  chiefly  nulitia.""     The    Anu-rican    van    entered 
Cliiliuahua  March  7th,  and  hastened  on  tlie  follovvinuf 
(lay  in  ])ursuit,  only  to  find  Trias  stroni'ly  entrenched 
at  Rosales.     While  waitin*^  for  the  arrival  of  the  re- 
niainiiiiif  troops,  Price  Invested  the  place,  and  opened 
negotiations  for  surrender.      On  the  IGth,  the  Ameri- 
can »reneral  was  in  condition  to  present  his  ultimatum. 
Tiiiis  having  received  reUnforcements,  and  made  good 
use  of  the  interval  for  strengthening  his  position,  de- 
fliiud  to  entertain  it,  whereu[)on  fire  was  opened  upon 
liis  camp  with  six  |)iect^s  of  artillery.      The  goxcrnor 
ivsponded  with  great  spirit,  and  directed,  moreover, 
such  an  eftective  cavalry  charge  against  the  enemy's 
ivar  as  to  com[)el  a  change  of  front  and  a  withdrawal 
iif  the  })ieces.     This  success  proved  only  momentary, 
however,  as  the  horsemen  W(>re  ipilckly  dispersed,  and 
tlu'  siege  o[)eratlons  resumed.      Toward  sunset  Price 
nideit'd  an  assault.      Preceded  by  a  well-dirt!cted  vol- 
ley, the  Americans  peiu'trated    the  outer  lines,  and 
forced  their  wav  to  the  i)laza.     Seeing  that  nothnm- 
more  could  be  done,  Trias  surrendered.      He  could  do 

■'' IhrrHo  fluerrii,  in  A/;).  Vnr.,  xcix.;  Piixtrf,  Doc.  Son.,  iv.  (il;  Mrr.  I'ol. 
/.'//.,  1S47,  2(>.").  A  quanvl  roso  Ixitwcen  tlio  governor  ami  i-oiiiaiulaiiti;  gcii- 
onil,  AiUigui,  of  Durango,  coiici-rniiiL;  tlit!  right  to  control  tlio  militia,  h'azma- 
'l''i\  Aug.  '2\,  1847;  Dcinorrn/'i  ami  >>iim'iri'ii.'<(',  Jiilv'i,  1847:  Corrw  S'nr.,  Oct. 
■^K  1S47,  .Ian.  2J),  1848. 

•'Price  set  out  from  Santa  Fe  on  Foli.  8tli  with  a  comp.  of  Missouri  liorso 
t'lr  El  Faso,  where  the  coneentrati(»n  had  been  ordcrcil  of  three  comps  U.  S. 
ilnigooiis,  six  compa  of  Missouri  horse,  two  conips  Miss,  infantry,  Walker's 
tlirue  oimips  of  Sauta  Fe  horse,  and  one  of  light  artillery.  CL  S.  Gou.  Doc., 
■^"H-  :*0,  sess.  2;  //.  Ex.  Dor.,  i.,  pt  i.,  113-15. 

■'  A] unites  Guerra,  399,  gives  him  some  400  nieii  and  eight  piecea. 


%\    « 


i^ 


1..i 


i^:     % 


.l,_ 


•  I'J        r-ATKR    HISTORY   OK   rillllUAIIl'A    \\U    hl'hWt.u 

tills  witliout,  licsitation,  for  his  men  liad  tou^lit  with 
a  (h^tcrtiiiiiation  that  sluul  a  rodt'cmin^  lustre  ovi  i 
former  ciicouiitcrs,  rxen  Ix^yoiul  flic  limits  of  Ciiiliua- 
hiia.     This  was  tho  c'losiiiij  battle  of  the  war." 

Tho  AnK'rieaiis  remained  in  occupation  foi-  idtmii 
threo  montlis  Ixfore  tlu^  olKclal  coTifii-matioii  <•!'  \\r:uv 
call(Ml  them  away.  Their  |)r(^Henc(^  served  to  idiisc 
anew  tho  f(Nir  of  a  jiosslhh^  cession  of  tlic  statr. 
aj^ainst  which  reju'ated  prot(>sts  liad  been  made.'* 
ThcMi  followed  Jipprehensions  that  the  a[»pn»aeli  ot'tlie 
noijjjhhorinef  repuhlii*,  to  tho  Illo  Bravo,  would  ivsitlt 
in  it  drivinjjf  the  hostilt;  Indians  into  Chihuahua.  Tin 
suprtMiu'  jjjovernment  had  reruived  its  conscience  on 
these  ])oints  hya  clauses  in  the  treaty,  and  mi^lit  liaw 
troubled  itself  little  more  about  the  dauijfer  inciirn d 
by  the  settlers.  But,  a  formidable  power  having  new 
stepped  across  the  interveninu^  space,  the  safety  ef 
the  republic  became  concerned,  and  deman<l"(j  consid 
eration. 

The  result  was  a  decree  of  Julv  11),  184S.  fei  ( 
ta,blishiii<jj  eis^hteen  military  colonies  alonsjf  th<'  etitiiv 
frontier,  to  serve  in  lieu  of  j)residios  as  nuclei  for  civil 
settlements,  and  conseijuently  as  an  ever  e-rowiii^'  Im' 
wark  ai..^ainst  for('i;j;n  invasion  as  well  as  savaef  inu]' 
tioris. 

'■' Neudle-is,  niiiee  peace  had  liocii  arranged,  altliough  ['rice  did  nut  thin'. 
it  pnidi'iit;  ti)  credit  tlio  re[)i)rt.  The  Americans  ackiuiwledgcd  tin'  loss  ul  'i 
killed  and  ill  Wdundeil,  while  j)laeinn  tho  Mexican  killi'd  alotu^  .it  'J.'iS.  i'.  S. 
Gov.  />"■.,  11/ sup.,  Ii:{  ;ili;  /i',)il' i/'.i  War  Mc.r.,  ii.  (ill  1.'?.  Tlie  Mixic.in  irai 
rinon  was  cjtiiiiated  at  TOO  men,  with  11  giHH,  inde])en<lent  df  the  r,iiuiii:i 
wliicU  attacked  in  the  rear;  the  liesiegers  nmsfc  lia\e  nmnliiTed  at  Ic  ;ist  'm!' 
Outrajji^s  are,  as  u.-;ii:il,  charj^ed  to  tlio  invaders.  JA.r.  Mem.  Hit.,  1^7."),  ap!' 
j.,  .'")I-'J.  I'l  ici!  siiared  with  Ooiiiiphuii  the  liou<ir  of  roceivini;  a  s\»(iril  in'rii 
the  congress.  Ca„i.  (I!<'>,\  1S17-S,  :{-_>7,  :U7.  4;!;i.  [W.). 

•'■"'At  tlie  dose  of  1817.  /,'az'))i<i(/or,  l>ic.  4,  KS17;  Arcofrh..  |t.v  -Vi.  1m: 
Esciuliro,  Mem.  C/ii/i.,  iH'.  7. 

•■'To  this  end  tlie  northern  line  was  divided  into  Hireo  section-:  ()i'ii'iil'. 
Chihuahua,  ami  Occidente,  the  lir,4  cniliracing  Coaliuila  and  Taiii;udi|>:i<;  tin' 
second,  Chiluiahua  alone;  and  the  Occidente,  Snuora,  and  J.(iA\er  (':il;liirni:i. 
Chilmalnia  and  Sonora  were  to  receive  live  colonics  each,  the  [leiiiiiiiihi  i'Mi' 
and  the  Oriente  seven,  each  with  ;i  fair  ])ro[)ortion  of  the  total  ot  lM'.'II  truni'' 
assigned,  of  wliich  1701  cavalry,  the  annual  pay  list  of  which  \y:\-  pl:u'oil  :it 
671'7,r)7"i.  After  six  years,  service  tho  recruits  might  retire  as  civil  settlors 
on  the  land  to  which  tlieii-  term  entitled  tliem.  Further  details  in  ll'-l-  M"'- 
y.  573  et  swi.,  this  series. 


<  'vvii 

lin(  rec 
ficr.s.  ,: 
le.s.s  fha 

"f  (lie 

Siili,M.(|| 

fi'e.lllicp, 
;i  i'r\V    y( 

ivvhal,  1 
tii/K  Is. 

■'^IK'll     col 

duties  -) 
i^arrisont' 

sllewii      t, 

I'liliau  ra 
'"'•'liod  oi 
•^><  a  pj 
niulrv  the 
militia.  IK) 
■d\>h'  A[,.xi, 
'■'■•|iiiivni(.| 

ill  tlie  ni(d 
^tate  fop  ■ 
W'ifli  a  se 

.HIK.IH.-  til 

"l^'aro  tot 


•Tlie  Orient 
"■''••■  ""1  found 
''';.""'f>'ly  or  pr 
""'■^■''s  and  ;{•>•! 

;■*'■»;  iiu)  last"" 

7*s4wag.,„J 
^.'oreilces  m   /A 

""l'"ilu.a  colon 
,,,.    ,""■'   Wis  .st 

"U''-'  I'-  "• 

„„   ^"''  IMrticui 

,:;''-'^'-'  \-H'ciai 

'"'.in  warfare, 
'^'   .^'oMora,  to  I,, 
'"''. ""  '■loll  com 
;:'"'l"";"t.     Tar. 

^    'i   III!    '.     ,'  tm- 


II  kO.  j/-,.j.. 


MILI'I'IA 


•IS 


(  hvinL(  to  tlu^  rliroiiic  lack  of  t'iin<ls,  the  colonics  did 
not  rt'ccivc  the  ncccssai's  iiii|uds('  cither  in  men,  stt- 
tlds.  or  iiMitlcinciii>,  tht  rr|»urt  tor  In;')  I  indicated 
I.»  than  ha!}' the  .sti|»ul;il((l  tniec,  witli  oidy  a  portion 
.if  the  settlcnu'iits  hi  a  fair  way  ot'  dcveIo|inient." 
Siil»e(Hieiit  revohitittns  dUeiird  attention  tVoni  tho 
t'lviitier,  and  the  colonies  dtdined  to  a  shadow  within 
a  t'rw  vears.  In  lH(».s  orders  wt-i-e  issued  tor  their 
iv\i\al,  hut  no  steps  wei'c  taken  to  raise  tht;  ne<'essary 
t'liiids.  Lately  a  connnittee  reported  adversely  on 
such  colonies,  coinl)iiihi<;'  inilitai-y  and  a«jjricultural 
(liiti'S— and  recointnended  instead  tlu^  ei'eeti(»n  of 
.;anisoned  oosts  wherever  nceilful.'''  No  haste  was 
shown  to  act  upon  the  su!L!:L;<'stion,  pai'tly  heeauso 
Indian  raids,  the  main  cause  for  the  necessity  of  such 
iiiithod  of  defence,  had  l)e«>n  [)ractically  checked. 

As  a  partial  suhstitute  for  regular  troo])s,  reduced 
uikK  r  the  economic  r»'construction  of  1S4.S,  was  the 
iiiilitia.  now  i-eor^ani/ed  and  made  to  endn'ace  t>very 
:ilile  NFexican  hetween  tho  aj^i^  of  Is  and  T);"),  with  tin; 
iiiiulrement  for  six  pi>r  luille  of  the  pojtulation  to  serve 
ill  the  nwthilc  division,  liahlc  to  ho  called  heyond  tho 
state  for  slioi't  periods."  'i'lus  laudable  measure  met 
with  a  serious  check,  from  tho  lack  of  jmhlic  spii'it 
;imon;_j  tho  classes  tVom  which  the  hest  example  aiul 
>iHt[n'rt  should  have  come.  lndol(>nce  and  raer  feel- 
iiiu'  are  too  strong  for  ci'rtain  idemeiits  to  overcome 

'-'I'liu  Oriontu  lino  being  Ics.hoxixisimI  to  Indian^,  the  must  easterly  enloiiiea 
Wire  nut  fouiKleil,  liiit  tlioso  of  ( 'liilni.iliiui  anil  thi;  Occuleiite  were  cither 
il'iiiiitcly  or  iH'ovi-iioiKiUy  estalilisln'il,  the  foriiier  hy  'XM  soMicr.-i,  with  .'t8 
■'iiicci's,  and  .'{'_*■_' settler.-i,  jiossessiii;;  7S  liousoi,  IS  'v.-igoin,  ainl  lOOyi.kesof 
'  vi'ii;  the  last  hy  ."U")  soldiers,  .'{S  ollicers,  and  "JiM)  .>iettKrs,  uitli  only  4 
ImilMM,  4  wagons  iiiid  .W  yokes.  Jli.r.  Mm.  (I'lnr.,  lS,"i|,  due.  ■'!  ;>.  Soe  also 
rKivims  ill  J/i.it.  J/(.c.,  v.  ^u\,  this  series.     The  iij)ort  for   ISo'J  gave  tho 

<  liiliuiima  colonies  ;M7  men,  with  i).j  liorse.s.   ^fl■.|■.  M'ln.  Gun:,  ISS'J,  i>  doe.  'Z 

'Tlii-i  was  still  under  iiousideratiou  in   ISS'J-:!.    ^[cx.  Mfiii.   (iitci:,  ISSl, 
I'l'.  I'^V-,  1>.  ii. 

"'For  [lartieulars,  see  JIi.it.  Mi.r.,  v.  571--,  this  series.  In  the  northom 
'.;iIl-!  a  speeial  niohilc  force  of  'M  eompaiues  was  <leereed  ..delusively  fof 
liiliiiii  warfare,  of  which  eight  were  for  Durango,  and  4  eaeli  fi>r  ("hiluialiua 
a.iil  Sdiioi'a^  to  be  enrolled  and  ctjuiitped  by  tho  states  at  federal  expense,  tho 
t"'t  (ii  each  company  being  calculated  at  $18,'25'2  a  year,  with  §1575  for 

<  lii'.piiiiTit.     Tamaulipas,   Nuevo   Leon  and   Zacateeas  had  4  couips)  oach, 
•-'ulmilui.   M'-j:  r.cjl)^.,  l.'^iO,  L'lH-lM 


614 


F.AIKK    lIIST(?Ui    OK   CHIHUAHUA    AXI»    HUIlANdO. 


their  inertia  or  repuf^nance  to  stand  side  by  side  with 
the  humble  Indian.  Hence  a  disgraceful  shirking'  (>\ 
duty,  facilitated  by  criminally  indulgent  otficial.s. 

During  the  American  invasion  savage  inroads  wen ■ 
less  frequi-nt,  but  in  IS48  they  were  resumed  to  sucli 
an  extent  tliatthe  Mexican  authorities  Were  influenced 
to  frame  tlie  military  colony  project,  appropri;itiiii> 
$'J00,000  to  aid  the  states  in  this  cam})aign;'"  iuid  ap- 
]»oiiiting  a  committee  of  congressmen  from  the  in- 
invaded  region  to  report  on  the  best  measurts  to  be 
adopted  for  joint  action  against  the  tribes.'"  Mean- 
while several  of  the  states,  including  Chiliualiuu  and 
Durango,  had  recourse  to  scalp-liunting,  assisted 
by  American  riflemen;  but  notwithstanding  the  stimu- 
lating prize  of  $200  for  ea/di  token/"  the  hunters 
failed  to  obtain  nuich  profit,  oi-  have  any  marked  ini- 
]»ri'Ssio-i  on  the  savages,  while  from  the  southern  states 
not  so  afflicted,  came  a  howl  of  indignati  )n  against 
sufdi  blood  contracts."''''  But  almost  any  measure  was 
]>ermissil)k;  under  cu'cumstances  so  distressing,  wlmi 
a  large  part  of  Chihuahua  lay  desolate,  and  tlie  east- 
ern half  of  Durango  was  overrun,  and  thousands  of 
families  beimx  ruined,  and  thousands  more  in  daily 
apprehension  of  a  similar  fate." 

^'Rulii  iu  Sill.  Mini,  (lull.,  10,  '11,  kIiows  tliat  tlio  guanlia  iiaciniial  df 
siiiuli)a  ill  1S()7  was  7,H87,  with  I  l,8l{.")  oxciiiiits,  wlin  to  a  great  extent  avdideil 
jiayiiig  exemption  fees  hy  jireteiidiiig  ahseiiee,  ite.  For  amount  si  e  a!s(i 
Piimrl,  Dor.  Sail.,  i.   '22S.      Cunmeiits  in  C/ii/i.  Mini.  Ool,.,  IS.")(>,  S   10. 

^'■■J/<-,''.  Col.  L,i/.,  KS48,  4.">.S  0;  rorno,  Xar.,  Get.  ],  1S48. 

^"  Many  views  were  sulimitted.  Plnti  puni  dij'iiifii  <h'  Inn  E-tfailni  iKnuHil-K, 
1-28;  Dicfiiiinn,  Id.,  1  '20;  Pup.  I'ln-.,  Ixxxix.  Tiie  deeree  c  King  tliis  com- 
mittee is  dated  Apr.  'J4,  1S4'.».  The  government  elaimed  tho  rigiit  to  suji- 
press  the  eoniaiidaneias  generals,  and  di.spose  of  4,(K)()  guai'dias  ;;  iriduiik'?. 
M<.i:   Livi<.,  1S4!),  80  •_». 

^''Or  .S'J.")0  tor  each  warrior  In'ought  in  alive.  Ciiinrsdl,  .lune  '2\.  1S4'.'. 
Several  eontraets  wi'.-o  made  with  Amerieans  and  Mexicans,  lint  thry  (niiM 
not  1)1'  relieil  upon  when  most  reijuired,  even  after  advances  of  money  aii'l 
arms  ha<l  heen  made.  Chili.  Mini,  (lali.,  18."0,  II  -io.  Kirker  lost  so  many  "I 
Ids  men  .ns  to  fail:  (Ihi  .ton  mas.saered  a  frieinlly  trilie.  Mi.r.  S'T'iji",  i.  h'l 
Privln'l,  I  nt.  Aini'-i:,  .■<.")0;  Sniiirni.si;  Aug.  'J2,  Sept.  14,  IS40;  se\-eral  sharp  lon- 
llicts  occurred  hetwcen  the  hunters  and  the  Indians.  Univi'i-.iiil,  Sept.  IS,  Oct. 
4,  !).  '2(),  184!>;  the  former  rescuing  a  numtier  of  cajjtives.  Tliey  had  soiiit 
tioulile  in  olitaining  jiayment  for  their  .services.   Pnli/iii.iidii,  yii.  I''-:  vi.  131'. 

•"'See  J/isf,  M(.i\,  v.  579,  this  seriej.  A  law  of  l)urango  for  safely  disp"- 
ing  of  Indian  captives  was  annulled  hy  the  congress.  Correo,  A'ik.'..  '"^i  I't-  -•'• 
JSt8. 

*" Scalp-hunting  continuud   for  many  years,   even  aftor  tlie  IVcnrli  ex- 


('(INFKDKRATION    OF   STATES, 


6i; 


Witli  the  ak!  of  the  goverimu'nt  a  large  number  of 
tititips  opc/ned  the  campaign  of  iSoO,  with  tlio  resolve 
to  grant  no  jteaee  to  Indians  coming  from  the  Ignited 
States."  The  chie**  opei'ation  was  diret'ted  toward 
Lu"Ui)a  do  Jaco,  the  savages  vieldin-j;;,  as  usual,  to  the 
iirtssure,  either  hv  evaeuatino-  the  coujitrv,  or  hv  su)>- 
mission  on  the  partot  those  elaiining  it  as  their  liome. 
Watchfulness,  with  regard  to  the  observance  of  agree- 
incutb,  was  trusted  to  the  newly  established  military 
rolonies,  one  station  being  located  within  the  borders 
nf  Durango/'  Political  turmoils  leaving  the  states 
(iiHf  more  to  their  own  dexices,  a  coalition  project 
caiHe  into  t.peration;  Jalisco,  Zacatecas,  San  Jjuis 
rotosi,  and  Tamaullpas  joining  by  sending  \\\  sub- 
scriptions. The  general  government  also  promised 
>iihsidies;  but  soon  this  union  of  states,  to  which 
minor  had  already  ascribed  a  desire  for  independ- 
•  iice  '  created  alai;m,  and  steps  were  taken  to  break  up 
the  arrangement.*'  One  result  of  this  was  an  increase 
iif  raids  and  (h'vastation,  until  Chihuahua  in  1850  ap- 
pealed for  aid*'' to  Durango,  although  t Ik;  latter  was 
ilieii  writing  under  the  same  atiliction.      Three  of  her 

1'!i1m(iu  ill  lS(i7,  altlumgli  the  siiiicridr  gcivvniim'iits  soii;;lit  to  oj)pnsc  it.  '  ///'//. 
\hiu.  <ltli.,  IS.'tO,  (i  7.  For  iKtail.s  of  outragt's  s(M'  i'ldni-ml,  .luiu;,  Aug.  II. 
^(■[it.A'ov.  1840,  .Fail. -Nov.  1S.")().  J/ni/r.t'  ,'?^■;•-(;..^,  //,</«■,  iii.  11  (iT.  A  writer 
u  Putiiiiiii's  Mii'i.,  iv.  41.")  l(i,  reform  to  entire  \allcys  devastated.  U.  S. 
'.Vm.  /).„•.,  eoiig.  ';n,  s"s.s.  •_>,  //.  Ex.  Dor.,  i.  ptii.  IS-(i7;  If', -obi;,  Oet.-Pee. 
MS,  .Ian. -.Mar.  184<»;  Sonomi.^r,  1S4S  .">0.  passim. 

'KV'  r.   Mini.    Our,:,  18,")1,    l,")-n;,   doe    '2;  Pin'ir/.  Dnr.  <'/,;/,.,   MS.,  ii,  4.'?. 

'- .\t  Pelayo,  at   a   cost   of   82."), (KK).      It  was    hinted  that  eoninianders 

r.ititeilhy  fiirnisliing  supplies.   A/iilni/d  iuul  I'^minrrii.t, ,  Nov.  Ti,  ISIS.      Among 

I'Uus  l'(ir  ohtaining  anil  a.ssuring  peace  is  Castaneda's /V't/i  ]>ri'c !!.■<,),  1   '21. 

Ve  also  S.    /■'.    /'"-'.  Xrwx,  Dec.  7,   1S.".0;  M'X.  Lr.j!.^.,  ]S4!»,  SO  i';  ArrlUn.iu. 

/'■•vf..  IS4!».  1  •_'.")  (i. 

" Dl-/tiiiirii  CddliricDi:  Pup.    ]'iii:,  eevi,  pt4;  ^f' r.  lufuriiir  Prsijuis.,  SO   I. 

"  ehiluialiu.a  deputies  <'l)jected  iu  Oct.  IS.'i'Jto  tiie  coalition  fin  the  ground 
:li:it  it  Would  create  anotiier  centre  of  government.  Mix.  Mrm.  (!urr.,  lsr>'_', 
ti  .V.';  I'liirirsiil,  Aug.  Dec.  1852.  Tho  committee  on  frontier  defences  isaw 
::Ml,uiger  or  prospect  of  excesses  tln-ougli  eontrarts,  witli  duo  sujiervision. 
.If'c.  <'iiiii/.'<.  (,'itii:,  Di'rfjiiiii'ii,  i.  11-14;  ii.  IV  8.  Xivertheless  the  ('(utiiuli, 
^'■\A.  'J'.l,  18i)5,  and  other  journals  raised  an  otitery  against  the  slaughter  of 
!».ii.'oal'lo  Indians  by  scalji  hunters.  C  S.  Iirl.  Aff.:  Jni/if,  C.in.  J''pt,  ls(>7, 
'■-^.  In  Durango  a  joint  stock  eomp'y  was  formed  to  hunt  sealjis.  i'liinrnal, 
iXt.  !l,  IS.VJ.  In  IStVl  Cliiliuahua  i)aid  §.".00  for  a  chief's  .scalp,  and  $2(M)  for 
Tilinary  ones.  E'<t.rrUit  Orri,!.,  .\\\\\m  '),  ISO."!.  Tliis  pri/.o  wa-s  jiulihcly  oll'ered 
;'ils(i:.   f/c-h/nif^il.  Aug.  4,  ISIi'.t;  (T.  S.  rowmrrr.  A'./..  IS()7  S.  7-J(i.' 

''DiitrioAci-i.,  Jan.  10,  1857;  Er,,  Xnr.,  .Jan.  10,  1857. 


r.i 

' 

n 

I 

1 

% 

■  % 

'■   * 


m 


■I  i. 


■i 


■J  l 


6l)> 


I.ATKR    ]nsr<11lY    OF   CHIHUAHUA    AND   DUl'ANCiO. 


])arti(los  alone  reported  at  this  time  102,  HS,  atit'  ;!4 
nmrder.s  respectively,  with  robberies  and  ravuin  s  in 
jtroportion.*" 

The  extent  of  the  desolation  may  hv.  readily  )ui(l('r- 
stootl  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  tliat  the  district  (tf 
Papasquiaro,  though  in  tlie  centre  of  the  wcsimi 
lialf  of  Duraiigo,  was  repeatedly  visited,  and  tliat 
every  scalp  secured  wus  at  the  cost  of  many  lives/' 
The  state  authorities  can  liardly  be  blamed  for  ]>uyiii<4 
a  precarious  peace  from  ditt'erent  tribes,  idtlnui.fli 
aware  that  it  would  be  broken  the  first  opportunity." 
The  ubiquitous  robbers  took  advantage  of  the  di'^otdci' 
to  exact  their  share  of  the  spoils,  especially  in  J)ii- 
rango,  appearing  disguised  as  Indians,  and  nioiv 
frecjuently  in  the  safer  garl)  of  political  guerrillas." 
Sliortly  after  the  American  invasion  drouglifc  and 
cholera  came  to  swell  the  evil'"'  while  the  gold  excite- 
hxvni  in  California  lured  away  a  large  number  of  t In- 
most desirable  citizens/' 


^''CucuLaino  district  njxtrtiHl  in  1S5G  68  iriunli-rs,  and  the  (k'strucjnii  ni 
r)'2  ranclids;  J'.niasciiiiaro,  ;U  iininlor-i  iiiul  1"J  ranoluis  (lcsti(iytMl,  v,  l.i'ic  Kl 
Ori)  olaiiiiod  tin- grcatu  it  siitVering.  Ndfioii,  Nov.  0,  l.sr)(i;  lUt  iiclmi  ,  Xac, 
I'Vl).  '2;!,  '_'."),  M.ii".  4,  ISoT;  L'<)><in>l,  X  i«"rr«.-.c.  aniiyiV>  Xn<'.,  Mar.  7  '•!,  I*."7; 
<\)i'rm,  /.V;).,  I'Vl).  21,  Ji'S.m;  Frodtl's  Cnl.  Aiiio:,  ii. 'JH-  "24,  "JS!! -t.  Thi, 
last  authiir  gives  a  harrowing  account  of  tlio  devastation;  and  alliiilrs  ti 
waatdii  di'structioti  o''  livi;  stock  liy  Indians,  and  to  mutilated  lioilii.s  of 
women  and  cliildicn  in  rovengo  for  defeats.  Consult  also  Mcj:  S^'nip-,  i.  1."; 
A//<i  (•-(/.,  Oct.  IS,  ISo:?;  Von  Tf)ii]:4-!i,  Mltli,  77-105.  In  Fdi  l-:>7,  4S 
jicrsons  were  killed  in  .i  northeru  ilistrict  oi  iHirango.  Ditrh  ArU.,  Mar. 
JT.iv,  1857;  Ticinpt,  Aug.-Sopt.  1657;  JinzMi,  Jan.  9,  IS5S;  I'm.  ,lim.  >*. 
1S5S. 

*' '  For  every  tifty  soldicr.s  killed  l)Ut  one  or  two  Indian.^  die,'  say.s  a 
foreign  Avriter.  Mi:r.  Srrnpi,  i.  SO.  Yet  it  was  hoastcd  that  10  t  oiiiiiiulii' 
chiefs  had  talleii  hetwccu  Sept.  1  Soil  and  Feh.  1851.  Efo  Etp.,  March  4,  II, 
April'Jl',  lS.-)4. 

<'A  treaty  in  April  1855,  for  instance,  with  a  tribe  of  288  Apaolici  w■a^ 
jirocurcd  for  rations  to  the  value  of  ^8,724  annually.  Cnrfo  }!■<)'■,  .'luie  (', 
18o5.  '  A  criminal  and  imbecile  action,'  rails  tlie  Mr.)-.  Jiii'ormc  j'c.<ipiii.,  Wi, 
for  the  tribes  ooutinned  to])h'inler  with  greater  security. 

"Coiri'o  Es-y,,  Jan.  10,  185:{;  t'<t  iw/df/c,  Xnr.,  Aug.  2f.,  1857;  l^o  Xiu': 
Diari"  IrU  itnd  Tirmpo,  especially  in  1857-8.  Yet  the  term  rolilur  is  in 
ipu'iitly  ajipl'cd  by  political  parties  to  any  opponent. 

'■*  In  Dnrango  the  famine  gave  rise  to  several  riots.  Jiii'rra,  Ili4.  Jd.,  i* 
•J:!(">,  207;  r<>-  Mrj.,  Feb.  21,  1878.  Cholera  broke  out  at  Duran-.i  iii;hil.. 
1841),  and  carrie  I  off  by  Sept.  2,408  victims,  or  fully  50  ])er  cent,  of  th' 
stricken.  ,S(>r.  Mtx.  Ocoi.,  BdL,  v.  4ti.  Details  in  Simornisi'  fuel  rw'w.o/', 
Jr.ly-Nov.  1840.  Swall-pox  followed  in  Nov.  Id.,  Dec.  14,  1850.  IlnrmnA 
UUt.  Ihir.,  :!(>, 

"K.\ploring  expeditions  from  the  U.  S.  at  first  tended  ratlier  (,>  jTomoti) 


UEVOLUTlOiV. 


017 


The  frontier  provinces  had  entertained  ijjreat  ex- 
|)(  ctations  from  the  restored  federal  system  under 
llrrrera  and  Arista,  only  11,-  bo  disappointed.  The 
niilitary  colonies  were  allowed  to  fade  away,  and  the 
[uvsidios  were  left  in  a  worse  condition  than  ever.  This 
In  itself  sufficed  to  sour  loyalty.  The  revolution  in  da- 
lisi"),  reestablishinjjf  the  dictatorship  under  Santa  Anna, 
I'luud  therefore  ready  endor.sement  in  Durango  as 
\V(11  as  Chihuahua,  where  Trias  himself  gave  the 
.<i;j,iial  by  deposing  the  not  very  popular  Governor 
Cnidero'^  ill  December  1852,  and  reassuming  the 
n'ubevnator'ial  ])ower;  as  did  M.  jMorett,  the  militarv 
chief  of  Durango."  The  sale,  however,  to  the  United 
States  of  Mesilla  Valley,  to  wliich  Chihuahua  had  a 
nitain  clann,  turned  the  cuireut  of  good-will.  When 
rjovernor  Lane  of  New  Mexico  announced  his  preten- 
fions  to  that  strip  of  territory,  Trias  bravely  marched 
to  the  front  with  a  respectable  force,  but  was  (obliged 
to  submit  to  the  formal  transfer,  and  t(j  a  narrowed 
limit  of  state  lands.^* 

lioth  states  rallied  promptly  in  fivor  of  tlie  plan  of 
.Vvutla,  and  issued  federal  con.stitutions  in  1855. 
I'liat  of  Durango  was  threatened  with  certam  modifi- 
cations, bv  the  claims  of  Sinaloa  and  Coahulla,  to 
certain  tracts  on  either  side."  The  ensuing  war  ot 
ivt'urin,  so  called,  in  behalf  of  the  new  constitution, 


i^    I 


Ss 


tliis  exodus.  Col  Hays,  A/'"",  jNfS.,  CO-9,  sought  to  open  a  I'diiti-  liy  way  I'l 
I'nsiilio  <k'l  Norte.  U.  S.  (>fR(;trsi  t'xj)lorc(l  the  Kio  IJravo  in  IHoO  fur  u.ivi- 
2;itiiiii.  ,,UL.  ^ut.i.  Oaij.,  Ji'L,  iii.  ;IS;  J/,i,/im'  Si-niji.i,  linl.,  iii.  .■V_'4-;);  ami 
Lit'iit  Couch  iiiado  a  geograjihic  and  hotauic  tour  iu  18j'_'-.'>;5.  SmU}uii>iilin 
U'l'i.  Is.U,  8t)-7. 

'Who  had  succeeded  Trias  uimu  liis  rt'.signatiou  iu  IS.'iO.  I'niivr-H'il,  May 
lit,  ,hme  (i,  July  5,  Doc.  J),  KSoO. 

•■tiovonu)r  J.  M.  del  llogato  bciug  deposeil,  Uuinr-'iiil,  Due.  4,  ti,  'J'2,  I'H, 
Ivc.  1S.V2. 

"'I'lie  correspondence  betw..!'-i  the  two  governors  is  given  iu  Uiiiitrsal, 
April,  .May.  1S.">;{;  Uhrni,  H!4.  Jul.,  iv.  40'_»  .•^.  Domenech  points  out  t)iit 
littli  1«  ueilt  was  derived  from  the  $7,0l)0,tK)0  passed  tliioui.'h  Santa  Anna's 
haiiils.  //;,v<.  M,j:,  ii.  '202-0.  Trias  went  to  tlie  frontier  witii  5tX(  men  and 
tj  (ip  S  guns.  Tliis  seconil  enero;iehnieut  rankled  in  the  hearts  of  tlie  eill/ens, 
w!in  (  iriio  to  Mows  more  than  once,  with  settled  and  travelling  AmerieaiLS. 
•Vi  ■'■■",  Feb.  1'2,  1857.    AU<i  Cai,  Oct.  IS,  ]S.-.:V 

'■'i'lio  former  claiming  Tamazula,  tlie  latter  the  mining  fogion  of  8aa 
Juau.  IVnsaiiiknto  Aor.,  April  26-30,   1850. 


:'  i 


.n 


J 


618       LATKll   lITKTOJtY   OF  ('iflHUAHUA  AXD   DURANdo 

cxteiidc'd  tlirougliout  the  north.  Chiliualiua  suftVrcd 
loss,  owini^  to  tlio  wklo  prevalence  of  liberal  seiiti- 
uieiits.  The  conservative  movement  of  ISoS  failed, 
tliouujli  L.  Zuloaga,  a  brother  of  tlie  great  leadci'  at 
AEexico,  occupied  the  state  capital,  in  June  of  the  \\>\- 
lownig  year  deposing  the  governor.  Two  iiioutlis 
later,  however,  he  was  forced  to  seek  refuge  "'  in  Du- 
raiigo.  There  the  plan  of  Tacubaya,  one  of  the  con- 
servative reactions  against  the  constitution,"  had  Ixmu 
adopted  in  April  1858  by  General  Heredia.  ]{(>  re- 
placed the  vacillating  J.  de  la  Barcena*"  as  governor, 
and  held  out  against  the  liberals  till  Julv,  Avlion 
I^].  Coronado  captured  the  city,  assumed  tlie  chUf 
magistracy  and  retaliated  upon  the  ch'ro-conscrvativo 
faction   by  imposing  heavy  contributions.'" 

The  contest  continued  in  the  interior,  aidtil  in 
l)art  bv  the  fugitive  Zuloaga,  and  in  1851)  tin? 
conservatives  and  liberals  alternately  rose  to  the 
summit,  signalizing  the  occupation  of  the,  capital  and 
other  towns  by  executions  and  plunder.  Toward  the 
close  of  the  year  Cajcn  entered  from  Jalisco  with  a 
large  force.  After  a  brief  campaign  in  Chlhualiua, 
which  resulted  in  a  temporary  reestablisment  early  in 
1800  of  the  conservatives,  he  advanced  upon  Duranj^e, 
routed  the  liberals  under  Orteu'a  and  Patoni,  and  took 
l)ossessl(n)  of  the  capital,  as  governor,""     Toward  niid- 


•""'Zuloiiga  luarclieil  from  Corralitos  at  the  lieafl  of  ]000  men  aii'l  occniiit'd 
ehiliiialuia  ami  I'arral.  Ho  failuil  to  olitaiu  a  fooling'  in  Soiiora.  Ill 
A\igust  his  aviny,  partly  e(|iiippe(l  at  his  o^yn  cx)ie'ii«e,  yiiddod  to  an  iiikrior 
Idivo  iliulcr  Oro/co,  douhtlcss  hucausc  it  wa:^  hhoral  at  hoart.  Jti't.iils  in 
ninrio  Ari.1,  Dec.  1,  IS.'yS,  .luuo  '24,  .luly'j:{,  Sopt.  '2-2,  lS.-)<t,  etc.:  A'..  -V'"'.. 
IVh.  12,  1858;  Jt/'i  C'il._,  .fuiu;  !t,  .luly  lii,  IS.V.). 

■''Sec  Ifi-4.  M<:r.,  v.  7-'2,  (.  tsetp,  thiti  isei'io.s. 

■'"Elected  umhr  the  new  constitution  in  .June  1S.")7,  as  suci'o>--or  to 
Heredia.  See  vote  in /v>V((//'Ao-A' Xc'.,  .July  12,  IM.jT.  Wii'lii<'rC<rm  Mnvi'l", 
;>.  Barcei'.a  at  lii'st  tlcelared  for  the  plan  and  then  -wavered,  lli'  was 
charged  v,-'th  Amerieau  .sympathies.  Jleri'dia  created  a  couniil  and  reorgin- 
i/<'(l  tl'.e  court.  J)i  irio  Ari.f..  .Tan.  '2'A.  .March  G,  May  !(!,  1S.">8;  A'vi  Xm:, 
April  2<j,  May  2,  1858. 

"Seeahovo  journals,  June-Aug.  18t")8,  passim.  ]'(c  Son.,  Aug.  i:>,  l''-'^- 
The  hisliop  waa  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  assist  in  collecting  tlie  .'<40.iK») 
rk'rical  share  of  §11(),00()  forced  contrihution. 

•^'According  toDvrWo/livji.,  March  13,  21-4,  18G0,  the  defeat  at  Gall  i  n- 
suited  in  the  deatli  of  7-4  liberals  ami  the  capture  of  l.'U,  out  of  a  iom-  plaouil 


EFFKrT   OF    FRENCH    INTERVENTION'. 


619 


suiimior  lie  found  it  expedient  to  seek  tVesli  forees  in 
Cliiliualiua,  in  order  to  meet  tlie  o-atlierino;  liberals. 
He  y,ained,  indeed,  a  few  advantai;es;"'  but  liis  defeat 
soon  after  in  S'lnaloa,  and  death  by  trcarlierv"'  lias- 
tciicd  tlie  triumph  of  the  opposite  party.'"*  The  vietors 
of  Dui'ango  as  well  as  Chihuahua  hastened  to  clip 
till'  Avings  of  clerical  power,  by  enforcin<;  tlu^  confisca- 
ti'iii  of  their  enormous  wealth,  as  decret>d  bv  the 
president.''  This  measure  drove  the  opposite  party 
to  iHdtract  the  struLjirle,  although  with  littk;  success, 
and  ( Jeneral  Patoni  was  rewarded  for  his  success  by 
Ivin;:;  confirmed,  in  l8Gl,in  the  ])osition  he  had  as- 
sumed at  Durani-o  as  wvernor,'"  while  in  Chihuahua 
(Tciieral  Luis  Terrazas  was  chosen.'"' 

Suiuemacv  was  not  lonii*  contiimed  however,  for  in 
the  following  year  the  French  intervention  infused 
fresh  spirit  into  the  conservatives.  Their  first  ettbrts 
were  not  encouraging,  for  the  entry  of  foreign  armies 
stirred  the  liberals  to  <jreater  zeal.      As  the  dan^xer 

...  . 

iiureased,  the  energetic  Patoni  was  invested  with  the 
civil  as  well  as  military  command  of  the  niori^  exposed 
DuranufO,''  and  subse<mentlv  ulveii  control  also  over 
tlie  forces  in  Chihuahua.  At  the  same  time  a 
su|ireme  decree  of  April  ]8G4  proidalmed  martial  law 


;it '_'00it.      la  Cdiiiliiuatiiin  witli  S 

r.  U 


Miiiirc/,  Ciji'ii  overcame  the    culiuim  ul 


1'.  Uiuniiisii,  killiiig  nearly  40(),  as  he  claiiiieil,  aiiil  taking  l.")0  in-isdiiers,  but 
"v;is  ill  turn  clieek<.il  liy  M.  (.'ainpos.  Tlii.s  revived  tlie  sjiirits  ot  the  lilierals. 
tknltii  Owld.,  July  l:{,  Aug.  3,  lS(i().  Herrei-a  wa.s  onlereil  in  from  Sinalna. 
'•I'lilio  Siiiop.,  T),  in  Vii/d,  j)iii\ 

"Sniiie  of  liis  ■[)artisai!.s  carriecl  lianners  witii  tlie  in-erii»tiiin,  "s.-ingre, 
'^titrmiiiio  y  rolxi.    ConHrlon  Chih.,  Juno  .'?(),  ISliO. 

'-  At  the  hand  of  one  vhoiii  he  liail  spared  and  liet'rieiidi'd.  < 'pininn  Sin., 
.m\K.iriHiiO<-y„l.,  Feb.  \,    KS(il. 

'''I'litdiii  assumed  eontrol  in  Durango.    /firfru,   Viinlli-.,  \\.  xxxiii. 

''In  Chihuahua,  .1.  E.  .Munnz  earriedcuit  tlie  deeree,  ai.d  applied  a  }p(irtinii 
'I  t!iu  lunds  to  the  aniorli/atiun  of  eojiiH'r  coinage. 

'"  Ji'ii  i(rii-'</ro,  J/lif.  I'niil.  y  /.'i/.,  eong.  ''^'>,  '2til.  15.  Silva  acteil  a  while  in 
lv'>'2-;!:    Viya,  J)o<:.  \.H:>;   Tr"!f.  dL^nlon,' .K-.n.  l.">,  Sept.  'J.'i.  IMil. 

"7'.,Feli,  1(),  iV'ov.  17,  ISlil.  lie  also  had  to  enntinne  the  task  of  >iip. 
invssnig  u'uerrillas.  Bal.  Xnlli;,  Feli.  14,  KS(i!,  i:.<lrillit  Orrnl.,  April  I'J,  iNil. 
l!iv.  r;i.  Hi.<t.  J(i!.,  V  4IU,  iiidieati^s  that  the  guerrillas  were  growing  more 
iiuiiuimis,  hatUing  all  ell'orts  at  .suppression. 

''•  Tartly  owing  to  a  revolutionary  movement  hy  Col  Borrego  in  the 
'I'liiig  of  I8(i,S.  j/(.{'.  Col.  /jiy,  Dii;,  i.  47. 


C20       LATKJ;  HISTORY   OF   CHIHUAHUA    AND    l)URAN<;o 


in  tliis  state,  and  appointed  J.  J.  Casiivantc^s,  uov 
crnor.  TJio  leirislntiire  objected  so  strenuously  to  (lie 
removal  of  tlieir  I'avoritc,  Terrazas,  that  Pat«»iii  felt 
Inmiid  to  march  with  a  force  to  sustain  the  preside  niV 
ordt>r.  The  local  authoiities  yielded,  and  the  (om 
mander-in-chief  i)ru(lentlv  made  a  ])artial  concessimi 
by  installini^  the  pojmlar  Trias  as  governor  and  {>s  his 
military  second.*" 

By  this  time  the  Fn^nch  had  overrun  the  centnil 
provinces  of  the  r('i)ublic,  and  prepared  to  coiKjUer  the 
north,  and  drive  out  the  f'uu^itive  liberal  o-oveiniiu  nt 
then  at  Saltillo.  To  this  end  GcmTal  ]j'Jleri]]ei  t\d 
vanced  with  his  brigade  from  Zacatecas  into  l)ui;ni<fe, 
occupied  the  state  cai)ital  on  July  3d  unmolested,  and 
entrusted  the  administration  to  Prefect  B.  tSaraliia, 
whose  efforts  for  the  recognition  of  Emjteror  Maxi- 
milian met  with  a  most  flattering  res[)onse.''''  D(  taeli- 
ments  W(^re  thereui)on  sent  out  to  extend  j)ossessioii,  a 
task  facilitated  by  the  engagcMnent  at  Estanzuelas  on 
Septt'nd)er  21st.  wherein  the  combined  forces  ef 
Patoni  and  other  leadei's,  under  direction  of  (hte*;a, 
received  a  check  that  com}K>lled  them  to  retreat 
northward.'"  The  supreme  government,  which  in 
August  liad  been  driven  from  Saltillo  into  thedistcict 
of  Nazas,  was  therefore  obliej-ed  to  retreat  into  (hi 
liuahua.  Juarez  w^is  received  with  the  most  Inyal 
demons!  rat  ions  by  the  people,  lieaded  by  CJovetiior 
Trias."  Ciiihuahua  on  October  15th  was  derlared 
tlu^  provisional  caj)ital  and  steps  were  taken  to  collect 
fresh  resources  and  men.'^ 

'■"Mr.,:  Col.  I.,,,.,  1803,  ii.  50-1;  Estrdla  Orrkl.,  .Jmir- :?,  .liilVJ'.'.  I^(VI; 
V(yz  M<'j.,  Aug.  i-'O,  1801. 

•''••  Ai'tiiig  govcinor  Mast•aT•lM-la^i  on  July  l.-<t  plactnl  the  city  uiitlir  'n.ntiiil 
law,  8up])(irti'il  liy  (Icii.  Ocljua;  Imt  Piitoiii  failing  to  conic  wy,  n'-islarico 
was  coniiiicrod  usoloss.  Esf.nlla  (had.,  ami  l\noil.  Imp.  ,\/rj:,  Ahl'.  >i'|it- 
I8(»4,  arc  most  oonijtleto  on  campaign  operations  for  tlioir  nitsju'ctivc  Miles, 
<Iui'ing  this  ami  tho  following  years.     Corona  was  surpriseil  in  .Inly  IHili. 

'"Details  in  Jlint.  Mr.r.,  vi.,  this  series. 

"Ho  had  indignantly  rejected  a  proposal  to  join  tho  iniperiali^t.H  now 
Langhorg,  a  Dane,  formerly  a  general  in  repuMicaii  sorvieo.  h'-itnll'i  (''cid.. 
Aug.  I'J,  ]8(')4.  He  had  been  equally  firm  in  1801,  when  rumors  caiiio  it 
confederate  advances  or  invasions.   Troit  (VUn'um,  April  20,  Dec.   1,  I'^'il- 

''Vmtro  (Question  Edmmiern;  ATex.  Vol.  Ley.,  180:r07,  ii.  124--,"'  in  '"'■ 
pressing  men  some  outrages  were  comuiittcd.  Id.,  15y-02. 


F!orid( 

vented 

l>(i:>    I 

Caihaj"; 

Were  fr 

nieilts  1 

enter  C 

fl'inii    tl 

foiward 

lca\'ing 

■'Hid  San 

•V'^iiirre 

find  the 

conrt  to 

and  apj)( 

It  woi 

ol)lig(>  Ji 

lision  vvii 

the  Fron 

further  i 

I^rincour 

which  th 

\vc!v  r(^j)( 

October 

pied  the  < 

l>y  Jvstor 

•"'(•J I  vaca 

era!  who 

;»'i    Iiidiai 


riicir  ca' 

'■"I'l'-'irliing,   t 


■'■'nare/    e; 
Ih-t.  .Int.,   V.    (i 

'  "ji'iaga  w 
muhuh  he  w;i 


JUAMEZ   IN   THK   NOUTM. 


021 


In  November  the  Frciicli  liad  penetrated  to  llio 
Kl(»ri(l(>,"  but  the  diversion  of  troops  into  Sinaloa  pre- 
V('iit(Ml  them  from  sustaiti'mg  tlie  advance.  In  May 
1S(),")  l^atoni  besjjan  to  advance,  and  sliortly  after 
Ciirhajal  ventured  to  besieo(>  ])uraiii;'o.''  Their  liopcs 
wci'c  frustrated,  liowever,  by  the  ai'r'ival  of  recinforee- 
iiiciits  under  l^rineourt,  who  moreovcn'  had  oi-ders  to 
enter  Cliihualiua,  and  drive  the  republieau  presuk-nt 
fidin  tliis  Ills  last  state  (•a])ital.  The  Kreneli  moved 
for\\;ird  2,r)00  stro!iijj,  j)ressin«j;  l>aek  tlie  liberals,  and 
Iciivniijf  detachments  at  Klo  Floiido,  Alleiide,  Parral, 
and  Santa  llosah'a.  The  bodies  commanded  by  JIui/, 
A'^uirre,  Villa<;ran,  and  Oj'masjfa  offered  no  op{)ositi()n 
and  the  re|)ublican  authorities  tied  to  El  Paso.'^  Jbin- 
court  took  ])ossession  of  Chihuahua  on  August  15th, 
and  appointed  T.  Zuloapja,  prefect. 

It  would  have  been  easy  to  continue  the  march  and 
ol)li'j;(>  Juarez  to  cross  the  frontier,  but  fearinoj  a  col- 
lision with  United  States  troops,  Bazaine  had  or<lei(>d 
tlir  French  to  return  to  Duranijfo  after  adv;uicin;4  not 
further  than  a  day's  march  bc^yond  Chihuahua  city. 
Briiicourt  asked  permission  to  n^tain  1,000  men,  with 
wliich  the  state  could  readily  be  held.  The  orders 
wovr  repeated,  however,  and  the  invaders  d(>parted  on 
October  21)th.  The  republican  ji^ovei-nnuMit  reoccu- 
picd  the  capital,  and  conciliated  the  popidar  Terra/as 
l)V  restorinj^  to  him  the  jjjovernorship.  This  ha,d  just 
l)crii  vacated  by  the  death  of  ()jina<jja,  a  valiant  u'en- 
cral  who  fell  in  Auj^ust  while  (Mideavoi'injjf  to  suppress 
an  liidijin  revolt  at  (jiuerriTo. ''  Maximilian  was 
(liijily   incensed  on  hearinjjj  of  lirincourls  abandon- 

'  Tlu'ir  cavalry  (ilit.iincil  .soijie  julvaiitagcs  at  ( iiia'laluin'.  liiit  (Jtiosailii 
niiji'Mailiing,  tlioy  Ml  liack.  Viz  .\r<  j.,  .laii.  "JS,  Mar.  '_'».  ISii.").  i\,\  l'.(iriic.'c) 
il;inii,,l  a  vii-tory  at  San  .luaudrl  lli...   Ksfn'lh.Orri./.,  ()<t.  It,  !>cc.  '.':«,  IMU. 

■' Mar(|U(Z  iK-  [.Cdii  states  tliat  lie  wa.^  ai)])(>iii(<i|  gdViTiKir  of  lliiraiigo 
aliiuil  this  time,  and  |ir('))ai'i'<l  to  oriiani/o  forces.  Tlicn  .luare/ L'avc  the  jiost 
tiX'ailiajal.  and  Man|Uc/.  rctiri'd  in  disgust,  uliji  cting  to  liis  rival  as  ;i  rolilicr 

I'ilicl.    M'r„l.    /'„/.,    .MS.,   '_'(.•{    ti. 

•    'uarez   carrii'tl  away  .'?400,()0(),  'sacadosdc  Cliiliuahua, '  aay.s  Kiver.a, 

if't.  ■'"/.,  V.  (ir)4. 

'  Ojiiiaga  was  cdUccting  contrilmtions  tliort^,  which  gave  rise  to  a  tinindt 
II  vwirh  ho  was  shot.    VizAh'j.,  Dw.  '2,  «.>,  12,  ISC"). 


El-: 


h'M 


111 


'  Wi 


|.  i 


W  \ 


ll'.:*l!     [|r 


6'2->      LATER   HISIOKY   OF  IHIHUAHUA  AND   DUP.AM.O. 


ment  of  an  expedition  on  which  hopes  hatl  Ixcii 
founded  of  driving-  Juarez  from  Mexican  soil,  and 
Bazainc  ordered  500  men  under  Billot,  to  reoccupy 
the  capital,  which  they  did  on  December  1  Ith. 

Juarez  returned  to  El  Paso,"  wliile  his  officeis  fell 
l)aek  to  harass  the  enemy's  communications.  AmiirTc 
liovered  in  the  desert  to  the  south-east,  and  Villai;iiiii 
created  enthusiasm  on  the  western  side  by  the  ditVut 
of  a  French  detachment  at  Parral.'"  This  served  td 
sustain  the  ardor  of  the  liberals,  and  when  tlir 
men".chig  attitude  of  the  United  States  iiiduad 
the  French  to  concentrate  their  forces  for  retreat,  the 
patriotic  s])irit  cast  aside  the  last  restraint  to  join  in 
pursuit.  No  sooner  had  the  foreigners  turned  south- 
ward, early  in  February  ISGH,  than  the  re])ubli(aiis 
fell  ujK>n  the  scanty  conservative  colunms  left  in  jios- 
session  of  Chihuahua  and  other  leading  points.  In 
March  tliu  imperialists  were  compelled  to  evacuate 
the  ca})ital,'*  and  although  their  remnants  still  struji 
gled  awhile,  they  yielded  to  the  i)ressure,  and  followrd 
close  upon  their  foreign  allies,  who  slowly  fell  liack 
from  one  })oint  to  another.''' 

In  the  middle  of  1806  the  liberals  were  able  to  de- 
clare Chihuahua  free  of  enemies,  and  now  joined  their 
brethren  of  Durango,  who  had  maintained  the  struL'",Li;K' 
under  circumstances  even  more  adverse.  Cornna, 
from  Sinaloa,  assisted  Patoni  and  other  leadcrss  to 
harass  the  imperialists,  and  even  ventured  to  threaten 
the  capital,  capturing  in  January  1866,  the  iin[Mir 
taut  base  at  Nazas,  after  defeating  Aymar.'*' 

"  He  was  grcetud  with  festivities,  which  displayed  at  least  ;i  clHfriiig 
devotion  to  his  cause.   Lt';i(ir.  Mr.r.,  (.'irnif.,  443  4,  4i')5-~. 

"*Oii  Aug.  8th.  It  consisted  of  (50  men  under  Lieut  I'^ot.  \\lin  fout;lit 
desperately,  and  lost  17  killed  and  24  prisoners.  Tiie  Juarists  lust  <'in. 
Meoqui.  /iikniii.'i  Iiilcn:,  iii.  4()G.  Billot  inflicted  some  blows,  liowcver,  anil 
Ooniezancl  C'asahantes  were  routed  in  Jan.  13()(),  near  (hierrero.  Diunn  luqi, 
Feb.  '22,  Mar.  8,  ISGG. 

^'Half  the  garrison  pronouncing  for  the  liberals.  Voz  Mi'J.,  ^iar.  ."•!,  M'>y 
.'),  24,  18G0,  estimates  its  total  at  700;  a  sortie  shortly  before  liiid  jinivtil 
disastrous.  Diarlo  Imp.,  of  Mar.  20,  18GG,  still  claim.s  a  victory  lU  the  olnse 
of  Feb. ,  for  Carraneo. 

""The  last  position  abandoned  by  the  French  in  Chihuahua  was  I'arral, 

"Who  fell  in  the  battle.  VozMt'j.,  Feb.  I,  18Cfi.  For  fuller  details  on 
tlie  northei'U  campaign  see  Ifkf.  Mex.,  vi.,  this  series. 


rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


cc:? 


Ill  July  tlic  French  abandoned  tlie  Nazas  line,  and 
oil  yoveniber  lotli  the  city  of  Duran<j[o  was  evaeiuitod, 
fvcry  point  beyond  having  been  seized  by  the  ivpul> 
licaiis.  On  tlie  17th  Colonel  Perez  entered  the  eity, 
and  in  the  followin*'  month  Juarez  arrived  from  Chi- 
hualiua,  making  a  triumphal  entry  on  the  day  after 
Christmas."'  At  the  general  election  of  18G7,  this 
nsnlute  supporter  of  the  liberal  cause  received  an 
overwhelming  majority  (»f  votes,  especially  in  Clii- 
liuiihua.  Duranij^o  showed  less  devotion,  partlv  be- 
cause  of  her  stronger  clerical  faction,  and  partly 
through  the  influence  of  Patoni,  who  favori'd  (Jreneral 
Ortega's  aspirations  to  the  presidency,  after  Juarez's 
tiTui  expired  in  1 805.  To  avert  trouble  during  the 
licat  of  election,  Patoni  and  Ortega  wc^re  arrested. 
Xivertheless  l)arty  spirit  displayed  itself  on  n>ore 
than  one  occasion,"'  but  was  t'ounteracted  by  (lovernor 
Ziirate  and  his  successor,  P.  G.  Palacio."'  Luis  Ter- 
razas  was  confirmed  as  ruler  by  the  people  of  Chi- 
huahua.'""' 

The  Juarist  administration  received  another  blow 
in  tliis  (juarter  by  its  supposed  im[)lication  in  the 
murder  of  Patoni  by  the  military  chief.  General 
Canto,  in  Auijust  1868.""  The  growth  of  this  feelinij 
was  revealed  in  the  follovviniX  year,  by  an  outbreak  of 
so  wides])rcad  a  nature,  that  the  government  prepared 
to  suspend  the  constitutional  guarantees."'     Hostili- 

'■-Diirango  hucauio  the  national  cai)ital  for  a  Avliilc.  JJiilitmi  iiml  Lritmxi. 
//;/.  .)/<u.,  ix.  7.")(). 

^' liidiratioiis  of  a  pronuiicianieiito  liy  T.  Rorn^go,  UmI  to  his  arrest  at 
Duraiigo  oil  Nov.  I,  JS07;  yot  his  foUowcrs  niailo  an  attack  on  tlie  govorn- 
iiifut  ollic'ors.  Nsti-'ll't,  (trri,/..  Deu.  IS,  ISdT;  Diario,  <>ji<\,  Nov.  '_'8,  ISC)?. 
Tlii'V  wore  jmnished  for  it.   Ext.<tiln,  Sin.,  Nov.  15,  1S()7. 

^'M.  Balda,  .1.  M.  Tcrevra  au.l  Olvora  acted  in  1808-G9.  Oallnrdo,  CwiJro 

^'I'l.,  .see  also  D^irrlio,  iv.  .'V-    for  judges. 

''''  Who  caused  him  to  bo  dr;  501!  from  hia  house  at  Purango,  and  sum- 
marily shot  at  Analco  on  Aug.  It  Cnrno,  Pur.,  Aug.  '2ti,  18(18;  E-<lri'U(i()i-ri,l., 
^I'lil.  I,  Oct.  2,  18(iS.  Canto  w;i  arraigned  and  his  command  transferred  to 
1*.  tliurra.  He  was  condemned  o  death,  hut  the  sentence  was  changed  to 
t':ii  years  easy  confinement.  Di  tails  in  H'-i/eu.  Sin.,  Aug.  21,2.'),  Sept.  11, 
ISiiS;  K,„,,trit,  Piiehhg  del,  12;  Derecho,  i.  12,  57;  ii.  59,  336-7;  Mex.  RecnjK, 
'ii  -W  8,"  343-t;  Diano,  Ofic,  Aug.  24,  1868,  Nov.  ,'>,  1869. 

'"  To  which  the  governor  objected.  Mntiit.  Roj>.,  .June  16,  1869.  Other 
JitaiN  in  OccidifiiUil,  Mar.    May.    1809.     The   conservative   feeling  was  dis- 


!j'   . 

■s 

'r' 

W 

\k' 

HI 

Hi 

1 

'''^H 

1 

i 

'^fl 

111 

K 

-:9|KBf' 

i 

|l 

1 

-w' 

1 

!?' 

-V 

'v-J*l 

j|H 

If 

Iff, 


W'^  i 


I'll  I 


.,  : 


•i 


6*24      lj\TKR   in.vrC'UY    JF  CHIHUAHUA   AND    J)UKAN(i(i. 

tu^H  wort!  maintained  durini,'  tlio  following  years,  >  ntil 
tlio  reolcction  ofJuaroz  in  1871,  wliich,  heinij  dec  and 
to  be  fraudulent,  gave  risc!  to  proiiuneianiientns  in 
favor  of  the  revolution  started  \>y  ]?orlirio  Diaz,  the 
popular  candidate.  Tlio  niovenieiit  proved  su(  (•»  sst'ul 
at  lirst,  under  the  leadersliij)  (tf  IJonato  (lut  ira,  wlin 
ovi>rran  Duranjjjo  and  <:jained  the  mastery  in  Cliihua- 
liua;  but  the  death  of  Juarez  in  the  middle  of  1S7'- 
caused  adherents  \>  fall  olf;  Diaz  relintjuished  his 
aim,  and  peace  was  restored."'  In  Duran;j;()  tlic  ^u(  - 
ceedinjjf  period  of  rejiose  was  inauijjurati'd  by  (jlovciiutr 
Carrillo;  and  in  Chihuahua,  where  Terrazas  liad  re- 
sinned in  1H72,  a.  Ochoa  assumetl  ilu;  control."' 

The  elections  of  1875  a<;ain  afl'orded  iust  cause  \\<y 
the  Porfiristas  to  renew  hostilities.  *  The  well-kiinwn 
leader  Trias  headed  this  new  movement  at  Ciiiliualuia 
in  June  1870,  and  held  liis  ground  till  Septenilnr, 
when  the  government  partly  gained  possession  of  the 
capital  and  captured  Donato  (Juerra,  leader  of  tlie 
revolution  in  the  north,  who  was  seeking  to  join  liis 
brothers  in  arms,  having  been  driven  from  Siiudoa." 
In  Durango  also  the  Porfiristas  succeeded  no  litttor 
at  first;  but  in  November  1870,  a  diversion  was 
made  by  Carrillo,  who  proclaimed  Iglesias  pnsidcnt. 
and  himself  governor  of  the  state.  The  ousted  (Wn- 
eral  Fucro,  successor  to  Hernandez  y  Marin,  recov- 
ered the  connnand,  however,  but  was  obliged  to  siil)- 

playcd  by  the  persecution  of  protestants  l>y  mobs,  lifijcn.  Sin.,  Jiiiii'  l'.'.  INi!'. 
riic  revobition  was  still  active  in  1S70.  Didrio  OJic,  June  11?,  KS70;  ('•mMil.. 
Mar.  2"t,  KS(iS. 

"*  .*^cc  IIM.  Mi'x.,  vi.,  tliia  series. 

™  Ho  ontciv.l  upon  oflico  in  Nov.  KS;.*?.  Federal, 'Hov.  IS,  IS:.*?.  Carrillo 
did  so  a  year  earlier.  I'\  iiu;  Oct.  24,  1872.  Terrazas  had  been  ur<,'iiii;  lii'c- 
toral  reforms.   Mix.  Mini,  (loh.,  1S71,  app.  v.  G'2;  Mon'tt.  Ii'iji.,  May  l>.  IN'- 

'''The  Chdiuahua  election  was  brought  before  congress  as  Ir  uiihilunt. 
J^ar.  I)(l,at('.i,  eong.  7,  iv.  10,  38;  cong.  8,  i.  40  .W;  eoug.  !>.  i.  7titi  71.  I" 
Oilobcr  nuiuerous  points  were  occupied  by  rebels,  yet  the  g.iv.Mnnioiit 
claimed  shortly  after  to  have  practically  mastered  the  situation.  I'lirit  'ijii-; 
Nov.  2.-I,  1875. 

'"(liierra  is  said  to  have  been  killed  by  the  guard  at  the  camp  at  Av.ilo> 
where  he  was  imprisoned,  during  an  attack  made  on  it  by  Trias.  Pi'irioOji''-. 
Sept.  2i),  Oct.  ],  Nov.  7,  1870;  Juno  20,  1878.  The  capital  fell  S(pt.  IS^ 
Dlnr.  Deltati'K.  CoiuitU.,  8,  iii.  110-19.  An  American  banker  coinplaincii 
that  ^'^  forced  loans  had  been  exacted  from  him  within  six  moiitiis  /W-m'"' 
OJir.,  March  17-18,  1879. 


IIKVOIA'TION. 


6iiS 


mil  in  the  follow  iii!^  .lamiarv  to  tlu^  victorious  Poitirio 
])i;i/. ;  whereupon  tlu'  pr(»|)l('  il<rtc(l  Ocncral  J.  M. 
Fldi't'S  riiK'r.  (luiniano  of  Cliiliuahua  had  also  to 
vii'ltl,  and  Trias  was  rcwardcil  for  his  staunch  though 
iKit  very  successful  strULrglc  l>y  election  to  the  vacated 
jKist.''  The  northern  states  liad  still  to  endure  a  tinal 
tlhui'^h  feehle  attempt  made  hy  the  ('Xpiriu;^  l^er-dlst 
|iiiity.  manu'uvred  from  their  retreat  in  the  Ignited 
Statrs.  It  resulted  in  a  little  more,  so  far  as  Chihua- 
hua was  concerned,  than  a  ttiiijiorary  arme<l  occu|»a- 
tidii  of  El  ]*aso,  in  the  middle  of  1877.*  J'artial 
tailuies  of  cr<»psalso  supervened  during  the  f(»ll<»wing 
viais  in  hoth  states,  ci'eating  such  distress  that  a 
prions  riot  took  place  at  ])urango." 

The  opp<»sition  availed  itself  of  the  feeling  forpoliti- 
ral  |iur}»oses,  Trias  being  accused  of  misdirection  of 
funds  and  other  mahuhniinstratioii,  and  Flores  of 
holding  ofiicc  in  violation  of  certain  rtM|uirem<'nts  of 
tlie  state  constitution.  The  result  was  revolution, 
headed  in  Chihuahua  hv  (^J.  Casavantes,  who  in 
Au;j:ust  1879,  from  (Juerrero,  ]>roclaimed  the  removal 
iif  Trias,  and  succeeded,  after  a  hrief  cam])aign,  in 
'.'aiiiing  possession  of  the  ca}>ital.  The  approach  hy 
i((|U(st  of  federal  troops  under  Trexiho,  bi'ouglit 
iihnut  his  ready  surrender ;  yet  he  achievi'd  his  aim. 
tiir Trias  was  inn)i'ac]ied  and  dep(tsed.  Terrazas  was 
'ulh'd  in  November  to  replace  him,"'  and  ruled  till 
iN-^-l,  when  (General  Fueio  received  the  }>o])ular  vote. 
riic  leader  in  Durango,   J.  A'aldesj>ino,  succeeded   in 

*' ^t^lI■ioz  lioliliiij' the  otiice  prior  to  elei'tioii.  Vaz  Jl'J.,  ,Mui'')i  'J4,  Api-. 
U,  Juiii'  18,  1877;  l>iiu-.  Dilnitrs,  emig.  S,  i.  'J.S. 

*•  llv  M:u'horn>.  />/'/(Vo  '{//,V.,  Juiit.'  IS.  'JO,  Julv  I.  In7)S;  ]!<  ri.</ii  ( W/.,  1877. 
■'ifl. 

''In  whii'li  a  fi'W  of  tlie  iiioli  wcif  slmt.  Tlio  Icgishitiire  ofiViicl  relief  hy 
ruliKiiii.'  tlif])riee  of  eorii  from  si.v  to  two  ^•t■llt^^  per  ]i(  .iiid.  I'r:;  Mij..  May 
I''. -Xiig.  'J7,  KS78.  'J'liu  siijireiiif  goveriiiiu'iit  graiittcl  aiil  in  inoiuy.  retltic- 
'"iKif  clutii'.s,  and  purdiasc  of  grain  ami  seed.  Jli.r.  Ii>a>}>..  x.wii.  SITi  17; 
■  '■ir,  IhlHtifn,  cong.  y,  iv.  I<!»7;  cong.  !•',  iii.  .S(),S.  Ai<l  was  also  given  to 
■'-ifcrers  from  flooda. 

'■"Ucports  of  plcxns  and  movements  in  Mi.r.  Mrtn.  Oali.,  187'.t  SO.  '-'7  8,  S'.i 
':J'";.l/'/'  .  Sept.  'A  Oet.  7,  12,  Dee.  5. '21.  1879;  Dinrh  Ofr.,  O.t.  10.  Nov.  5, 
''T'.l.    OKservations  of  U.  .S.   eounsel  in   ('.  S.   0(,r.    Dm-.,  eong.   4)»,  .s(!ss.  2; 
"  A',1.  /'o,'.,    x.w.,  pt  i.   427.   /'/.,  sess.  .S,  i.,  )it  i..  722  4.     Casavantes  met 
'>ith  ••(  v<  ral  reverses  before  he  gaineil  the  capital  and  <ai)tnred  Trias. 
Hi>T.  Mkx.  t-TATKs,  Vol..  i;.  4(1 


U 


Iii;- 


O'JC       T.ATF.n    lllsroi:V   ok  (IIIIH'AIIUA    ANI>  I»rKAN<iO 


I 


Htiiriiiiif  a  more  troul)lt'Hoiut'  outlncak,  wliicli  Jit'tci"  its 
practical  aupprcHsion  early  in  ISRO,  witli  tlic  .liil  o\' 
Tn^vino,  tjavt^  moro  tluiii  ono  <listuilMM«^  tliroc,"'  until 
tlic  assumption  of  office  l)y  tlie  able  F.  Goiin  /  ,|,  | 
Paliicio  brou'^lit  a  lull."' 

M(>an\vliile  dispuies  liad  arisen  lietwecn  tlif  two 
states,  as  well  as  with  Coahu'ila  eoricerniiij^  hnidi  r 
tracts.  In  the  latter  ciise  water  ri!L:;hts  j'tommI  ,1 
feature  of  the  <juarrel  which  manifested  its(  If  jn 
virtual  invasion,  and  ol)liL:;ed  the  inteiference  of  fidtnil 
troops.'"  In  order  to  settle  the  trouhle,  which  .is  iv- 
ijfards  Si(>rra  Mojada,  with  its  late  i^old  develo|iiii(iii. 
atl'ectcxl  alyo  Chihuahua,  it  was  proposed  to  form  luiv 
a  federal  teirltory.  ])uran;jfo's  claims  rec«'ived  sik  ii 
sui)|)ort,  however,  as  to  overrule  this  jtlan.  Kiiuillv 
an  amicahle  arrant»;ement  was  eflected."" 

lender  the  more  enerjjetic  elforts  of  the  yovcrii- 
nient  of  Diaz,  and  the  cooperation  of  tlu'  Uiiitid 
States,  raitls  by  sava^jjes  W(>re  for  the  most  |i,irt 
abated.  The  United  States  proposed  more  tluui  (Hic 
a  joint  cami)aii»n  a«jfainst  hostile  Indians,  as  well  ;i> 
an  agreement  to  the  effect  that  troops  of  both  iv|>iil)- 
lics  might  cross  the  boundaries  in  pursuit.  This 
course  ^NTexlco  hesitated  to  adopt,  as  the  object  oftlif 
northern  re[)ublic  was  moic  the  chastisement  of  ^h\i- 
can  cattle-!«tealers  than  Indian  marauders.  Tlie  «j(iv- 
ernment  could  not  allow  foreigners  to  deal  witli  lui 


"'i'  iidii, 

|»l  i\  ilcnr' 

(Tijitrd 
Afi  \ico' 
I  I'xas,  r 

I'cogiiiz 

"11  the  o 

•^^e.\ic 

nt'    tlic    1 

hidian  r 
sallied  0 
ISH2,  to, 
■it'i'  nejgJi 

""I'y.    Jo 

s|i.v(|y  (,f 
Diirango 
rill'  scourL 
'II.'-;'  paisscd 
scttlcnicnt 
■"kI  north. 
ti'icts  1„  1) 

^•-'I't'd  by  a 


'"''  It  liad  iKit  ttio  Siiiiiio  success  as  the  rasavanto  iiiovenieiit.  Tlu'  li'i;i>l;i- 
ture  ill  I87S  rejci'tcd  a  propd.sod  impoacliiiioiit  of  Florcs.  ]'<c  M'j..  Oct.  '.'Ii. 
1878.  Details  of  iiioveiiunits  in  l)i<irio  (>lh:,  Oct.  8-1."),  •_>•_>.  Ni)V.  li),  •-'!l.  IsT'.i. 
Aug.  18.  :n,  1880.  Plan  aii.l  (.tiicl.»I  comineiits  in  Mix.  Mem.  Ooh.,  IsTii  MJ, 
28-9,  88-«)l. 

*'  Fn  1883  Floros  assailed  Palaeio's  administration,  to  which  I'lni  /.7  Tfi- 
bum  journal  was  is.sued  on  Nov.  '2!t.  188H.  He  succeeded  in  188")  to  tln^  gi'V- 
crnnient.  Meanwhile  Zultiria  liad  actecT  temporarily  from  Nov.  ISS'J  til' 
Feb.  188.1,  and  during  1884  Pereyra,  F\ores  and  Parra  administcn  4  tin 
state. 

'•"'  Tlie  Rio  Naza,s  question,  or  that  of  Santa  Ro.sa  dam,  so-called,  \\  i"  appiir 
ently  settled  in  1878,  Dhtrh  OftV.,  .lulyi,  10,  1878,  hut  rose  again  in  IsTtl. 
also  in  connection  with  Sierra  Mojada  mines,  and  continuctl  to  aL'itiitc  tin' 
people  for  several  years.  Id.,  Sep.  10.  1879,  June  10,  14.  .Fuly  8.  ISSI.  M>i. 
Mem.  Guer.,  1883,  'JtJ-Sl. 

''Chihuahua  protested  in  1880  against  the  favor  shown  to  Duningo.  I  ••'■ 
Mej.,  May  27,  1880,  Mar.  8,  1879,  Diarlo  Oji<:.,  Oct.  13.  28,  187tt. 


4    Mi  , 


iMiiAN  DiFi'K  ur/rii:s. 


<m 


(»ti<inliii«;  citi/riis.  uliilc  tlir  exaction  of  a  similai' 
]»ii\  il('L(t'  ill  pinsuiMu,'  Tcxjin  i'ohl)»Ts  woulil  liavc 
(iv.itcd  UitHcwItioH." '  This  lio.sitatioii  rcai'tcd  on 
Ml  xico's  claims  for  <laina«4(>a  l>v  injured  .settlors  in 
Texas,  continuin*jj  to  increase  and  liavin^'  to  he  finally 
n(  o«jnizod,'"  while  Indians  found  a  convenient  refu«j:e 
(III  the  other  side.'"' 

Mexico  in  vain  proclaimed  against  tlu;  culpahility 
(if  tlu^  United  States  in  not  guardinj^  hetter  tluur 
Indian  reservations  from  which  the  raiders  mostly 
sallied  <)f  late  ytsars.  Finally  she  Wiis  induced,  in 
ISS2,  to  a^reo  to  tho  mutual  introduction  of  troops, 
Iiir  neighhor  being  restricted  to  tho  jmrsuit  of  Indians 
(iiily.  Joint  campaigns  wei'o  also  arranged,  with 
spei'dv  etfect  in  rechicinu'  tho  nund)er  of  outrages. 
Durango  had  for  som»'  time  boon  almost  relieved  of 
the  scourijo,  and  Chihuahua  rojjjarded  hc^rself  as  liav- 
iiij,  passed  the  crisis,  with  every  prospect  of  extending 
settlements  into  tho  hitherto  desolated  regions  i^ast 
1111(1  iiortli.  Indeed,  scliomos  for  colonizino-  such  dis- 
tric'ts  in  both  states  were  being  rajudly  formed,  fos- 
U'lvd  ])y  a  stimulating  extension  of  railroads. 

""'I'lic  U  S.  jirosscd  tlio  matter  with  .stu^li  (letiTiniiiatioii  on  Diaz'  (irst 
iiavs.sidii  to  the  preHiileiicy,  that  there  was  a  prospec^t  of  war.  See  IliM.  Mes., 
VI.,  this  .series. 

'"'  Kill'  awards  made  by  tl»e  joint  eomniission,  see  indexes. 

'"-' .)/('./■.  fii/hriiic  P(s<iiii.-t.,  1.S74,  is  a  detatled  in(|uiry  into  ravages  com- 
mitua  lietween  1848  and  IST.*?.  Sec  also  J/w.  M,',ii.  IM.,  187;"),  25  (Jft;  Voz 
il'j;  1H77~8S  passim,  and  DinrioOfic,  Id.,  PiiiuitCoi,  MS.,  no.  1190.  Moni- 
''•r  Iti'}).,  and  L(i  Riyuhlira. 


I 


I    ;l 


I 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 
1800-1830. 

Pro(jress     ok    Settlements-Invasion     i>y     Hkkmosillo — CArruKK    ot 
RosAKio  -Defeat  ok  Hehmosillo  at  San  Icnacio  dk  Piastla  -('am- 

PAItlN     A<!AINST    THE    Al'ACHES — LaST   CoLONIAI.    RiI.EHs — Ul'ltlSINil   OF 

THE  Oi'ATAs — The  P^MriKE  WEi.f'OMF.n— Sonoha  and  Sinaloa  Xeg- 
LECTTED  -Petition  for  Reforms — Federalism  F'avored-  -Separatiox 
OF  Sonoha  Ignored — Form  of  (Government— »;kikvancf.s  an'  Rkvolt 
OF  THX  Vaqi'is — Operations  of  Banderas — Sri;!;i:>sio>  of  the  Up- 
risin'.!  KxrrLsioN  of  Spaniards — Hardy's  Visit — Se'aration  of 
Sonora  and  Sinaloa — Popilation. 

The  ojxiiiing  of  the  oentury  was  marked  by  tlic  ex- 
tension of  settlements  toward  the  northern  regfi»)ii,s  of 
Sonora,  entaihng  the  more  rapid  absorption  and  ,<ub- 
juiijation  of  the  Indian  element,  under  the  johit  ctlorts 
of  presidio  forees  and  eeclesiastics  At  the  same  time. 
however,  encroachments  and  otl'.er  abuses  roused  dif- 
ferent tribes  to  a  'norc  or  less  hostile  attitude,  wliile 
the  development  of  resources  attracted  the  maraudiiisi' 
Apach(!S,  Seris,  and  cognate  Indians.  Tlie  Seris  liad 
a  retreat  on  Tiburon  island:'  and  as  the  security  tliere 
servc^d  to  encourao;e  other  tribes,  it  was  found 
neci^HWirv  for  the  military  commander  to  bestii'  him- 
self and  inflict  a  lesson."  Mexican  military  loiii- 
mander"s,  as  a  rule,  were  not  very  active  in  tlnir 
operations  against  the  savages  when  there  was  noth- 
ing to  b(   gained  by  it. 

'On  inort!  than  ono  occasion,  notalilyiii  1802  and  1807,  cxjieilitiiii'^  wure 
projiK'tcd  again.-it  +his  r"lii>ci'  hand,  Imt  wore  frustrated  l)y  circmii-^taut'e" 
iirising  (  nt.  of  th  ^  war  of  Spain  with  Eiiglanil  ami  Fraiu'c.  Iii'irn'-.  Vin'tji-s 
187  8;'   Vdnsro,  Son.,  \.-iL 

-In  1810  the  governor  congratulated  thepcn)>le  on  tlie  .  -ini'lnsimi  of  peace 
with  the  Seris,  Tiinironcs.  Tepocas,  Coyote  Aiiiu'lies,  and  I'uiiias.       ■     .1/" 
1811.  .1W  3. 


MA!'  (IF   SONORA    AND   SlNALOA. 


629 


vrrruK  nv 
;T1,a  Cam- 
h'KlSINi;   OF 

;au>a   Nei;- 

SKVAI-VllviN 

\S'  Uk.volt 
ov  Tiih  Up- 
>AKATios   or 


and  .>ub- 
Int  t-'tVorts 
,ainc  time, 
ousccl  »lif- 
(\v.  Nvliilo 
inaniu<lin<i 
Seris  had 
rity  there 
as"  found 
i^tlr  him- 
tavv  '•«"ii- 
\n    tli.'iv 

was^  ni'ti^' 


Lnlitioux  were 
'Virrnin-tauce« 


til  (:  i 


i';l 


31  E!3 


I'll  ;^ 


MaI"    01"    SONORA     AND    SlNALUA. 


•!r  ' 


630 


UNITED   iSONOKA   AND   ISINALOA. 


!l 


The  constant  measure  of  revolt  and  irruption  nat- 
urally confined  progress  to  narrow  bounds,  as  did  tlie 
policy  of  exclusiveness  against  foreign  intercdurse, 
settlers  being  expected  to  buy  at  exorbitant  prices 
the  limited  range  of  supplies  brought  tlirougli  tlie 
southern  })ro\'incos  from  Spain.  The  effect  was  to 
check  production,  discourage  hidustry  and  enterprise. 
and  lower  the  social  standard.  Nevertheless,  the 
temptation  held  out  by  foreign  traders  could  not  be 
wholly  resisted,  and  the  government  was  obliged  to 
permit  occasional  dealings  in  order  to  secure  a  portion 
of  the  revenue  sacrificed  by  strict  exclusion.' 

But  the  colonial  regime  was  soon  to  end.  The 
scene  of  Hidalgo's  exploits  lay  too  near  not  to  create  a 
ripple,  and  the  hitcndente  Alejo  Garcia  Conde,  sent  his 
brother  and  Sub-Intendente  Merino  with  some  troojKs 
toward  (xuadalajara  to  join  the  royalists:  but  tliey 
were  surprised  on  the  way  by  the  revolutionists,  and 
carried  prisoners  to  San  Miguel  el  Grande.*  So  en- 
couraged were  the  victors  that  they  followed  up  the 
advantage  by  an  invasion. 

The  leader  of  the  uprising  in  Nueva  Galicia,  J.  A. 
Torres,  had,  at  the  close  of  1810,  gained  control  of  the 
entire  province,  and  turned  his  attention  to  the  north. 
assisted  among  others  by  Gomez  Portugal,  who 
planned  an  expedition  into  Sinaloa.  The  connnand 
was  offered  to  Jose  JVIaria  Gonzalez  Hermosillo,  asso- 
ciated with  the  Dominican,  Francisco  de  la  Parra, 
who  was  the  directing  mind,  thougli  keeping  himself 
in  the  back-ground,^  and  assisted  by  J.  A.   Lopez, 

^Viceroy  Marquina  informs  his  successor  that  a  strange  vesticl  sold  its 
cargo  at  Ouaymas  in  1802  for  $300,000  in  bullion.  Imtntc.  Virci/i'i',  ISi.  An 
American  ship  touched  at  the  same  port  in  August  1804.  Cut.  Pmv.  Ri'c, 
viii.  (U- .").  Capt.  Little  visited  it  in  1808,  in  the  Dromo,  and  traded  by  per- 
mission, paying  1.5  per  cent  duty  cm  .§140,000  sales.  Calicoes  sold  at  fniiii 
$4  to  .i?7  per  yard.  Irish  linens  at  .$80  or  more  per  piece.  Li/r  on  "omi.  WO 
14.  The  chief  article  of  exchange  at  firwt  Mas  gold  and  silver,  ami  later 
hides,  tallow,  cheese.   Pikr'x  Erplor. ,  .3,58. 

U}V»c.  iVfcr.,  1811,  .390-3. 

''Indeed,  Hidalgo,  who  had  reached  Guadalajara  in  Nov.,  appointed  liini 
brigadier  and  commander  of  tlie  party,  hut  as  the  fri.ar  olijectcil  tn  puli- 
licitv,  Hermosillo  tigured  as  the  chief.  Documents  in  /fi'iwiiiiiit  n  /'■i>'"!'^r 
C,)l.' I),K\,   i.   .37<l. 


liKVOTATTTON. 


(ini 


hiU'ly  in  tlie  royalist  service. '  The  expedition  left 
(Juadalajara  on  Deceniber  1st,  wUli  1000  infantry  and 
200  cavalry,  a  force  wbieli  was  swilled  on  tlie  way  ly 
];ir;ji;e  imnil)ers.' 

On  the  1 7th  the  revolutionists  arrived  Ixifore  the 
mininj^  town  of  Kosario,  occupied  hy  Colonel  A'illaes- 
cusa  with  1,000  men  and  0  guns."  After  nconnoit- 
riuL;"  it  was  resolved  to  carry  the  place  hy  assault, 
which  was  effected  on  the  following  morning  by  two 
colunms  of  1,000  men  each.  The  royalists,  driven 
from  the  entrenchments  into  the  houses,  surrendered 
unconditionallv  late  hi  the  aftorno(»n.'  Hermosillo 
then  occupied  San  Sebastian  and  Mazatlan,  and  col- 
lected funds,  especially  by  seizure  of  property  belon;j,- 
ing  to  European  Spaniards."'  in  order  toadvanci>  upon 
(^(tsala. 

Now  came  a  turn  in  affairs.  Villaescusa  had  been 
ifcnerou.sly  released  on  parole,  but  breaking  his  word 
he  fortified  himself  hi  San  Imiacio  de  Piastla,  with 
tlie  aid  of  loyal  hihabitants."  and  there  awaited  the 
arrival  of  the  intendente  with  troops  from  Sonora. 
Hermosillo  promptly  advanced  upon  the  stronghold 
heforc  the  reenforcements  should  reach  it,  Ids  com- 
iiiaiid  by  this  time  being  increased  to  4,125  infantry 
and  47G  cavalry,  strengthened  with  the  acquisition  at 
Ko.'^ario  of  artillery  and  arms.^'  He  came  in  sight  of 
Piastla  on  January  21),  1811,  and  took  iij)  [)osition  on 

' Miisign  of  militia  cavalry,  airl  soon  made  col  in  tliis  new  service.  Zmiiii- 
"•i",  lll<t.  Mrr.,  vii.  1271. 

"Tho  first  Ixpily  had  only  OS  muskets  and  4()jiair  of  iiistol.-i.  At  Magda- 
leiiu.  I'arra  joined  witli  rUMJ  men,  of  wlioin  140  were  ca\'alry,  witli  'M>  iiius- 
ktts  and  100  pistols,     'iliey  had  some  artillery,  however. 

^ViUaesensa  was  captain  of  the  ])residio  .Saii  Carlos  de  Huenavi-t.i  of 
Siiiiura  and  hrev.  eol.   AI'iiikiii,  M<j.,  ii.   i'l. 

'Villaescusa  Ih  naid  to  have  shed  tears  oii  appearing  before  Hermosillo. 
wliii,  moved  l>y  compassion,  lethim  ilepart.  Jiu.'<f<iiiiiin(r,  Cwn/ro  J/inl.,  i.  177-8. 
Ikniinsillo  was  promoted  to  a  full  colonelcy,  and  promised  a  lirigadiersliip  if 
hi'  sliould  take  C'osala,  where  largo  funds  were  exi)ected.   Aldnidii,  ut  siiy. 

'' I liilalgo  received  a  portion,  lie  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  fourteen 
MKirks  of  gohl  hy  letter  ot. Ian.  14,  ISll. 

"  Most  of  the  royalists  captured  at  Kosario  are  said  to  have  rejoinecl  him. 
*  "iiiie  had  been  advised  of  the  danger. 

'- lie  counted  SKH)  nmskcts  and  '200  jiairs  of  jiistols.  The  body  included 
the  mulatto  garrison  of  Ma/atlan.    /A /•;/ c/f/--.  y  /'melius.  Col.  Ax-.,  i.  ,'ISI, 


n 


I      '1  i    1 

y 

832 


UMTKl)   .^ONOKA   AND   SlNAl.UA. 


a  hill  commaiidino-  it,  on  the  southern  bank  of  the 
river,'^  till  a  ford  could  he  found.  Wliili'  seaieliinu 
for  this,  the  friar,  Parra,  was  surprised  and  captured, 
and  taken  in  irons  to  Durango.  P^ortunately  in-  liad 
been  able  to  destroy  the  coni])roniising  documents 
which  he  carried,  and  aided,  moreover,  by  bretlinii  of 
the  robe,  he  niana;j,etl  to  escape.'* 

Herniosillo  discovered  a  ford  half  a  league  from 
camp,  and  crossing  with  his  men  and  artillery,  Feli- 
ruary  8th,  advanced  to  the  assault  in  three  columns, 
wholly  unaware  that  the  intendento  had  just  arrived 
witli  the  reenforcements."  These  troops,  mon-ovei', 
had  been  posted  in  ambuscade  alonu;  the  line  of  the 
left  column,  which  was  permitted  to  approach  into 
the  outskirts  of  the  town,  while  the  otlu^r  two  cojimiiis 
were  cheeked  by  well-directed  batteries.  At  an  (i[»- 
portune  moment  the  ambuscaded  party  open  Hre 
upon  the  unsuspecting  left  with  such  withering  etfirt 
as  to  place  three  hundred  revolutionists  hors  de  com- 
bat within  a  few  minutes.  The  rest  fell  hack  in  dis- 
order upon  the  main  line,  creating  a  confusion  wliieli 
Herniosillo  could  not  overcome.  As  it  was  evident, 
besides,  that  the  garrison  liad  been  strengtliemd,  he 
thought  it  prudent  to  retreat.  Tlie  royalists  folhtwed 
up  the  advantage  by  capturing  the  neglected  camp, 
with  its  baggage  and  stores,  and  pressed  the  pursuit 
so  closely  as  to  regain  possession  of  the  entire  prov 
ince,  including  Mazatlan  and  Kosario,  and  to  awe  tin 
larger  pro])ortion  of  the  fugitives  to  surreiuhi'.  and 
sue  for  partlon.  The  rest  disperstjd  on  learnin*^  et 
Hidalgo's  defeat  in  Nueva  Galicia,  which  crushed  fer 


"A  conflict  occurred  on  tliebank  between  some  (letachineuts,  ami  Villus 
cusa  claims  that  40  men  fell.  Gur.  Mcx.,  1811,  1172-8.  During  a  jailiy  !«■ 
twcen  thorn,  the  insurgent  licut  was  assassinated.  Alnman,  Mij.,  ii.>  ai'p-  ^^■ 

'*  Under  cover  of  a  pa.ss,  to  wiiieh  had  been  forged  the  name  of  the  iutni- 
dente,  Bonavia  I/crnaudez  y  Dnvulofi,  Col.  Dor.,  i,  ,'{83. 

'■"  Villaeseusa  states  t'  _■  t  his  own  force  numhcred  only  283  men.  'r'f.  J/W' 
1811,  1170-7.  Oondo  t..  said  to  have  brought  4(K)  Opatas,  well  aiiiieil  with 
muskets  and  lances.  V'elasco,  iS'"/).,  b^i!,  places  his  men  at  over  I, OIH).  .Vb- 
man  assumes  that  he  had  not  over  0<X)  nun  at  I'iastla,  with  5  four  ixiumlen. 
My'.,  ii.   147. 


"i,-^l€iji 


OI'ATA   OUTBREAK. 


CM 


yi-ars  every  revolutionary  aspiration  in  this  (juaitei-. "' 
Althougli  these  provim-es  were  thus  spared  t'urtht  r 
ravages  bv  war,  tliey  cseaped  not  altogetht-r  its  hur- 
(Iciis,  for  tlu'V  were  fn-quontly  called  upon  to  contrib- 
ute toward  the  su[>port  of  the  royalist  cause,''  and  to 
jjiiy  besides  a  special  war  tax,  while  industries  suflered 
fioni  the  interruption  of  traffic  and  supplies,"  and  the 
settlements  continued  t(3  be  threatened  bv  IiKllans. 
III  1813-14,  Captain  Xarvona  and  other  officers  car- 
ried on  a  regular  cani[)aign  against  the  Apaches,  and 
claimed  to  have  hitlicted  considerable  chasiisement.'^ 
yet  tlie  readiness  with  which  peace  was  i)roftered  and 
leniency  shown  served  only  to  encourage  hostilities," 
and  the  campaign  continuetl  with  brief  intermissions.' 
under  the  direction  of  the  successive  intendenti's, 
Alejo  Garcia  Conde,  Echegaray,  and  Cor<lero,  who 
closed  the  line  of  colonial  governors. 

More  startling  than  tliese  chronic  irruptions  was  an 
uprising  of  the  Opatas,  the  most  civilized  of  tlu' 
Sonera  tribes,  and  also  the  most  loyal.''     Their  sul)- 


"' Among  the  earliest  ti)  ai'oe[)t  i)ar(loii  was  Lope/..  IJerinosillo'.s  lier.t.  'riie 
niyulists  pursueil  tlieir  iippoiK'nts  into  iVfajioiu'ta.  (rareia  Coinle's  iTpmt  in 
(I'll-.  Mix.,  uos '24,  '2~,  "28,  181 1.  \>.  I  iliti.  Alaniau  is  followed  l)y  Zaniacois, 
HIsl.  Mix.,  vii.  *207-7l,  :i'Xi  4,  .■">!»;{,  Arraugoi/,  Mi.i:.,  i.  l'2-2,  and"  most  other 
writers;  yet  several  of  his  statements  and  dates  are  disproved  liy  tlie  doeu- 
ir.uiits  coUeeted  in  llmonnl'Z  ij  Daiiiliu,  Cul.  Doc,  i.  .'iTii  >>:!,  \Mtli  reports 
from  I'arra  and  Lope/,  as  well  as  letters  from  Hidalgo. 

^'  L'ntoMiss.  Rrr.,  MS.,  1-2  l.\  24;  /'/„.'/■/,  />.»•.,  ///W.  S<w.,  i.,  no.  ix.  22; 
Xuli'-.  (!tii.,  Aug.  20,  ISUi.  Tlie  northern  part  of  Sinaloa  did  not  altogt^ther 
>sc;i|ie  the  revolutionary  infeetion,  for  v'apt.  I'idalla  reports  the  defeat  of  i 
li;uiil  in  March,  near  C'haray,  capturing  44  and  killing  4'.)  out  of  200  to  .'100. 
'"!'•.  .Mx.,  xxiv.  IIDT. 

'"  Quicksilver  lieing  kept  hack,  for  instance,  to  tiie  detriment  of  nunmg. 
Piwrf,  Dor.  Son.,  i.,  no.  xxvi.,  IS.  Tiu!  war  tax  decree  appeared  Aug.  7. 
LSi:t.  I,/.,  no.  xiv.,  22. 

'•'  In  one  of  the  numerous  cneciinteis.  2!>  .\pache3  weri'  killed.  Our.  Mr.r., 
I  SI,".,  l'.it)-7. 

-'"Ill  1817,  the  noted  thief,  <  hicputK,  wa.s  taken.  'I  in  intemlente  treatid 
h;m  with  great  coasideiation,  and  other  diiefs  coming  at  tlie  time  to  arrange 
l<ir  peace,  he  at  once  releaseil  the  prisoner.  The  paj'ty  thercu[>iin  killed  tin; 
liuird,  and  ran  off  with  some  weapons.  Vrliuro,  i^i»».,  241-2;  Sor.  M'.r.  l/foi/., 
a-i,  xi.  S5. 

'In  A|»ril  1818,  the  intendente  at  Arizpe  reports  naving  driven  the  sav- 
ages lie\MU<l  the  rivers  .Salado  and  Colorado,  peace  l.eing  also  made  with  sev- 
(.mI  t'W  O,^'.  M,,.  xxxvii..'>r»0,(>23.  044;  xxxix.  .'iOS:  xl.  950;  X,t,r.ll,;,, 
hw   li,  I8ia 

I'or  an    u.'ci>»>»t  of   tlii.s  hrave  and    interesting   people   1    refer  to   my 
."v'lfc    R„r.~    I.;  esaofi-ro.  \,.4.  .<:,.„.,  14tl  :t;  Zmihi^i,  .M>':n.,  1835.     This  chief 


"I 


g:u 


UNITED  SONOKA  AND  SINALOA. 


liiissiveiioss  was  due  greatly  to  want  of  harnKniv 
fuiiojig  tl ionise] vt.'S  which  the  jjjovi'rninent  fostcnd, 
wliilc  oniplovhiLT  them  as  soldier  and  frontier  'jfuanls 
They  had  frecjuently  complained  of  the  loss  of  privi- 
Icuo  bv  their  vassalaixe,  l)ut  little  heed  was  ^ivcii  to 
tlirm. 

In  1820,  about  tlih-ty  of  them  returning-  fi'mn  ser- 
vice f(»und  their  faniihes  nejjjlected  and  then-  own  jniv 
withlield.  Th(ur  denunciations  became  so  threateiiiiiHr 
tliat  the  commandant  sent  tliem  under  sjjuanl  to 
Duranno.  On  tlie  wav  thev  killi^d  the  s^'ntiucl, 
routed  the  escort,  and  returned  to  rouse  thoh'  hirtli- 
ren/'  A  few  hun(h'ed  joined  them  to  <lesceii(l  for 
pillaj^e  upon  San  Antonio  de  la  Huerta  and  adjoining 
settlements.  Those  who  resisted  were  kihed,  and 
several  detachments  sent  a*jainst  them  were  defeated,' 
notably  one  under  Colonel  Lomban,  at  Toniche.  said 
to  have  immb(;red  1500  men,  while  they  nmstend 
not  t>ver  ooO.  Aided  by  Chihuahua  a  force  ol"  over 
2,000  men  M'as  raised  au^ninst  them,  and  Ji  battle  was 
foimht  iK-ar  Arivechi.  Findinjj:  themselves  ever- 
matched,  the  Opatas,  reduced  by  losses  and  desertion. 
withdrew  to  the  church,  where  tliey  held  out  for  two 
days,  and  surrendered  only  when  their  last  shot  had 
been  fired.  The  two  leader?  Doraine  and  Espiritu 
w'ltli  seventi'cn  adherents  were  condenmed  to  be  shot. 
tlu!  rest  beinij  released.'"' 


The  measures  taken  to  suppress  Indian  rebels  after 
Hermosillo's  defeat,  checked  any  active  participation 

received  an  alldWitiu'o  from  the  government,  witli  the  title  of  gcncr.il  "I'  the 
ii.ition. 

•'  One  iicuoiint  refer.sto  them  as  revolted  presidio  soldiers  scut  to  I>ui"ini;n 
tor  puuisliiiieiit.    (^i!.  ArrhhUh.  Arch.,  iv.  j)t  i.  '20-7. 

-^  L'ai>t.  Simon,  ■vvIkj  led  one,  was  cajitiired;  at  Arivcehi  tlioy  .imnlnl.iti'ii 
('apt.  .Moreno  witli  (10  men  in  the  ehnrcii.    I'llnsi-o,  Son..  IIT-I'.'- 

-•' Consult, S'oc.  Mr.c.  (1,011., \.  TO.")-?;  'i""--.  M,,.,  iS'JO,  I'.'.'iO,  IS'.M,  p;is.-im; 
Xinii;/!!,  Son.,  5;  Pop.  V<ir.  108,  no.  l.*?;  Son.  Focriin.,  9,  in  /'iimii's  <'■!.; 
Col.  St.  Pay.,  Sae.,  vi.  24,  HO;  EsnuUro,  Xof.  Son.,  140-3.  Tlic  ii>iial 
(lift'erence  with  regard  ti>  mimhers  and  particulars  i.s  obscrvahlo  in  tliose 
anthorities.  Steps  wi're  taken  to  remove  the  cause  for  siunlar  out'iri.iks  l\v 
checking  the  arliitrary  conduct  of  officials.  Phiurt  C>1.,  Dm-.  S""..  MS., 
i.  no.  -xii.  40,  no.  lix.  "J."). 


THK  INDEl'KNDKNCK. 


635 


in  the  war  of  indopendonoo,  and  it  was  only  when  the 
Si»anisli  yoke  was  thrown  ott'tliat  Sonora  and  Sinaloa 
joined  quietly  in  the  revolution.  A  fore-ruinicr  of 
tlif  chan«ije  appeared  in  IH'JO,  in  the  new  liberal  eon- 
stilution  granted  by  Spain.  Sonora  and  Sinahia  ob- 
tained under  it  their  diputaeion  provincial,  wliieh  was 
iiisralled  at  Arizpe,  thence  to  hold  .sway  also  over  the 
Cailfornias."''  Avuntainientos  were  also  established, 
and  de[)uties  were  sent  to  the  cortes  in  Spahi.'' 

NOt  long  after,  in  September  I H2 1,  independence 
was  cck^bratcd  throughout  the  provinces;'"  yet  not 
uiuli-r  the  supervision  of  BrigadierCordero,  who  with 
dtlier  aims  in  view  Inul  departed  for  Cliiliuahua,  leav- 
iii'j;  liis  subordinates  to  manage  tlie  ditt'erimt  de])art- 
intiits,''''  till  an  order  came  from  Bustamante  v  Velasco, 
cliiet  of  tlie  treasury,  to  assume  his  duties,  and  pre- 
pare for  the  election  of  mend)ers  to  the  national  con- 
irrcss,'"  as  well  as  to  observe  that  the  privileges  of 
local  self-rule  were  duly  enjoyed  even  by  the  natives.*' 
Ill  the  following  year  the  people  welcomed  the  empire 
ill  jiaying  eager  homage  to  Iturbide. 

Tlieattention  evoked  by  this  fervor  amounted  to  little 
iiioro  than  to  cause  the  creation  of  a  comandancia  de 
annas,  or  military  department,  with  the  same  limits  as 

'■'I'lu!  latter  lit'ing  iinnexeil  to  the  inteiidi'iicia  at  Arizpe.  CurtK,  lHnrin, 
18'J(t,  'Jl.'-:}. 

•■(.hiiros  y  Millan  and  I)elga<l(>  del  Fuerto.  Among  tlie  deputies  pmvin- 
tialc's  are  named  Espiuosa  de  los  Mouteros  and  Mareelino  de  liati».  <l,ir. 
Mix.,  xlii.  l'28it.  A  deputy  to  tlie  cortes  had  been  chosen  in  1810,  in  tiie 
jiersnii  of  M.  iM.  Moreno. 

'  At  Ari/.pe  on  Sept.  Gth,  at  (luaymas  on  tliu  27tli,  and  in  the  south  of 
Siiuilda,  .soiiiewliat  earlier.  Otnul.  (/or.  iloli.,  Oct.  3,  '20,  :tl,  Nov.  7th.  An 
iirdi'i-  had  arrived  from  (lenoralissinio  Iturhide  to  eontorni  to  the  new 
uiipiTi;!!  army  )ilan.  Piiiini,  Dor.  Son.,  MS.,  i.  nos.  (>8  ',t,  '.VS  it. 

-'■•('apt.  Narvoua  as  military  gov.,  wli<>  signs  the  indepeiideiice  proclaiiia- 
tiiiiis,  Kaf.  Morales  as  political  ruler,  and  Ig.  l}ust;imant(!  as  iiiinister  of 
tinaii.T.  (.'itdd.  GW.  Onl,.,  Oct.  20,  Nov.   7,   1821;  Mix.  Mini,  /fi/.,    182.S,  58, 

■"'riie  choice  fell  on  tiie  presliyter  Salido  of  Alamos  and  F.  de  Iriliarren 
(it  Ciisida,  with  Kiesgo  as  supleiitc.  dur.  Mcj.,  xliii.  r)22.  The  latter  Mas 
lalkii  to  sit  for  the  ahscut  proprietiiy,  and  was  eliosen  to  write  out  tlie 
liet'la ration  of  indepcndeiici!.  He  ligured  as  an  oh.secpiious  Hattcrer  of  itur- 
I'itlc.  When  his  term  expired  ho  obtained  a  lucrat-ve  ajipointmeut.  Bii.i(ii- 
iiiatiii,  HUt.  Ilnrhit/r,  21. 

M 'crtain  judges,  justicias  constitucionales,  were  ordered  to  l)e  replaced 
,'   •  wlv  elected  men  from  among  the  Indians,    fiiinii.  Dor.  So7>.,  M8.,  i.  no^ 


■  i' 


630  UNITED  SONORA  AND  SLNALOA. 

the;  intendonoia,  yet  subject  to  the  comandantc  wncral 
at  Cliiliuahua.'"  This  neglect  roused  the  hitherto  drtVr- 
eiitial  deputy,  Moiitcros,  to  an  attack  upon  thi'  ointiiil 
government,  for  ignoring  many  reforms  proposed.  Ho 
raised  objections  to  so  large  a  region  being  ruled  by 
an  intendente  residing  in  the  distant  Durango.  TliV 
audiencia  was  also  too  far  removed,  and  he  lu^vd 
that  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  should  be  separated,  an 
audiencia  being  established  at  Alamos  to  serve  fur 
l)oth  provinces,  wliile  diputacion  i)rovincial  should  be 
accorded  to  each." 

Monteros'  words  were  the  echo  of  u  wide-spivad 
discontent  with  the  centralized  administration  Avhicli 
savored  too  strongly  of  the  colonial  system.  The  idea 
of  a  repul)lic  endiracing  a  federation  of  states  witli 
(.listinct  local  governments  had  become  too  firmlv 
rooted  during  the  revolutionary  war,  csspecially  anioiiu 
the  out-lying  provinces,  which  cared  not  to  1)p  inildl 
from  a  distance;  by  men  who  were  only  too  ready  tn 
sacrifice  them  to  private  aims.  The  pronunciainicntd 
of  Santa  Anna  against  tlie  empire  in  Dece  nber  l^2J 
was  based  on  this  provincial  desire  for  scmi-iiulcpiu- 
dence,  and  the  hitherto  passive  north-west  dejiart- 
ments  rallied  quickly  in  support  vf  \t,^*  General  EcIk- 
varri  pronouncing  on  February  1st,  at  Duraii^n,  in 
flivor  of  a  sovereign  congress.^"  Tlie  bishop  of  Seiiora 
exerted  himself  openly  against  the  movement,  hut  tin 
agitation  in  Sonora  for  separation  from  Sinaloa  pro- 
voked a  strouij:  feeling  in  favor  of  the  revolution,  and 
its  success  was  warmly  greetetl. 

The  new  authorities,  however,  had  weiLrhtier  con- 
sidorations  in  mind  than  the  wishes  of  a  reninti' 
border  pe>})ulation,  and  it  was  not  until  a  nieiiacint^ 
agitation  was  exhibited  that  they  deigned  to  give  at 

■■-.V/,'.t.  Mem.  Giin:,  182.%  25;  Pap.  Polif.,  ii.  doe.  xv.  140. 

'■'To  reside  at  Culiacan  and  Arizpe,  respectively.  Montrrom,  Ei-po^-  Smi.. 
9-18;    Pa-p.    Viir.y  cxl.  pt  xiv.,  oxli.  pt  (5. 

■'<  For  an  account  of  this  revolution  I  refer  to  Hixt.  J/^-j'.,  iv.  7^S  et  sc'i . 
thin  series. 

'•^Piniirt.  Dor.  Son..  MS.,  i    n<--.   Sfi  ti. 


K"\'eriiiif  i.si 


EsTADO  INTERNO  DE  OCCIDEN 'IK. 


68T 


ttiitiou  to  Montoros'  bill  for  .separation, '"  which  de- 
iiuukKxI  also  a  number  of  concessions,  such  as  the  es- 
tal)lishnient  of  a  mint  at  Alamos,  a  tobacco  factory 
aiul  treasury  at  Culiacan,  an  assay  offic<?  at  Arizpe, 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Jesuits  for  the  purpose  of 
jn'oiiioting  education  and  control linjj;'  unruly  tribes/' 
On  July  1!»,  18"23,  the  separation  was  decreed  with 
(iipiitacioncs  provinciales,  to  meet  at  Culiacan  and 
I'lvH  respectively,  the  latter  residence  not  being  obli- 
■  atorv.  This  measure  was  hasty,  howevi'r,  and 
it^nnred.  A  decree  of  February  4th  of  the  following 
\vni\  alluding  to  the  two  provinces  untler  the  titli>  of 
Estiido  Interno  de  Occidente,  ordered  the  formation 
lit'  a  joint  constitutional  legislature,  composed  of  six 
iiunibers  for  Sinaloa,  and  five  for  Sonora,  which  should 
convene  at  Villa  del  Fuerte/"  and  there  discuss  the 
(iroject  before  submitting  it  to  the  ))i'o])le.  The 
deputies  dallleil  over  it:  the  Yaqui  revolt,  which  fin- 
ally drove  the  p. , jcmbly  from  Fuerte  to  Cosala,  made 
the  Sonorans  less  eager  for  the  severance,  as  they 
needed  the  aid  of  the  wealthier  Sinaloa.  This  aided 
the  decision  in  favor  of  maintaining  the  union,  and  a 
lonstitution  was  pre})ared  in  accordance  October  -31, 
1825,  the  ( )ccidente  state,  as  its  title  now  appeared, 
iieing  divided  into  five  departments,  Arizpe,  Horcasi- 
tas,  Fuerte,  Culiacan,  and  San  Sebastian.'" 

'  iMiring  the  agitatidiis  the  arehivi's  at  Arizpe  were  to  a  great  e.xteut  tle- 
s'.niyeil;  heuue  the  many  gaps  in  hi.story  which  cannot  he  satisfactorily  cov- 
111(1.  Tliere  were  also  trouhles  at  Cosala.  BUi,  in  Snr.  Mex.  Oemj.,  ii.  fi2-.S; 
>'i/i.  A'(i//V.  Oji<\,  7  et  se(j. 

'"I'mject  [iresented  Feh.  ■_".!.  I!S'_'."{;  text  in  Montcrnx,  K.qyos.  Siyn.,'M\  !t; 
/'';i.  Vin-.,  exl.  no.  14. 

■"At  Fuerte  the  alcalde  was  to  join  tlie  tirst  four  legislative  niemhers  ami 
I'rosidc  at  the  preparatory  meeting.  A/.,  iii.  '2."i  (J.  la  tlic  federal  Acta  Con- 
«tituti\a  of  .Tan.  .Si,  1824,  Sonora  and  .Sinaloa  are  termed  provinces,  of  tlie 
i^tailip  intcfno  de  Occidente,  and  thi.s  union  is  allirnied  in  the  constitution  of 
"ct.  4.     Sinaloa  waa  called  hy  many  Baja  .Sonora. 

'The  constitution,  whidi  is  considered  elsewhere,  covers:!!',)  arts,  wiili 
iiiiiiifroiis  .suh-divisions.  It  was  signed  at  Fuerte  hy  M.  Escalante  y  Ai\i/\i, 
1- lui'siileiit.  L.  Martinez  tie  \'ea,  C'.  Kspino/.a  de  los  Monteros,  F.  de  Or- 
'iiiti.i.  1,  T.  deKscalante,  V.  Doniinguez  Flscoliar,  audi.  F.  \'<lasco  and  A. 
(■finaihlez  Kojo,  secretaries.  (loveruor  \ic.  Mana  (iaxiola,  and  secretary 
li  l.i'|"Z,  countersign  on  Nov.  '2.  Co!.  Coiiitil.,  iii.  1  lOIi.  Both  legislature 
aiiil  jiovcriuir  issued  congratulatory  addresses.  I'hinii.  Dm-.  Son.,  i.  nos.  9, 
i  '■  I'.',  40,     A  supplementary  election  law  appeared  Nov.  8th  in  75  arts,  cov- 


m.  - 


r*  I 


li 


tl 


638  UMTKI)    SONOUA    ANI»    SINAU)A 

The  first  jrovernor  uiidur  tliis  ('(Histitution  was 
Simon  Eluis  (foiizalcz,  a  most  popular  man,  wlio  was 
("Icctcd  simultancouHly  for  Cliiliualiua  and  Soikhh. 
His  familv  roHidiiiyf  at  tlie  tiuK^  in  tlie  ff)rmur  stnto. 
111!  prt^fcrnd  to  remain  tlierc,  l)ut  was  finally  prr- 
suadt'd  to  come  to  Fiu^rtos/*  virt'-«j;ovcnior  F.  iiiiute 
was  soon  called  ii}ion  to  act  for  liim,andin  is-JZfi'^- 
ures  Nieoli'is  INIari'a  Gaxiola/'  tlie  i)redeoessoi' of  (  Htu- 
zalez,  who  continues  in  cliari^c  durin<jf  the  follnwinir 
years.  The  first  regular  legislature  met  at  Fu(  rtf  in 
March  IH"J(»/'  and  a  month  later  the  supreme  coiiit 
was  installed."  Tht;  state  had  now  its  special  coiiiai!- 
dante  general,  in  Jose  Figueroa,  residing  at  Ari/.jM ." 
His  force  consisted  of  nine  cavalry  companies  nuiu- 
herinij  about  45  officers  and  747  rank  and  file,  costiii'f 
nearly  $200,000  per  annum.  They  garrisoned  the 
nine  presidios  of  Tucson,  Frouteras,  Santa  CVuz, 
Altar,  Buenavista,  Horcasitas  or  Pitis,  Bacoachi.  l^a- 
bispe,  and  Tuhac,  besides  a  few  other  points,  as  (luay- 
mas,  Alamos,  Fuerte,  while  at  the  escuadroii  de 
Mazatlan  guarded  the  district  of  that  name.  Two 
other  companies  of  active  militia  in  Sonora  could  \w 
called  upon  when  required.  Of  local  militia  very  fi  w 
bodies  were  organized.** 

ering  all  voting.  Deputies  were  to  receive  $3,000  a  year  ami  iiiili.'aj.;e.  A 
decree  of  Jan.  13,  1830,  fined  al>sent  electors  S!23  to  $100.  Persons  wiio  had 
neglected  to  take  tlie  oath  to  the  federal  constitution,  or  to  ilhiiniiiatf  in 
honor  of  the  event,  were  fined  8<">.  The  title  sefloria  was  ai'i'ordcil  to  inii>t 
of  the  higher  officials,  and  to  the  vice-governor  that  of  exi-ellcncv.  I'rcs. 
Escalante  is  praised  for  his  services,  in  BtiAna  Coinp.,  109. 

**He  had  received  four-fifths  of  the  votes,  and  the  legislature  vottil  •l-l.- 
500  for  bringing  his  family  from  Chihuahua.  Arf<i.>-  Con;/,  ('nnsiii..  i.  .'is-iil; 
Pimvf,  Dor.  Chill.,  ii.   0-7. 

"In  Phiart,  Dor.  Son.,  i.  no.  02,  the  name  is  writt 'U  .lose  Main,  win!'' 
Nic.  Maria  is  classed  in  A/.,  no  .")2,  as  treas.  gen.  Biiclmi,  Coiiiji.,  lO'.i.  I.  M. 
Aluiada  appears  in  1828  as  vice-governor. 

^-With  deputies  Thomas  Kscalante,  Jose  Esquero,  Ignacin  .\rriiili. 
Mariano  Pando  de  la  Oranda,  M'ho  failed  to  be  recognized,  Ig.  \  (.'nhifi". 
Juan  Elias  ((onzale/,  Jesus  Gaxiola,  and  Jose  Manuel  Estrella.  .■\ri<i.<  i'mt'i 
Coimtit.,  i.  58. 

"Under  Mig.  Dominguez,  as  president.  Rules  issued  in  1828.  PiwM'i. 
Dor.  Son.,  no.  130.  The  circuit  court  which  opened  at  Rosario  hail  jurisdii- 
tion  over  the  Californias.  Mm:  Mrm.  Ser.  Eshul.,  1828,  14.  .•1<7,.m  ('•'iI'J- 
Constit.,  i.  4i).     Tlie  di.strict  court  at  (Juaymas  also  covered  the  CalifuriiiiW. 

**  Ar/if.i  Con:/.  Const!/.,  i.  74-^5.  His  pay  was  .^,000  and  his  adjutant  in- 
spector, a  lieut-col,  received  .^3,000. 

**  For  further  details  see  the  special  chapter  on  this  and  cognate  toinr.^. 


n^a^ 


INHUllHKCnON   OK  TIIK   YA(^UIS. 


r>:;>) 


'^i| 


Wliik"  tliu  organiaition  was  proQ^rossinpf,  a  serious 
atlliction  fi'll  upon  tlu;  state.  Tlic  iii(le|H'ii(lence  of' 
the  country  liad  ))eeu  liaile«l  hy  the  Yacjuls  witli  dc- 
liu'lit,  in  tlie  expeetatiou  of  pr'ivilcjjjes  to  be  oained, 
sucli  as  e(|uality,  with  tlie  rliijlit  to  ])artiei|)ate  in 
elections,  and  the  enjoyment  of  independent  loc.-d  «;o\- 
iiiiinent.  All  this  proved  a  (lelusion.  The  local  ad- 
iiiiiiistration  was  unchanL!;i'd,  reniainiiii;'  in  the  liaiuls 
nf  padres  and  alcaldi-s  controlled  by  the  static  auth(»ri- 
tics.  Moreover,  exclusion  of  intruders  was  no  longer 
lutnrced,  and  settlers  beiL^'an  to  encroach  upon  their 
licli  soil.  Nor  were  they  even  exempted  from  the 
|iiiyinent  of  taxes  as  heretofore!;  and.  when,  in  IH25, 
assessors  made  their  appearance  to  nu^asurc  land  and 
vahie  property  for  taxation,  tluur  patience  jjjave  way. 

A  representation  was  sent  to  the  authorities,  based 
nil  Innnemorial  exemption,  the  answer  to  which  was 
the  arrival  of  troops  to  enforce  the  assessment.  At 
Ralium  the  Yaquis  fell  upon  the  soldiers,  and  drove 
tliem  off,  with  the  loss  of  seven  men.'"  Then  they 
l>ioeeeded  to  wreak  venjjjeance  uponobn(>xiousp(U'.sons, 
aiiioiio^  whom  was  Father  ArgUelles,  of  Torin.  who 
was  nmrdered,  tojjjether  with  several  citizens.  A  de- 
scent was  next  made  on  the  adjoining  districts,  attended 
with  pillage,  and  all  the  horrors  of  a  savage  outbreak. 

Their  leader  was  Juan  Ignaclo  Juzucanea,  usuallv 
called  Bandcras,  from  a  banner  carrit'd  bv  him.  whicli 
he  had  obtained  from  a  church,  and  represented  as 
belonging  originally  to  Montezuma.  Although  small 
"f  stature  and  unprepossessing  in  face,  he  wielded  an 
iinuiense  hifluence  by  means  of  rare  eloquence  and 
Jeeidcd  admhiistrative  ability.  But  for  his  persuasion, 
the'  outbreak  would  probably  have  assumed  no  hnpos- 
liijj;'  "»rm,  owing  to  the  lack  of  unity  among  the  tribe, 

"•GnrriaCulxi.-i,  Escrit.  D'wtr.,  15.  The  cura  of  Cocori  urged  them  to  re- 
sist. Vtluico,  Son.,  80.  The  durcated  force,  under  Capt.  Mier,  Sue.  Mi'u: 
'•V'-i;/.,  BoL,  viii.  301-2,  is  said  to  liave  numbered  200  men.  In  Mcx.  Mi'm. 
.l/m.  I'll.,  1827,  13,  the  tirsfc  outhreak  is  said  to  have  been  suppressed  in  l)e- 
giimiiic'  of  1825.  The  comandante-gencral  was  on  his  way  with  400  men  to 
ixiiliire  the  mining  region  when  he  was  recalled  to  figlit  the  greater  uprising. 
&//>;/(  Occid.,  Oct.  19,  1860.  Col  Dej>t.  St.  Pap.,  Ivii.  IS-l'.t. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


■'j, 


^j 


'<»!% 


1.0 


I.I 


"  i^  lllllio 


M 

2.2 


1.8 


1.25     1.4 

1.6 

-^ 6"     — 

► 

Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


% 


L<? 


840 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


fostered  by  the  intrigues  of  religious  and  political  offi- 
cials. Indeed,  some  of  the  Yaquis  were  induced  to 
side  with  the  whites/'  and  the  Mayos,  the  adjoining 
tribe  on  the  Bouth,  held  aloof.  Banderaa  went  to  tJic 
latter,  and  harangued  the  chiefs  of  their  sixteen  vil- 
lages with  such  effect  that  they  allowed  a  large  num- 
ber of  their  tril)e  to  enroll  under  his  standard.**  Hi.s 
success  so  far,  especially  in  the  matter  of  booty, 
proved,  perhaps,  the  main  inducement,  while  not  a 
few  felt  impressed  by  his  claim  to  being  inspired  for 
his  acts  by  the  virgin  herself** 

The  alarmed  legislature  invested  the  governor  with 
extraordinary  power,  and  steps  were  taken  to  organizr 
militia  forces  to  support  the  troops,  for  which  reen- 
forcemcnts  were  demanded  from  Chihuahua.'*  Tlic 
Pimas  and  other  tribes  were  likewise  enrolled,  partly 
for  local  defence,  partly  for  campaigns,"  while  the  mis- 
sionaries received  special  injunction  to  soothe  the 
natives  to  the  north  and  east,  for  it  was  rumored  that 
the  Yumas  and  Papagos,  among  others,  had  shown  a 
hi  3tile  disposition. 

Meanwhile  the  Yaquis  ar^l  "*  layos  had  jointly  over- 
spread the  territory  south  i  to  Fuertes,  and  north 
toward  Ures  and  Guayniati,  routing  several  detacli- 
ments,  such  as  Guerrero's  at  San  Vicente.  BaiuUras 
himself  led  a  force  of  three  hundred  men,  armed 
mostly  with  clubs,  slings,  and  bows,  and  raided  one 
hacienda  after  another,  sending  back  cattle  and  other 
booty  to  enrich  his  villages.'' 

Arriving  at  Santa  Cruz,  held    by  a  strong   body 

*'  Tlie  people  of  Tepagui  and  Biitocnra  joined  the  govt  troops  to  chastiitu 
their  kindred.  Sor.  Mix,  (fvo;/.,  Bol.,  xi.  91. 

«  In  May  I82(),  according  to  the  Coriro  Fed.,  Mar.  10,  1827. 

**Tlie  most  noted  of  the  Mayo  chieftains  wa.>f  Mig.  Kstevan,  astute  arul 
audacious,  wlio  Huhseqnently  assumed  the  leading  place  in  a  war  among  tlic 
wliites.    Velnjirn,  Son.,  H),  8.1. 

**"  Those  failing  to  respond  to  the  temporary  militia  enrollment  were  toln' 
condemned  to  serve  for  the  full  term  fixed  by  law.  PinaH,  Dor.  Son.,  i.  no.  H'J. 

*'  At  Cieneguilla  alone,  159  men  gathered.  More  than  ?nO  Yaquis  offcrcil 
their  services,  ami  Pimas  joined  readily.  Pinart,  Doc.  Son.,  no.  2i. 

''  He  passed  through  Caxon,  Bacatete,  and  Punta  dl  la  Ag-ja,  through 
Coyotes,  the  reales  de  iSan  Marcial  and  San  Jose  de  los  Pimas,  the  villugoH 
of  Chibato  and  Subiate,  and  through  Los  Angclea  aud  Tcpaguc,  near  ritic. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  BANDEIIAS. 


641 


under  the  Indian  chief  Cienfuegos,  he  worked  so  per- 
suasively upon  the  garrison  that  when  the  chief  issued 
orders  for  defence,  he  was  beset  and  compelled  to 
tloe,  severely  wounded.  Shortly  after,  hearing  of  the 
execution  of  some  captured  Yaquis  at  Alamos  as  rebels, 
Bandcras  retaliated  by  court-martiaHng  and  condi  inn- 
ing to  death  a  number  of  prisoners  in  his  j)ower,  as 
abettors  of  tj'ranny,  and  usurpers  of  Montezuma's 
authority,  a  formal  notice  of  their  execution  being 
sent  to  the  comandante  jreneral,  Fiijueroa,  with  a 
warning  to  avoid  unnecessary  cruelty,  and  the  inti- 
mation that  he  himself  would  be  guided  by  the  exam- 
))le  set  him  by  Christians. 

Early  in  August,  1826,  Banderas  arrived  before 
Pitic,  the  headquarters  of  the  comandante  general 
Figueroa,  who  was  advancing  from  Alamos.  On  the 
nth  a  battle  was  fouirlit  between  San  Lorenzo  and 
Santa  Rita,  which  was  hotly  maintained  till  night 
intervened.  Banderas  then  departed  in  quest  of 
rciinforcements,  leaving  the  chief  Guiscamea  to  hold 
the  ground.  The  absence  of  the  leading  spirit  proved 
fatal  to  the  Yaquis,  who  were  defeated  on  the  follow- 
ing morning,  with  a  heavy  loss  in  prisoners  and  dead. 
Those  who  fled  encountered  Captain  Mier,  who 
siteadily  scattered  them  with  additional  slaughter." 

The  Yaquis,  however,  soon  reunited,  and  Banderas 
was  again  in  the  field  with  fresh  forces.  The  mer- 
cliants  of  Guaymas,  believing  that  the  enemy  was 
lienimed  within  their  own  territory  sent  into  the  in- 
terior for  the  long  delayed  caravans;  but  Banderas 
suij»rised  the  Pitic  consignment,  valued  at  fully 
thirty  thousand  dollars.  A  series  of  successful  raids 
now  followed,  in  numerous  directions,  all  attributed 
l)y   rumor   to   the   personal   direction   of   Banderas. 

"■^  Figueroa  reported  that  this  episode,  which  took  place  at  rancho  de  la 
Mi'sa,  Aug.  18th,  resulted  in  the  de.-ith  of  .1(10  Yaquis  and  tlie  capture  of 
2<H)  wiiinen  and  cliildreu,  besides  the  recall  of  90  citizens,  who  had  hern 
taken  prisoners.  Piiinrt,  Dor.  Son.,  i.  MS.,  no.  23.  Mier  had  300  men.  The 
Idss  to  tiie  Yaquis  in  the  encounter  with  Figueroa  is  placed  at  LSO  dead  for 
tilt'  two  day.>i.  Palnnca,  Sept.  21,  182tt.     All  exaggerated  as  may  bo  supposed. 

Hist.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  II.  4L 


642 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Dismay  spread  over  the  country,  and  had  he  followed 
up  his  advantages  by  attacking  the  larger  towns  it  is 
difficult  to  say  wh  t  may  have  been  the  result;"*  but 
he  confined  himself  chiefly  to  petty  raids  and  attacks 
on  the  smaller  detachments,  sustaining  by  this  seem- 
ing forbearance  the  declaration  that  he  desired  only 
to  obtain  redress  for  his  people.  To  this  end  also  lie 
sent  a  conmiission  to  the  government,  offering  to  dis- 
band his  men  whenever  their  grievances  received 
attention," 

Meanwhile  he  relaxed  his  ravages,  only  to  direct 
his  efforts  to  preparations  for  renewing  hostilities; 
notably  in  making  powder,  preparing  arms,  drillinsr 
men,  and  in  seeking  further  alliances,  a  number  of 
white  soldiers  being  secured  to  aid  in  disciplining  and 
leading  the  Yaquis.  These  doings  greatly  alarmed 
the  inhabitants,  and  his  force,  which  amounted  t<i 
about  two  thousand,  was  swelled  by  rumor  to  ten  and 
twenty  times  the  number."  The  legislature  and 
otlicr  authorities  had  fled  in  affright  from  Fuerto 
and  sought  refuge  at  Cosald,  and  General  Figueroa 
beo-an  to  be  abused  as  ineflicient."  The  house  of 
representatives  had  meanwhile  been  considering  tlic 
appeal,  and  after  lengthy  discussion  an  act  was  passed 
offering  anmesty  and  granting  some  aid  to  reestab- 
lish order.**  Moreover  strong  reenforcements  arrived 
from  Chihuahua,  and  as  the  late  inaction  of  Bandc  ins 
had  cooled  the  war  spirit  of  many  followers,  Figueroa's 

*♦  Hardy  maintains  that  he  could  readily  have  captured  any  of  the  towns. 
TVrtr.,  :W7-400,  409. 

'^  The  commisaionen  were  sent  on  to  Mexico  and  treated  with  an  impres- 
sive attention.  Palanca,  May  10,  1827. 

•'*  Among  his  plans,  says  FIscndero,  Not.  Son.,  1.36-8,  was  to  crown  him- 
self  king  and  combine  the  different  tribes,  under  a  native  govt,  for  war  iqiDti 
whites.     The  tribes  were  not  in  accord,  however,  and  his  messages  failu<i. 

*'  Unless  reenforcements  came  all  Sonora  would  be  lost  was  the  cry, 
Pahncn,  Oct.  19,  1826.  'Noestaimn  muy  tranquilos,' observes  Bustamnnte 
quaintly,  Voz  Pntria,  ii.  no.  17,  p.  4,  invaded  as  Sonora  was  by  seven  trilx» 
of  savages. 

**  On  Nov.  30th.  Pardon  to  be  granted  '  con  las  circumstancias  que  cree 
convenientes. '  Ramirez,  Vol.  Doc.,  205-6.  Prisoners  were  to  be  clothed  and 
their  travelling  expenses  paid.  Gfac.  Mtx.,  Oct.  17,  26,  1826;  Correo.,  Fi'l-, 
Nov.  9,  17,  1826.  Governor's  appeal  to  congress  in  May,  etc.  Actag  L'mig. 
ConntU.,  i.  116-17. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


643 


overtures  with  partial  concesalons  found  hearing. 
Tlie  less  tractable  were  awetl  into  submission,  amontr 
them  Banderas,  who  on  April  13,  1827,  came  witli 
two  hundred  nien  to  renew  his  fealty,"*  though  some 
held  out  a  while  longer.  A  few  lawless  members  re- 
tired to  the  mountains,  the  rest  being  satisfied  with 
what  they  had  secured  in  arms,  cattle,  and  merchan- 
dise, all  of  which  they  were  permitted  to  retain,  tiie 
weakness  of  the  government  being  displayed  in  the 
concessions  granted.**  Among  the  steps  taken  to 
appease  as  well  as  obtain  control  over  them  was  a 
law  of  September  1828,  by  which  Indians  were  con- 
firmed in  their  rights  as  citizens,  with  obligation  to 
organize  into  militia  bodies,  to  educate  children  and 
distribute  land  among  individuals.  Official  intrigue 
and  neglect  as  usual  reduced  the  law  to  little  more 
than  a  dead  letter." 


I 

$1 

1! 


the 
asst'd 
stab- 
nvod 
eras 
roa's 

towns. 


jue  cree 
led  iinil 

F<ll; 


No  sooner  was  the  Yaqui  affair  settled  than  another 
threatened  to  arise  from  the  edict  declaring  the  ex- 
})ulsion  of  all  Spaniards  in  the  republic,  including 
nearly  all  the  padres.  More  than  two  thirds,  how- 
ever, of  that  nationality  were  CAempted,  owing  to 
relationship  by  marriage  with  natives,  and  to  services 
rendered;"  but  ere  this  became  known  the  excite- 
ment ran  high,  aggravated  by  rumors  of  a  Spanish 
invasion.  The  missions  displayed  an  attitude  so 
threatening  that  military  steps  were  taken."     Noth- 

■' As  early  as  Dec.  1820,  a  munber  of  Yaquis  liad  come  to  plead  for  jHir- 
'Inn,  and  in  Jan.  large  numbers  laid  down  tlieir  arms.  O/rrero,  Fcil.,  .laii.  li.'l, 
IVI).  7,  1827.  Padre  Ddvalos  exerted  himself  as  mediator,  to  judge  by  liis 
k'tters  in  Pap.   Var.,  141,  no.  11,  y.  xviii.-xx. 

"■'The  war  cost  3,000  victims.  Extirlla,  Orcitl,  Oct.  19,  18G0.  A  number 
I'f  tlie  e.scaped  YiMjuis  under  the  leader  of  Virgin,  an  Opata,  kept  Arizpu  in 
alarm  during  Feb.  1827.  Virgin,  however,  was  captured  and  whiit  witli  a 
ilii/t;u  followers.  Com'o,  Ftv/.,  May  9,  1827.  Apache  inroads  had  continued 
and  the  Papagos  were  complained  of.  Soc.  Mex.  Oeog.,  x.  708-9;  Pituirt,  Doc. 
S'lii.,  i.  32. 

'■'Text  with  rules  in  Pinart,  Dne.  Son.,  nos.  121-3. 

''"  Under  law  of  Ap.  25,  1826,  37  were  expelled  and  7  more  under  art.  9. 
I'ly  the  state  66  were  exempted  and  by  the  gen. -govt  51.  Mex.  Mem.  See. 
lilt  III.,  1829,  doc.  1.  Those  who  had  rendered  service  to  the  Spanish  cau  e 
111  1821,  were  esj>ecially  seized  upon.  Pinnrt,  Doe.  Son.,  i.  nos.  70,  221. 

'''  In  April  1828,  several  orders  were  i.ssuoil  to  detachments  and  local  au- 
tliorities.     Priests  who  a1»etted  t!-.o  riovoruen'j  were  t:>  I  o  expelled. 


644 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


iiig  came  of  it,  save  an  increased  stringency  toward 
foreigners  with  regard  to  passports  and  surveillance."* 
Among  notable  visitors  of  late  years  had  been 
Lieutenant  Hardy,  who  in  1826  made  explorations 
from  Guaymas  along  the  gulf  shores,  and  far  up  tlie 
Colorado,  for  pearl  beds  and  gold.**  The  latt^ir  at- 
tracted hi  the  same  year  Colonel  Bourne,  who  in- 
spected the  chief  mining  camps  of  the  two  provinces.*' 

Although  the  union  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloahad  been 
decided  upon  in  1825,  the  divisionists  continued  to 
agitate  their  project,  and  gain  adherents  by  different 
manoeuvres,  such  as  the  choice  of  capital,  which  ex- 
cited rival  towns  in  no  small  degree.  Arizpe  natur- 
ally claimed  its  long  preeminence,  and  resisted  with 
armed  force  the  removal  of  the  deputies  to  Ures,  in 
accordance  with  the  separation  decree  of  1828.  In 
ortler  to  stop  the  quarrel  the  legislature  met  at 
Fucrte,  which  might  be  considered  a  border  town. 
This  encouraged  the  Sinaloans  to  strive  for  a  still 
greater  advantage,  and  Culiacan  pressed  her  claim, 
rousing  the  jealous  Sonorans  to  vigorous  counter- 
efforts  which  resulted  in  a  decree  of  October  26,  1827, 
declaring  Concepcion  de  Alamos  the  capital." 

These  proceedings  added  fuel  to  the  party-spirit 
which  became  so  violent  in  the  legislature,  that  tlie 
assembly  was  fora  timevirtually  inastate  of  dissolution. 
Vice-governor  Iriarte  made  himself  so  conspicuous  by 
advocating  division  that  the  unionists  succeeded  in 
passing  a  decree  December  20,  1828,  declaring  him 
removed  and  ineligible  for  reelection.'*     Both  sides 

M  Circulara  of  Jan.  20,  1827,  .'uly  SI.  1828.  A  list  had  to  be  kept  of 
foreign  residents  or  visitors. 

'-'In  the  vessels  Wol^  and  Bruja,  during  July  and  August.  Hardy's  Traiih 
in  Mix. 

•"Three  years  later  the  English  war  vessel  Sapphire  came  to  gather  infor- 
mation on  triulo  and  condition,  Coniliier,  Voy„  184-90,  345-64,  and  the  F^iirie 
traded  liere  in  1829-:%.  B4nard,  in  Soc.  de  G4og.,  xvi.  36-40. 

•■^  All  officials  being  ordered  to  meet  here  on  Jan.  10,  1828.  The  congress 
ordered  the  necessary  public  buildings  to  be  erected.  Decree  of  Feb.  1'.', 
1828.  P<rp.  F^(«r.,no.  Ixvii.  117;  no.  Ixviii.  119. 

^Sec  Nonv,  Antuxlet  Voy,,  xliv,  3i32-4;  debate  in  Actaa  Cong,  CotulU,,  <; 


PRONUXCl  AM  lEXTOS. 


r.i") 


appealed  to  the  supreme  congress,  which  dcclarctl  in- 
valid the  decree  against  Iriate.  The  legislature  and 
Governor  Gaxiola,  nevertheless,  failed  to  olu-y  the 
decision,**  whereupon  several  districts  in  Sonora  and 
Sinaloa,  pronounced  against  them '*  in  ^larch   18*29. 

This  movement  was  over-awed  for  a  time  hy  a 
counter-pronunciamiento  at  Pueblo  de  los  Seris,  sup- 
j)orted  by  Yaquis  and  Opatas;"  but  the  decided  posi- 
tion assumed  by  the  militia  colonel,  Escalante,  in  Au- 
gust, at  Buenavista,  gave  fresh  courage  t<»  the  c«s- 
sionists,  especially  as  the  comandante  general  held 
aloof,  alike  unwilling  to  disobey  the  supreme  govern- 
ment or  to  proceed  against  the  state  authorities," 
and  consequently  evoking  sharp  comment  from  all 
quarters. 

Appeals  for  the  considerati(m  of  dividing  the  state 
b(»came  so  strong  that  the  legislature  gave  't  serious 
attention."  Their  committee  reported  adversely,  on 
the  ground  that  it  was  a  party  measure,  centring 
upon  a  strife  for  dispos^ing  of  the  revenue.  Neither 
jirovince  had  sufficient  income  to  support  a  distinct 
existence.  Separation  would  weaken  Sonora,  and 
expose  it  to  fiercer  savage  irruptions  than  ever,  to  the 
danger  also  of  adjoining  territories.  Union  wa;5  alone 
identified  with  progress."     The  report  failed  to  satisfy; 

PitiitH,  Doc.  Son.,  no.  xxxiv.  68  et  seq.  Velasco,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Oeoij.,  Bi>l., 
viii.  1286. 

'^Arrillnije,  Hfrrrp.,  1820,  42-3.  Heated  discutisinn  of  the  decree  in  the 
logi.sliitiire,  ^i(«.  Actii  S'-ztiiiii,  tl-ll. 

'"In  Sinaloa,  Culiacan,  Cosala,  and  San  Xavier,  ■which  liad  licen  roused 
jirt-iitly  liy  the  removal  of  tlie  capital  to  Sonora;  and  in  the  upper  province, 
<!uaviiia.-<,  Herniosillo,  Horcasitas,  Oposura,  and  Mocteuzoma.  Piiiarl,  D<h\ 
Sn„.\  i.   147-8,  167-78. 

•'To  the  number  of  700  men  on  .Tune  13th.  Opin  Pith.  Orrid.,  .Tuly  9,  .HO, 
is-JO. 

"-'He  appealed  to  liotli  parties  m  behalf  of  peace,  proclaimed  hi.t  itupar- 
tiility,  aniiJilfered  to  appeal  to  Mexico.  /(/.  Piniirt,  Din:  Son.,  i.  noa  48  50, 
mid  pp.  165-74. 

•'The  merchants  of  Hcrmosillo  rt^prcsentcd  the  paralyzing  effect  of  the 
<l;sturl>ance,  and  urged  that  the  feelings  of  the  majority  lie  ascertained. 
>S''//.,  Pitirinti  CiiiiL,  1-8. 

"'ihe  revenues  for  1825,  1826,  and  1827  had  been  8104.212,  .«186,3in,  and 
f-l()S.S14  in  Sinaloa,  and  .<!23,8<.)5,  Si52,0t)5,  and  §37,028  in  Sonora.  .luiie  24, 
r^'J'.),  ,S')»(.,  .Mniil/.  ill- h  ('oiiiiKinn  unltrf  Divinon,  1-52.  Some  of  its  stAtetncnts 
iin  diiubtful.  Conuncnts  in  Eifpir.  Pub.,  Jan.  7,  1829;  C'orreo,  /W.,  Mar.  9, 
1828. 


M 


64« 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


mul  in  August  the  legislature,  convoked  in  extra  fios- 
sion,  agreed  so  far  as  to  issue  a  general  amnesty,  aihl 
to  request  the  resignation  of  Governor  Gaxiola,  atlfU 
ing  subsequently  that  the  division  question  should  hr 
entertained  and  Iriarte  reinstated."  This  result  was 
mainly  due  to  the  spread  of  Escalante's  movement, 
with  whom  Figueroa  now  concluded  a  treaty.'* 

In  January  1830,  the  decree  for  division  was  passed, 
and  a  connnlssion  was  appointed  to  carry  it  out, ' 
while  congress  considered  the  subject.  After  several 
promptings,"  mn  a[>pr()val  of  the  division  was  issued, 
on  October  13th,"  and  in  the  following  month  apjK^an  d 
the  proclamation  for  elections  for  legislatures,  whicli 
were  to  be  installed  in  March  1831.**  The  l)oundary 
between  the  states  was  drawn  through  the  ]Mes<iuit<' 
rancho,  eighteen  leagues  south  of  Alamos,  on  tli(^ 
road  to  Fuerte,  and  down  Rio  Alamos  to  the  gulf, 
presenting  a  breadth  of  territory  of  forty  leagues. 
Rio  de  las  Canus  remained,  as  heretofore,  the  border 
for  Jalisco,  while  Soiiora  stretched  to  the  Colora<lo 
and  Gila.  The  eastern  line  was  less  S€atisfact(>n , 
owiny:  to  the  extension  of  Chihuahua  and  Duran<'() 

'•"■J.  M.  Almaili.  aisuincd  (riixiola's  place  when  ho  olieyed  the  order  to 
resign.  Son.,  (^on'ui  pir  tin  Tajxitlo. 

'"On  Sept.  17th,  in  8  arts,  vlierchy  Figneroa  offered  to  instate  Iriarte  liy 
force  if  necesoary.   PiwiH,  Doe.  Son.,  i.  15>4-r),  204. 

"  It  had  also  to  make  inventories  of  furniture  and  other  public  effects  fur 
division.    Decrees  180  1,  in  /</.,  i.  211. 

'"On  Aug.  3,  18;iO,-  tiie  diputaciou  pcrmancntu  Rent  an  appeal.  Dissfttis- 
faction  arose  with  l.>eputy  Monteros,  and  on  .luno  "tli  hu  powers  wrn- 
revoked.  An  extra  session  «>f  tlie  legislature  was  resolved  on  Aug.  2il  f.n- 
promoting  the  division  and  electing  a  Kenator. 

"  Antl  on  tlie  following  day  were  issued  rules  for  tlioact.  fScneral  ,as.seiii- 
Itlies  were  to  Ihj  convoked  as  soon  as  iK>ssi1ilo  at  Pitic  and  Culiacan.  'i  lie 
three  depitrtineuts  of  San  Sel»astian,  Culiacan,  and  Fuerte,  forming  .Sinaloa. 
were  assigned  tliree  electors  each;  those  of  Arizi>c  and  HorcAsitan,  forming; 
Sonora,  four  and  five  respectively.  The  junta  general  of  8ouora  should  dc  • 
igiiate  eleven  deputies  to  form  its  state  congress,  Sinaloa  likewise,  ai-tl  tlu'y 
should  proceed  to  frame  election  laws,  and  choose  .senators.  Decree  in  I'.* 
arts,  in  Dn'tltn  and  fjoziino,  Liy.  Afrr.,  ii.  201  3.  Arrillaga  adds  the  electii  ■ 
acts  from  the  Occidente  constitution  of  182.'».  Ifi'mjri.,  IH.30,  4W  olS;  Mr.: 
Col.  L'l/.,  1829  ;»,  127  9:  S.  MijUfI,  R<V-  3^.r.,,5;  Hvrnnnfl<-z,0>^j.  So,,.,'!: 

»» Piiiart,  Doc.  Son.,  i.  no.  228  .3.3.  Some  dirticultios  occurred,  whicli  n' 
quired  legislative  orders  to  smooth  with  fresh  election  decrees,  and  an  ai.i- 
nesty  appeared  on  Dec.  20th.  The  final  date  of  installation  was  to  Iks  Man  Ii 
IStli.  Provisional  regulations  were  issued  for  the  treasuries.  Coraisano 
Gen.  Riesgu  fuuud  a  strong  opposition  from  lleruioaillo. 


OCJCTDENTE  APFAmS. 


647 


over  a  wide  tract  alonj^  tlic  western  slope  of  tlie  sierra 
which,  by  position  and  interctmrse,  pertained  to  the 
Occidente/'  The  i)opulation  of  tlie  new  states  was 
estimated  at  one  hundred  thousand  each,"  with  the 
))rosiK)et  of  a  rapid  natural  jjrowth  for  the  conipara- 
tiN'ely  protected  and  peaei'ful  Siimloa,  and  a  strong 
counter-attraction  for  St>nora,  ajj^ainst  Apache  raids, 
in  the  mines,  and  in  the  wide  area,  wlilch  should 
bring  immijjfration.  Indeed,  in  1839,  the  population 
»)f  this  state  was  reported  t*)  he  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  thousand,"  from  which  a  formidable  mil- 
itia could  be  formed  for  defence  ajjjainst  irruptions  if 
tlie  local  authorities  would  only  enforce  the  decree 
))assed  for  this  imrpoae.*'  The  last  acting  goverjior 
of  Occidente  was  Jjt'onardo  Escalante,  a  powerful 
promoter  of  the  separation." 


"  VeloKt^,  Snn.,  15-10.  In  colonial  times,  Rinaloa  cxtendotl  from  Rio 
Kosario  to  llio  Kuertc;  Ostiimiri,  really  liflniigiii^  to  it,  cuntinueil  to  Kio 
Miyo,  ami  tluMi  Smiora.  /litniMtft,  h'sMni  Pnl.,  i.  •_'!(">  7.  In  Cortii,  lUnrin, 
IS'JO,  xi.  'jr>,  Siiialoa  is  said  to  cxti-nd  nvi-n  to  tlie  Ya(|ni,  ami  MontcroH 
hlrcti'iios  Sonora  hcnuo  to  lat.  •{(•.  Kijum.,  Son.,  Ti.     The  name  tSnnora  lieins 


leuig 
1  15; 


applied  also  to  Sinaloii,  as  liiija  Sonora.  Sor.  Mfx.  dioij.,  lioi,  viii.  *_M4 
C'lluilli-ro,  E^l-iiif.  Son.,  4;  /'i/j».   Vnr.,  exi.,  ]it  14. 

•"' Hy  otliuial  report.  aMij;  Mrni.  Srr.  Kxlml.,  \K\'2,  doe.  i.  0.  Yet  UieHKo, 
Miin.  Est.tiil.,  i.  (M),  plaeed  the  ]io|)ulation  of  Oceideute  in  IH'JS  at  eon.sideraoly 
more  than  '3N),00<),  while  i'ahallero  estimated  it  in  ISi>'>  at  ITit.-'ilti.  luKtiulitt. 
Son.,  4,  M-ith  details  on  ji.  15. 

*^  ,</(j-.  Man.  Min.  /i'«V.,  1M7,  112,  ami  so  far  the  prcceiling  year  in  the 
estimates  of  Cortina  ami  others.  S(h:  Mij:  'A";/.,  Jiol.,  ii.  (>,  !'.(;  vii.  I.'W-O; 
i\.  '27*2.  Stone  seeks  a  ]>artial  eause  in  the  Altar  nnniiig  exeitement  of  \HHT. 
Ill<f.  M'l,/.,  V.  \M.  Miihlenpfordt,  MiJ.,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  4M>,  alh.ws  only  101. <MX) 
fur  IS;i.'i  Humlioldt  gives  the  intendenoia  of  Sonora  l'JI,4(M)in  IMK}.  h'smi 
/'■/.,  i.  155,  .'ttK).  Xavarro  rai.sed  it  to  1H."»,;W5  seven  years  later,  .1S,(i4(> 
lieing  Spaniards,  .15,7(i(>  mixed,  aixl  <K),S.V)  Indians.  Si^.  Mi:r.  (Iroij.,  lioi, 
«|i.  '2,  i.  '21)1.  In  CortfH,  Diniio,  xi.  21),  it  wastiien  made  I.'U),(100.  Caneelada 
assumed  144,640  for  Sonora  alone  in  ISOS.  Ihdnn  A'.  Es)t.,  7.'1.  Velasco,  who 
excludes  the  nnt'ivilized  Indian.s,  h.as  only  5S,:{<.Hi  for  Sonora  in  IS'JS.  See, 
Jilso,  Wnrfl'x  Mi.r.,  i.  583;  ii.  (MM>;  .MilW  ]lUt.  Mr.r.,  I'tO.  The  Vaipiis  alone 
nund)en!d  ahout  12,000,  and  lieyund  Ari/i>e  lived  few  whites. 

"•As  late  as  Juno  o,  1H:M).  J'iwirf,  //«•.  Son.,  i.  213  14.  Odicial  appoint- 
ments had  to  he  mailc  under  recommendation  from  municipalities.  The 
exemption  fees,  nioditlcd  hy  decree  of  Due.  14,  18.')0,  were  lil>eral  enough  to 
allow  of  witlu  evasion. 

"  I'rca.  P.  Sanchez  issued  in  Feh.  18,31  the  congratulatory  address  to  the 
new  states  on  l>ehalf  of  the  dissolving  legislature.  V.  Kseohosa  acted  as  gov. 
in  the  earlier  part  of  May  Ihitt).  linelnn,  ConijtfniL,  100.  l^ick  of  funds 
caused  the  suppression  of  the  subordinate  jcfos  ])oIitieos  in  A])ril.  Acccuinta 
for  settlement  were  still  pending  between  the  two  states  in  1834. 

Lieta  R.  \V.  If.  Ifanlji,  R.  N.  Tmirh  in  the  Intvnnr  of  Mvriro  in  1835, 
ISJO,  l&i7,  and  18J8.    Loudou,  1829,  8vo,  pp.  xiii.  aud  540.    Illust.  with  map. 


648 


UNITED  SONORA  AND  SINAI.OA. 


This  writer  wu  engaged  iii  tlio  capacity  of  a  cnmmimiimor  liy  'thn  Oeneral 
Pearl  and  Coral  KiHlicry  AttmMMation  of  Loiwlon,'  and  wax  occuiticd  for  mihul' 
time  in  exploring  the  gulf  of  California  in  Moarcli  of  |H!urN.  Hix  work  roii- 
taina  a  grout  dual  of  valualile  information,  not  oidy  us  rt-ganU  matters  con- 
nected with  theolijuct  of  liiH  vitiit,  hut  uIho  on  liiHtorical  cvciitit  which  (K'curri'd 
at  that  time.  Being  in  Sonora  when  political  itchiMn'8  were  rift;,  he  ix  alilv  to 
HUpply  many  intereHtins  particularly  an  regarded  hy  a  foreigner,  among  w  hicli 
may  fie  mentioned  his  description  of  the  panic  whic!i  )ircvailed  in  Kuerte  on 
the  ticcaHion  of  a  falxe  alarm  lieing  given  that  the  Ya(|uiii  were  approaching, 
pp.  188'  IKJ.  Hardy,  moreover,  xupplieH  much  information  uliout  the  haliits, 
cUHtoms,  and  character  of  the  Mexican  people  at  that  time,  a.s  well  ah  con- 
cerning tile  Indians  of  Lower  Cal.  Tiie  Qwirtirtif  Uu'li'ir  chargei)  thin  anthor 
mimewliat  too  Hcvurely  with  indulging  in  'a  certuin  allowance  of  stale  joke.s, 
bad  {lUUH,  and  HUiall  wit';  liut  in  view  of  tlie  really  valualile  and  varied  iii- 
furniatiou  he  atfords,  he  may  readily  be  pardoned  tuis  weakueiis. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


SOXORA  AND  SINALOA  AS  SEPARATE  STATES. 

1830-1851. 

Sonora's  First  LEotsLATURK— Leapino  Towns — Indians  vkrsph  Whites — 
Bandkha's  S<!iie>ik — His  Dkkeat  ash  Dkatii— War  wmi  the  YAyris 

— ExrEhlTIONS   AdAINST  THE   AI'A«;HES— pARTY   SlKni(i!.KS— (  JoVKRNOR 
fiANKARA — UkREA      P|{0CI,A1MS      KkKKRALISM-He     IS     HK('()(!NI/KI)     hy 

S1NAI.0A — 1 1  Ankara's  CoiNTKit-llKVoi.rrioN— The  Yai^iis  Roisk     hy 
Oankara— War    retwken    Fkdkraijsts    and    (.'entkai.ists — Alhr- 

NATK      .SrCCESSES — ClIANtiKS      OK     Itll.K.RS— WaR      Willi     TlIK     UniiKU 

States — (ii'AVMAs  Homiiardki) — Amkimcans  Takk  I'osskssion-  Ma/ai- 

LAN   CaI'ITREO — MlOHATION    FROM    SoNOItA     TO    (AI.IKORNIA — TlOURLES 
WITH   Al-AUHES — CuANliES   IN   THE   ADMINISTRATION. 

In  1831  was  installed  the  new  lon^islaturca '  of 
Soiiora  and  Sinaloa,  with  Manuel  Escalanfe  y  Arvijjja 
as  governor '  for  the  former,  and  Ajjjustin  Martinez  do 
(bistro  for  Sinaloa.  A  bond  still  remained  hetweou 
tlie  .states  in  the  offiee  of  romandante  t^eneral  wliieh 
embraced  both,  though  located  at  Arizpe,  as  the  best 
centre  of  military  operations.  In  1835,  however,  the 
president  created  a  separate  officer  of  this  denomina- 
tion for  Sinaloa.""  Another  reminder  existed  in  the 
constitution  of  both  states  which  differed  little  from 
that  adopted  in  1825.*     The  capital,  as  designated  by 

'Under  protection  of  N.  Sra.  ile  (Jiiadaliipc.  as  patron  saint,  /'iimrf.  Doc. 
Smi.,  ii.  .'11,  C").     Deputies  M'ere  to  receive  .^:{,(X)0  per  annum  and  mileage. 

^  K'icalante  represented  as  a  kind-hearted  and  accomjilislied  young  man, 
and  the  ipialitics  of  Castro  approved  l>y  reflections  to  otlicc.  Jiiiclini,  Coiiij)., 
1 10;  ]'ilii.iro,  Son.,  71;  Cat.  l>i]i.  St.  Pup.,  iii.  &2.  An  auditing  oHice  was  es- 
t;ilili-ihed  in  May  18:M.  All  ])ul(lie  einploj-es  were  to  bo  lielil  rcMponsiide. 
I'liKiif,  IW.  S<m.,  ii.  nos.  iJSl),  'MH. 

^  Lower  Cal.  remained  untler  Sonora  in  military  matters.  <  'nl.  /hji.  St. 
."";>.,  iv.  51-5.  The  i)ay  was  .S4,0()0.  Tiie  linal  military  si  paratioii  of 
.^iincira  anil  Sinaloa  took  place  in  1)S4'J.   Diihlim  i/  hcniKi,  /,<;/.  .)/<.r.,  iv.  ll.'t. 

*  Tiiat  for  Sinaloa,  adopte<l  Dee.  I'i,  I.SIM,  contained  an  art.  against  jirop- 
crty  being  held  iu  inurtmain.     Tiie  gradation  of  tril>unals,  with   courts  of 

(649) 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA  AS  SEPARATE  STATES. 


the  soparation  decree,  was  Herinosillo,  lately  known 
as  Pitic,*  an<l  formerly  as  Horcasitas  presidio,  a  town 
with  a  |)opulution  <»!' about  eight  thousand  inhahitaiits. 
It  owed  its  projrross  to  the  proximity  i»f  (iuaymus. 
which  n)ade  it  the  point  of  distribution  for  central 
and  northern  Sonora,*  or  about  a  third  of  this  popu- 
lation. Alamos  ranked  as  the  most  prosperous  city 
in  tl»e  south  owing  to  the  proximity  of  mines.^ 

Culiacan,  the  capital  of  Sinaloa,  was  one  of  tlie 
oldest  settlements  in  the  state,  an  episcopal  seat,  with 
a  population  of  about  11,000.  Next  to  it  ranked  in 
importance  the  mining  towns  of  Ciisald  and  Rosario, 
the  latter  being  made  a  city  in  1827.* 

Many  of  the  rising  towns  wt>re  ex-missions,  for 
secularization  had  been  steadily  practised  since  coin 
nial  days.  The  change  from  this  fatherly  regime  to 
republicanism  led  to  unscrupuhius  inroads  upon  the 
riMnaining  missions,  until  oid^-a  few  missionaries  were 
left  to  witness  the  rapid  decadence  of  their  charge  in 
ruined  buildings  and  dispersing  congregations.  Tliis 
applies  rather  to  Sonora.  One  way  of  spoliation  wus 
to  purchase  or  seize  as  loans  cattle  and  other  ejects, 

first  instance  in  canton  towns,  courts  w.  i  ascHorcs  in  dciMirtmnntal  licid 
towns,  and  a  muHirior  court  at  tlie  c:>,pital,  of  nine  juilgcs,  was  iu'mt 
Htrictly  followed.  Coniniunts  hi  Jinilnn,  Conip.,  14;  Mrx.  Zii'<l'i»ile,  i.  'JMI  .1 
I'rcsM  rtstrictioua  appeared  in  Sinaloa  in  ISIW.  Ueurue  of  i>ec.  0,  in  J'iiuni, 
Vol.,  no.  272. 

^  Name  changed  l)y  decree  of  Sept.  5,  1828. 

"On  the  eaHt  side  of  tlie  town  is  a  lime-stone  hill,  called  La  Campana  fr>>m 
the  hell-like  Houmleniitteil  M-lien  struck  near  the  sunnnit.  WiiriTu  Mcx.,  i.  .")(l."i, 
ii.  (V.K'i.  Mo.st  of  the  opulent  merchants  resided  here.  Hanlya  Trni:,  'X>; 
I'iiiiiH,  Dor.  Son.,  i.  no.  424. 

'  For  tlescriptions  of  the  leading  towns  I  refer  to  Itiesijo  y  Vnltlrit,  Mem., 
passim;  I'imu-t,  Doc.  Son.,  i.  104  12,  14.'),  107,  etc.;  Comhier,  Voif.,  17.'>  li 
204-9,  21()H2;  Veliuro,  S»n.,  17  et  scq.  By  decree  of  July  5,  IS-SO,  each  my 
was  entitled  to  two  leagues  of  land  on  every  (juarter,  and  villas,  oiio  lea>.'iie 
an<l  a  half.  Pimirt,  i.  220.  Several  changes  of  name  were  made  in  coiii^l' 
of  these  years.  In  18.17  the  state  was  tfivided  into  four  districts;  Ari/pc, 
Horcasitas,  Hermosillo,  antl  Loreto.  hi.  83.  The  harhor  of  Guaymas  was  sale, 
although  vessels  drawing  more  than  fifteen  feot  had  to  anchor  some  500  yiirils 
from  the  landing.    Nouv.  AnwtleA  Voif.,  xcv.  307-8,  31(5. 

"Mazatlan  was  almost  unknown  till  1818,  when  a  presidio  was  estahlislud 
there.  In  1824  a  custom  house  was  added,  and  after  1838  a  decided  iinpiilsc 
was  given  to  the  port.  Description  of  this  and  other  towns  in  /iV'-./y 
Vol/iii,  Mem.,  45  et  seq.;  Wants  Mrx.,  i.  5.')1M50,  58.3-C;  ii.  607-8;  Mivil'  "«, 
&;>at.  Soiu  y  Sin.,  15;  Pitjt.  Var.,  cxl.  pt  14;  Pimirt,  Doc.  Son.,  i.  !>-'  et  >•  ■!.; 
Bndnn,  Conip.,  31-3;  Soc.  Mtx.  Ofo,/.,  BoL,  ep.  2,  iv.  66-6.  Mazatlan  suflcrtd 
frequently  from  sturuu,  uutably  in  183!),  and  1855. 


MISSIONS  AND   I'RESIDIOS. 


«B1 


and  then  withhold  payment.*  The  decHnc  of  tin- 
presidios,  also,  hastened  that  of  the  northern  missions, 
and  the  speeial  seeuralization  decree  in  1833  almost 
completed  the  dcstruw"  'n.  By  this  time  missions  that 
a  decade  before  could  Sil'  H  000  head  of  cattle  in  one 
lot  had  a  mere  renmant  lett.  Of  the  eight  Queretaro 
Franciscan  missions,  and  some  under  Jalisu)  Fiancis- 
can  manajjfement  only  a  few  had  resident  nrihislns. 
With  such  ix)verty,  and  exposure  to  irruptioii  •  hy 
savanfes,  there  was  little  inducement  for  curates  t(»  ac- 
icpt  the  charges  oft'ered,  and  about  half  the  poimlation 
received  no  regular  reli<jious  care.  As  far  ba(  :  as  I  S*Jl2 
there  were  only  74  priests  in  the  state,  each  refjuir.  d 
to  tend  an  u'  erage  of  from  thr«'e  to  four  cstnlilish- 
inents,  en>l)nM'ing  over  450  .square  h'agues.'*  On  tlie 
fron  ;.  r  the  districts  were  four  times  larger,  and  the 
consecjuent  neglect  by  ministers  had  led  to  a  partial 
relap.se  into  paganism. 

The  relapse  among  the  aboriginal  tribes  was  the 
more  dangerous,  as  they  lived  in  comparative  isolation, 
which  fostered  the  prejudice  again.st  the  white.s.  True, 
a  large  proi)ortion  of  the  natives  came  to  serve  in  the 
wliite  settlenu'uts,  and  so  maintained  a  bond  of  inter- 
course. The  numerous  Pimas  were  more  scattered, 
and  the  advance  of  .settlers  tended  to  keep  them  under 
control;  but  the  Seris  kept  aloof  on  the  west  to  fo.ster 
then*  marauding  in.stincts,  and  the  Opatas,  to  the 
east,  while  ever  the  most  lojal,  and  the  very  bulwark 
ajainst  Apaches,  frowned  nt  any  encroachment  uj)on 
tlieir  rich  tracts.  The  Yacjuis  and  Mayos  were  more 
restless  owing  to  their  position  along  the  very  highway 
of  the  obnoxious  whites,  occu^nhig,  as  they  did,  the 
lower  course  of  Jie  rivers  bearing  the  same  names." 

•To  the  Pimeria  Alta  missions  alono  were  owing  in  i  29,  $4,  4.")(i  I>y  pre- 
fiiilio  companies,  ^l'7,000  by  private  persons,  and  S^SO.IKH)  by  the  govt,  in 
stliii'nd-i.    Vi'liiMco,  Son.,  147-9;  Pinnrt,  Doc.  Sou.,  i.  SO  I. 

'Mto.  Meni.  Ser.  Eitml.,  18.H1,  app.  8.  According  to  Id.,  Hac,  18.32, 
I'.ii'.  N.,  the  eight  Queretaro  missions  were  supposed  to  receive  JS'J.SOO  in 
stipends,  while  tlie  21)  .Jalisco  missions!  in  .Sonora,  Nayarit,  and  Tarahuniara 
elit.iined  89,400. 

"  For  an  account  of  the  diflfereut  tribes,  I  refer  to  my  Xalice  Jfwiif,  i.,  iiL 


'■>    - 
o    it 


652 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA  AS  SEPARATE  STATES. 


pi 
I 


"I 


The  success  of  the  Yaquis  in  the  revolt  of  lR2.j  7, 
and  their  subsequent  practical  independence,  liad  not 
failed  to  raise  their  self-importance,  and  to  make  them 
disloyal  on  the  least  pretence.  They  had  imbibed  a 
taste,  also,  for  easily  acquired  spoils,  and  it  needed, 
therefore,  only  a  slight  provocation  to  rouse  them  anew. 
This  came  in  a  decree  suppressing  the  offices  of  gen- 
eral,'" which  aliecthig  the  leader  of  the  late  revijlt, 
Banderas,  brought  him  at  once  to  his  feet.  He  had 
made  good  use  of  his  authority  by  maintaining  tlie 
efficiency  of  his  people  as  warriors,  and  ac(piirlng 
arms,  and  dreamed  of  a  vast  Indian  confederation  in 
Sonera,  with  himself  as  king,  to  which  end  he  had 
sent  mess'>ngers  to  different  tribes  to  gahi  support, 
particularly  from  the  bra\  e  Oi)atas.  The  latter  gave 
promises  that  satisfied  Banderas,  who  thereupon,  to- 
ward the  close  of  1832,  marched  at  the  head  of  nearlv 
1,000  warriors  toward  their  territory,  whence  he  pro- 
posed, strongly  reenforced,  to  fall  upon  Ures  antl  ad- 
joining towns,  in  conjunction  with  Pima  allies.  His 
preparations  did  not  escape  the  whites.  Leonardo 
Escalante,  promptly  headed  a  body  of  citizens  from 
Hermosillo,  which  strengthened  by  accessions  from 
other  towns  enabled  him  to  meet  the  Yaquis  at  So- 
yopa  with  about  400  men.  Either  this  promptness, 
or  second  sober  thought,  had  caused  the  Opatas  to 
hold  back,  a  few  alone  joining.  Banderas,  neverthe- 
less, accepted  battle,  wliich,  after  three  hour's  obsti- 
nate fighting,  resulted  in  the  total  rout  of  the  trihc, 
and  the  capture  of  the  chief  himself  He  was  quickly 
tried  and  shot  at  Arizpe."  The  Yaquis  had  gained 
too  much  confidence,  however,  from  former  achieve- 


passim.     Sec  also  Zuniija,  Son.,  40  et  seq. ;  Pap.  Vnr.,  clxviii.  pt,  l.S;  Kour. 
Anmili'^  Vol/.,  xciii. ;  Ricni/n,  Mem.  E.s/,ii(l,,  1-6. 

'-Oct.  .10,  18;W.  The  eight  Yaqui  pueblos  were  ruled  hy  oue  director,  one 
alcalde  mayor,  one  capt.-gen,,  two  lieiit-generals,  and  one  regidor  for  eacli 
puehlo.  Nearly  the  same  system  applied  to  tlio  nine  Mayo  jiuehlos.  Esnidrm, 
Soil.,  100-1.  Tile  Yaqui  population  was  about  1 '2,000.  Thiicaptain-gL'iu'r.d 
had  been  granted  an  allowance  after  tlie  former  revolt,  /{iiw/o,  Mem.,  '1'; 
Piiinrt.  Dor.  Sou.,  i.  85,  '2'2'.i. 

"By  decree  of  Jan.  23,  1833.  Pinart,  Doc.  Son.,  MS.,  ii.  no.  59. 


monts  to  be  disheartened  by  tl,is  d.f    ♦       . 

'lie  Sons,  cntinued  the  Ln     i''^'  '>"<'  ""'''d  l-v 

'ft«  nine  n>o„tl,sAwth  vlrf^''"'  "'"•  *"■'  i'  unti 
Wl  authorities  ,„ana"ed  t^r-  ?*''  '"""■''■   "'«t  tl^j 

'  ^ymthy  With  tie  re£r'T-'l'%*" '''"■- !'"■. 
vh™  a  rev„It  occurred  at  Tori  in    'r,*]  ^"""•'■''."  «■-• 

;-e  the  Co^oterr-l^i^^'^^-.T-"'-.    *^-t  ''S 
'"».  wj,„,  j„i„^.j  frefinenH    I    "^"f'  '"  wutliern  Ari 
':;;-•   "^l    Mo^JZ'^L^''''^  Chirieagr.is,  G  ." 

r"'-':'.  and  Lis  Ani,^L       "f  "l.^i't^vi,  Pa|K.ra,  Turi 

'«"<ls  carrvin.r  „ff  l,f  /     ''"T"'-'  attention  ft,  ,,  t 
■■"■'I  t],e  recovS;;  of  :;'■?  """'«  Po-^uitof  littc  "v,'f 

;:;'';■  Ti>o  result  wa'::.cEfY  ""-r"  i."p : 

'";'  t  lern  portion  of  tJ,o  sttt'I.  t       .•'''''"P"'"'''""  "f  the 

!';->';«  and  «ottle,n™t*'  :;  *  '?  <''''^l;i-a''ar,ce  "f     e 

♦''.'•   nnnes   which    liad  attj'  t    '"  ."'"""'"nnient  of 

•■"-Is  extended  benmd  A  .?''''',  *''°''>«"'l»- ''     I'l  e 

JlcrmosilJo.  ^ "'"'  A"^l«.  and  around  Ures  and 

,       Over   JOO  Vo     i  "^ '"''•>'' '^'""lig.i.  .V,,,,,.     /        , 


GM 


SOXORA  ANT)  SINALOA  AS  SEPARATE  STATES. 


more  exp-^rt  than  tho  Mexicans.  Following  up  their 
advantages,  the  Indians  advanced  close  to  Arizpe, 
spreading  consternation  through  the  state.  The  peo- 
ple were  now  roused  by  very  fear  to  greater  exertion ; 
inducements  were  offered  to  volunteers,  a  coalition  of 
the  northwestern  states  was  formed,  and  by  tlio 
autumn  of  1834,  several  victories  had  been  gained 
over  the  Apaches,  who  had  grown  over-confident  by 
their  recent  successes.  The  famous  chief,  Tutije,  was 
captured,  and  executed  at  Arizpe.  After  this,  a  large 
portion  of  the  volunteers  returned  home,  leaving  five 
hundred  men  to  pursue  the  scattered  bands.  This 
being  a  less  successful  system,  peace  negotiations  were 
opened,  at  the  instance  of  Comandante  Mora,  which 
met  witli  disapproval  on  the  part  of  the  civil  authori- 
ties," who  maintained  that  extending  peace  to  sucli 
treacherous  foes  was  only  giving  them  time  to  recu})- 
erate  for  fresh  inroads,  while  the  governor  informed 
IMora  that  he  might  conclude  treaties,  but  the  citizens 
would  again  go  forth  and  exterminate  every  Apaclic 
found  with  arms  in  hand. 

The  legislature  ap})roved  his  determination,  and  on 
September  7, 1835,  proclaimed  a  war  of  extermination, 
a  prize  of  one  hundred  dollars  being  offered  for  each 
scalp  taken.'"  A  campaign  of  fierce  determination 
followed,  which  lasted  till  August  1836,  when  tlie 
ardor  of  the  volunteers  having  at  length  abated,  pea<  o 
was  once  more  concluded,  to  last,  as  heretofore,  only 
till  the  Indians  felt  themselves  strong  enough  to  renew 
their  raids."  The  general  government  had  giv(  n 
little  heed  to  appeals  for  aid,  the  disorder  in  the  cen- 
tral states,  and  the  Texas  question,  which  arose  at 
this  time,  being  too  absorbhig  to  admit  of  border 
districts  obtainhig  much  consideration. 

"  Correspondence  on  the  8ul)ject  in  Pinnrt,  Dor.  Son.,  ii.  49-56.  For  ii.ii- 
ticnlars  of  these  campaigns,  see  M,  i.  2.15;  ii.  18-10,  2(5;  A/.,  nos  305,  :tl.'i, 
345,  373;  AmlUuja,  Recap.,  1830,  310-11;  Cal.  Dtpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  C.  .1  T., 
iii.  63;    VeliMco,  Son.,  112. 

^'' BiirtMl'x  Xiin:,  i.  .322-3;  Foster's  An'jeles,  MS.,  12-14. 

•*In  Sept.  and  Oct.  1836,  several  raida  already  took  place.  Pinarl,  Ol, 
no.  480. 


POLITICAL  STRUGGLES 

Notwithstonding  the   a.if.f  "^ 

Ir^^^^'^r^ra^dnoteTa^^T  caused    by  Indian 
the  struggles  betvveen  nS  ,  *^'^  "^.""^^  «^''«in^'  fr<>. 
Zavale.a  caused  tur^noif  a^,'l^^  The  ,\      ' 

Procla.nied    against  it    wh.        ^^^""^  "^  ^^"^'««t  1833 
general,  Arre|ui,l;t,,rj^;^;^^^^^      tj.o   oon.andanS 
FPPress  the  revolution      T.i''"',^'"''^'''^'^' '''^'m  to 
-ued  decrees  inflict  r;,ea^"nn''^'t'^'""^'  '"^-v. 
Arizpe,  decrees  which  woro  J  ]  ^""^  *^^"««  ^^^'o  joined 
yet  Hermosillo  ^  Z^^^f  ^Y  ^^^  J^^^U 
denounce  the   legislature        A?.  ''''!  ""^  ^'^«itate  to 
'>bnoxioustothetronn«        i  T^'^''""'   ^^as  persomllv^ 
sidios  hav.-ngn;:t  7&  t'^"'^''7'«  ^<'nT^ 
^?^-  ^0,  1833,  and lirEl';^'^^  ^^^-^^^^ 
Ins  place/'  ^^^"^  Cronzaloz  installed  in 

The  agitation  found  fnt-fi. 
J?reat  struggle  of  the  c(i„:^^^^^^^  in  the 

1|;«     ''.eral  principles  aZ^'lA""^  t^^^  ^^^^^^ 
The  legislature  declared  it? n.-^-"''7  ^^^^^^^^^1  rule.- 
people  that  no  reforms  atf/l?   *"*"  /^^^  '-^-^^^^i"!?  the 
-untenanced.-     TlChS"^'  "'''■^^'^^"  ^^^^^  '" 
'^y  the  popular  spirit  nrl?,     •    ^V"'''  '^^«  rm.<'niz(>d 
-'^    other^  pointrTffirS  ::T""'^'"^  ^^  ^^--^'uz 
^'entrahsm,   under  which  rehv/     '''"f '  *^«   Pawning 
^|.ou,ng  evils.     A  change  StT  ^T'"^   ^^'^  ^-'^ 
^^''^re^rard  of  the  authoritL  ^  ti  'T'^"^'  -^^^^  ^•^•'«<^'»S- 
I'^P^^eially  in   the  way  of  Li^fv    '  ^T^'''  ^''^^rict.? 
'"ore  regular  pa v.^^    "^        ^ati.fung  the  troops  with 

'he  new  era  was  marked  hy  the  ir.     p 
,  ^"A  lis*  or  ew,es  .uh  a  ^^-»«fonnation  of 

,,.:'£^n.^^  ^.  v..  th.  «eH.      r„  t,r"  '■'  '  '^  '""  '■' 

,      834. 7..^.  A„,.  ,,^  ,3^^  K;::;:;rt'';:;;;-!:^'\;r^^-'f. 

,,,;^l-Wtio„aof  J„„8.,5.an.Oet.24    1834   "     ^.  '  ""•    ^''"• 

"  '^"'ne  of  the  tr„„.  '        ^"""^'  ^'"-  ^'>":  «• 


G56 


SOXOnA  AXD  RTNALOA   AS  SEPARATE  STATlvS. 


U  ■  i! 


!  i 


.ii'ii 


tlic  states  into  a  flopartnicnt,  witli  four  ]iivfocturas.  ' 
jSTanuol  M.  (xiiiulara  boinjx  the  first  (jovonior.  (jcii- 
eral  Joso  Urroa  was  iiiado  coiuandantL'-jjjeiural.  Tlie 
ai)i)oiiitnu'iit  of  Urrca  was  singular.  Ho  was  rccog- 
iiiz"(l  as  a  standi  fodoralist,  and  liis  aj)[)ointinc'nt  was 
due  only  to  President  Bustainante's  ])ersonal  regard. 
No  sooner  had  ho  arrived  at  his  headquarters, 
Arizpe,  then  ho  proclaimed,  Dcccndjer  2('),  1837,  the 
restoration  of  the  federal  system,  and  secured  from 
the  (Juaymas  custom-house  over  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.'^  ])isa])i)ohjtcd  in  the  prospects  of  amelio- 
ration, and  caught  by  the  very  magnitude  of  the 
project,  troops  and  citizens  responded  in  dift'erent 
directions,  notably  at  Arizpe,  Ures,  Hermosillo,  Te])ic, 
Mazatlan,  and  Culiacan,  till  Urrea  not  oidy  had  men 
enough  to  meet  the  departmental  govenunont,  but 
was  ab^e  to  send  bodies  to  op[)oso  the  central  corps 
advancing  upon  him  from  Sinaloa,  and  sup[>ort  the 
pronunciamiento  made  in  Mazatlan.  Gandara  joineil 
the  movement,  was  declared  provisional  govi'rnor,  and 
a  congress  was  convened  to  reform  the  federal  constitu- 
tion in  furtherance  of  the  self  iiovermnent  of  tlie 
states.  On  March  14,  1838,  the  congress  assembled, 
ITrrea  Ixinu  iiovernor-elect  and  L.  Escalante  vice- 
governor.  The  Icijislature  confirmed  Urrea  as  com- 
andante-general,  general  of  the  federal  army,  and 
protector  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,^"  conferring  u})oii 
him  full  powers  to  raise  armies,  and  form  alliances.  ' 
This  pnvil(\ge  ho  quickly  availed  himself  of  by  oH"<i- 
ing  lands,  pensions,  and  other  inducements  to  attract 

"Tlio  pay  of  the  prefects  was  from  $1,800  to  $'2,000.  M'.r.  Mem.  H'u., 
18:18,  i.t'2. 

■^'' It  is  related  that  the  house  of  Ifligo  provided  the  first  fumla  to  start 
the  inovuineiit  on  condition  of  l)eing  favored  at  the  cnstom-hmisc;  whrn- 
upon  the  lirni  ordered  a  cargo  of  g<iods  from  Europe,  whicli  arrived  in  I'Mi. 
18;!0,  after  Urrea  had  been  ousteih  Charges  were  hroiiglit  against  the  jjuv- 
ernor  for  complicity  in  fraud.  Voti<te  y  llenrro,  Itciirva.,  l-.'}8;  Pop.  Var.,  Iv. 
no.  2,  Ixxviii.  no.  8. 

^«.S'')/;.  F'vrhii.,  100-7;  /?M</»«mf/or />></.,  Jan.  30,  Mar.  13,  18.38.  Urna's 
name  with  api>ro|)riate  inscriptions  was  ordered  to  ho  placeil  on  i)ul)lio  htiilii- 
ings.  Farias  and  Vie/ca  were  ofl'ered  an  asylum  with  land.  Pitiart,  1)im:. 
Sun.,  ii.  133  4,  1311  40. 

''  rieuipuiituutiuricij  were  to  be  sent  to  other  utaten  to  form  a  uoalitiou. 


I'RONUNflAMIKNTO. 


foliowers    thr    I     •  i  ^ 

-^«,noial,lvi;i^;^-    -;^^  in  different 

I"  SmaJoa  t]u"    forma?    "'''''.'''' ^•«''«titutl<>n." 


Mm-  or  SisAUKv 


''  Oh  March  «>7fi,      fi. 

""K^.  Ptatk^,  Vol.  ir     .., 


65H 


SONORA   AND  MrNA[X)A   Afl   SKPARATE  STATES. 


made  on  January  12,  1838,  at  Culiacari,  by  Coloiul 
Cuevas,  soconded  by  Orrantia.  acting  govornoi-  ' 
This  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Rosario  ,iii«l 
Cosalit,"  while  Urroa  came  down  with  aSoiioran  forcr 
in  April  in  two  vessels,  and  took  possession  of 
Mazatlan,  wliich  added  greatly  to  liis  resources  by 
sea  and  land."  These  were  not  of  much  avail  how- 
ever. By  this  tinic  the  government  had  been  al)lc 
to  take  steps  to  check  the  movement.  On  the  20tli 
General  Paredes  appeared  before  Mazatlan  with  a 
strong  column,  and  reminded  the  garrison  that  its  first 
duty  was  to  join  in  opposing  the  French,  who  were 
then  threatening  the  republic.  This  ap|)eal  to 
patriotism  shook  the  allegiance  of  several  of  Urrea  s 
officers,  so  that  Paredes  found  little  difficulty  in  cur- 
rying the  town  by  assault  on  May  Gth."  Il^rroa  i\v(\ 
to  San  Bias,  and  failing  t«>  rouse  this  place,  headnl 
the  campaign  in  the  interior  of  Sinaloa.  This,  liow 
ever,  languished,  owing  to  the  call  for  Urrea's  prcsciico 
elsewhere,  and  a  small  force  sufficed  to  give  tht^  final 
blow  to  the  movement. 

Meanwhile  (Hndara  changed  his  velws  with  iv- 
gard  to  the  expected  political  formation  and  fell  back 
upon  his  former  position  as  centralist  governor,  as- 
suming the  lead  in  the  counter-revolution  which  was 
promoted  at  Horcasitas.  He  proclaimed  it  his  duty 
to  suppress  the  movement  in  favor  of  the  federal  sys- 
tem, and  profited  by  the  reaction  of  fear  among  wav- 

^  Who  on  the  16th  recognized  Urroa  as  protector  of  Mexiran  liberty  and 
placed  tlui  resourcos  of  the  atate  at  his  diapoaal.  RexUtunulor  Fed.,  Fcli.  (i, 
March  (i,  18.18.  A  cause  for  this  lay  in  the  disaatisfaction  with  the  goviMii- 
meat  for  closing  Mazatlan  to  foreign  trade  at  the  close  of  1837,  on  llio 
ground  of  smuggling.  .'^*«.  Propos.,  3-'20.  Changes  in  Coinerc.  de  GuwI., 
Eirpos.,  1-8;  /'(H).  Vnr.,  Ixxvi.  pt  10.  The  port  was  ordered  to  be  reoju'iiiMl 
by  decree  of  Feb.  22,  1838.  ArrUlaija,  Rwnp.,  1838,  61;  and  now  again 
closed  on  account  of  rebellion. 

•'•Hy  Cuevas  and  Cirrasoo,  the  latter  sacking  Cosala  taking  at  Itvist 
$50,000  in  silver  bars,  iMssidea  jewels,  etc.  Jivltm,  Comp.,  14;  I'innrl,  Prx: 
Son.,  ii.  119. 

^^Diai-io,  Gdh,  June  21-22,  18:J8;  Lowemtem,  Afex.,  401,  424-:{0.  IJu.sta- 
mante  writes  that  of  $70,000  duties  and  other  effects,  seized  partly  at  (ruay- 
mas,  heaent  170  silver  bars  to  New  Orleans  in  his  own  name.  Galiineta,  i.  GO  I. 

''He  took  the  place  in  quarter  of  an  hour.  Id.,  59-00;  Buelna,  Corny.,  14; 
NiUat'  Reg.,  liv.  336. 


CIVIL   WAR. 


sra 


oriiig  federalists  to  obtain  recruits.  Not  content  with 
these,  he  appealed  tt>  the  Yaguis,  his  former  foes,  and 
to  still  worse  northern  tribes;  nor  did  he  scruple  to 
pander  to  their  propensities  for  plunder,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  Papagos'  ignoring  his  authority,  as  did 
the  Yaquis  to  a  great  extent.  Both  factions  added 
to  the  burden  of  the  people  by  enforcing  contributions. 

Several  encounters  took  place,  the  first  of  note  be- 
ing at  Chino  (xordo,  on  May  2'Jd,  followed  l)y  the 
taking  of  Hermosillo  and  the  capture  of  Vice-governor 
l<]scalante.  Urrea  now  appealed  to  the  peo[)le,  call- 
lug  upon  them  to  redeem  th(>ir  pledges  of  support. 
Entering  Alamos  with  700  men,  he  afterward  advanced 
atjainst  the  (landaristas,  and  in  Auijust  gained  a 
brilliant  victory,  followed  by  successes  at  Belen  and 
other  points,  wliich  culminated  in  the  capture  of 
Arizpe  in  October. 

These  successes  were  neutralized  by  centralist  pro- 
gress in  the  south,  and  Urrea's  opponents,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  his  temporary  absence,  gained  a  crowning 
triumph,  November  IDth,  at  Opode[)e.''  (jriindara 
was  exultant,  but  avoided  mention  of  the  loss  of  life 
and  destruction  of  property,"  which  was  aggravated 
by  the  Yaquis  and  Papagos,  who  rose  in  1840  and 
committed  serious  depredations,  though  the  Yaqui 
general,  Juan  Maria  Insa  Camea  lost  his  life  in  assist- 
ing to  (juell  the  movement.'*  It  required  a  cUnse 
campaign  to  reduce  the  relxils,  who  assisted  by  tiie 
Apaches  left  a  wide  track  of  devastation  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Horcasitas." 

^'' Consult  ^M/Mi/(i,  ConltHt.,  20-1;  Paji.  Var.,  IS."*,  iin,  ;i;  BuxUimanti;  (htlii- 
nitr,  MS.,  249-53." 

■'•/'<rp.  Var.,  15:i,  no.  10;  Phtarl,  Doc.  Son.,  n.  no.  5:M);  CiiL  Drpt.  St. 
I'll]!.,  iv.  I.'IO;  iViKii/uilv,  Mrx.,  .Itliie  li),  ISU);  llixt.  Mix.,  v.,  this  BoricM. 
Aiiioiig  the  towns  sacked  wore  Sagiiaripa,  Batuco,  Matapo,  Hcrinosillo,  and 
Ailiviuo.  .Alamos  escaiiod  pillage  by  paying  1^50,000,  Altar,  ^Ui.OOO,  and 
lli'rino.sillo  §70,000  without  being  exempt.  Xitniijn,,  Varlu  and  VoiUeM., 
passim;  Pap.  Var.,  150,  no...')2;  Gaiulara,  K^pon.,  05-6;  Pimiri,  Doc.  Son., 
li.  154-8. 

^'Mex.  Mem,  Ouer.,  1841,  36;  Zurwja,  ContesL,  110;  8oc.  Mir.  Om^,.,  x. 
70!). 

'"In  1840  they  penetrated  to  Ma/.atlan  and  Coco8|»cra.  Vitivico,  Son., 
l'r>:M!,  203;  Soc.  Mex.  Oeofj.,  BoL,  xi.  92-3,  9H-9;  Mcx.  Me»i.  Ouer.,  1841,  36; 
I'imrU  Doc.  Son.,  iL  82-41  131,  1.37,  142,  150-1,  166;  P(tp.  Var.,  civ.  pt  4. 


fclf 


180 


SONORA   AND   S1NAIX)A   AM  8KPARATE   STATES. 


Gslndara  made  himself  rich  by  the  war,  and  sur- 
rounded himself  with  stanch  adherents.  He  retained 
the  comandaneia  njeneral  for  scmie  time,  and  removed 
the  capital  from  Arizpe  to  San  Jose  de  lt)8  Ures,  in 
spite  of  supreme  orders  to  place  it  at  Hermosillo. 
His  tenure  of  power,  however,  did  not  last  long.  In 
1841  Urrea  again  agitated  Sonora,  not  with  success, 
but  its  aim  -to  raise  Santa  Anna  to  the  dictatorship 
— was  su})ported  by  Paredes  in  Jalisco.  Gilndara 
failed  to  catch  the  import,  and  Cuerta,  second  military 
chief,  more  clear-sighted,  seconding  the  movement, 
compelled  him  to  retire,  the  government  being  left  to 
the  management  of  J.  L.  Pico.  A  flood  of  long 
pent-up  complaints  now  burst  forth,  resulting  in  the 
reappointment  from  Mexico  of  Urrea  to  both  the 
civil  and  military  commands.  The  new  ruler  was 
eagerly  welcomed  in  May  1842,  and  at  once  took 
steps  to  suppress  the  inroads  of  the  Apaches.  A! 
though  those  measures  were  most  necessarv,  Gdndara 
resuscitated  the  ])olitical  {igitation  by  inciting  the 
Yaquis  and  Mayos,  who  were  devoted  to  him,  against 
Urrea's  administration,  securing  also  the  cooperation 
of  other  tribes. 

The  first  outbreak  occurred  in  May,  and  was  soon 
suppressed  by  Urrea.  Supporters  of  the  movement, 
nevertheless,  increased  in  numbers,  and,  on  July  24tli, 
they  attacked  Hermosillo,  suftering  a  repulse.  On 
August  2r)th,  they  were  routed  with  great  loss  at 
Norias  de  CJuadalupe ; "  but  sustaining  themselves  hy 
plunder,  gained  possession  of  a  few  minor  towns,  antl 
several  ranchos.  But  this  source  of  supplies  natur- 
ally failing,  negotiations  were  followed  by  a  formal 
peace  of  the  usual  kind  which  only  led  to  further 
depredations." 

''  Urrea  attacked  1,.'>00  iiiaureeiits  with  only  2.19  men  and  one  gun.  He 
killed  200,  sustaining  a  loss  of  9  killed  and  17  wounded.  Voto  Son.,  Sept.  2, 
J842,  no.  ;«};  Id.,  Sept.  21,  Dec.  21,  1842;  Mrx.  Mem.,  iii.  doc.  .1;  Voto 
no.  21. 

^la  June  1843,  Huerta,  Armenta,  and  some  others  were  t^tttght  .  .. 
(.hot.    Voto  Son.,  June  8.  July  27,  Aug.  10,  17,  31,  1843. 


«;OVE,'v,NOR   FONCE   UE   LKiOS. 


Ml 


III  Soptombcr  1843,  Cnlndara  attain  oaiiio  <ni  the 
scene,  and  several  skirniishos  took  place  in  the  neiirh- 
borhood  of  Ures,  Gdndara  clainiin*?  the  advantajjfi'. 
Urrca,  however,  having  received  reiinforcenients  from 
Slnaloa,  inHicted  soverc  blows  u}>on  his  o|)|)onent  at 
(jruaynias,  Tepepa,  and  Opodepe,  the  battle  at  the 
last-named  place  being  won  on  Novi^nber  27th.'* 
Nevertheless,  the  war  continued  with  alternate  suc- 
cess until,  in  1844  the  assembly,  now  installed  at  Her- 
niosillo,  invested  Urrea  with  extraordinary  j)owers, 
which  he  used  to  such  good  purpose  that  the  riibellion 
was  nearly  extinguished  at  the  close  of  March." 

The  Giindaristas  had  carried  on  a  double  contest 
with  Urrea,  one  in  Sonora  with  arms,  the  oth.er  at 
Mexico  with  charges  against  him,  accusing  him  of 
nialeadministration  and  infringement  of  the  laws. 
While  it  was  n«)t  evident  that  Urrea  performed  hisduty 
as  ruler,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  (Jandara  was  culpa- 
ble in  rouslnjx  semi-barbaric  tribes  to  sustain  his 
cause ;  nevertheless,  the  govermnent,  being  weak,  de- 
termined to  make  a  concession  by  replacing  the  ob- 
noxious governor.*' 

Notwithstanding  the  protests  of  Urrea's  j>arty, 
Briiradier  F.  Ponce  de  Leon  assumed  charge  as  t'ov- 
ernor  and  coman(hmte-general  in  April  1844,  and  in 
.Vugust  the  reustablishnient  of  peace  was  announced. 

Urrea  remained  in  tlu^  department,  and  prepara- 
tions were  resumed  to  defend  the  frontier  against 
vVpache  inroads,  as  well  as  curb  the  Seris  with  whom 
a  peaceful  arrangement  was  made. which  only  resulted, 

^* Urrea  claims  to  have  dofoatwl  \,M0  rabble,  I'ausiiig  tliciii  a  loss  <>f  iJOO. 
I'imirf,  Vol.,  no.  C78.  Son.  Bol.,  Nov.  US,  1843;  Piiiart,  Doc.  Son.,  iii.  UA; 
Sor.  Mex.  Geoij.,  viii.  527. 

*•  Urrea  Itr.^ciin,  ,3-7.  The  Otiudaristas  were  closely  preh8e<l,  and  ilriveu 
into  the  Ya<iui  region.  Son.  Bol.,  Feb.  29,  1844. 

"Gdndara  was  riuli  and  intluoutial,  and  made  a  plausible  defence  in  hia 
H-qx).-!.,  1-8;  Mex.,  MS.,  32;  also  Vimlicucion,  4  et  seq.  The  assembly  and 
loading  official  men  supported  Urrea.  Voto  Son.  Dec.  28,  1842,  Jan.  2(5,  1843; 
I'imirl,  Doc.  Sonora,  lii.  164  et  seq.  The  feelings  of  white  Hcttlera  is  not 
clear.  When  the  removal  l)ecame  known,  deputies  and  othersi  protested, 
and  sought  to  persnadfi  the  sncoessor  to  resign.  Soiu  BoL,  Oct.  26.  1843; 
PinnH,  Doc  Son.   iii.  171-80. 


11 

I'M 


M2 


SONOHA    AND  HINALOA    AS  HKI'ARATK  HTATKS 


in  a  renewal  of  robberies  and  murders.  No  less  un- 
successful action  attended  the  attempts  against  t)ic 
Apaches.*"  Toward  the  close  of  1845  some  vigor  was 
infused  into  the  operations,  but  when  the  war  with 
the  United  States  broke  out  in  1846,  the  tribes, 
though  badly  scattered,  e8caj)ed  pursuit  and  again 
combined. 

The  campaign  of  1844  was  interrupted  by  the  revo- 
lution of  Parades,  In  Jalisco,  for  the  overthrow  of 
Santa  Anna,  and  Urrea  was  requested  in  November 
to  reassume  command.  He  '  ..niplied,  but  on  May 
15,  1845,  surrendered  the  power  to  the  eldest  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly,  who  was  presently  succeeded  by 
J.  M.  Gaxiola,  who  took  the  oath  June  25th." 

In  Sinaloa  the  movement  of  Parades  had  been  sup- 
ported, November  7,  1844,  at  Mazatlan,  by  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Brambila,  who,  however,  surrendcrod 
his  assumed  civil  and  military  command  to  F.  Duquo," 
thr(!e  weeks  later. 

Urrea,  having  been  elected  to  the  national  senate, 
seems  not  to  have  paid  any  attention  to  the  summons 
by  a  not  over-friendly  administration  to  present  him- 
self at  Mexico,  and  remained  in  Sonora  managing  to 
control  the  local  government.  The  Gdndaristas,  how- 
ever, on  August  29th,  caused  a  pronunciamiento  to  be 
made  at  Horcasitas,  demanding  his  expulsion.  On 
November  25th,  an  engagement  took  place  near  Hcr- 

"  lu  Feb.  1844,  300  of  the  so-called  peaceful  Apaches,  under  Mangas 
Coloradas,  boldly  attacked  the  presidio  of  Fronteras,  and  carried  off  stock 
and  captives.  In  April  a  party  defied  the  pursuing  force  at  Tepuchi.  In 
Augnst  Elias  started  northward  from  Fronteras,  and  inflicted  several  blows, 
particularly  in  Sept.  1st,  when  over  100  Apaches  were  captured  or  kiilcil. 
rotoSon.,  Sept.  5,  12,  1844.  Account  of  outrages,  in  Pinart,  Doc.  Son.,  iii. 
190-226. 

"  Veto  Son.,  March  27,  June  26,  1845;  S.  Mitjuel Bep.  Mex.,  40,  72. 

**Duque  had  been  comandante-general  of  Sinaloa  and  Sonora  in  IS.*).*). 
In  Dec.  1842,  the  council  of  Sinaloa  protested  against  a  central  military  gov- 
ernment. Buatamante,  Diario  Mfx.,MSi.,y\\i.  25.  The  disorder  extended  to 
assaults  on  foreigners,  notably  on  two  French  subjects,  in  Sept.  1844  on  a 
sailor,  and  in  Jnne  1845  on  a  baker,  which  nearly  brought  about  a  bombard- 
ment, and  a  breach  of  international  relations.  Details  in  Tassiire,  Expedknk, 
1844,  1-27,  relating  to  cruel  mutilation;  PabelUm  Nac.,  Oct.  31,  Nov.  2, 
1844;  Defensor  Integ.,  Sept.  11,  21,  1844;  Masson  defends  the  French.  Olla 
Podrida,  65-61;  BustarmnU,  Mem.,  Hist.  Mex.  MS.,  ii.  122-3,  with  accoimt 
from  Siglo  XIX. 


POLITICAL   AFFAIRS. 


6«S 


iiiOHillo,  in  which  the  ^ovenirncnt  troo|)B  were  routed. 
Urrea  fled  southward  and  his  influence  for  the  time 
was  lost."  Cuesta  having  jointid  the  movement,  as- 
sumed temporarily  the  chief  military  command." 

Gdndara  now  returned  and  began  to  agitate  his 
plans  by  bringing  the  governor  and  the  comandante- 
«roncral,  Elias  Gonzalez,  to  loggerheads,  through  the 
medium  of  Cuesta.  On  February  20th  the  ayunta- 
niicnto  of  Hermosillo  declared  the  departamental  coun- 
cil dissolved,  and  Cuesta  installed  as  governor,"  which 
iippointment  was  confirmed  at  Mexico.  This  move- 
II  lent  having  been  effected  in  a  great  measure  by  the 
aid  of  the  Indians,  the  Yaquis  felt  disappointed  at 
the  peaceful  solution  of  the  question,  and  assumed  a 
tlircatening  attitude,  which  required  the  interference 
of  Gdndara.  Tranquillity  was  restored  with  some 
trouble,  and  judicious  closing  of  eyes." 

In  September  the  supreme  government  appointed  a 
iicw  governor  in  Rafael  Ce^'\llos,  Cuesta  being  pro- 
pitiated with  the  comandancia-general.  Simultane- 
ously, however,  came  news  of  the  federalist 
})ronunciamiento  at  Mexico  and  Cuesta,  still  in  power, 
hastened  on  September  6th  to  give  in  his  adhesion. 
Tie  knew  this  would  be  acceptable  to  the  majority  of 
tlie  inhabitants,  for  the  hopes  once  centred  in  a  cen- 
tralist regime  had  proved  illusive.  The  Apache  in- 
roads had  increased  to  an  alarming  degree,  and  the 
state  had,  moreover,  been  the  scene  of  almost  constant 
civil  warfare.  It  seemed  better,  therefore,  to  resume 
the  semi-autonomy  of  a  state,  with  its  many  privileges, 
since  affairs  in  other  respects  could  hardly  become 
worse.  Yet  many  still  warned  against  the  additional 
evils  of  increased  party  agitation  and  strife  for  local 

*^  A  mijo  del  Pueblo,  Oct.  21,  1845;  Somreme,  June  26,  1846;  Phiart,  Doe. 
Son.,  iii.  116-17,  'IM-mi,  266-7. 

'°i/ex.  Mem.  HiaL,  Jan.  24,  Feb.  4,  17,  1845.  J.  M.  Gonzalez  succeeded 
him.  Tiempo,  March  21,  1846. 

*^  Gaxiola  and  the  deputies  being  declared  accomplices  of  Urrea. 

*^El  Tiempo,  May  23,  1846,  points  out  that  Souora  was  ruled  by  savages, 
f nr  Ya(iui  and  Opata  garrisons  held  the  chief  towns,  even  of  the  Pimas,  who 
g<iarded  Ures.  In  Sept.,  G&ndara  reported  .peace  restored  among  the  Yaquig 
and  Mayos.  Sotiorense,  July  24,  31,  Aug.  16,  1846. 


w 


■■!      I 


At 


M4 


80N0RA   AND  SINALOA  A8  HEI'ARATE  HTATEM. 


i 


offices.**  Tho  ohaiit^o  was  affinnod,  howovcr,  by  tli»( 
ccsRation  under  the  .supn^iiie  decree  of  deixn-tiucntjil 
couiicilfl,  prefccturas,  and  other  eentraliHt  rt^prtHcn 
tation,  and  the  call  of  eleetnrH  t«»  choose  a  lei^islatuic 
and  j^overnor  under  the  lon^^  suspended  federal  con 
stitution  of  1R31."  Tliese  powers  were  instalhxl  wiih 
the  openniL!j<)f  1847,  atUres,"  and  Gilndara  ftmnd  hini- 
self  rewarded  for  his  promptness  and  foresight  hy  tin- 
go  vemorship."'  Among  the  first  tasks  was  to  reform 
the  constitution  of  18;U  to  suit  the  change  of  ideas,'* 
and  the  govennnent  was  shortly  divided  among  niiir 
prefecturas,  with  ayuntaniiento  bodies  for  the  leading; 
towns,  smaller  places  being  directed   by  justices  of 

**  Deputy  Moiitovordo  arguud  that  rcniotu  Sonura,  witli  a  anarHO  ami  Invt 
Gulturotf  population,  and  Htroiig  family  factions,  waa  not  titteil  forBtateahip. 
Dice.  Univ.,  x.  4*20.  Cuesta  controlled  the  foruesand  had  the  inoanii  tocliuik 
any  remonstrance. 

"In  Sent.  U.  I'alacio  acts  as  goveruor,  at  Urea.  SonorenMe,  Sept.  25,  184(1 
Primary  efoctiona  began  on  Oct.  4tli. 

^'Aa  the  capital,  a  previous  decree  l>ein^  annulled  whieii  declared  Ari/iio 
the  seat  of  government.  Gaxiola  had  insisted  on  residing  at  Hermoaillo, 
which  by  decree  of  Aug  19,  1843  had  been  atlirnted  aa  capital,  Duhlan,  Lij. 
Mix.,  iv.  623,  while  tho  contenii>orary  assembly  remained  at  Urea.  Cuc.iU 
followed  his  example.   Piiuirt,  Doc  Son.,  iii.  177,  11)0-2;  297-311,  iv.  1,  4. 

*-,VVith  Luis  Redondo  for  vice,  and  I.  M.  Mendoza  for  treasurer,  (v 
ballos  did  come,  but  found  it  prudent  to  rcsiiru  in  Oct.,  leaving  rnestji  to 
continue  in  charge  till  the  electu.a.  Soiion'nuf,  Oct.  30,  Nov.  6,  Dee.  4,  1  Wti. 
Pimirt,  Doc.  Son.,  iv.  1.  Bustamante,  Hint.  InviMinn,  li.  110,  has  a  pcnr 
opinion  of  Cucsta, 

■'^  A  provisional  governor  or  the  chief  justice  waa  to  replace  the  regular 
governor,  tho  vice. gubernatorial  olFico  being  alwliahed.  Ihe  state  was  de- 
clared to  embrace  nine  partidoa.  This  organic  law  waa  signed  at  Urcs  mi 
May  13,  1848,  by  F.  N.  Lopez,  president,  J.  Martinez,  J.  Estevaii 
Milla,  M.  M.  Encinas,  'I.  Encinas,  F.  J.  Agu'.lar,  M.  Campilln, 
and  R.  Buelna,  the  latte  two  acting  as  secretaries.  It  was  iosut'ii 
by  M.    M.    Gdndara    on    t    ^    loth,    countersigned    by   Secretary  C.    N.i 

«w/o,  1848,  1-48,  with  103  arts.  OnMayJtitli 
12  arts.  Text  in  C'orfca  Nac.,  July  14,  18  IN 
juncil  had  been  abolished.  Deputies  rcccivcil 
for  mileage.  Sonoreme,  June  Iti,  23,  July  M, 
16,  71-2.  Velasco,  Sonant,  24-3.3,  conmiuuts 
ease  suplentes  in  the  legislature,  on  lack  oi 

,    June   1847   three  prefecturas  were  decrceil, 

IJres,  Hermosillo,  and  Alam.j,  with  salary  of  $1,400,  subsequently  $1,(300, 
and  the  municipal  government  was  graded  according  to  four  classes  of  set 
tlements,  cities,  partido  capitals,  places  of  500  inhabitants  and  over,  ami 
places  with  less.  Rules  in  Pinart,  Doc.  Sonora,  iv.  33-5,  3&-40.  In  184<h. 
nowever,  the  above  partidos  were  converted  into  prefecturas.  Velasco  givci 
the  extent  of  each.  TThe  chief  cities  received  ayuntamientos,  the  next  gradf, 
three  justices  of  the  peace,  and  smaller  places,  one,  who  supervised  the 
police  of  haciendas.  Certain  sales  of  church  property  were  aonnlled  by 
decree  of  June  30,  1847. 


varro,     Sonora,  Connt'U.  Rej  - 
■election  laws  were  issued  i 
.During  1847  the  government 
$1,800  pay,  and  $2  per  leagi 
1848;  PinaH,  Doc.  Son.,  iv.  2, 
adversely  to  the  power  to  in 
government  council,   etc.     It 


the 

new 

owiuj 

Th 

•f  da 
elsew, 
and  n 
of  inif 
torcen 
tice  of 
apparc 
for  hei 
peured 
tile  wa 
of  Gua 
t(>rnati^ 
siK'nallii 
boats,  I 
considei 
tiio  war 
ijressive 
decided 
unexpec 
clo.se  of 
Kearney 
Chilli  forni 
ai"iJy  occ 
^'ore,  con 
.^y  grant 
'"g  out  t 
tJie  adjoi 
»l>le-bodi( 
anns,"  ar 
^^ponded 

^^    oydecre 
fon.  Hi.  323, 

<-«iifornia  rec^ 

i^P'«.   Ecoivyi 


lilK  TEXAS  QUESTION. 


the  peaco,  in  proportion  to  their  population.  The 
new  constitution  was  not  issued  until  May  1848, 
owing  partly  to  the  war  with  the  United  States. 


The  Texan  question  had  given  early  premonitions 
•t'  danger  from  the  neighbor  republic,  and  here  as 
elsewhere  Americans  had  become  subject  to  suspicion 
and  restrictions.  In  September  1846  came  the  news 
of  impending  war,  with  an  order  to  L-.id  militia  reiin- 
foreements  and  other  aid  to  Chihuahua;  but  the  no- 
tice of  blockade  by  United  States  war  vessels  made  it 
apparent  that  Sonora  would  need  all  she  could  raise 
for  her  own  defence.  On  October  5th,  indeed,  ap- 
peared the  Cyatiti,  Commander  Dupont,  preceded  by 
tiie  war  sloop  Dak,  with  a  demand  for  the  surrender 
of  Guaymas  and  the  two  small  gun-boats,  or  the  al- 
ternative of  bombardment.  Commandant  Campuzano 
signalling  his  refusal  by  applying  the  torch  co  the 
boats,  Dupont  opened  fire  on  the  7th,  and  inflicted 
considerable  damage  on  the  town,  besides  cutting  out 
the  war  brig  Condor.'^  This  much  accomplished,  ag- 
j^ressive  operations  were  suspended,  a  blockade  being 
(iocided  upon.  New  fears  arose,  however,  from  the 
unexpected  appearance  on  the  northern  border  at  the 
olo.se  of  1840,  of  a  large  expedition  under  General 
Kearney,  which  crossed  from  New  Mexico  to  Alta 
California,  through  Tucson,  this  place  being  tempor- 
arily occupied.  Preparations  for  defence  were,  there- 
fore, contiimed,  and  the  legislature  joined  in  the  effoii 
by  granting  the  governor  extraordinary  powers,  call- 
ing out  the  militia,  and  forming  an  arrangement  with 
the  adjoining  states  for  mutual  aid.  Subsequently  all 
able-bodied  Sonorans  were  summoned  to  take  up 
arms,"  an  appeal  to  which  more  than  1,000  men  n- 
^^ponded  within  the  day. 

=^/m£i(pon.,  Nov.  11,  1846. 

''■By  decree  of  April 22,  1847.  Sonoretue,  Jan. -June,  passim;  Pmart,  Doe. 
Am,,  iii.  323,  iv.  2,  no.  824  et  se*).;  Son.  Ley.  Vcaios  ,  9.  An  appeal  from 
CVklifurnia  received  official  attention.  The  bishop  Joined  i>  stirring  np  tha 
people.   MkonomiaUi,  July  7,  1847. 


1 

> 


m 


M 


^^^._ 


I 


«'.«  SONOHA    AN')   SINALOA    AS   SKl'AKATE   STATKS 


!1 


r 


?f 


%,i 


^6    , 


>*, 


/& 


:'*■«.>„ 


^')%.. 


M 


)j^. 


-9«: 


V, 


V  in 


it;"'^^ 


__iy 


N'kw  Map  of  Sonoka 


VTKS 


FOREKtN    \KSSKLS. 


667 


*>] 


Little  could  be  done  to  strengthen  the  frontier, 
when  all  available  troops  were  demanded  for  active 
operations  in  the  centre  and  north-east  of  the  invaded 
n'j)ublic.  While  the  pn^sidio  seemed  protected  by 
the  wilderness  beyond,  the  coast  lay  exposed  to  a 
tlircatening  squadron.  Attention  was,  therefore, 
mainly  directed  to  fortifyin^^  (Tuaymas,  as  the  poit  of 
the  state;  to  which  end  the  garrison  was  increased  in 
March  to  four  hundred  men;  a  fort  was  constructed 
oil  Casa  Blanca  hill,  and  additional  guns  were 
mounted.** 

On  October  Mi,  1847,  the  frigate  CoiKjrcss,  Captain 
Lavalk'tte,  appeared  l)efore  Guaymas,  followed  by 
the  sloop  of  war  J*ortsmovtli  and  the  prize  brig  Argn, ' 
fVoni  which  a  thirty-two  pounder  and  some  smaller  arms 
wirc(  landetl  on  Ahnagie  island  and  another  point 
under  cover  of  night.  This  accomplished,  a  summons 
tor  surrender  was  made  on  the  1 9th,  and  Connnand- 
iint  Campuzano  refusing,  fire  was  opened  on  the  fol- 
lowing mornintj  with  such  effect  that  in  less  than  an 
hour  the  wliitc  flag  was  hoisted.  Persuaded  that  re- 
sistance would  C/nly  entail  useless  destruction  of  prop- 
erty, Campuzano  had  withdrawn  to  Bacochivampo, 
there  to  guard  the  approach  to  the  interior,  leaving 
the  municipality  to  make  terms  for  the  town."  Most 
of  the  inhabitants  had  fled,  and  foreign  traders  and 
otlu  IS  who  remained  were  permitted  to  leave  in  boats 
for  a  villaije  some  distance  to  the  north,  owin*;  to 
the  cutting  off  of  water  and  food  ))y  the  Mexican 
corps  of  observation.  The  fortifications  were  blown 
up  and  a  guard  posted,  partly   for  the  protection  of 

^  Owing  to  the  active  participation  of  citizens,  Caniimzano  reiiortod  tliat 
w<irk  valued  at  over  $10,000  had  heeii  performed  at  a  cost  of  less  than 
11, (KX).  The  government,  however,  was  slow  in  granting  .s\ippli(!.s.  Soiinirme, 
Miircli- April,  Oct.  22,  1847. 

^' Claimed  by  J.  Robinson,  U.S.  consul  at  Ouaynias,  who  liad  long  resided 
itiere,  acting  also  for  Kngland.  Afo/ra.i,  Or.,  i.  182.  The  two  war  vessels 
were  rated  at  44  and  20  guns  respectively,  yet  l»)th  carried  a  few  more, 
iltliough  not  60  and  34  as  Pinait,  Doc.  Sonora,  iv.  50,  has  it.  Arco,  fris., 
Dec- nth. 

'^' Campuzano's  retreat  was  approved.  Smorftine,  Oct.  22,  Pec.  31,  1847' 
Frofit  places  the  retiring  force  at  400.   Hint.  Mftr.,  457. 


y 

1.': 

1 

■;^ji'  ' 

II 

nil 

'1 

=  ;''^8.    '-'i 

KJii! 

1: 

1 

668 


aONORA  AND  SINALOA  AS  SEPAKATE  STATES. 


I 


property;  yet  some  pillaging  took  place." 

Lavallette  was  instructed  merely  to  take  possession 
of  the  fort,  and  as  a  smaller  force  seemed  suflficient 
for  the  task,  he  departed  on  the  23d,  leaving  tlie 
Portsmouth,  Commander  Montgomery,  to  hold  it,  with 
orders  to  permit  legal  commerce,  and  exact  duty  under 
the  tariff  established  for  the  coast  by  decree  of  April 
Sd.*"  The  sloop  Dale,  Commander  Selfridge,  joined 
her  shortly  after,  and  was  for  a  time  left  in  sole 
charge.  This  diminution  in  the  blockading  force  en- 
couraged the  Mexicans  to  reenter  the  town  on  No- 
vember 17th;  but  they  were  forced  to  retire  before 
the  attack  of  the  marines,  supported  by  livel}^  broad- 
sides." Several  other  skirmishes  took  place  later  at 
Cochori  and  Bacochivampo,*^  and  further  south.  An 
exploring  and  reconnoitring  expedition  passed  in  Feb- 
ruary 1848  down  the  coast,  touching  at  Tiburon 
island,  and  at  the  Yaqui  settlements  to  conciliate  this 
powerful  tribe,  which  was  readily  accomplished." 

Nothing  resulted  from  this  occupation,  save  a  sniull 
gain  to  Americans  from  custom-house  revenue,  and 
considerable  Joss  to  the  Sonorans  from  interrupted 
trade  and  destruction  of  life  and  property,  the  tnjatv 

^' SonoreiM',  Nov.  5,  1847;  and  so  mentioned  also  in  Nilen'  JieijLttir,  hiu 
'21)5.  The  hombardnient,  with  500  shot  and  sliell,  it  ia  said,  inHictcd  gmi 
damage,  tliough  but  little  loss  of  life.  S.  F.  CaUf.,  ¥eh.  2,  1848;  Fiitdlfi/t 
Direct.,  i.  297. 

•*  Consul  Robinson  was  made  collector.  In  the  proclamation  to  tho  towu 
of  Oct.  '20,  Lavallette  assured  protection  to  all  citizens,  subject  only  to  ccr 
tain  niodiKcati(uis  in  tlie  civil  administration.  Report  and  correspondenii' 
in  U.  S.  dort  Doc,  cong.  30,  scss.  2,  //.  Ex.  Doc,  i.  pt  ii.  70  et  secj.  .At 
Hrst  duty  w.as  fixed  at  15  per  cent  ad  valorem.  Montgomery's  force  w:ii 
placed  at  300.  Mtx.  Arch.,  L.  Cai,  ii.  5;  Niks'  Retjiatcr,  Ixiii.  295;  Whu 
Lm  Grinijnn,  130;  niplty'i  War  Me.r.,  ii.  603-4. 

*'  Selfridge  being  wounded  during  the  first  fire,  Lieut  VV.  T.  .Smith  ki 
the  land  party,  numbering  65  men.  The  Mexicans  were  estimated  at  fuUv 
300,  and  their  loss  at  about  30.  Reports  in  (J.  S.  Omit  Doc ,  as  above,  It" 
100.  (^ampuzano  claimed,  with  106  men  under  Capt.  .furado,  to  have  drivn 
back  the  Americans;  loss,  one  killed  and  five  wounded.  Sonorewc,  Nov. '.'(). 
1847.  The  victory  was  celebrated  by  Mexicans  even  in  Lower  Cal.  Me-r 
Arch.,  LmocrCal;  Frost's  Hist.  War,  457;  Cat.  Star,  Apr.  8,  1848,  ili^vi*. 
au  entire  column  to  the  skirmish.  Polynemm,  iv.  146. 

^'' U.  S.  Omt  Doc,  as  above,  128-33.  Trade  with  Americans  was  intii 
dieted  by  decree  of  Feb.  17.  Pimtrt,  Doc.  Son.,  iv.  64-5. 

**  The  barracks  at  Bacochivampo  were  destroyed  on  Feb.  20th.  A  ili 
scent  was  also  made  on  an  outpost  12  miles  from  (luaymas.  U.  S.  Hoii  Div-. 
53-4;  hi.  cong.  .30,  sess.  2.  //.  AV.  Doc,  i,  1157-00,  1133-6, 


In; 

desiofn 

,.    ® 

oissenf 
fyureci 
tively, 
on   Jai 
Afazatl 
ity  vest 
adhesio 
Paredes 
"thor  pi 
^'tr  the  < 
rious  Co 
st'ized  tl 
pr()noun( 
eml  8yst( 
governor 
^t!ga  an( 
Romero, 
'atter  at 
^t>ga  to 
Such  (. 
Amoricar 
States    s( 
^fexican 
'•'ockade, 
a"ti  formJ 
'Oth,  CoiJ 


INTERNAL  DISCORD. 


669 


♦f  peace,  signed  in  May  1848,  causing  the  departure 
•f  tlie  hostile  squadron. 

In  Sinaloa  the  invaders  had  been  favored  in  their 
cli'signs  upon  the  rich  port  of  Mazatlan  by  intenial 
ulsscnsions.  In  1845  R.  de  la  Vega  and  F.  Facio 
fijjjured  as  governor  and  comandante-goneral,  respec- 
tively, to  the  discontent  of  a  growing  faction,*^  which 
on  January  5,  1846,  pronounced  against  them,  at 
Mazatlan,  and  declared  the  civil  and  military  author- 
ity vested  in  Lieutenant-colonel  Angel  Miramon,  with 
adlicsion  to  the  plan  of  San  Luis  lately  issued  by 
Paredes.*^  This  was  adopted  at  Culiacan  and  several 
other  places."  Paredes  chose  to  appoint  other  men 
for  the  commands,"'  but  his  own  position  being  preca- 
rious Colonel  Tellez,  en  route  to  California  with  troops, 
seized  the  opportunity  to  remain  at  Mazatlan  and 
pronounce  for  Santa  Anna,  on  May  7th  under  a  fed- 
eral system,  with  himself  as  comandante-general  and 
governor.  Both  titles  being  disputed  the  latter  by 
Vega  and  another  claimant, "  and  the  former  by  T. 
Romero,  Tellez  marched  against  them,  routed  the 
latter  at  Las  Flechas,  September  1 5th,  and  compelled 
Vega  to  seek  safety  in  flight. 

Such  demoralization  favored  the  approach  of  the 
Americans,  and  on  September  7,  1846,  the  United 
States  squadron  touched  at  Mazatlan,  captured  a 
Mexican  brig  of  war,  and  established  a  temporary 
blockade,  which  was  resumed  in  the  following  April, 
and  formally  proclaimed  in  August.  On  November 
lOtli,  Commodore  Shubrick  demanded  the  surrender 


i    >1 


'^' Vega  was  charged  with  smuggling.  Amii/o  Piirk,  Aug.  IV),  184.'),  and 
MoniJ.-CwiMU. ;  Mem,  llist.,  Feb.  10,  1840.      Facio  was  declared  iiicapahle. 

"•(See  UmL  Mew.,  v.  thia  series;    Tu'inpo,  .Ian.  2t),  184<). 

''Mem.  I  fist,  Feb.  15,  2.S,  1846. 

"^.F.  I.  (lutierrez  as  comandante,  and  Martinez  Castro  as  governor,  \»  lio 
&-^.suiiiud  control  in  March.  Id.,  Apr.  8,  1846;  (intierrez,  CoiUext.,  'J5;  i'nji. 
y>ir..  xli.  pt  19. 

'*(!.  Layja,  appointed  from  Mexico  in  Oct.  V^ega  controlling^  tlic  eloc- 
tiiiTi  at  the  capital  managed  to  declare  himself  chnson,  regarciless  of  tiie 
voto  fiitzonador,  Nov.  10,  1847.  The  legislature  sustained  him.  Pinart, 
''"L  iiu.  854. 


670 


SONORA   AND  SINAJLOA  AS  8EPARATK  STATES. 


of  the  port,  which  being  refuscxl,  h(^  landi-d  Home  six 
hundred  men  with  four  guns,  and  took  possession, 
Teilez  retirinix  to  Presidio  de  Mazatlan,  ei<>;lit  leairuos 
distant.  Sliubrick  left  throe  hundred  men  in  the 
]ilac(^,  under  the  direction  of  Ca}>tain  Lavallette,  in 
command  t)f  tlic  (.'tmf/rrss ;  authorities  were  ap[)ointcd, 
and  every  ])recaution  was  taken  to  cahn  tlie  people."* 
Meanwhile  Teilez  and  Ve!j;a  became  enyaijed  in 
rival  eH'orts  to  secure  supremacy,  Vega  sustaining 
himself  at  Culiacan  as  governor.  After  a  feeble  at- 
tempt at  resistance  on  the  part  of  Tellcz,  whose  con- 
duct disgusted  his  folh)wers,  A'ega  was  recognized  us 
governor.  While  his  forces  were  engaged  in  observu- 
tions  around  Mazatlan,  seveial  skirmishes  took  ])\m'v 
with  the  invaders,  little  loss  of  life  being  incurriid. ' 
In  March  1848,  news  of  the  cessation  of  hostilities 
arrived,  and  on  June  l7th  the  port  was  formally  iv 
stored  to  Mexico. 


While  the  war  with  the  United  States  was  goin'4 
on,  Apache  invasions  into  Sonora  caused  great  distrtss. 
More  settlements  were  destroycid,  and  even  the  sub 
urbs  of  Ihes  were  assailed,  compelling  the  abandon 
mc!nt  of  the  Tubac  i)residio.  A  war  tax  was  establislKil 
in  February  1848,  and  the  su))remc  congress  havint,' 
granted  a  portion  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  ' 
devoted  to  the  protection  of  exposed  states,  seviral 
exj)editions  were  sent  out,  with  no  more  result  tliaii 
that,  ill  the  following  years,  Indian  raids  and  outrages 
were  followed  up  with  the  same  hnpunity.  Extend*  d 
desolation  followed,  made  wide-sweeping  by  the  ini- 
[)overished  condition  of  the  national  treasury,  and  the 
drain  upon  the  population  caused  by  the  exciteimiit 
of  ijold  discoveries  in  California.     This  lured  awav 


'^Vorn'o,  Niif.,  Deo.  14,  1847.  Details  in  U.  S.  Gov.  Dor.,  cong.  ."tO,  siw 
'2,  II  Ex.  Doc.,  i.,  pt  ii. ;  Rmimfjf's  Other  Side,  428-9;  Riplcy'x  War  Mu:,  ii. 
ti04-(i;  CineinnntUH,  frnvelK,  81  'J;  Mex.  Treaties,  vii.,  pt  11;  C.-ilifonmiii,  l'V'l>- 
9.  1848. 

'">(!.  S.  Gw).  Doc.,  tU  mjh,  1105-22;  Cmreo,  Nac,  Dec.  14-15,  1847:  H'i- 
zottador,  Dec.  II,  184?;  Arco  Irk,  Dec.  24,  1847,  Jan.  28,  1848. 

"'Sonora  received  $20,000.  Jfftc.  Col,  Ley.,  1848,  468. 


MILITARY  COLONIES. 


07 1 


[)()th  citizens  and  troops,  leaving  tlic  state  in  despair, 
by  withdrawing  its  stanchest  defenders/"'  and  oven 
the  heads  of  departments."  Wages  and  pri(;cs  rose 
fast,  and  plans  were  discussed  and  tried  in  ordor  to 
arrest  the  exodus,  but  of  no  avail, — the  fever  had  to 
luii  its  course. 

As  regards  security  of  tlio  frontier  in  1H4S,  five 
military  colonies  were  assigned  for  Sonora,  to  be  located 
|)robably  at  Babispc,  Fronteras,  Santa  Cruz,  Altar, 
and  Tucson.  So  dilatory,  however,  was  the  supreme 
i^a)vernment  that  by  the  end  of  1850  only  that  of 
Fronteras  had  been  properly  planted,  Santa  Cruz 
Ixnng  in  course  of  formation,  while  the  rest  were  not 
even  located.  The  total  force  reached  only  three 
hundred  and  thirteen  men,  and  as  troo))s  were  needed 
to  oppose  the  Indians,  the  state  was  ordered  to  e«juip, 
at  federal  expense,  four  companies  of  national  mounted 
<>uards,  each  to  consist  of  fifty  men  and  four  ofticiirs." 
This  measure  also  languished,  and  the  total  force  for 
lHr)0  was  only  five  hundred  and  twenty-soven  men.^' 
The  state  endeavored  to  attract  foreigners  by  liberal 
olfcrs  of  land,  on  condition  of  being  liable  to  certain 
inUltary  duties,  but  the  national  government  overruled 
tlu!  measure  as  extravagant  and  dangerous. 


^m 


m 


i  1 


Political  factions  continued  their  strife,  and  In 
March  1848  a  plot  was  formed  to  kidnap  Governor 
(i!;indara,  and  replace  him   by   Redondo,  with  Elias 

'-It  is  catiin.'ittMl  tliat  ])etween  Oct.  1848,  wlicn  tlio  lirst  earaviin  left 
llcniioHillo,  and  Maroli  184!),  more  tlian  .'jiOOO  porHoiis  (li;])arte(l.  I!)uriii);  tho 
lirst  four  iiioutliH  of  IS.'iO,  fully  (),00()  loft,  taking  with  tliuiu  al)out  .^Tt.OOO 
in  Ixiasts  of  l)unlon.  Vclasco,  Soiiora,  '280- (M,  places  tlu;  (ixodus  liy  Man'li 
KSt!(  at  not  loss  than  4,000.  Passports  wore  recjuired  for  di,'[)artur(!,  hut 
miiiihcrs  left  without  the  douunicnt.  Poverty  prevented  a  still  greater  t:nii- 
fj;i:ilii)n.  Sur.  Mtx.  Ofoi/.,  xi.  Ill,  120;  ii.  5'.);  Pvinrf,  Dor.  Sonnni,  iv.  IIS, 
m  et  S(HJ. 

'^  A  decree  wa:s  ))assed  authuriKing  tlie  governor  to  lill  vacancies  in  niuni- 
eipal  aiul  other  otfices.    Pimirt,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.,  no.  lOOIJ. 

■'At  a  monthly  expense  of  $1,521  per  company.  Soiioirmi,  Nov.  2,  I84S>. 

'■'Of  whom  132  belonged  to  battalion,  4  of  infantry,  .50  to  the  national 
^uard,  the  rest  being  classed  as  military  colonists,  including  those  in  Lower 
I  al.  Mex.  Mem.  Ouer.,  1851,  doc.  1,  H-4,  For  remarks  on  tlie  decaying  con- 
dition of  the  presidio  and  colony  sites,  see  VdUvtro,  Son.,  104-2.1;  .S""^  M^x. 
'Inxj.,  ii.  58,  63-5;  viiL  522-7,  453-6;  Zinii;i'i,  Son.,  60-6. 


A    M 


•72 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA   AS  'EPARATE  iSTATES. 


P 


Gonzalez  as  comandante-general,  which  office  Gandara 
also  held."  As  it  was,  Redondo  received  the  vote  in 
May  for  substitute  governor,  and  Gonzalez  succeeded 
to  military  command  in  December."  In  the  autumn 
elections,  Josd  Aguilar  was  the  chosen  candidate,  and 
assumed  the  governorship  in  April  1849,  Juan  Bau- 
tista,  a  brother  of  Gdndara,  ruling  ad  interhn."" 
Aguilar  found  his  position  so  far  from  enviable  that 
he  tendered  his  resiijnation  on  more  than  one  occasion, 
and  was  allowed  to  retire  in  October  1851,  on  leave  of 
absence.'" 

In  January  1851  a  new  comandante-general  arrived, 
the  brave  and  energetic  Colonel  J.  M.  Carrasco.  Un- 
fortunately, within  six  months  he  was  carried  ^fF  by 
cholera,**  and  his  successor.  General  Blanco,  failed  to 
meet  the  expectations  formed.  There  was  particular 
need  at  this  time  for  a  firm  military  commandc  r. 
Wide-spread  alarm  had  been  created  by  rumors  of 
filibustering  preparations  in  California,  directed  against 
the  rich  and  forsaken  northwest,  notably  under  Gen- 
eral Morehead,  who,  however,  failed  to  obtain  suffi- 
cient support." 

'•He  had  accepted  it  Feb.  25,  1848.  Campnzano  filled  it  until  1847. 
Moreno,  pref. ;  Sonorense,  Mar.  3,  22,  May  24,  June  4,  Aug.  16,  1848. 

"  Pivart,  Doc.  Sonora,  iv.  72,  99.  Gdndara  threatened  to  press  a  claim  of 
$400,000  for  advances  and  losses  during  the  war  of  invasion,  wliich  induced 
the  government  to  recall  an  order  for  Gen.  Urrea  to  interfere.  Several 
strong  protests  were  issued  by  Gdndara,  who  was  in  fear  of  his  powerful 
rival  commanding  at  Durango.  Cremony's  Apaches,  39-40;  Sonorense,  Oct.  13, 
20,  Nov.  3,  1848.     Urrea  died  Aug.  1,  'l849.  Pinart,  Doc.  Sonora,  iv.  1,')9. 

"*  Aguilar  resigned  in  Oct.  1851,  the  ad  interim  governor  being  M.  M. 
Gaxiola.  When  the  federal  system  was  overthrown,  in  1853,  Aguilar  retired 
from  politics.  Aifuilar,  Vindic,  4. 

'•Floods  in  Oct.  1848  had  added  to  the  distress.  The  governor's  message 
•f  March  1851  was  more  hopeful.  Sonoreruie,  Nov.  17,  1848;  Pinart,  Doc.  Sonora, 
iv.  297-8. 

**  On  July  21st,  at  Cochori.  His  death  was  a  calamity,  Voz  Pueblo,  July 
.30,  185J,  attributed  by  certain  anti-Gdndarists  to  poisoning.  Carrasco's 
condemnation  of  previous  methods  had  roused  Gdndara  and  others  against 
him.  HaWa  Son.,  MS.,  67;  Mcx.  Mem.  Guer.,  1852,  45.  J.  M.  Flores  snc- 
cocded  him  temporarily. 

"•Morehead  went  to  Mazatlan  about  the  middle  of  1851  in  the  Jonepfiine, 
knt  did  nothing.  Mex,  Mem.  Over.,  1852;  Ii\form.  Comis.  Penquis.,  8. 


I 


iipi 


',-m 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

FILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 
1852-1854. 

Raoosset  de  Boulbon's  Early  Career— His  Schemes — Pindray's  Fron- 
tier Colony — Raodsset's  Grant — Arrival  in  Sonora — Hostility  of 
Officials— Capto  RE  of  Hermosillo — Raousset  Atfacked  with 
Fever — Retires  to  Guaymas — The  Adventcrer-s  Capitulate — New 
Schemes  of  the  Frenchman — The  CompaSia  Restauradora — Raous- 
set Goes  to  Mexico— A  Second  Expedition  Planned — The  Return 
to  Sonora — Raousset  Duped  by  YaUez — The  Mexican  Barracks  at 
Guaymas— Plan,  of  Attack — Assault  of  the  Filibusters — Their 
Defeat — Disposal  of  the  Prisoners — Execution  op  Raousset — His 
Character. 

Sonora  at  leagth  received  the  aid  in  troops  and 
arms,  which  had  been  refused  for  defence  against 
more  savage  foes. '  These  measures  proved  opportune, 
for  a  really  formidable  expedition  was  fitting  out  at 
the  time  in  California.  For  three  years  adventurers 
had  been  drifting  into  San  Francisco  from  every  zone, 
lured  by  gold.  Finding  near  realities  below  their  ex- 
alted expectations,  they  strained  their  eyes  for  pros- 
pects rendered  more  glittering  by  distance  and 
vagueness.  Stories  of  the  precious  mountains  of 
Sonora,  the  gold  nuggets  of  the  Gila,  and  the  silver 
bullets  of  the  Apaches,  so  current  on  the  Mexican 
border,  found  ready  acceptance  among  this  class  of 
fortune-hunters,  who  dreamed  only  of  sudden  and 
easy  acquisitions. 

'  Blanco  brought  in  March  1852  suflScient  resources  to  place  1,500  men 
under  arnn.  Tanori  anrl  other  friendly  Indian  cliiefs  received  honors  to  en- 
^iiro  their  loyalty.  Pimrt.  Doc.  Son.,  v.  2,  10-17  Foreigners  were  now 
jilaecil  under  greater  restrictions,  and  their  status  duly  deKned.  Those  neg- 
lecting passports  were  to  be  heavily  fined.  Nacional,  Oct.  21,  1853. 

Hist.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    43  (673) 


'?&.. 


m 
M  -II 

1 1 


'■'     ':i 


874        FILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 

Prominent  among  them  was  a  French  count,  Gas- 
ton Raoulx  de  Raoussct-Boulbon,  of  an  ancient  l)ufc 
decayed  Provence  family.'  Imbibed  traditions  and 
manners  had  stamped  him  as  a  child  with  a  hauglity 
determination  that  procured  for  him  the  api)ellati()n 
Little  Wolf;  yet  a  natural  generosity  assisted  his 
Jesuit  teachers  of  Fribourg  to  subordinate  tlicse 
traits  to  lofty  sentiment  and  regard  for  dignity.  ]{e- 
pelled  by  the  frigidity  of  an  unsympathetic  father, 
he  hastened,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  to  Paris,  t(»  yield 
to  the  giddy  whirl.  Talented  and  handsome,  he  was 
well  received  in  society.  To  a  graceful  figure  of 
barely  medium  height  was  added  an  oval  face  of 
strongly  marked  features,  frank  in  expression,  and 
well  set  off  by  an  incipient  mustache  and  imperial  of 
blonde  hue.  The  dreamy  eyes  fired  upon  slight 
provocation.  He  was  a  dashing  horseman  and  a  good 
fencer ;  skillful  with  the  sword  and  rifle  as  with  the 
pen  and  pencil,  and  shone  equally  in  song  and  conver- 
sation.* 

With  the  decrease  of  a  maternal  le<xacv  caine  sober 
reflections  on  dissipation  and  idleness.  Constrained 
in  the  artificial  and  sordid  atmosphere  of  the  social 
capital,  his  ambitious  spirit  began  to  sigh  for  some 
famous  field  of  action.  He  proceeded  to  Algiers, 
there  to  mingle  somewhat  visionary  colonist  under- 
takings* with  eccentric  hunting  excursions  and  mili- 
itary  expeditions,  latterly  in  the  company  of  Due  d' 
Aumale.  The  revolution  of  1848  assisted  to  crush 
his  projects,  while  involving  the  inheritance  from  his 
father,  yet  he  welcomed  the  movement,  freed  as  he 
was  by  this  time  from  implanted  royalism  and  re- 
ligion.    His  appeal  for  the  popular  suffrage  of  his 

■^Bom  at  Avignon  Dec.  2,  1817.     His  mother  was  des'^encied  from  Beam. 

*'Jo  Buis  ne  trop  tot  ou  troptard/he  often  exclainied  bitterly,  wlieu 
roused  from  his  dreams.  Lachapclle,  Le.  Conite  de  Ramtsnet-Boulbon,  3.  '  On  etait 
seduit  par  Ic  charme  de  sa  parole,  par  aon  regard  imposant,  par  I'elegance  de 
868  manicrcs.  Fosaey,  Mex.,  188.  He  sketches  his  own  life  and  feelings  to 
some  extent  in  Una  Conversion,  3-7  et  seq.,  a  novel  printed  at  Mexico  in 
1854,  full  of  vapid  pride  and  crude  paragraphs. 

*  As  indicated  by  a  pamphlet  issued  by  nim  from  there. 


i  i  m 


COUNT  RAOUSSET  DE  BOULBON. 


675 


1  Beam. 
wUeu 

)ueteit 

lance  de 

^iiigs  to 

sxioo  in 


native  place  failed,  however ;  the  journal  he  founded 
was  not  successful/  Disappointed  and  ruined,  he 
wished  to  leave  France.  The  reigning  gold  excite- 
iiiont  directed  his  attention  to  California,  and  thither 
he  hastened  early  in  1850  by  way  of  Panama.  Pen- 
niless, he  engaged  successively  as  hunter,  lighterman, 
cattle-dealer,  and  miner,  without  achieving  more  than 
subsistence.  This  by  no  means  accorded  with  his  as- 
pirations. He  still  nourished  chivalric  fancies,  and 
sought  for  some  coup  d'  etat  by  which  to  retrieve  his 
fortune.' 

The  voyage  to  El  Dorado  had  afforded  him  a 
glimpse  at  Mexico,  associated  in  his  mind  with  the 
romantic  achievements  of  Cortes  and  the  glitter  of 
a  semi-barbaric  court,  now  the  scene  of  party  strife 
and  the  rise  and  fall  of  leaders,  and  seemingly  drift- 
ing into  absorption  by  a  strong  neighbor.  On  the 
other  hand,  he  saw  in  California  a  large  French  influx, 
which,  finding  no  congenial  reception  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  element,  began  to  turn  toward  the  sympathetic 
Spanish  races  of  the  south,  and  embrace  with  partic- 
ular fervor  the  gilded  stories  of  the  Mexican  frontier. 

A  year  before  Raousset's  arrival  another  scion  of 
decayed  French  nobility  had  reached  the  coast  in  the 
person  of  Charles  de  Pindray,'  a  sort  of  Apollo-like 
Hercules,"  with  pronounced  features  and  a  singularly 
fascinating  glance,  flashing  and  penetrating,  renowned 
as  one  of  the  most  cool  and  daring  hunters  that  sup- 
]»lied  San  Francisco's  markets.  His  vocation  becom- 
injjf  unprofitable  with  increasing  competition,  he  readily 
fell  into  the  tempting  project  for  a  gold-hunting  col- 
ony in  Sonora'  strong  enough  to  resist  the  Apaches 

^  f^'i  LilierU  proved  loo  radical  in  spirit  and  'lierte  de  langage."  Madel/im', 
If  Cniiite  Raoussct-Bondhon,  46-7. 

" ' .)  'ai  resolu  de  cherclier  une  de  ces  grandes  aventurea  qui  conduisent  au 
i-ucci'.s  ou  h.  la  mort,'  he  writes  to  a  friend.  Larhapelle,  88. 

'A  marquis  of  Poitou,  fiL,  54,  60,  aged  35;  others  call  hiin  le  cointe, 
aud  allude  to  him  as  leaving  France  fur  duelling  and  ether  less  scrupulous 
doings. 

"Comme  celui  du  Giaour  ou  de  I'Esprit  rebelle  de  Milton.'  Vigmaux, 
ifM.,  176. 

*  Saint- Amant,  Voy.  C'al,  11. S,  consular  agent  at  Sacramento,  wrote  to 
Franco  about  this  prospect  in  1851. 


.'  % 


!&:;■:    ?l 


i];i 


'1 


i  i 


676 


PILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


while  sustaining  itself  and  prospecting  for  metal.  His 
influence  gave  form  to  the  idea,  and  in  November 
1851  he  left  with  four-score  companions  for  Guaymas." 
Others  followed,  and  with  nearly  150  men  a  colony 
was  established  at  the  deserted  mission  in  Cocospoia 
valley.  The  government  failed  to  keep  the  promises 
made  in  consideration  of  the  services  to  be  derived 
from  so  valuable  a  frontier  bulwark,  a  neglect  that 
must  have  been  expected  from  its  lack  of  means  jind 
the  disturbed  condition  of  affairs.  The  consequent 
privation  and  disai)pointment  led  to  desertion."  One 
daj'  Pindray  was  found  shot  in  his  room,  by  his  own 
hand,  it  was  declared,  although  friends  insisted  tliat 
he  must  have  been  assassinated.*^ 

Pindray 's  activity  had  given  impulse  to  the  move- 
ments of  Raousset,  who  seems  to  have  been  some- 
what jealous  of  his  rival's  superior  influence  and 
reputation.  Consul  Dillon  of  San  Francisco  had  ven- 
tilated the  colonization  schemes  in  letters  to  the 
French  mhiister  at  Mexico,  and  learnt  of  similar  pro- 
jects there.  At  his  advice  Raousset  proceeded  to 
that  capital,  and  aided  in  the  formation  of  the 
Compania  Restauradora,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
bankers  Jecker  de  la  Torre  and  Company,  the  French 
minister,  and  several  prominent  Mexicans."  The 
govermnent  conceded  the  land  mines,  and  placers  to 
be  occupied;  and  Raousset  bound  himself  to  bring  at 
least  150  Frenchmen,  fully  armed,  with  which  to  dis- 
cover and  hold  possession  of  promising  tracts,  and  to 

'■'  In  the  Cumlicrlitnd,  bearing  88  men,  each  of  whom  subscribed  $4().ii0, 
III.,  115-17.  S.  F.  Jlirabl,  May2(},  1852,  a,nA  Sonorense,  Feb.  4,  1853,  ilifltr 
as  to  the  nuniljcr.     K.  Par.  Rev.  i.  18. 

"  Sonoraus  subscribed  more  than  $1,100  for  them.  They  captured  horses 
from  the  Apaches  and  received  provisions,  implements  and  beasts.  !i'ii"'- 
reme.  May  14,  185'i;  Feb.  4,  1853.  A  writer  in  Alhi  Cal.,  Aug.  1(5,  Oct.  o, 
1852,  denotmces  them  as  an  idle  ungrateful  set. 

^''  Lachapelle  believes  by  the  hand  of  one  of  the  many  men  hurt  hy  his 
liaughty  rudeness.  Vieneaux,  Mer.,  186,  thinks  by  officials  who  Iteoaine 
alarmed  at  their  lack  of  faith  with  such  a  man.  Impelled  by  fever  and  ili'-- 
pair,  says /S'ain<  Amnvt,  Voy.,  118-19.  'Un  mystere.'  Madeline,  90.  This 
occurred  within  a  few  months  after  arrival. 

"Including  President  Arista  and  Governors  Aguilar  and  Culiillas  f! 
Sonora,  according  to  Vigneaux,  who  accords  the  actual  formation  of  the 
company  to  Raousset,  with  Jecker  &  Co.,  for  nominal  heads. 


THE  EXPEDITION  AT  GUAYMAS. 


677 


protect  them  against  ApachcH,  so  as  to  permit  the  un- 
folding of  agricultural  and  mining  enterprises,  in 
consideration  of  receiving  half  of  all  the  lands,  mines, 
and  [)lacers." 

Assured  by  contracts,  anci  provided  with  funds'* 
aiul  letters  to  Sonoran  ofHcials,  Raousset  quickly  gath- 
ered a  company  at  San  Francisco  of  over  260  men,'* 
and  reached  Guaymas  in  the  Archihahl  Grade  on  June 
1,  1852,  The  people  accorded  an  enthusiastic  recep- 
tion, but  the  officials  classed  the  party  as  rivals  and 
intruders  about  to  encroach  upon  their  privileges  and 
lower  their  prestige  as  military  and  civil  guardians. 
One  cause  for  the  change  lay  in  the  machinations  of 
another  company,  founded  under  the  auspices  of  the 
rich  firm.  Baron,  Forbes,  and  Company,  which  had 
won  over  with  shares  the  leading  men  of  the  state, 
including  several  of  the  shareholders  of  the  Compania 
Rcstauradora "  and  General  Blanco,  military  chief, 
and  sought  to  delay,  if  not  break  up,  its  rival.  After 
inanv  protestations  of  lovaltv,  and  having  assurances 
from  Mexico,  the  party  was  allowed  to  advance  from 
Guaymas,  and  disregarding  the  order  for  marching 

'*  According  to  the  MS.  statutes  of  the  Compagiiie  de  Sonore  formed  by 
Raousset  for  this  purpose,  at  .S.  F.  Of  this  company  he  declared  liimself 
siilc  founder  and  chief,  assisted  by  a  council  of  officers  partly  chosen  by 
hiiiistlf.  It  Wius  to  exist  till  Jan.  1,  1850.  The  discovery  tour  ended 
till'  company.  '  The  company  shall  select  the  point  for  settlement.  The 
iiiomhers  need  not  work;  this  will  be  done  by  Mexicans,  who  pay  them  a 
sli:uc  of  the  yield  in  return  for  protection.  This  sum.  as  well  as  profits 
from  the  trading  monopoly,  will  be  divided  monthly,  each  mendier  receiv- 
ing one  share;  squad  chiefs,  two  parts;  section  chiefs,  three  parts;  and 
Raousset  such  proportion  as  may  be  fixed  liy  the  company.'  Equal  shares 
wtro  sul)sequently  agreed  upon.  Promotion  according  to  merit.  A  list  of 
int'iiibers  follows,  up  to  271;  then  names  of  officers.  Ej-twd.  Son.  Archives, 
MS.,  1-17. 

'The  Restauradora  Co.  placed  §•''5,000  at  the  disposal  of  their  agent,  for 
•supplies,  etc.,  with  .?'25,000  more  in  prospect.   Universal,  July  15,  1S52. 

"'Out  of  twice  that  number,  Americans  lieing  as  a  rule  rejected  out  of 
consideration  for  Mexican  jealousy.  The  men  had  mostly  served  as  soldiers 
or  sailors.  Both  French  and  Mexican  consuls  had  to  interfere  to  pass  the 
armament  at  S.  F.,  the  officials  there  objecting  at  first. 

''  Wairen's  Dust  and  Foam,  204.  Hall,  Son.,  MS.,  96,  assumes  prior  for- 
mation to  the  former.  Even  Arista  was  bought,  says  Vigneaux,  Mex.,  190-1 . 
The  contract  with  Raousset  was  declared  illegal.  Pinart,  Doc.  Son.,  v.  67-9, 
and  the  land  in  litigation.  Correspondence  with  officials  and  comments.  Id., 
til  ct  seq.;  Sonorense,  Sept,  24,  Oct.  1,  8,  1852;  Alta  Cal.,  Nov.  22,  1852; 
Mwleltitie,  115  fct  seq. 


i*  (I 


'ft 


'bli 


■!»■     ia 


■t       i  w.i:     :■  '  ' 


678        FILIBUSTER  1N(S   INVASIONS   FROM   CALIKOKNFA. 

througli  Arispe,  the  inilitiiry  licuilijuarttirs,  tlicy 
liastciiod  oil  from  Horinoaillo  to  Sa. '",  tlic;  ox-inissi<(ii 
on  Kio  del  Altar,  designated  as  a  base  for  o^ieratioiiH.'" 

The  onraijod  Blanco  now  aont  an  ultimatum,  re(|iiir. 
in<if  the  Fivncli  to  take  tlu^  oath  of  alit^giaiicc  to 
Mexico,  and  place  themselves  at  his  orders,  retain inj^f 
Kaousset  for  cai)tain,  or  reduce  their  party  to  fifty 
men,  attended  by  a  Mexican  officer;  otlierwisc  to 
apply  for  cartas  de  seguridad  as  foreign  residents,  uiid 
thereby  renounce  all  right  to  take  possession  of  luiids 
or  mines.  To  renounce  French  nationality  and  he- 
come  Mexican  soldiers  was  generally  objected  to;  to 
reduce  the  force  would  be  suicidal,  and  to  abandon 
the  aim  of  the  expedititm  was  out  of  the  question. 
The  terms  were  accordingly  rejected,  on  the  ground 
that  the  contracts  had  been  made  under  official  aus- 
pices at  Mexico,  without  any  demand  for  such  condi- 
tions or  restrictions.  They  had  undertaken  a  C(»stly 
enterprise,  relying  on  the  good  faith  of  the  Mexican 
government,  and  would  not  at  tliis  stage  be  inijioscd 
upon.  They  would  appeal  to  the  people."  Blanco 
threatened  to  hold  them  as  pirates,  and  sought  to 
undermine  Raousset's  influence.  This  roused  the 
latter  to  action.  He  made  a  tour  through  the  dis- 
tricts  adjoining  Saric,  which  were  embittered  by  the 
neglect  of  the  authorities  to  protect  them  against  the 
Apaches,  and  obtaining  promise  of  their  support,  lie 
sent  agents  to  San  Fraru  ifjjo  and  Mazatlan  for  reun- 
forcements  and  stores. 

This  effected,  he  started  southward  with  250  men, 
ragged  and  half  shod,  and  iour  pieces  of  artillery, 
including   the   remnant  of  Pindray's  colony."     He 

•'  And  where  supplies  ha,A  been  collected.  They  arrived  liere  early  in 
August,  a  delay  which  had  already  created  discontent  and  called  for  tirm 
action  by  Raousset. 

•"Jene  dcinaiide  plus  qu'au  bon  sens  public  un  appui,' etc.  Letters  in 
Lachapelle,  116. 

''*  Under  Lachapelle,  brother  of  the  author  quoted  above.  This  addition 
estimated  at  from  40  to  70  men,  barely  covered  the  loss  by  desertion  and 
death.     The  infantry,  8  sections  of  23  men  each,  stood  under  FayoUe;  the 


kept 

tant  1 

habit; 

fi'r  ju 

prochi 

tlie  fi 

vited. 

.;it  Mn 

in  the 

iiimsel 

sand   I 

niissioi 

arrang( 

Jvply  V 

"lornini 

<'i.sive  t< 

inosillo, 

it,  if  opj 

Jiim  gav 

Ho  pi 

'»f  men, 

assault. 

lean  tow 

protrudi 

with  app 

'•wing  to 


g 


'>u]Iets 
officers 
listed  bj 
t^'tiy  qui( 
to  clear  i 
cover  th 
plaza 


I 


ga 


tainin^ 
rankc."   i 

irtillerists,  26 
MmletHne,  1 73 
greatly. 

"  Pinart,  1 
"upport  Soaor 


(JAI'TUUK  OF  HKllMOSILLO. 


079 


kt;pt  his  routo  Hocret,  in  order  to  surprise  the  impor- 
tant town  <-f  Ht'vniosillo,  witli  over  ten  thousand  in- 
liabitants,  i  A  with  tiiis  advantaj^e  to  dictate  demands 
for  justice,  lis  lie  dechired  to  some,  though  really  to 
|iroelaini  the  independence  of  Sonora,  sustained  by 
the  frontier  allies,  and  by  the  immigration  to  be  in- 
vited. A  lovo  att'air  induced  him  to  jjrolong  his  halt 
at  Mag(hil(!na,  and  enabled  ]^lanco  to  anticipate  him 
in  the  occui)ati(Mi  of  Ifermosillo;  so  that  on  [)resenting 
himself  here,  October  14th,  he  found  fully  one  thou- 
sand men  prepared  to  defend  tlie  place."  A  com- 
iiiissioii  from  the  prefect  came  forth  to  propose  an 
arranLrement,  evidentlv  to  detain  him.  }iaousset'3 
icply  was  to  draw  his  watch — it  was  eight  in  the 
morning.  "Tell  the  prefect,"  he  said,  in  a  sharj),  de- 
cisive tone,  **  that  within  two  hours  I  shall  enter  Her- 
inosillo,  and  by  eleven  I  shall  make  myself  master  of 
it,  if  oppi.aition  is  shown."  A  deafening  cheer  behind 
him  gave  endorsement  to  his  words. 

He  placed  his  train  within  a  building,  under  a  score 
of  men,  made  his  dispositions,  and  advanced  to  the 
assault.  The  objective  line  presented  the  usual  Mex- 
ican town  front  of  one-story  adobe  walls,  with  muskets 
protruding  from  windows  and  over  roof  parapets,  and 
with  approaches  barricaded,  though  not  very  strongly, 
owing  to  the  promi)tness  of  the  attack.  A  shower  of 
i)ullets  greeted  the  foremost  body,  but  urged  by  their 
officers  they  pushed  forward,  now  at  a  run,  and  as- 
sisted by  a  ladder  carelessly  left  against  a  dwelling, 
they  quickly  carried  it.  The  guns  were  brought  up 
to  clear  the  streets  with  grape-shot,  and  under  their 
cover  the  French  followed  the  retreating  troops  to  the 
plaza.  Here  the  militia  distinguished  itself  by  main- 
taining a  firm  stand  until  guns  arrived  to  sweep  its 
rankc.     After  this  it  was  mere  flight,  led  by  Blanco 

artillerists,  26  in  number,  were  chiefly  sailors;  Lenoir  led  the  42  horsemen. 
Miuleli!ne,  173-4.  Fossey  adds  a  few  to  the  total;  Vigneaux  reduces  it 
greatly. 

''  Pinart,  Doc.  Son.,  v.,  no.  1,107.     The  supreme  authority  took  steps  to 
support  Sonora.  Mex,,  Arddvo,  i.  145-6,  150;  Warren's  Du^  and  Foam,  205. 


m  i 


880         FILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS   FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


B      X. 


himself,  and  followed  by  the  execration  of  the  entire 
country.  Raousset  had  kept  his  word;  within  the 
hour  he  held  undisputed  possession,  but  at  a  cost  of 
17  killed  and  25  wounded,  the  former  embracing  six 
of  the  leading  officers.  The  Mexican  loss  was  placed 
as  high  as  two  hundred  killed  and  wounded,  three 
guns,  a  banner,  a  mass  of  war  stores,  and  numerous 
prisoners/'" 

The  victory  proved  sterile.  The  supposed  allies 
failed  to  second  the  movement,  as  agreed  upon,  and 
Gdndara  and  other  prominent  Sonorans  turned  a  deaf 
ear  to  the  invitation  to  join  Raousset  in  plans  for  fol- 
lowing up  the  advantage  in  behalf  of  the  state.  The 
intentions  of  the  strangers  were  suspected,  and  few 
dared  to  face  the  cry  against  them  of  aiming  at  foreign 
annexation.  This  sufficed  to  rally  national  defenders, 
with  the  assurance  of  speedy  aid  from  Sinaloa  and 
other  states.'''  At  this  critical  moment,  moreover, 
the  count  was  stricken  down  with  a  long  threatening 
climatic  fever,  and  despondency  and  discord  pervaded 
tlic  camp.  The  only  prospect  centred  now  in  the  r( - 
enforcements  to  come  from  California;  and  as  it  a]i- 
peared  liazardous  to  remain  in  the  interior,  cut  off 
from  supi)lies  by  tlie  gatliering  nationalists,  it  was 
decided  to  occupy  Guaynjas,  whence  comDmnication 
could  be  had  with  any  point.  The  march  from  Ht  r- 
mosillo  was  seriously  harassed."  On  nearing  Guav- 
mas,  the  prostrated  Raousset  accepted  an  armistici', 
and  allowed  himself  to  be  carried  into  Guaymas  ti)r 
treatment.  N(^  satisfactorv  news  beintj  obtained  from 
the  chief,  his  demoralized  followers  entered  into  ne^o- 

'"  Blanco  reduces  the  loss  to  a  mere  tri Ho.  Univer/nd,  "Sov.  17,  ISM.  Hall, 
Sn)>.,  MS.,  97-8,  has  :W  killed.  Hivero.  ///V.  Jnl.,  iv.  317-18,  !^\)vnU  nt 
plundering,  and  so  f i iierefla.  French  writers  deny  this.  Larhnpidli' .  I-") 
<  'ourt-inartial  with  severe  penalties  was  invoked  upon  Blanco.  See  L-T'ifml, 
Nov.  17,  'JO,  18.')2;  Voz,  Ptiehln,  Nov.  '24.  18.52;  Snmrcn.'o;  Dec.  24,  18.-.2:  ImIi. 
11,  18r)3;  Alki  Cnl,  Dec.  7.  18.52;  S.  F.  HemU,  hi; Echo  Pad/.;  Ifnyrx' S--r"p<. 
Ind.,  i.  20.3. 

'^^For  defence  movements,  seo  Uiihvrsnl,  Nov.  26,  Dec.  3,  18.52;  £<j)")7'»/, 
iit.;  Pinarf.,  Doc.  Sou.,  v.  105-10,  129.  War  vesi?el8  were  to  conic  frmn 
Maziitlan;  Guaymas  was  to  l)e  fortified. 

'"  At  Arispe  the  Mexicans  claimed  a  victory  over  the  rear,  with  a  loss  to 
it  of  six  killed  and  four  captured.    Uiiiveivol,  Dec.  3,  1S,52. 


the  entire 
ithin  the 
,  a  cost  of 
racing  six 
vas  placed 
led,  three 
numerous 

osed  aUies 
upon,  and 
rued  a  deaf 
ans  for  fol- 
itate.     The 
;d,  and  few 
g  at  foreign 
1  defenders, 
3inaloa  and 
,  moreover, 
threatening^' 
,rd  pervaded 
w  in  tlie  re- 
nd as  it  ai>-^ 
rior,  cut  otf 
Usts,  it  Nvas 
nniunicatlou 
from  Hi-i-- 
,ring  Guuy- 
,n  armist'uv, 
^uaymas  t'<>i' 
itained  frein 
Id  into  nege- 

..  17,  185'.'.  Hall, 
Il7-18,   spi-ak^^  'j' 

CO.  See  fc.--jv'i"'i'. 
fc.  24,  18.V2;  V''' 
if.;  Ifayen'Sn'ir'' 

1 3,  1852;  E--T"'>"'^- 
Ire  to  coiiic  ir»in 


POLITICAL  ASPECT. 


681 


lar.  with  a  lo>=' 


t.i 


tiations  with  Blanco,  acknowledged  their  error,  and 
consented  to  surrender  their  arms  in  return  for  an  in- 
demnity of  $11,000.  Most  of  them  thereupon  de- 
parted." The  comandante-general  made  so  effective 
a  flourish  at  Mexico  with  this  success  that,  although 
soon  replaced  in  command,  he  maintained  both  his 
rank  and  influence." 

Blanco's  recall  was  hastened  by  the  overthrow  of 
xVrista's  administration,  by  the  allied  Santannists  and 
olmrch  party,  which  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  dic- 
tatorship under  Santa  Anna,  with  centralist  tendencies. 
Like  the  other  states,  Sonora  was  once  more  lowered 
to  the  grade  of  a  subordinate  department ;"  the  leg- 
islature, frequently  inharmonious  and  inefficient,  was 
replaced  by  a  council,'*  and  the  elected  governor, 
^l.  M.  Gdndara,"  after  temporary  suspension,  was  in 
^lay  1853  confirmed  as  an  appointee  from  Mexico," 
and  honored  with  the  order  of  Guadalupe,  for  which 
he  showed  his  gratitude  by  advocating  the  prolonga- 
tion of  Santa  Anna's  absolute  power.  The  dictator's 
fancy  veered,  however,  and  in  the  following  year 
Yanez  entered  as  governor,  Gdndara  being  relegated 
to  the  rank  of  second.*'  This  ctairse  was  suggested 
partly  by  tiie  spreading  revolution  of  Alvan;/  in 
(lucrrero  and  the  prosi)ect  of  filil)uster  invasions, 
which  required  the  present)  of  a  firmer  and  more  reli- 
al)le  military  commander  than  the  variable  and  influ- 
ential Sonoran''. 

'Tlie  capitulation,  so  ealleil,  was  arraugeil  on  Nov.  4tli.  The  imleinnity 
w<H  iiiiiinlv  pressed  from  tlie  friglitened  inhabitants  of  the  port.  .Soiioyii.-it', 
N.H-.  !•_>,  19,  Due    10.  18.V2. 

*  Figuring  in  Oct.  1S.").'{  as  ])re.'.i(lent  of  the  council  of  generals  for  the 
puiisioii  depar'  L      t.  \iii'ii>iiiil,  Dee.  !t,  18.");i. 

-"Divided  i.i;,o  ciglit  districts,  the  Yacjui  and  ^^■lyo  pueblos  heing  suh- 
jeotcd  to  Ouaynias  and  Xhunos.  Xnciomil,  Dec.  16,  2M,  18i).'<.  A  nii,tli  dis- 
trict was  added  in  I8."i4, 

''"Names,  etc.,  in  Phinrt,  Dor.  So)i.,  v.  172. 

'Chosen  Dec.  18."i2  with  deputies;  names  in  /«/.,  134-5,  14G,  l.'V)  1,  15. 
Til.'  governor  ad  int.  was  M.  Paredea  Gandara  took  possession  oii  Fc'i.  1, 
IS")!!.  Oi'iiii/dra,  Maiiif'.,  17. 

^^(."ubillas  was  in  April  selected  to  replace  him. 

"  V?  inz  took  possession  April  20th. 

■  f'^  proin]itly  procured  a  formal  disavowal  of  Alvarez'  me.cnic.it  in 
fav.i,  of  his  patron.   Piii'tii.  Dnf.  Sou.,  v.  22S-31. 


H 

a 

S  J( 

H 

'^i 

P 

',1 

m 

M\ 

p 


i 


m 


■^'■•il 

'fii 

'  '^Mn 

i^^HH 

:''l  ^BEI 

082         FILIHUSTRRINCi  INVASIONS  FRO^'    CALIFORNIA. 

Walker  had  already  started  upon  his  expedition  to 
Lower  California  en  route  for  Sonora,  and  exoitcniciit 
here  was  wrought  to  a  high  pitch.  So  many  well-to- 
tlo  citizens  hastened  away  to  escape  the  storm  that 
restrictive  measures  were  issued."  Every  vessel 
arriving  was  regarded  witli  a  suspicion  and  fear,  tiiat 
led  to  more  than  one  infringement  of  international  law, 
with  consequent  reclamations."  The  United  States 
consul  found  it  i)rudent  to  leave.*'^  Everywlurc 
along  the  coast  and  frontier  prei)aratiotis  were  pushed 
for  defence,  with  assistance  from  the  government 
toward  organizing  the  national  guard  and  friendly 
Indians  as  defensores.^" 

The  name  of  Kaousset  de  Boulbon  was  coupled 
with  nearly  every  rumor  of  aggression,  partly  us 
associate  of  Walker;  but  this  connection  he  objected 
to,  and  had  indeed  declined.  He  had  aims  for  Iiis 
own  aggrandizement,  which  were  hostile  to  the  United 
States  and  depended  on  the  good  will  of  the  Sonorans, 
who,  like  his  own  French  supporters,  disliked  Ameri- 
cans." After  his  recovery  in  Jalisco  from  the  Sono- 
ran  fever,  he  \vent  back  to  San  Francisco,  there  to 
receive  the  Battering  consideration  evoked  by  the 
achievement  at  Hern)osillo,  and  to  resume  his  plans 
for  the  apparently  easy  occupation  of  Sonora.  A 
landing  once  effected  with  the  aid  of  the   numbers 

•■"Passports  were  enforced;  servants  liad  to  be  returned,  and  fun<l.s  ilo- 
posited  for  maintaining  a  private  soldier. 

^*  In  Nov.  1853  tha  (}irolin4;  an<l  in  Fob.  1854  tlie  bark  /{.  Adninn  win' 
boarded;  also  the  Tn/p/ieiilit,  with  some  (rermans  on  board;  and  in  Marcli  the 
two  score  of  passengers  by  the  I'i'fritii  from  S.  F.  were  arrested  and  taUiii 
to  Mazatlan  as  aec(tniplices  of  Walker,  but  had  to  bo  released  in  May. 
Several  obtained  heavy  damages.  Alfji  Ctt!.,  March  'M,  April  1,  May  '25,  cti'., 
1854,  Suf.  Union,  July  10,  1871.  The  interference  of  the  British  war  vessel 
Dido  raised  additional  trouli'e  Yaflvz,  I)<j'cw<',  ;{l-40;  Nacioiud,  May  '-'0, 
1854.  Rivera's  version,  llixt.  Jol.,  iv.  5()7-8,  differs  some-  -hat. 

"J.  A.  Robinson  was  driven  to  Mazatlan.  Alhi  Cat.,  Jan.  3,  April  1, 
1854.     li.  Roman  succeeded  him. 

'"Of  whom  over  700  stood  armed  before  the  end  of  1853.  Riwra,  H'ct. 
Jol.,  iv.  451.  In  Nov.  the  garrison  of  CUiaymas  was  estimated  at  800.  Kur 
orders,  rumors,  and  measures  see  Ndcional  and  Sonoremc,  May,  June.  Oct., 
Dec,  185.3. 

''  While  Walker  intended  a  repetition  of  the  Texan  farce,  Raousant  opei'y 
proclaimed  'quil,  voulait  foire  venore  deniocratique  et  nationale.'  Vi'jniiW.j.. 
Max.,  207,  212. 


FURTHER  MOVEMENTS. 

that  had  offered  themselves  at  the  first  news  of  his 
\  ictory,  means  iimst  flow  from  the  Guaynias  custom- 
liouso  and  auxiliaries  from  the  liberated  state,  ready 
tor  wider  movements/"  The  projectors  of  the  Com- 
pania  Kestauradora  were  willing  to  avail  themselves 
of  services  such  as  he  could  render,  and  Levasseur, 
the  French  minister  at  Mexico,  had  undoubtedly 
])olitical  reasons  for  an  enter[)rise  that  migjit,  if  suc- 
i' 'wsful,  lead  to  great  ends,  with  fame  for  himself 

The  strength  of  the  federalists  servetl  to  magnify 
t  Santa  Anna  the  danger  to  be  apprehended  from 
\o  young  Frenchman,  and  when  Levasseur  sounded 
iiim  as  to  compensation  or  a  renewal  of  the  Sonoran 
mining  scheme,  he  was  urged  to  invite  his  protege  to 
^[exico,  through  the  equally  interested  Consul  Dillon 
of  San  Francisco.  Raousset  came  in  the  middle  of 
1853,  although  with  little  faith  in  government  assur- 
ances, and  after  being  kept  in  suspense  with  promises 
for  about  four  months,  received  instead  of  grants  and 
contracts  the  offer  of  a  colonelcy  in  the  army.*'  He 
liastened  back  to  California,  in  league  with  tlie  fed- 
eialist  rebels  and  thirsting  now  also  for  revenge. 
AfLer  chniin'4  for  awhile  under  the  lack  of  means,  he 
obtaino'l  in  January,  1854,  liberal  offers  from  several 
capital i.-ts;/'  und  at  once  took  steps  to  carry  out  his 
jilaii.^,  by  v'Kioinng  men,  buying  armament  and  secur- 
ing ve;-<b.'ls.  "'  -ust  then  canu^  the  rumor  that  Sonora 
had  been  sold  to  the  United  States,  and  this,  together 
with  the  closer  watch  now  placed  by  California  au- 


^^ Letters  in  MiuleUnc,  200-1,  21.').  A  few  promiHes  from  Sonnran 
si'lieimirs,  as  glowing  as  they  were  unreliable,  made  him  forget  the  deception 
iiircaily  suffered  there;  and  the  vaj^ue  offers  from  a  San  Franeisi-f)  capitalist 
and  from  needy  agents  suHiced  to  give  him  food  for  formidable  j)lans. 

'"  Wi  .lout  tisk  of  being  compromised.  Napoleon's  expeditions  to  China, 
and  l;u  r  *'»  Mexico,  and  his  operations  against  Russia  and  other  European 
imwtr  (i.yd  ground  for  belief  that  he  stood  prepared  at  least  to  profit  by 
niuvoniijt.i/  ;.'■- 1  the  .Sonoran. 

'"  Vigiii :  \  t,  10!',  and  Duvernois,  L'lnterven.,  37,  swells  it  to  the  position 
of  KfJoeftd. 

"Three  houses  offered  8.300,000.  MadeUne,  215. 

'-Three  vessels  were  chartered  with  aid  of  French  merchants,  reported 
tliii  Mexican  consul.  Pimrl,  Doc.  Son.,  v.  223,  219;  Rivera,  Hist.  Jai,  iv 
4S'J. 


if 


684 


FILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


thorities  upon  filibuster  preparations,  caused  the  with- 
drawal of  timid  capital.  A  perfidious  agent  at  Mazat- 
lan  having  moreover  disclosed  to  the  government  tlu' 
correspondence  of  Raousset  with  its  enemies,  he  was 
placed  beyond  the  pale  of  Mexican  law,  and  even 
Consul  Dillon  now  turned  the  cold  shoulder." 

Before  Santa  Anna  became  aware  of  the  paralyz- 
ing effects  of  t  . «'  happenings,  he  resolved  to  counter- 
act Raousset's  i  ^uvres  by  ordering  the  Mexican 
consul  at  San  Fii-  Asco  to  deprive  him  of  his  sup- 
port, by  enlisting  a  few  hundred  of  the  aspiring  fili- 
busters for  Mexican  service,"  with  a  view  to  distribute 
them  in  small  and  easily  controlled  bodies  among  tlio 
coast  states,  Raousset  was  delighted.  He  saw  relief 
for  his  stranded  scheme  in  this  offer  of  free  passage 
and  maintenance  for  his  followers,  and  urged  as  many 
as  possible  to  avail  themselves  of  the  unexpected 
opportunity.  He  was  not  aware  of  the  distribution 
clause.  In  fact,  about  700  were  quickly  enrolled  and 
packed  on  board  the  Challevrje  for  shipment.*^ 

This  being  a  movement  by  foreigners,  which,  more- 
over, threatened  the  pet  hero  Walker,  the  authorities 
suddenly  awoke  to  the  enormity  of  such  infringement 
of  neutrality  and  enlistment  laws,  and  arraigned  the 
Mexican  representative  as  well  as  his  abettor,  Consul 
Dillon.'"  Nevertheless  the  Challenge  was  allowed  to 
depart,  on  April  2d,  after  a  reduction  of  the  passen- 
gers, under  a  resuscitated  tonnage  law,  to  barely  400. 

"The  correapondence  was  given  to  Mexican  journals.  See  NaHonal,  Mar. 
17,  18S4. 

**  At  $1  a  (lay,  with  privilege  to  elect  their  own  officers.  Order  of  .Jim. 
31,  1814.  After  the  expiration  of  their  term  of  service  they  were  to  rectivi' 
aid  for  settling.  Americans  were  not  to  be  enrolled.  Diario  Ofic,  i^i/,  Ott 
12,   18.-)4. 

^■'Tliey  were  sent  in  small  detachments  l)y  successive  steamers  or  otlm 
vessels;  Imt  tlie  consul  over.ste|)pcd  his  orders  in  the  eagerness  to  IkiiiiIIc 
money.    Viiini'iiu.r,  Aft:v.,  '20-1,  Kil. 

«*For  which  exciting  episode  I  refer  to  IfiM.  Cnl,  vi.,  this  series.  Sim' 
also  S.  F.  journals  of  A{)ril-May,  1854.  The  persecution  was  favored  liy 
supporters  of  Walker.  Lachapelle,  171,  assumes  that  the  U.  S.  opposed  tliu 
enlistment  chiefly  because  it  threatened  their  designs  on  Mexico.  0.  S.  '/ "' 
Dor.,  cong.  35,  sess.  J,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  38,  x.;  Id.,  cong.  33,  sess.  2,  Sen.  I'oi' . 
16,  '25,  vi.  The  Mexican  consul  stupidly  misunderstood  orders.  Diario  "«'• . 
3-6. 


yaSez  and  raousset. 


685 


of  whom  fully  four  fifths  were  French,  the  rest  Irish 
and  Germans.  Among  them  were  Laval  and  Le- 
hourgeois  Desmarais,  the  latter  an  ex-officer  of  the 
French  cavalry  of  little  value,  but  whose  pretensions 
and  imposing  military  bearing  led  to  his  election  as 
chief  of  the  party.  To  them  Raousset  confided  his 
wishes  and  i)lans  to  hold  the  men  in  readiness  for 
sustaining  him,  when  he  should  appear  to  initiate  the 
revolution.*' 

Tiie  increased  watch  upon  his  movements  and  the 
lack  of  means  pre/ented  Raousset  from  following  the 
expedition  as  soon  as  he  had  hoped.  The  discomfiture 
of  Walker  had  much  to  do  with  this,  and  his  ex- 
pected return  to  San  Francisco,  which  threatened  to 
involve  the  count  in  legal  toils,  hastened  his  departure. 
He  had  to  content  himself  with  buying  a  pilot-boat, 
the  Belle,  of  about  ten  tons  burden,  into  which  he 
stowed  himself  with  four  companions  and  two  sailors, 
180  rifled  carbines  with  sword-bayonets,  and  necessary 
stores."  After  a  voyage  of  35  days,  attended  by 
privations  and  partial  wrecking,  he  arrived  close  to 
(luaymas  toward  the  end  of  June.  Two  companions 
were  sent  to  find  Desmarais  and  instruct  him,  if  pos- 
sible, to  carry  the  town  by  surprise,  disarm  the  Mex- 
icans, and  collect  resources.  The  messengers  were 
suspected  and  seized  before  entering  the  town;  yet, 
l)V  concealing  their  identity,  tlioy  managed  to  com- 
municate with  the  French  commander.  With  little 
taste  for  the  enterprise  proposed,  he  declared  that  a 
better  plan  might  be  formed  in  alliance  with  General 
Yanez,  who  stood  ready  to  break  with  Santa  Anna.** 
Thus  assured,  Raousset  sailed  into  the  harbor  on  July 
!st,  transmitted  the  much  needed  armament  to  his 
party,  and  hastened  to  interview  Yancz. 

*'  According  to  Vigneaux,  Dillon  l)ecainc  friendly  again  and  an  agent  was 
^eiit  to  oflfer  Santa  Anna  peace  or  war,  when  all  ueenied  ready  in  Sonora; 
'HO  to  arrange  with  Alvarez.   Afex.,  201. 

^' Vignoaux,  who  joined,  describes  the  crew  and  the  trouble  with  sailors 
iiid  the  difficulty  in  crossing  tlie  bar.  Mcx.,  '25-6. 

"Seemingly  content  to  enjoy  his  pay  and  position.  Desmarais  had 
iH'i^tected  the  former  injunctions  of  Baousset  to  prepare  his  men  for  a 
I'liiw,  t;)  win  over  tlie  citizens. 


I 


i^-  '1 


lii 


I 


i 


686         FILIBUSTERING  INVASIONS   FROM  CALIFORNIA. 

The  latter  had  been  instructed  to  break  up  the 
formidable  body  of  enrolled  adventurers  by  sending 
them  in  detachments  to  different  points,  and  so  rem- 
edy the  error  of  the  consul.  To  this  the  French 
naturally  objected.  They  recognized  that  their 
strength  and,  perhaps,  safety  lay  in  keeping  together; 
and  with  his  inferior  force  Yanez  could  not  well  en- 
force compliance,  although  adding  as  little  as  possible 
to  their  armament.  He,  moreover,  felt  it  necessary 
for  the  sake  of  peace  ai)d  harmony  to  propitiate  them 
by  prompt  attention  to  their  pay  and  comfort,  until 
the  government  at  Mexico  well  nigh  lost  patience.  He 
succeeded,  however,  in  fostering  a  local  antipathy  to- 
ward them  by  insinuations  concerning  their  purposes, 
and  in  provoldng  most  of  the  Irish  and  Germans  to 
withdraw  and  form  a  separate  company.'** 

The  suave  Yaftez  received  Raousset's  overtures  for 
joint  action  in  the  same  spirit  as  Santa  Anna,  and 
kept  him  in  suspense  until  he  should  be  able  to  sum- 
mon help  against  the  outbreak  that  nmst  inevitably 
come.  Two  agents  were  placed  at  his  elbows  to  re- 
strain his  impal>ience  with  promises  of  Sonoran  coop- 
eration, and  to  keep  the  general  advised."  Had 
the  count  acted  promptly  he  would,  no  doubt,  have 
gained  possession  of  Guaymas  at  least,  for  his  op- 
ponent was  hardly  prepared.  Outwitted  by  the  Mex- 
ican, he  allowed  the  opi)ortunity  to  slip  away."  Tlio 
Sonoran  troops  were  daih'  increasing  in  strength,  and 
busily  bringing  in  armament  to  strengthen  their  bar- 
racks. Made  confident  by  number,  they  naturally 
raised  their  tone  during  frequent  drunken  altercations. 


^For  correapondcnce  between  Yaftez  and  the  authorities,  see  Y<iil<>z,  Di- 
fcmti,  20  et  acq.;  Pimirt,  Doc.  Son.,  v.  228-35;  NfmonalaniS.  Sonorcme,  April, 
1854,  ct  seq. 

^'  I'roniises  were  Jilso  received  from  principals,  but  Raousset  should  have 
understood  their  value  by  this  time.  Tlic  battalion  presented  him  at  tlii.s 
time  with  a  sword.  Guerefia  paints  Yafiez  at  tirmly  opposed  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  count,  whom  he  warned  by  saying,  'al  lado  de  su  espada  cstauiia 
tumba  y  al  lado  de  la  mia  esta  una  deber.'  Pcujinm,  9. 

•'^  Vigneaux  attributes  the  delay  mainly  to  the  intrigue  of  the  Frenoh 
officers  to  gut  rid  of  one  who  threatened  to  assume  sole  command  and  to  ex- 
<}bauge  their  easy  life  for  one  of  danger  and  privatiou.  Mcx.,  216-17. 


FRENCHMEN  OR  MEXICANS. 


687 


Had 

ihavo 
op- 
^lex- 

Tho 

,  and 

bar- 

irally 

iions. 

ire,  />'- 

I.  AV''' 

Id  have 
at  this 
!  begiii- 
bsta  \ma. 

I  French 

to  ex- 


one  of  which  led  to  a  serious  encounter  on  July  12th. 
Yanez  appeared  upon  the  scene  and  managed  by  his 
conciliatory  language  and  influence  in  calming  the 
h'rench.  Those  wiio  had  shared  in  the  trium})h  at 
Hermosillo  were  eager  for  the  fray,  however,  and  the 
entry  shortly  after  of  large  Sonoran  reenforcements 
roused  the  alarm  of  the  others  and  impelled  Kaousset 
to  action.  "  If  you  are  content  to  become  Mexican 
soldiers  without  pay  or  prospects,  subject  to  the  lash, 
then  lay  down  your  arms ;  but  if  you  desire  to  be 
worthy  of  the  glorious  appellation  of  Frenchmen,  to 
resist  oppression,  to  vindicate  your  rights,  to  uphold 
nationality,  then  raise  your  arms.  Decide  ;  there  is 
no  time  for  hesitation."  Marchonsl  Marchons  1  re- 
sounded on  all  sides. 

Now  came  the  cry  that  he  should  assume  the  com- 
niand.  "  No,"  he  replied,  "you  have  worthy  ofticers. 
Let  me  not  be  the  cause  of  disagreement.  I  join  you 
as  a  volunteer,  whose  sole  ambition  is  to  be  foremost 
in  danger."  It  proved  a  sadly  regretted  modesty. 
There  were  still  those  who  hesitated ;  and  in  obedience 
to  their  scruples  a  demand  was  sent  to  Yanez  for 
hostages  and  guns  as  guarantees  of  peace.  This  being 
icfused,  the  French  made  their  dispositions,  and 
marched  from  their  quarters  against  the  Mexican  bar- 
racks in  four  companies  of  75  men  each.  The  barracks 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  town  formed  a  large  par- 
allelogram, three  sides  of  which  presented  one-story 
lirick  and  adobe  buikliiiixs,  and  the  fourth  a  wall 
twelve  feet  high,  enclosing  the  usual  court-yard.  The 
flat  roofs  were  provided  with  sheltering  parajtets. 
Facing  the  barracks  and  extending  to  the  hav-landing 
was  the  Hotel  de  Sonora,  one-storied  like  the  other 
dwellings. 

The  plan  was  for  companies  tw^o  and  three  to  at- 
tack in  front  while  company  one  drew  attention  to 
the  rear,  and  company  four  occupied  the  hotel  and 
the  German  quarters  near  by,  whence  sharpshooters 
could  inflict  serious  damage  until  company  three  gave 


>»?') 


::  M 


,  :-•■■     ■■mm 

J  m 

■     'i  '■  '■'■     l-ltSk 


it;l: 


I    >: 


688 


FlUBUSTKHlN<t  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


8/1 


i 


tlic  signal  for  a  general  assault.  It  was  declared  that 
Mexicans  could  not  face  the  bayonet,  and  an  early 
cliarge  was  moreover  necessary,  owing  to  the  scanti- 
ness of  the  ammunition.  The  tjarrison  was  known  to 
be  superior  to  the  attacking  body,  and  provided  with 
several  pieces  of  artillery  and  an  abundance  of  am- 
munition ;  but  llaousset  spoke  cheerily  of  the  larger 
conquered  force  at  Hermosillo,  and  assured  his  men 
that  untrained  militia  and  Indians  need  give  no  con- 
cern. 

As  companies  two  and  three  approached,  the  Mex- 
icans opened  with  artillery  and  nmsketry  so  sudden 
and  galling  a  volley  that  a  number  were  mowed  down 
at  one  sweep,  including  some  of  the  bravest  officers. 
Dosniarais  completely  lost  his  head  and  fell  back,  a  pro- 
portion fled,  and  the  rest  hied  inio  gateways  and 
houses,  and  beneath  walls  for  shelter,  while  preparing 
each  for  himself  to  sustain  a  scattering  and  useless 
fire.  Company  one  shared  in  the  disorder,  and  neg- 
lected to  follow  given  instructions ;  company  four 
obeyed  in  taking  possession  of  the  buildings  indicated, 
partly  because  these  afforded  a  retreat,  yet  its  role 
was  secondary.  Too  late  Raousset  assumed  com- 
mand, seeking  to  rally  the  men.  He  flew  hither  ami 
thither  with  fearless  disregard  of  bullets,  and  imparted 
an  animation  that  roused  many  a  one  to  valiant  imi- 
tation ;  but  more  than  twenty  men  he  could  not  gather 
at  a  time. 

For  nearly  two  hours  the  desultory  warfare  had 
continued,  when  the  Mexican  artillery  grew  silent. 
Com})any  four  had  done  good  service  in  picking  off 
the  gunner.s.  "Ala  baiouettel"  shouted  llaousset, 
and  led  to  the  charge  with  a  handful  of  men.  A 
shower  of  bullets  met  him,  riddling  his  cap  and  cloth- 
ing, without  inflicting  a  wound.  "En  avantl'  lie 
cheered,  rushing  forward  ;  but  only  a  few  followed 
him,  and  none  seconded  the  movement.  "Had  only 
fifty  resolute  companions  sustained  him  the  barracks 
must  have  fallen,"  declared  Vigneaux.     As  it  was, 


the 

bayc 

inijf  ' 

TJ 

Yani 

guns 

mate 

to  bo 

the  I 

-Hid  t 

lowed 

<"oii.sul 

Jiojdin 

•T^l>[>eal 

sword, 

tlw.n  h 

f^ircum 

fourth 

«h-(^aily 

tives,  \ 

gulf.-' 

It  w.- 

^^■<'^■e  c 
tlicir  ar 
the  prot 
M.   do 
tated. 
<'rivd  soA 
suj-cd,' 
*'iy  fori, 

j'»  return 
tlio  defeij 
^vitliin  tl 
1*08  id  en  ts 
tory  wag 

,    ''^■'^lie  was 

'■■'  ';"■'■/<■,  i.  97. 

"""-lit  her,  t( 

His 


nE^EAT  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


689 


i 


the  count  had  to  n^tire  bareheaded,  and  with  two 
bayonet  thrusts  through  his  sleeve;  his  eyes  glisten- 
ing with  inijK)tont  rage. 

Tliesc  raiders  were  not  tlie  men  of  1852.  Nor  was 
Yanez  a  Bianco ;  for  on  obaorving  tlie  silence  of  the 
guns  he  rushed  in  person  to  fill  the  posts  and  reani- 
mate the  artillerist  in  time  to  break  the  rally  about 
to  be  ott'ectod  by  Kaoussot.  With  annnunition  gone 
tlio  French  now  raised  the  cry,  "  To  the  consulate," 
and  thither  their  dejcctod  loader  mechanically  fol- 
lowed, with  the  Mexicans  in  close  pursuit.  At  tho 
consulate  the  news  came  that  company  four  was  still 
holding  out  in  the  hotel,  liaousset  made  one  last 
appeal,  and  this  passing  uidiceded,  he  sheathed  his 
sword,  and  withdrew  into  the  house.  Consul  Calvo 
then  hoisted  the  white  flag,  and  the  firing  ceas(!d,  a 
circumstance  to  which  the  mutilated  renmants  of  the 
fourth  owed  their  escape.  As  for  the  Iklle,  she  was 
alreadv  under  sail,  crowded  with  the  caiiiest  fuLji- 
lives,  whose  shame  she  buried  in  the  waters  of  the 

It  was  now  past  six  o'olock,  about  three  hours  since 
the  fight  began,  and  the  troops  around  the  consulate 
were  clamoring  for  surrender.  "  All  who  lay  down 
their  arms,"  said  the  cimsul,  "shall  be  placed  under 
the  protection  of  the  flag,  with  life  assured."  '*  Bjt 
^1.  de  Raousset?"  came  the  enquiry.  Calvo  hesi- 
tated. "  Unless  he  is  included  we  resume  the  fight," 
cried  several  voices.  "Well,  his  life  shall  also  be  as- 
sured," was  the  reply.  Yanez  declined  to  enter  into 
any  formal  or  written  capitulation  while  offering  lif(^ 
in  return  for  a  surrender  of  arms.  Within  an  hour 
tho  defeated  j)articipants  in  the  struggle  lay  secured 
witliin  the  two  prisons  of  Guaymas,  the  property  of 
residents  being  placed  under  confiscation.  The  vic- 
tory was  celebrated  throughout  the  state  in  the  usual 


*f  '''■I 


•''^She  was  wrecked  in  the  northern  part,  and  all  on  board  pcriyheiL     La- 
c'lijii'llc,  i.  J)7.     Foa.iey,   Mex.,   21)1 -'2,  leaves  the  iinprcsaioa  that  liaousset 
sought  her,  to  escape;  Imt  this  is  not  entertained  by  others. 
UlKT.  Mkx.  Statbs,  Vol..  U.    44 


I 


L 


I 


■I, 


690 


FFLTBUSTEIIINO  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


Mexican  fashion,  and  tlie  supreme  government 
conferrt'd  crosses  and  badges  in  commemoration.  It 
was  dearly  bouglit  glory,  Jiowever,  for  the  Mexicans 
lost  some  50  men,  with  twice  as  many  womidod,  while 
the  French  had  4G  killed  and  three-.core  wounded. 

During  August  the  prisoners  were  disposed  of.  A 
few  joined  the  army,  three-score  were  sent  to  San 
Francisco,  and  the  remainder  transmitted  to  San  Bias. 
The  government  showed  its  disapproval  of  the  leniency 
and  liberality  accorded  by  imposing  a  sentence  of 
years  in  presidio,  and  marching  them  under  great 
liardships  to  Perote.  At  the  intercession  of  tlic 
French  government,  however,  they  were  released  to- 
ward the  close  of  the  year.  The  large  forces  gatli- 
ercd  by  Yanez  against  the  French  made  the  govern- 
ment more  ready  to  listen  to  the  rumors  concernino; 
his  loyalty,  and  he  was  not  alone  suddenly  replaced  in 
September  by  General  Romeriz  de  Arellano,  but  an 
attack  was  made  upon  his  reputation  by  calling  liiin 
to  answer  charges  for  not  carrying  out  his  orders 
against  the  French  on  their  arrival,  for  subsequently 
neglecting  prompt  measures,  for  ignoring  the  decree  of 
August  1853,  which  condemned  rebels  to  death,  for 
usurping  the  pardoning  power  of  the  supreme  author- 
ity, and  for  extravagant  disposal  of  funds.  He  was  ab- 
solved, however,  and  the  indictment  only  served  to 
heighten  his  fame." 

Ten  daysi  after  the  battle  Raousset's  fellow-prison- 
ers were  startled  by  his  arraignment  before  a  court- 
martial,  which  upon  the  inculpating  testimony  of  liis 
own  officers,  who  sought  to  cover  themselves  at  his 
ex[)ense,  condemned  him  to  death  as  a  conspirator 
and  rebel.  Their  indignation  grew  on  finding  that 
the  consul  not  only  repudiated  his  promise  at  the 
time  of  the  surrender,  but  refused  even  to  join  the 

**Tlio  French  addressed  a  letter  of  thanks  to  him  and  he  was  feted  and 
honored  in  ditl'erent  places.  Vorreo,  Esp.,  Oct.  21,  Nov.  8,  1834.  Pimirt, 
Dor.  Son.,  V.  2."»0-4.  Santa  Anna  was  driven  to  abuse  Yaflez  by  fear  ami 
jealousy  of  hia  popularity.  Santa  Anna  Rrv.,  130-2.  His  succesaor  com- 
mended Yanez'  conduct.  Navarro,  Leyea,  1855,  507-6. 


age. 


1852 

tained 

ship  tl 

clear, 

a  great 

sufficiei 

i'lfluem 

parativ( 

at  Hen 

follow 

Ouaymj 
li's  assu 
finally 
wore  an 
certain  f 


MEXICAN  TREACHERY. 


«1 


United  States  representative  in  pleading  for  the  pris- 
oner. The  latter  accepted  the  verdict  calmly,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  final  letters  and  dispositions, 
and  to  intercourse  with  the  broad-minded  curate  of 
the  place,  claiming  that  he  fell  for  loyalty  to  a  great 
cause,  untarnished  by  an  appeal  to  bad  passions, 
wliich  he  might  so  readily  and  successfully  [have  in- 
voked. On  the  last  morning,  August  I'ith,  he  gave 
special  care  to  his  person,  and  with  a  final  brush  to 
his  fine  hair,  and  a  twirl  to  tiie  nmstache,  he  followed 
the  guard.  He  passed  with  dignified  step  through 
the  streets,  crowded  with  excited  citizens  and  visitors, 
and  took  position  before  the  squad  of  soldiers  at  eight 
paces,  his  back  to  the  bay.  The  sentence  being  read, 
he  embraced  the  curate,  and  said  to  the  men,  "  Aliens, 
nies  braves  1  Do  your  duty  ;  aim  well — at  the  heart  I" 
The  next  moment  came  the  volley,  and  the  count  fell 
dead  upon  his  face. 

Raousset  de  Boulbon  was  a  man  in  whom  an  ex- 
Jilted  temperament,  and  a  strong  family  pride  height- 
ened by  poverty,  had  fostered  a  bent  for  ambitious 
though  visionary  projects  which  belonged  to  another 
age.  Circumstances  presented  a  field,  however, 
wlierein  enterprise  and  daring  procured  for  him  in 
1852  a  certain  degree  of  fame,  dimmed  by  an  unsus- 
tained  and  ill-applied  energy  and  a  lack  of  general- 
ship that  cost  him  many  followers.  He  lacked  the 
clear,  steady  head  required  for  planning  and  executing 
a  great  undertaking,  and  his  positive  traits  were  not 
sufficiently  balanced  or  impressive  to  maintain  a  wide 
influence  over  followers  or  patrons.  Hence  his  com- 
parative failure  to  profit  by  the  eclat  of  the  victory 
at  Hermosillo,  which  he  moreover  had  neglected  to 
follow  up;  hence  his  feeble  control  over  the  men  at 
Guaymas,  of  whom  even  the  proportion  that  favored 
his  assumption  of  the  command  held  aloof  when  he 
finally  called  upon  them.  His  prominent  qualities 
were  an  extreme  but  somewhat  shallow  courage,  and  a 
certain  fervor,  united  to  a  pleasing  personal  appear- 


(ilW         PIUBUSTERINd  INVASIONS  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 

ance,  and  withal  an  indifference  to  a  life,  boinj?  now 
without  means  or  notoriety.  He  did  not  rej^jard  his 
plana  as  wholly  frustrated.  Far  from  it.  He  by  no 
means  disdained  death  as  a  sequel  to  the  Guayinus 
episode,  and  passed  to  the  grave  with  the  firm  convi(!- 
tion  that  he  had  embalmed  his  memory  with  f^lory,  if 
not  as  a  conqueror,  at  least  as  an  unfortunate  Sonoran 
liberator  and  martyr.  It  was  a  glory,  however,  which 
history  largely  dilutes  with  folly." 

*  Henry  de  la  MadfUne — Le  Cornte  OitMnn  de  RiwaiMft-BofiPifm,  »a  vie  el  .ir.i 
aventureM  (/'  iipren  nri*  ftivpiern  rt  m  ronviipoiideiicc.  Parii),  1H7(>,  12  hid.,  jip., 
vii.,  and  !H'2^2,  in  the  title  of  the  first  eilitioii  of  a  work  publinhed  in  IK'iii, 
which  was  rapidly  disposed  of,  and  a  seuond,  issued  in  1850,  wliiuh  niut  M'ith 
a  smaller  sale.  Suddenly  the  largo  portion  of  it  remaining  disappeari'd. 
According  to  Madelene's  statument,  every  copy  had  lieen  bought  up  by  tlio 
Itanker  Jecker,  to  whom  the  Mexican  government  was  deeply  indulitud,  and 
who  in  18(>1  went  to  Paris  and  was  endeavoring  to  move  the  hu.'^itatiiig  em- 
peror to  enforce  the  payment  of  French  claims  by  tlie  military  occuiiation  of 
Mexico,  with  the  additional  object  of  preventing  that  country  from  ab- 
sorption by  the  U.  8.  Jecker  <listributed  the  copies  of  18.VJ  edition,  and  it.s 
autnor  claims  that  its  inlluenee  was  such  that  the  scniplea  and  hesitation  of 
Napoleon  wore  overcome,  and  t)ie  expedition  against  Mexico  was  undertaken. 

Ernent  Vitjneaux,  Souvenvv  d'  Uii  Prinoiivkr  de  Guerre  an  Me.riiiHe  IS-'i.'f  ■'>. 
Paris,  1803,  8vo.,  I  vol.,  pp.  6ti5,  was  secretary  to  liaousset  de  Boullxm,  uml 
was  one  of  the  passengers  on  board  the  Belle,  which  carried  the  leader  of 
the  expedition  against  Sonora.  His  book  opens  with  some  dcxcription  of 
Cal.,  es{Mtcially  H.  F.  Being  intimate  with  Kaousset  he  was  able  to  give  con- 
siderable information  about  nim. 

A.  de  LacJmpeUe — Le  Cornte  de  RamuMet-BouUxm  ft  L'  ErpediHon  de  la 
Somrre,  Correiqniulence — Souvenirs  et  Ouvres  ItUidiUi*.  Paris,  185!),  12  nio., 
pp.  318,  portrait  an<l  map.  The  author  of  this  work,  the  chief  editor  of  the 
Measager  de  San  Francisco,  was  yet  more  intimate  with  the  unfortunate 
count,  whose  history  is  the  subject  of  this  book — 'jusqu  au  point  de  coii- 
nilitre  ses  projets  les  plus  secrets,'  as  ho  informs  vrn — and  aided  liim  in  tlio 
organization  of  his  enterprises.  The  work  opens  witli  a  biographical  account 
of  liaousset's  career  before  his  arrival  in  Cal.,  after  which  hisliistory  is  con- 
tinued down  to  the  time  of  his  tragical  death.  While  engaged  in  his  work 
numerous  documents  were  sent  by  friends  of  the  count  to  Lachapellt;,  wlio 
publishes  his  correspondence,  as  well  as  a  number  of  his  poetical  pro- 
ductions. 


H 


CHAPTER  XXVII 

IVH-EMBARK     AND 

P  "vod  not  alt,^,etl,er  unfounded    fT  "^  «"">'««<=' 
;-  y  of  1854  the  noXZtLh^y  Jl'o  Gads,Ic,; 

7,  ?  ""l™.  w^s  transferred  t^l,.  "l  ?***«'  "'"'"d- 
■i<  the  boundaiy  pushed  h-^L  «■     neighbor  republic 

i;    «.e  GiJa  to  Ke   r^ptflefrTr'''''  T*"™'  '»- 
""s  "f  this  fertile  strin  „„    1   ,    "  ^'    and  32°.     Tl,^ 

0-1  exc.ite,„ent  ::*  p  rthtlii'^r  "f  "'^  -p-t^d 

as  a  mere  Apache  Imunt      T  ^'''/"'""^  I''»<-«d  upon 
«  Un,ted  States,  thZh  ^It^.'lf  "^^"^  ".I'l"-™^!"'  «; 
'"K  to  the  state,  at  first  .,  "'""."'*ely  provini'  a  bless 

'•"'"Plication,  such  as  the^C™,,,"'  '"  "'"^'^  *'■»«  o?e" 
"f^l-oh  more  anon  ^'^'''^  ^T^dition  i„   igj/ 

;^';>'";;yim'rn:rt:itic^  -^^^r™'  ^-"»<. 

C  ....el  Espejo  in  charge  t  ,e  C  '^''•"".""'  '«« 
Mowing  September,  when  the  n„,  T'^"'»S  'n  the 
Pl»"  of  Ayatla  agaii;srt„tal:;P'«  ^^^f  '"'  "'« 

^»na.     Ordridara  then 

(693) 


v||.  ', 


*u     m 


eM       FRENCH  OPERATIONS  IN  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 

embraced  the  opportunity  to  seize  the  vacated  seats 
of  governor  and  commandante-general,  and  when  tlie 
administration  at  Mexico  assigned  them  to  Jose  de 
Aguilar  and  P.  Espejo  respectively,  proclaimed  a  rev- 
olution. Though  obliged  to  }  ield  to  Aguilar,  Gan- 
dara  succeeded  in  retaining  his  position  as  chief-com- 
mandant with  the  aid  of  Yanez. 


I! 


Shortly  after  Crabb's  projoot  to  establish  a  frontier  colony  was  brought 
forward,  being  favored  by  A.  Ainza,  with  whom  Crabb  vas  connected  l)y 
marriage.  Aguilar  opposed  the  sclieme,  but  because  as  governor  he  had  tu 
coinmimicate  witb  the  projectors,  Gandara  raised  the  cry  that  he  was  about 
to  sell  the  state  to  filibusters,  and  incited  one  D^.viia  to  pronounce  against 
him  at  Urea  July  15,  1856.  Aguilar  was  arrested  and  replaced  by  R.  Euci- 
nas,  a  creature  of  Grand^.ra.  Aguilar,  however,  fouxid  a  cnam]jion  in  Ignacio 
Peaqueira,  colonel  aud  inspector  of  the  national  guards,  who  acting  with 
promptness  and  dash,  secured  a  foothold  in  Ures  July  17th,  and  on  August 
8th  compelled  the  garrison  to  surrender,  securing  the  person  of  the  rehul 
governor,  Encinas.  On  the  same  day  Gandara  was  routed;  Altar  fell, 
Hermosillo  was  evacuated,  and  Guaymas  had  to  yield.  Thus  within  a  fuw 
weeks  Gdudara,  whose  power  had  seemed  absolute,  was  overthrown.  Ap- 
pealing in  person  to  the  Yaquis,  and  aided  by  the  clergy,  he  was  able  to  take 
the  field  anew,  but  defeat  following  defeat,  he  betook  himself  to  Mexico  to 
appease  by  diplomacy  the  wrath  lie  had  failed  to  avert  by  victory.  His 
brother  Jesus  continued  the  struggle,  chiefly  in  guerrilla  form,  till  in  Jan., 
1857,  he  surrendered  with  his  few  remaining  adherents. 

The  st  niggle  had  been  watched  with  great  interest  by  H.  A.  Crabb,  Mho 
during  its  progress  became  convinced  that  the  strife  between  the  t<vo  great 
parties  presented  an  excellent  opportunity  not  only  for  carrying  out  tlie 
proposed  colony  project,  but  for  extending  it  to  an  actual  conquest  of  tlm 
state.  If  Walker  ami  Raousset  had  so  nearly  achieved  their  object  against 
a  united  province,  be  w  much  easier  must  it  be  to  efiect  it  against  one  so  turn 
by  factions. 

Enrollments  proceeded  well,  and  early  in  1857  Crabb,  as  ge»'eral,  set  out 
with  an  advance  of  five  score  men,  in  three  companies,  by  way  of  Los 
Angeles  and  Yuma.  Altliough  well-armed,  their  scanty  means  did  not  per. 
mib  the  purchase  of  sufficient  animals  to  mount  the  party.  Toward  the  cud 
of  March  they  appeared  at  Sonoita,  on  the  Sonoran  border,  and  Icaruiiig 
that  the  people  were  making  forniic^able  preparn.tiou3  for  ousting  them,  as 
filibusters,  Crabb  addressed  &  threatening  letter  to  the  prefect,  declaring 
that  he  had  entered  as  a  friendly  colonist,  and  would  continue  bis  march 
notwithstanding  tho  hostility.  'If  blood  is  shed,  on  your  her.d  be  it.' 
lieaving?Omen  to  follow  more  leisurely,  he  advanced  with  69  to  Caboroa, 
near  the  port  of  Libertad;  where  the  main  party  of  900  men  should  by  this 
time  have  arrived  by  sea;  but  the  lack  of  funds  and  the  measures  of  tha 
authorities  in  California  prevented  •;heir  departure.  In  addition  to  this  dii- 
appointment  he  was  suddeiily  attacked  on  entering  Caborca,  April  2d,  by  a 
company  of  troops,  which,  being'repulsed,  took  refuge  in  the  convent  church, 
and  there  held  out  together  with  the  frightened  inhabitants. 

Reeuforcements  soon  arrived,  increasing  tho  Mexican  force  to  some  700 
men  with  field-pieces,  which  opened  wide  breaches  in  the  walls  and  mailo 
havoo  among  the  inmates.  Tiie  Oonilict  lasted  throughout  the  S^h  of  April, 
and  was  resumed  on  the  following  day  with  unabated  vigor.  The  riflus  of 
the  Americans  were  sparingly  used,  but  with  a  deadly  precision  that  ren- 
dered each  member  of  t!io  band  a  formidable  adversary,  'i'oward  evening 
oa  the  iii,h  tho  latter  had  been  driven  iuto  tho  wing  of  one  houjo,  tliu  ruui 


WARS  AND  REVOLUTIONS. 


of  which  wa3  set  on  fire  with  burning  arrows.  The  stifling  garriaon  en- 
duavored  to  bhiw  off  the  superstructure,  only  to  cause  the  exjiio.-'ion  of  tlieij- 
powder  kegs  with  deplorable  reouka.  Terms  were  hastily  deniauiicu,  and 
none  Ijeina  accorded,  tliey  marched  forth  and  laid  down  their  arms,  to  the 
number  ot  5'J,  many  of  whom  were  disabled  by  wounils  and  burns.  The 
^Ie.\!cans  admitted  23  killed  and  aj  many  severely  wounded, 

Tlio  prijoners  were  tied,  and  early  the  following  morning  brought  out 
and  shot,  in  batches,  all  save  a  boy  of  16  years,  whose  youth  won  t^Mi- 
p.uliy.  Crabl)  waj  reserved  for  special  execution,  after  which  his  head  was 
cut  olT  and  preserved  in  mescal.  Crabb's  rear  guard  was  surrounded  and 
slaughtered,  and  a  rcuuforccuient  of  about  30  men  from  Tucson  had  a  narrow 
Cocape.  Aa  it  waj  tl;ey  lost  four  men  before  regaining  the  frontier.  !Much 
ferment  was  caused  among  Americans  by  thcje  events,  but  calmed  down 
up(m  reflection.  The  Mexicans  showed  themselves  very  lenient  to  previous 
ti.l'iui'itcring  parties,  and  clemency  being  foun<l  to  be  only  an  encouragement 
to  fre.ih  undertakings,  self-preservation  demauded  a  severe  lesBon. 

Like  schemes  were  promoted  by  rumors  of  United  States  designs  on  the 
Mexican  border  country  in  the  form  of  purchase,  which  naturally  caused  at- 
traction to  frontier  grants.  In  August,  18o6,  Jecker,  of  Raousset  fame, 
arranged  with  the  government  to  survey  the  public  domain  of  Sonora,  in 
cousiueration  of  receiving  one-third  of  the  land.  A  surveying  expedition 
wa^  organized,  under  C.  P.  Stone,  and  proceeded  with  operations,  despite 
objection)  on  tlie  part  of  the  state  authorities,  until  expelled  in  Oct.,  1859. 
Appeal  was  made  to  the  United  States  sloop  of  war  St  Mary,  and  the  com- 
mander interfering,  sufficient  satisfaction  was  offered  to  permit  the  matter 
to  drop,  though  Jecker  maintained  his  claim  to  the  land  and  damages. 

The  growth  of  conservative  reaction  in  the  republic,  which  opened  the 
long  reform  war,  had  induced  the  Gandarists  to  resume  the  struggle  in 
iSniiora,  assisted  by  the  church.  Tl).«  Yaquis  were  again  stirred  in  June, 
ISoT;  troops  were  led  to  second  the  movement  in  Oct.,  and  the  war  again 
raged,  the  Pesqueira  side  meeting  witl-  reverses  early  in  December.  Recov- 
ering itself,  however,  the  movements  of  the  Gindaristas  were  practically 
p\it  to  an  end  in  May,  1858,  only  to  revive  soon  after  with  co-operation  from 
S.ualoa,  whither  Pesqueira  carried  the  war. 

In  this  state  the  liberal  conserva  tive  ferment  had  assumed  even  wider 
proportions,  owing  to  its  proximity  to  the  cradle  of  revolution,  in  Jalisco. 
'ihe  beginning  apjieared  in  1852,  when  the  people  of  Mazatlan  were  roused 
by  t'.ie  heavy  contributions  levied  by  Gov.  F.  de  la  Vega.  Protests  becom- 
ing demonstrative,  the  governor  niar-hed  upon  the  town  with  troops  to  en- 
force  obedience,  whereupon  the  people  mustered  under  Pedro  Valdez,  at- 
tacked and  captured  him,  and  took  back  the  extorted  money.  On  being 
lilieratod  he  retaliated  by  declaring  the  port  closed,  whereupon  Valdez,  be- 
■  ing  well  sustained,  marched  inland,  captured  Culiacan,  the  capital,  on  Oct. 
10 Ji,  plundered  it,  and  routed  Vega's  forces.  In  Jan.,  1853,  however,  Vega 
again  obtained  possession  of  the  city,  only  to  be  driven  out  in  March  follow- 
ing, taking  his  flight  to  Snnora 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  the  new  administration  thought  fit  to  en- 
trust the  civil  and  military  control  of  tlie  plate  to  Yafiez,  who  proved  worthy 
of  the  charge.  By  his  energy  and  ability,  he  r»iniedied  the  evdscf  civil  war 
and  introduced  reforms  tending  to  general  pro&jicrity.  As  tli>5se  measures 
were  beginning  to  bear  fruit  he  was  removed  iu  March.  1854,  to  Sonora, 
leaving  Valdoz  in  command. 

In  Jan.,  1856,  P.  Verdugo,  recently  appointed  governor,  proclaimed  in 
favor  of  the  liberah,  and  though  opposed  by  counter-revolutions  prevailed 
with  the  assistance  of  Yafiez.  In  Maj',  1857.  the  federal  constitution  was 
sworn  to,  both  at  Culiacan  and  Mazatlan.  Early  in  1858.  however,  Yafiez 
proclaimed  his  adhesion  to  the  p'an  of  Tacubaya,  which  proposed  a  consti- 
tution more  favorable  to  conservatism.  Tliis  cau-^ed  a  rising  of  the  liberals, 
Placido  Vega  pronouncing  in  Aug.  At  t'.ie  close  of  Oct.  siege  was  laid  to 
Mazatlan,  which  was  raised  at  t  .e  end  of  Jan.,  1S59,  owing  to  the  approach 


I'M 


W':   'i 


eo6 


FRENCH  OPERATIONS  IN  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


of  conservative  rcenforcements  and  the  lack  of  ammunition.  The  liberals, 
however,  assioted  by  Pesqueira,  retrieved  themselves  ))y  a  brilliant  acMeve- 
nient  at  J^a  Noria,  resumed  the  siege  and  carried  the  place  by  assault  ou 
April,  3d,  capturing  300  prisoners,  six  vessels,  and  a  great  quantity  of  stores. 
Vega  was  now  installed  aa  provisional  governor  by  Pesqueira  who  then  re- 
turned to  Sonora.  Early  in  1860  the  state  was  invaded  by  Lozada,  the  Iml- 
iaa  cliicf  of  Tepic,  but  the  Sinaloana  mustering  from  all  points  compelled 
hiiu  to  retire.  Eight  months  later  Cajen  penetrated  close  to  Mazatlau,  where 
his  force  wad  completely  routed. 

For  some  time  men  attached  to  other  parties,  longing  for  participation 
in  olilce,  had  been  trying  to  set  aside  Vega's  authority,  and  the  continued 
tlireatening  attitude  of  Lozada  calling  for  operations  on  the  Jalisco  frontier 
under  charge  of  Corona,  Vega's  lack  of  promptness  in  supplying  funds  led 
to  a  quarrel  between  tlie  two.  The  French  intervention,  however,  pre- 
vented any  outbreak;  but  when  Vega  marched  early  in  18C3  to  the  relief  of 
Mexico,  with  2,000  men,  the  plotters  took  advantage  of  his  absence  to  re- 
new their  intrigues.  Ou  his  return  he  took  tlie  held  against  them,  but 
thougii  victorious  in  arms,  the  supreme  government  was  persuaded  to  inter- 
fere, and  during  1SG4,  Morales  took  charge.  The  change  was  not  8ati;;fac- 
tory;  Cullacan  and  Cosala  rose,  and  at  Rosario,  in  Oct.,  a  plan  was  formu- 
lated by  Corona  himself,  demanding  the  resignation  of  Morales,  who  refusing 
to  yield,  Mazatlan  was  besieged  and  taken  on  the  14th,  and  A.  Rosales 
appointed  provisional  governor.  The  president  sent  Ochoa  to  assume  com- 
mand, who  induced  Morales  to  resign  and  so  allow  Rosales  to  resume  the 
position, 

T!io  frequent  revolutions  in  Sinaloa  were  not  without  efifect  in  Sonora. 
Ou  hi  J  return  Pesqueira  found  that  his  old  foe  Gandara  had  roused  his  friends 
the  Opatas  under  tlieir  chief  Tanori,  joined  by  the  Yaquis,  to  proclaim  him 
governor.  Thid  led  to  a  protracted  struggle,  during  which  Pesqueira  hai.  to 
seek  aid  of  Vega  of  Sinaloa,  until  in  May,  1861,  the  Indiana  were  compelled 
to  accejit  peace. 

Tlie  liberal  triumph  over  conservatism  in  the  republic  was  commemorated 
in  Sonora  by  the  adoption  of  a  constitution  conforming  to  the  gencrn.1  one  of 
1857,  which  survives  in  ita  reconstructed  form  of  1872.  Uros  retained  the 
position  of  capital.  Here  aa  elsewhere,  the  church  party  accepted  in  defeat 
tor  a  time  at  least,  and  the  Gandarists  subsided,  leaving  the  sLito  to  recover 
from  the  disastrous  effect  of  tlie  prolonged  civil  war.  Tlio  outbreak  of  the 
confederates  in  the  adjoining  republic  caused  a  bubble  of  exiiteiiient  by 
reason  of  elForts  on  the  part  of  both  belligerents,  to  obtain  the  good  will  of 
the  state  for  the  transit  of  war  material.  William  M.  Gwin,  moreover, 
caused  commotion  by  attempting  to  form  an  independent  colony  in  Sonora, 
a  scheme  apparently  favored  at  one  time  by  Napoleon,  with  do-signs  for  its 
annexation  to  France.  More  serious  wan  the  apprehension  roused  by  tlie 
opening  of  tlio  French  intervention  in  1S02,  and  when,  in  May  and  July 
180-1,  war  vessels  appeared  before  ( cuaymas,  a  patriotic  entliusiasmpreva.lt  d, 
dijiplayed  in  a  call  to  arms  and  levying  of  funds.  A  large  force  was  til- 
lected,  but  when  in  March  18ti5,  the  French  naval  squadron  arrived  befuro 
the  same  port  with  several  hundred  troops  and  a  section  of  art.Ilery,  Pes- 
queira thought  it  would  be  •>,  useless  waste  of  blood  and  property  to  re.ii.st  at 
that  point,  and  after  sustaining  a  night  attack  upon  his  camp,  in  vhich  liis 
force  was  dispersed  in  confusion,  retired  to  Ilermosillo,  where  1.^  collected  a 
mere  remnant  of  his  forces. 

With  the  invaders  caine  Gdndara,  who,  after  a  futile  effort  at  revolution 
in  Jan.  18(12,  and  another  attempt  to  inaugurate  a  movement  in  behalf  nf 
the  empire  at  the  close  of  1864,  took  refuge  at  the  court  of  Maximilian,  to 
rirgo  the  oecupation  of  Sonora.  Ho  now  again  appears  on  the  scene,  ami 
powerfully  supported,  once  more  roused  his  party  and  Indian  allies,  jur- 
suading  them  that  the  time  had  come  for  a  successful  struggle.  Pesqueira 
retired  from  Hermosillo,  thereby  infusing  des{iondeur.y  into  the  hearts  of 
the  liberals.     The  French  entered  the  place  July  29,  1805,  and  the  native 


I 


MISERABLE  DOINGS. 


697 


n 


imperialiats  extended  themselves  in  all  directions.  Besieging  Ures,  they 
were  repulsed,  but  an  advance  by  their  foreign  allies  caused  its  evacuation. 
Pe^queira,  despairing  of  achieving  anything  for  the  time,  crossed  to  the 
United  States  to  seek  support,  leaving  Morales  to  maintain  alive  the  smould- 
ering spark  of  the  liberals  in  guerrilla  fashion.  The  imperialists  soon  over- 
ran the  central  aad  northern  districts,  and  extended  tiienisielves  as  far  south 
as  Alamo-i,  which  held  out  under  promise  of  aid  from  Siualoa  under  the 
direction  of  lUwales.  This  leader  entered  with  500  men,  but  was  defeated 
by  the  superior  I'orces  of  Almada  September  4th,  being  slain  with  about  one 
third  of  hii  troops.  By  this  time  the  French  began  to  concentrate  their 
forcei  against  tlie  possible  interference  of  the  United  States  now  freed  from 
civil  war,  ami  tlie  force  in  Sonora  was  reduced  in  Oct.  to  a  scanty  battalion, 
with  instructions  to  limit  itself  to  the  occupation  of  Guaymas.  This  im- 
arted   fre<h   courage   to   tlie    liberals,    who  pronounced  at  Hermosillo  in 

tol>er.  Tiie  movement  gained  strength  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  native 
imperialists  who  were  directed  l)y  C'omandante-General  Langberg,  a  Danish 
sol.lier  of  fortune.  With  the  aid  of  armament  supplied  by  the  Juarist  agent 
in  California,  Mor\les  in  December  captured  Arispe,  and  gained  a  victory  at 
Mitape;  but  on  January  .%  1866,  he  met  with  a  disastrous  check,  near 
Nicori  at  the  lian  h  of  Grandara  and  Tanori.  On  tlie  7th,  however,  Alamos 
WIS  retalien  i)y  Corona's  forces  under  Martinez,  Patoni,  and  Correa.  In 
March,  Poiqueiri  reentered  the  state,  and  on  May  4th  Hcrmo.sillo  was  cap- 
tured ati'l  sackad  by  Martinez  midst  great  slaughter.  While  the  liberals 
were  thus  occupie  1  in  ruthless  destruction,  Langberg,  Tanori,  and  Vasquez 
appeared  fromtlii  direction  of  Ures  vrith  about  800  men.  Martinez  sallied 
fiirtii  to  injet  t!iem;  and  sustaining  a  complete  defeat,  the  imperialists  re- 
gaiiiel  po<sessioii  of  Hermosillo.  Martinez  retired  to  San  Marcial,  where 
Pe-iqiieira  was  collecting;  the  fugitives  from  tlie  battle-field.  Being  reenforced 
by  Morales,  after  soma  fruitless  movements  between  Hermosillo  and  Ures, 
Po-iiKicira  and  Martinez  retreated  to  the  south  wliile  Morales  returned  north- 
ward for  recruits. 

In  the  mid  lie  of  Aug.  Martinez  again  gained  possession  of  Hermosillo, 
but  evacuated  it  a  few  days  later  on  the  apjproaoh  of  Langberg.  On  Sept. 
4t'  :li'3  latter,  joined  by  Tanori,  offered  battle  to  the  liberals  at  (iuailalnpe, 
nt'iir  Ures,  and  a  bitter  contest  raged  for  several  honr.s.  Finally  Langberg 
fell  in  the  front  rank,  and  demoralization  seizing  his  men,  victory  remainea 
with  the  liberals.  Ttiis  was  the  turning  point  in  the  struggle.  Ures  sur- 
r  Ml  lered  two  days  later,  Hermosillo  was  evacuate<l,  and  on  Sept.  loth  the 
Fi'ou'jli  garrison  at  Gnaymas  embarketl,  abandoning  to  the  tender  mercies  of 
M  irtinez'  followers  the  thousands  of  families  who  had  adopted  their  cause. 
Large  numbers  had  hurried  away  !.efore  the  impending  storm,  and  a  linger- 
ing few  now  joinei'  Tanori  and  Almada  in  escaping  across  the  gulf  in  two 
small  vessels.  TLoy  were  overtaken,  brought  back,  and  executed.  By  the 
end  of  Sept.,  ISoli,  the  whole  state  had  yielded,  save  the  Yaquis  and  Mayos. 
Tiuiir  subjection  was  accomplished  by  Morabis  in  November,  after  a  rigorous 
oiu[)aign.  iMirtinczhad  been  summoned  before  this  to  incorporate  with 
< '  irona,  amply  appeased  with  gifts,  and  soon  after  Sonoran  troops  were  sent 
to  asiist  in  overthrowing  the  abandoned  Maximilian. 

Sinaloa  had  to  sustain  a  somewhat  longer  and  more  direct  struggle  with 
tlie  bVeiich,  who  were  assisted  by  the  iintorious  chieftain  of  Topic.  In 
M  irch,  18ti4.  a  partial  blockade  of  Mazatlan  was  established  and  fire  opened 
by  the  invaders  on  a  portion  of  the  fortilications;  but  the  Mexicans  re- 
I'lii'il  so  M'annly  as  to  compel  them  to  retire.  At  the  oloso  of  Oi't.  Lo/ada, 
ii'iw  an  imperiali<t  general,  entered  from  Jalisco,  and  laid  siege  to  the  port 
with  nearly  1^,00)  men.  On  Nov.  12th  the  French  squadron  appeared  and 
olI'iTod  tiie  alternative  of  surrender  or  bombanlment.  As  resistance  offerecl 
liulo  prospect  of  success,  the  garrison  managed  to  escape  during  the  night, 
a'ld  on  the  following  morning  the  French  took  possession  of  the  place  after 
tiling  a  few  shots.  Vaaabilbaso  was  appointed  prefect  and  assisted  to  install 
loual  authorities. 


u 

I'  i 


^■;i'      :i 

it 


i^: 


■!&"•     ~:'.,H 


FllENCH  OPERATIONS  iX  SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


After  leaving  500  men  to  swell  the  imperialist  earrison  of  the  place, 
Lozaila  heuc  the  re^t  of  hitt  troupe  home  to  agricultural  pursuits.  The 
liberal  <  pursued  them  for  awhile  and  inflicted  some  loss;  tlien,  with  tlioir 
hcaiiciuarters  at  San  Sebastian  presidio  mustering  2,000  men  under  Corona, 
hara  ud  the  port,  and  maintained  a  guerrilla  warfare  against  the  mnvu'i.cnu 
of  tije  enemy.  Several  successes  gaiaed  were  encouraging;  notiilily  mie 
auliievuJ  I  y  Kosales,  wlio  met  the  imperialists,  5U0  strong,  at  San  Pedro, 
near  Cullacan,  and  after  a  contest  of  two  hours  routed  tlieni,  capturing  the 
Freueli  hailer,  Gazielle,  and  85  of  his  men.  Tiiis  victory,  which  gained 
Ro  ale.j  tlie  title  of  brigadier,  was  widely  celebrated  anil  proved  a  .severe 
blow  tt)  French  prestige,  in  this  reg'.cm  at  least.  His  aucceaa  was  paitly  ow- 
ing t )  1  "e  activity  of  I'atoni,  who  had  shortly  before  captured  F.  de  Li  Vega, 
the  f  "'iiicr  ruler,  and  now  entitled  i;iiperialist  ruler. 

T.iu  trench  havnig  now  overrun  nearly  the  whole  republic,  it  became 
necessary  for  them  to  extend  their  f  way  on  the  west  coast,  and  Castagny 
waj  ordered  to  remove  his  headquarters  at  Durango  to  Mazatlan.  He  .set 
out  in  tlic  latter  part  of  Dec,  18(i4,  with  nearly  3,000  men,  taking  the  direct 
but  rugged  route  by  way  of  Duia^nito.  Corona  occupied  the  mountain 
pa'ssc  ,  and  meeting  ^.'ith  a  defeat  at  Espinazo  del  Dia1>lo,  followed  iu  the 
rear  <  t  i-  pagny.  At  Veranos  lie  fell  upon  a  detachment  left  tliere,  capturing 
50  men  and  killing  17,  Vmt  being  severely  handled  by  reenforcements  of  the 
enemy  which  arrived,  he  imprudently,  under  excitement,  hanged  his  pri.snn- 
er.s  in  reprisal  for  the  execution  of  liberals  elsewhere.  The  French  general, 
naturally  of  a  severe  disiposition,  took  full  vengeance  in  retaliation  vith 
tt)rch  and  sword.  Tlius  was  inaugurated  in  Sinaloa  a  warfare  which,  for 
the  time,  seemed  one  of  extermination. 

The  Mexicans  were  now  only  able  to  prosecute  the  war  around  Mazatlan 
in  guerrilla  fashion,  and  though  two  flying  squadrons  were  organized  against 
theiii,  tlie.r  superior  knowledge  of  the  ground,  and  the  aid  afforded  thcni  hy 
tlie  people,  enabled  them  to  approach  up  to  the  very  gates  of  the  town.  The 
i'rench,  therefore,  carried  their  operations  into  districts  beyonu,  and  burnt 
down  San  Sebastian,  Mazatlan,  Guacimas,  and  Copala,  the  estates  anil 
ranchoj  of  known  adversaries  being  given  to  destruction.  This  only  in- 
creased exasperation,  wl;  oh  was  severely  felt  by  outposts.  Greater  mi  iiibor!) 
were  needed  to  clear  the  country,  and  Lozada  was  again  invoked.  He 
brought  in  April  3,0iX)  Indians,  and  from  Rio  de  las  Cafias  to  San  Ignaeio  tlie 
country  was  swept  of  liberals.  Corona  was  so  discouraged  that  he  departed 
to  join  the  campaign  in  Durango,  and  advised  his  adherents  temporarily  to 
submit. 

Meanwhile  the  lilierals  weakened  themselves  by  partisan  quarrels.  A 
revolt  compelled  Governor  Eosales  to  resign  in  favor  of  Corona,  who  tliere- 
upon  appointed  Domingo  Rubi,  who  was  confirmed  by  Juarez.  Tlien  eoin- 
menceil  hostile  proceedings  between  Hosales  and  Rubi,  which  were  termi- 
nated by  Rosales  being  summoned  to  aid  tlie  Sonorans,  in  wliooo  cause  lie  ftU, 

In  August  Corona  returned  and  the  struggle  was  resumed,  Corrca,  Parra, 
and  Martinez  being  conspicuous  as  leaders.  In  the  north  the  town  of 
Fuerte  was  captured  and  recaptured  several  times,  Martinez  finally  passing 
into  Sonora,  as  already  narrated.  Southward  Rubi  coiilined  himself  to 
raiding  the  Mazatlan  region,  while  Corona  gained  several  successes,  one  of 
wliich  was  the  taking  of  Acaponeta  with  much  booty.  Operations  wore 
nr  w  resumed  against  Mazatlan,  where  only  a  single  battalion  of  Fronehnien 
had  been  left,  and  as  heretofore  the  aid  of  Lozada  was  implored.  Cooperat- 
ing wi  li  this  chieftain,  vho  had  returned  to  Tepic  in  the  autumn  of  the 
prev.ous  year,  the  Prencli  with  aliout  1,000  men  captured  Pre.sidiode  Mazat- 
lan, Marcli  19,  188().  Corona,  with  over  2,000  men,  now  placed  himself  be- 
tween them  and  Mazatlan,  and  then  assaulted  the  enemy  with  sucli  ]ierti- 
nacity  that  he  finally  compelled  him  to  fight  his  way  back  with  heavy  loss. 

Lozada,  who  had  occupied  Rosario  with  2,000  Indians,  now  hesitated  to 
advance,  but  induced  by  a  promise  of  a  simultaneous  adviiiiee  of  the  Krenuh, 
passed  onward.     When  near  Concordia,  he  was  attacked  by  Corona  and, 


CORONA  AT  MAZATLAN. 


though  victorious,  sustained  a  loss  of  200  men.  Similar  attacks,  bootless 
raids,  and  the  non-receipt  of  money  from  Mazatlan,  induced  him  to  return 
to  Topic,  and  declare  his  neutrality,  with  an  aim  at  independence. 

Guzman  was  sent  to  watch  this  formidable  chieftain,  while  Corona  pressed 
closer  the  line  of  investment  round  Mazatlan.  The  aspect  of  affairs  im- 
proved; auxiliaries  poured  in;  American  sympathy  assisted,  and  a  goodly 
Mupply  of  arms  was  obtained.  The  United  binaloa  and  Jalisco  brigades 
were  transformed  and  organized  as  the  Army  of  the  West,  witli  Corona  as 
general-in-chief,  to  whom  the  governor  of  Sinaloa,  Jalisco,  and  Coliina  was 
subjected.  Several  engagements  followed  in  the  district  of  Mazatlan  with 
varying  success.  Mazatkn  was  invested,  and  on  8ept.  12th  Corona  gained 
possession  of  the  fortPalos  Prietos;  but  the  severity  of  the  conflict  and  the 
loss  incurred  made  hopeless  the  prospect  of  carrying  a  port  so  strongly  held 
and  supported  by  a  fleet.  After  a  snarp  attack,  on  Nov.  12th,  a  suspension 
of  liostilities  was  arranged,  the  French  having  announced  their  intention  to 
embark.  On  the  following  day  the  liberals  entered  Mazatlan  amid  (enthusi- 
astic demonstrations.  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  were  now  forced  from  imperialist 
.tway,  and  Corona,  now  a  general  of  division,  marched  with  a  portion  of  his 
troops  to  aid  ia  the  overthrow  of  Maximiliao. 


Ail      m 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


REVOLUTIONS    AND  COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. 


1867—1887 
Party  QuARRELa — UPRisisa   of   the   Yaquis— Veoa'8  Piratical   Raid 

ON     GUAYMAS  —  LeYVA's     REVOLUTION      AUAINST      JuAKEZ  —  Its     FaII,. 

UKK — Revolution  in  Sinaloa  and  Sequel — Contest  in  Somiua 
Reoardino  the  Constitution — Mariscal  Sent  to  Restork  Oh- 
DKu — Tub  Lerdo  Election  Troubles — Sinaloa  Yields  to  the 
PoRKiHisrs —  Mariscal  Governor  of  Sonora— Change  of  Govkk- 
N(jits  —  Appearance  of  Yellow  Fever— Revolution  in  Sinaloa 
BY    Ramirez -His    Defeat    and    Dkath— Makquez    de  Leon    In- 

VADKS     SONORA— Is     COMPELLED     TO    RETIRE — WITHDRAWS     TO     CaLI- 

FORNi\— Wars  with  the  Apaches — Their  Final  Subjugation. 

No  sooner  had  Corona  departed  than  dissension 
aro.'^  among  his  lieutenants ;  and  though  Rubi  was 
declared  elected  governor,  General  Martinez  on  Jan- 
uary 29,  1868,  denounced  the  election  as  fraudulent, 
and  proclaimed  himself  provisional  ruler.  Rubi,  sus- 
tained by  the  supreme  government,  resisted,  and  soon 
found  himself  at  the  head  of  2,000  men,  while  his 
opponent  could  muster  little  more  than  half  that  num- 
ber, and  on  April  8th  was  routed  at  Villa  Union.  T]ie 
rebel  general  now  disbanded  the  remnant  of  his  force 
and  departed,  whereupon  order  was  restored. 

General  Vega,  who  had  returned  from  California 
in  June  1866,  was  an  accomplice  in  the  above  move- 
ment. His  real  scheme  was  to  form  a  coalition  which 
should  install  a  new  president,  or,  failing  this,  estab- 
lish a  new  republic  in  the  north-west.  He  assisted 
in  the  escape  from  prison  of  Palacio,  one  of  the  late 
rebel  leaders,  who,  on  March  13,  1869,  pronounced  at 
Culiacan  in  favor  of  Vega.     Finding  that  town  luke- 

700) 


VEGA  AND  PESQUEIRA. 


701 


warm,  he  hastened  to  Fuerte,  but  a  month  later  he 
was  defeated  by  General  Parra  at  Los  Algodones, 
captured  with  most  of  his  men,  and  shot.  Vega  had 
meanwhile  been  abroad  to  purchase  arms,  and  now 
prepared,  with  the  assistance  of  Lozada,  to  invade 
Sinaloa  from  the  south.  In  February  1870  several 
pronunciamientos  were  effected,  and  a  number  of  petty 
raids  were  made  into  the  southern  districts.  Tlieir 
insignificance  discouraged  Lozada  from  active  partici- 
pation, and  Vega  became  so  pressed  for  means  that 
he  descended  to  the  piratical  proceeding  of  sending  a 
steamer  to  rob  Guaymas,  availing  himself  of  the 
vagabond  element  left  over  from  the  war  of  invasion. 
With  this  he  continned  his  inroads  into  the  follow- 
ing year,  after  which  he  sank  out  of  sight  beneath 
tho  movements  stirred  by  other  leaders. 

Pesqueira,  who  had  niled  Sonora  as  governor  almost  without  interrup- 
tion, since  the  resignation  of  Aguilar  in  1856,  partly  by  popular  vote  in  1857 
and  I8(il,  partly  by  appointment  under  Juarez,  was  again  in  1807  honored 
with  reelection  as  a  reward  for  his  brave  and  patriotic  conduct  during  the 
invasion.  There  was  need  ako  for  a  man  of  his  tried  administrative  ability 
to  liual  the  ravages  of  war.  Nearly  all  the  revolts  of  the  Yaquis  and  llayoa 
had  arisen  from  encroachments  on  their  land,  and  after  every  victory  over 
tlicni  the  infringement  was  affirmed.  So  it  happened  in  18(i7.  Tliey  killed 
a  too  yielding  chief  in  June,  and  prepared  with  force  to  assert  their  rights, 
vonunitting,  meanwhile,  a  number  of  outrages.  By  December  about  l,r)00 
troops  were  in  the  field  against  them;  several  bloody  engagements  took  place, 
and  it  was  not  until  Oct,  1868,  that  peace  was  restored. 

The  revolutionary  plans  of  General  Vega  against  Sinaloa  found  in  1870  an 
unpleasant  outcropping  in  Sonora.  The  general  had  obtained  possession  of 
tlie  steamer  Fonourd,  formerly  an  English  gunboat,  and  sent  her  on  a  pirati- 
cal expedition,  under  the  command  of  F.  Vizcaino.  Thiring  the  night  of  May 
'2"tli,  150  of  her  men  landed  near  Guaymas  and  carried  the  town  by  surprise, 
witliout  bloodshed.  A  levy  was  then  made  upon  the  custom-house  and  mer- 
chants, for  funds,  gootls,  coal,  and  arms,  the  latter  embracing  4,000  muskets, 
anil  the  former  rismg  to  the  value  of  more  than  $150,000,  witli  which  two 
»eizi;d  vessels  were  loaded.  The  Foruxird  thereupon  entered  under  a  Salva- 
dorean flag  and  towed  them  away.  The  treasury  official  Mcjia,  son  of  the 
minister  o?  war,  was  carried  away  as  hostage.  Commander  I  nw,  of  the 
r.  S.  war  steamer  Mohiran,  being  at  Mazatlan  when  the  news  came, 
decided,  at  the  instance  of  the  authorities  and  the  suffering  merchants, 
which  included  Americans,  to  check  this  piratical  raider  on  Pacific  coait 
trailu.  After  a  lengthly  search  he  found  the  Foi-wn-d  at  the  moutli  of  Rio 
dt;  las  Coflas,  under  cover  of  a  battery  which  opened  fire  on  the  cutting-out 
party.  Tlie  steamer  lieing  aground,  the  only  *>ltemative  was  to  fire  her, 
whereupon  the  Mohkan  retired. 

•  iuaymas  was  exposed  to  another  infliction  in  Oct.  1871,  in  connection 
with  tlie  Porfirist  revolution  against  Juarez.  The  garrison  declared  for  it, 
under  Leyva,  and  made  themselves  master  of  the  port.  Tliey  then  exacted 
luuucy  from  the  wealthy  citizeua  and  sailed  away  tu  spread  the  inovemeDt  in 


mm 


i',:,    :1' 


702 


REVOLUTIONS  AND  COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. 


the  mnrc  proiniHit.g  diHtricts  to  the  sonth.  PeHqiicira  wa.s  too  prompt,  liow- 
ever.  (!•>  eiicouiiturud  them  at  I'otrcrito  Scco  aixl  eruMhed  tliuir  forct-  iiinl 
hopes  at  one  lilow,  after  which  he  paaaud  on  to  aid  the  iluariHt  cause  in  Sin.i- 
loa.  Here  the  revohitioii  had  Iteen  initiated  by  (ieiiural  I'arra  aud  F.  Cai'iidi), 
in  Sept.  1871,  and  upon  their  failure  it  received  fresh  impulse  two  months 
later  at  Ma/atlan,  under  Hen.  Marque/,  de  Leon,  who  iiad  more  than  oiui^ 
been  in  charge  of  the  civil  and  military  government  of  tlie  Htate.  (iov.  K. 
Uucliia  lied  nortiiward  to  seek  the  aid  of  I'esqueira,  who  after  a  temponn  y 
check  took  possession  of  Fuerte  and  Culiacan.  Here  he  was  bcftcigcd  \'y 
Manpic/,  hut  a  federal  column  under  liocha  relieved  the  place  in  A|iril 
I87>,  driving  hack  Marquez,  and  marching  into  Ma/atlan.  The  follower^  ot' 
the  latter  liegauto  desert  the  failing  cause,  and  it  was  virtually  ahandmud 
in  tlie  following.'  months,  when  Diaz,  submitted  to  the  supreme  governniciil. 
An  under-current  remained,  however,  which  was  agitated  by  Lozada,  mIki 
had  eho.scn  to  favor  the  revolution.  A  crushing  death  at  liosario  inJiiti. 
187.'<  was  a  relief  to  the  state. 

The  reconstruction  of  the  organic  law  of  Sonora,  in  1872,  gave  rise  to 
hostility  between  the  legislature  and  executive,  which  manifested  itsell'  in 
appeaU  to  arms  among  the  people.  The  governor  carried  his  point,  aiid 
introduced  a  constitution,  in  May  1873,  which  was  tiustained  in  face  of  sev- 
eral formidable  pronunciamientos  against  it,  as  in  the  autumn  of  that  yiiu- 
at  Xiamo.s,  under  the  leadership  of  Connant,  who,  by  means  of  the  iimiiiI 
forced  levies,  swelled  his  command  to  400  men,  and  kept  that  region  in  ii;,'!- 
tatioii  for  several  months.  Popular  feeling  became  more  roused  against  the 
authorities  by  tlie  elcctitms  of  1878,  wherein,  with  the  aid  of  troops  and  cmi- 
nivance  of  the  presidential  party,  they  manipulated  the  polls  for  their  own 
purposes,  choosing  aa  ruler  Jose  J.  I'esquiera,  with  his  predecessor  for  viic 
governor.  This  induced  a  prominent  citizen,  F.  Serna,  to  pronounce  In 
August  of  that  year  at  Altar.  Although  at  first  defeated,  he  recovered  iiliii' 
selfijy  several  effective  operations  in  Nov. -Dec,  an<l  gave  such  impulse  in 
the  movement,  extending  it  into  Alamos  district,  that  the  federal  govim- 
mciit,  in  Marcli  1876,  sent  Mariscal  to  interfere.  Seeing  that  8crna  I  ail 
justice  on  his  side,  with  growing  popularity,  the  general  prudently  favmi'il 
him,  and  managed  to  restore  order.  Pesquiera  departed,  leaving  TorrcH  oa 
acting  governor. 

Mariscal  followed  tip  the  advantage  gained  by  the  manoeuvre  to  obtain 
election  returns  in  favor  of  his  patron,  Lerdo.  Finding,  however,  that  the 
Portirist  revolution  again.st  the  president  was  gaining  ground,  his  forc-iglit 
induced  him  to  waste  no  further  efforts  upon  a  lost  cause.  Less  clear-sighh  d, 
the  Pe.sqneirans  pronounced  for  Lerdo,  only  to  discover  their  mistake  ui 
Matape,  wliere  Mariscal  dispersed  their  forces,  and  compelled  the  leatleis  In 
seek  refuge  in  Arizona,  whence  they  were  soon  permitted  to  return. 

In  Sinaloa  the  Portirist  revolution  found  its  lieginning  in  local  outbreaks 
early  in  187fi,  of  which  Donato  Guerra  soon  appeared  aa  the  leader.  In 
August  he  took  possession  of  Culiacan,  and  imprisoned  Governor  J.  M. 
Gaxiola,  Init  troops  from  Mazatlan  drove  him  out  shortly  after,  and  inflirtid 
a  severe  defeat  upon  him  at  Tameaca.  Arce,  then  in  power,  thereupon  jini 
claimed  adhesion  to  Iglesias,  who  was  already  in  fliaht  for  the  U.  S.  In  the 
following  month,  Jan.  1877,  the  troops  of  Diaz  niarclied  into  Ma/atlan  in  tl.i; 
most  peaceful  manner,  and  after  a  few  blows  the  remainder  of  the  state 
yielded,  Cai^edo  being  chosen  governor.  The  election  in  Sonora  turned  in 
favor  of  Mariscal,  who  was  thus  rewarded  for  his  foresight  and  effort  to  pre 
serve  the  peace.  Serna  became  vice-governor,  and  was  permitted  to  issnc 
under  his  own  auspices  the  long  suppressed  constitution  of  1872.  Once  in 
possessior,  Mariscal  appears  to  have  neglected  the  tact  that  had  so  far 
enabled  him  to  court  successfully  the  ruling  majority.  A  quarrel  soon  arost 
with  the  legislature,  which  finally  impeached  him  for  removing  local  author 
itiea,  and  other  tyrannical  acts,  and  (teclared  him  replaced  by  8ema,  in  Feli. 
1879.  The  former  was  not  the  man  to  obey  the  dictates  of  a  petty  stat* 
assembly.     He  called  upon  hia  troops,  and  swelling  their  ranks  with  forced 


MARQUEZ  DE  LEO^T. 


703 


,,  how- 
cL'  mill 

II  t<m;i- 
'afittli', 
liionths 
Al  ourc 
iov.  K. 
[ij)(>riuv 
iguil  I'V 
n  Ai'iil 

>WC1>  111 

vntldiHil 

I'liiiii'iit. 

itla,  \^\w 

in  Jan. 

e  rise  to 
itHi'lt'  ill 
lint,  mill 
;e  of  ^<v- 
that  yiur 
the  u^iiiil 
on  in  ii[^i 
gainut  I  ill' 
i  antl  tt'K 
their  ov  ii 
ir  for  viii'- 
Uduncc   111 
k-erutl  liiiii- 
imimlse  111 
|al  govtiii- 
Scrna  1  :iil 
favmi'il 
'lorruK  as 

to  ohtaiti 
that  till' 
forci-iglit 
ar-sightnl, 
inistakii  ai 
leaders  tn 

•n. 

outhreaks 

ader.    1" 
nor  J-  M' 

ul  inttii'ti'il 
eupoi»  I"'" 
S.     Ill  till' 
,tlan  in  tl.i' 
the  sliiti' 
turned  in 
ort  to  I'ft  • 
id  to  inN"'' 
5.     Once  in 
had  80  far 
Boon  arose 
lal  author- 
a,  in  Fell. 
[petty  staW 
itii  forced 


recruits,  prepared  to  march  upon  the  gathering  forces  of  Scrna.  A  hlooily 
war  was  iii  pruspeet,  when  the  federal  government  interfered  in  favor  of  tlio 
latter,  who  liacl  most  politically  appealed  to  it.  Tlie  general  tlienupon 
found  it  pruitent  to  resign  into  the  hands  of  his  rival,  who  soon  surrendered 
tlie  position  to  the  uloetud  Luia  Torre.*. 

Not  unsiiuilar  was  the  fate  of  the  following  governor,  C.  H.  Ortiz,  w  ho, 
invested  witii  extraorilinary  power  for  the  suppression  of  the  Yatjiii  revolt, 
presumed  to  assume  a  hostile  attitude  toward  the  federal  commanders. 
.Some  of  the  militia  pronounced  against  his  impress-nonts,  and  tiie  people  at 
lli'rmoiillo,  lately  made  the  capital,  lent  approvt^l  hy  attacking  his  iiouic  in 
Oit.  I88'2,  whereupon  Ortiz  thought  it  prudent  to  take  tliglit,  leaviiin  tlie 
vire-govemor,  K.scalante,  as  ruler.  In  the  following  year  the  progressive 
.-iiliiiiiiistratiim  of  Torres  received  a  flattering  approval  in  his  reelection.  Tiie 
siu'iressor  of  (^afiedo,  in  Sinaloa,  was  M.  Martinez  de  Castro,  under  wiiom 
till'  new  lilieral  cimstitution  of  1880  came  in  force,  to  assist  <luring  the  ensu- 
iiii;  peaceful  era  to  unfold  the  vast  mineral  and  agricultural  resources  so  long 
iit'j^lcctcd,  to  promote  trade  and  intercourse,  diffuse  education,  and  tdevate 
till!  |)eople  ill  culture  and  atHuonce,  while  mitigating  the  occasional  evils  in- 
llii^ted  l>y  failure  of  crops  and  epidemics,  such  as  the  recently  ruling  yellow 
fever. 

Amoii):;  tlio  active  partisans  of  Porfirio  Diaz  in  the  north-west  had  licen 
Maniiie/  de  IjCoii.  The  reward  for  his  services  failing  to  satisfy  his  amhition, 
he  [iroposcd,  in  1879,  to  wrest  it  for  himself  hy  a  revolution  against  tlie  su- 
preme as  Well  as  local  governments.  Me  had  great  intluence  in  Sinaloa, 
wiiere  he  tigiired  during  the  early  part  of  this  year  as  guhernatorial  candi- 
ilale,  owing  to  the  su.sponsion  of  tiie  incumhent,  Canedo,  under  certain 
charges  wiiich  had  roused  the  people  against  him.  Believing,  nevertli(de.ss, 
tiiat  lie  could  give  great  impulse  to  the  movement  hy  a  simultaneous  outhreak 
in  his  native  Lower  California,  he  took  this  task  uixm  himself,  leaving  the 
impular  ,Jesiis  liiiinirez  to  direct  the  operations  in  Sinaloa.  The  latter  made 
a  not  very  successful  attack  on  the  garrison  at  Mazatlan  Oct.  25,  1870,  after 
which  ho  took  to  the  country,  supported  hy  several  pronuncianiientos,  froisi 
Uusario  to  Cosata,  and  hy  opportune  seizures  of  funds.  Altlioiigh  his  fol- 
low ers  were  defeated  in  several  minor  engagements,  ho  Bustaine<l  the  cause, 
an<l  in  <luiic  and  duly  1 8K0  managoil,  with  theaid  of  a  portion  of  tliegarris<m, 
to  iil>tain  temnorary  po.sse.ssion  of  Mazatlan  and  of  the  capital;  hut  in  Sept. 
he  was  routed,  overtaken,  and  killed.  In  Lower  California  the  revoliilion 
hail  run  a  still  briefer  course.  With  the  remnant  of  the  forces  there  routed 
hy  federal  troops,  and  driven  northward,  Marquez  crossed  to  Soiiora.  ile 
entered  liy  way  of  Simoita  early  in  May  1880,  gained  possession  of  Magda- 
Icna  on  the  lUst,  and  advanced  to  Ures.  Unsuccessful  in  obtaining  recruits, 
he  had  to  retire  before  a  superior  column,  whereupon  he  disbanded  his  men, 
departing  for  (California  to  seek  resources  and  form  alliances  for  a  more  fa- 
vorable opportunity.     This,  however,  failed  to  present  itself. 

That  standing  scourge  of  Sonora,  the  Apaches,  had  all  this  while  been 
swelling  its  long  record  of  desolating  raids,  although  in  a  gradually  h'sscn- 
iiif,'  degree,  owing  to  the  measures  taken  in  Arizona  to  check  the  roaming  of 
ln.liaiis  and  to  cooperate  with  Mexico  in  punishing  marauders.  Melore  the 
intliix  of  settlers  into  Arizona  the  Ajiachcs  had  a  free  licld.  They  attacked 
emigrant  parties  for  Cal.,  and  opened  trade  with  the  miners,  who  scru|(led 
nut,  in  exchange  for  stolen  cattle  ami  beasts  of  burden,  to  provide  them 
witii  ammunition  and  armament  of  the  latest  pattern,  thus  giving  them  decided 
ail  vantages  over  the  inefficiently  armed  frontier  troops.  The  year  IN."'  \v.  • 
fraiif^lit  with  particular  disaster  to  this  unfortunate  state,  which  the  A|»acln.. 
gi  iiiiiy  alluded  to  as  their  rancho  and  depot  for  supfilies.  In  Feb.  they  de- 
.stroyeil  .Mazatlan,  inflicting  a  loss  of  40  lives;  in  Aug.  they  jvdded  M  to  the 
li-t  of  victims,  bringing  the  total  sacrifices  of  life  for  the  year  to  200,  while 
earryiiijr  off  nearly  2,000  head  of  stock,  besides  other  booty.  PtHiineira, 
then  rising  into  prominence,  was  defeated  with  heavy  loss,  in  pursuing  them. 
8ubsuipieut  costlier  expeditioua  managed  to  iiiflict  only  tritliug  retaliation 


A,      ,B 


fi     ^ 

;  k 


M 


7M 


REVOLUTIONS  AND  COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. 


on  tlio  clinporMing  bandM;  nevertheless  the  movement  served  to  leHHcn  tlip 
irriiptiona  for  awliilo.  lu  1803,  however,  they  were  reHUiiiud  with  iiitciisilii'd 
rigor,  and  in  •luly  ah>ne  they  were  marked  hy  tlie  Mood  of  170  vit'tiiu.s. 
Again  tlie  autlioritiuH  awoke  to  the  nueuttMity  for  aniiud  deiiionHtratinti-i, 
which  i>roeured  a  niomuntary  rettpite;  tliun  both  troopM  and  Huttkirs  a^^^iiii 
Hunk  into  negligent  indolence,  l^ter  the  destruction  of  Chinapa  and  Nanta 
(.'rii/.,  and  l>y  raids  also  in  Arizona,  caused  United  Status  tnKips  to  join  the 
Mexicans  in  pursuit.  Once  more  a  quieter  period  was  followed  hy  a  vjiii. 
lent  inroad  in  18UU,  wlien  over  50  persons  were  reported  killcil  in  l<'«'lini.'iry 
alone.  Pesipieira  then  revived  lialve//  system  of  warfare,  with  only  p;irtial 
success,  for  the  peace  treaties  made  under  pressure  were  hroken  at  the  lii-t 
opportunity,  liirce  years  later  the  savages  penetrated  to  the  very  sulmilii 
of  Ures  and  Ahinio.s.  A  prize  of  I^IUU  was  now  offered  for  each  MO;ilp,  ami 
with  this  inducement  the  expeditions  of  the  ensuing  spring  reiiortcil  tliu 
slaying  and  capture  of  200  Apaches.  These  measures  tended  to  rt^stniiii  the 
hands  for  some  years,  in  1870,  however,  their  audacity  IncreastHl,  iiu<l  tUv. 
exasperated  authorities  now  raised  the  price  upon  scal[)s  to  !^.'t(N).  '\'\w 
Apaches  became  more  wary,  or  the  Mexicans  inditferent,  for  the  fund  «a,-i 
exposed  to  no  great  drain,  and  during  the  years  immeiliately  following  IN,'.' 
an  average  of  two  score  murders  was  reported.  The  Mexican  govei'iiiiicnt 
not  unjustly  charged  much  of  this  evil  to  the  defective  Indian  policy  of  the 
United  States,  witii  its  loose  reservation  system  an<l  injudicious  Icnii'iu  y, 
and  asked  for  com[)ensation  to  cover  damages  committed  by  these  wild 
wards  as  well  as  by  lawless  American  eiti/ens.  Of  late  years  the  daiii;!  r 
has  greatly  abated,  esitecially  since  the  administrations  of  l)ia/,  w  liu  Ii 
strengthened  the  military  colonies  of  the  frontier.  Tlie  growth  of  popula- 
tion in  Ari/onu,  with  the  extension  of  railways  and  tratle,  added  to  tlio 
security,  and  altiiough  raids  continued  to  some  extent  for  several  years,  \mis 
only  occasional.  The  once  desertetl  border  (juiekly  (illud  with  flourisiiiiig 
settlements  and  mining  camps,  among  which  tlie  cruel  Apache  ware:  bixui 
became  a  mere  tradition. 

During  the  second  administration  of  Diaz,  the  troublesome  Yn<|u is,  wIki 
had  hitherto  maintained  their  local  independence,  were  tinally  Hnl)du('il, 
ai'ter  a  war  of  several  years.  Their  territory  was  invested  on  all  sides,  ainl 
tlieir  chief  Cajenie,  a  leader  of  consideralde  political  and  military  aliiiity, 
was  captured.  In  April,  1887,  he  was  executed,  without  trial  it  is  said,  iu 
the  preseutio  of  his  people. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


■i. 


LOWER  CALIFOIINIA. 

18:0-1848. 

Srpauation  from  Alta  Caufounu  Deckkeu — FoREioN  Tkade — Vehskls 

VlHITINO  THE  COAHT — C\»C'1IKANE's  KaiI>  ON  LOKE'TO — MuUE  LiHEKTV 
GllANTEI)     TO     InKIAN.S— FeUKUAI,       8Y.STKM       KsiABLiaHKl)-    I'OLITICAL 

Divisions — Missions  .Seculakizku— 1'auty  Factions — The  C'alikou- 
NIAS  IlErNiTEu— Fkontiek  QuARiiEi,s  — Haiidy's  1'eakl-Fishin«» 
Scheme— United  !States  Desions — Americans  Octiu-y  La  1'az— 
Selkriikie  Takes  Muleoe— Patkioik;  Uisino  ai'  San  Jose  del 
Cawo — Californians  Attack  La  1'az- The  Ameiih;an  (Jakrison  Re- 
lieved— San  Jose  Besie(ied— Retreat  ok  the  Californians — Bat- 
tle OF  San  Vicente— Burton's  Oi-ekations— Expedition  to  Toih)s 
Santos— End  of  the  War— Lower  California  Rectored  to 
Mexico. 

In  1804  the  political  separation  of  tho  peninsula 
from  Alta  California  was  decreed,'  and  Arillajra  be- 
ing promoted  to  the  uj)[)er  i)rovince,  Captain  Felipe 
do  (Toycoechea  was  appointed  governor  of  Lower 
California.''  The  frontier  tlistrict,  which  stretched 
from  San  Fernando  to  tho  northern  border,  was  now 
more  directly  coimccted  with  the  ])eninsnla  govern- 
ment, and  promised  atone  tiiiu^  to  grow  in  im[)ortan<'e 
tlirouirh  the  desire  of  tlu;  Dominicans  to  extend  their 
missions  eastward  and  nortliward.  Their  zeal  soon 
slackened,  however,  before  the  intractubh^  nature  of 
the  Indians  and  the  soil,  and  the  discouraging  eti'cct  of 

'By  order  of  Mar.  '20,  1804,  the  old  boundary  along  Rio  Rosario,  or  liar- 
ralias,  to  remain.  Arr/i.  (lai.  Prov.  liec,  ix.  '.)f). 

-  This  (itlieer  had  served  in  both  Californias  and  was  at  the  time  habilitado 
gtiunil  at  Mexico.  He  did  not  arrive  till  July  1800,  and  Arrillaga  ruled  ad 
inUrim.  /(/.,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  xviii.  175-7;  xix.  t30-7ti;  Id.,  Prov.  liec,  vi.  21^ 
ix.  5(),  95. 

HlBT.  Mbx.  Ktatks,  Vol.  II.    4:>  (706) 


i  i 


I 


\  11 


; 


70(i 


LOWER  rAIJFORNIA. 


j>ovortv  and  discord  in  tlieir  ininicdiato  surroundinjj;s.' 
Indoud,  several  of  them  heranu;  in  stnne  instances  so 
tyrannical  as  to  rouse  the  Indians  to  desertion,  in- 
subordination,  an<l,  in  the  nortli,  to  open  revolt  di- 
nu'ted  often  ajjjainst  well-nieanin*^  padres.  Thustlu^  two 
niissionaries  at  Santo  Tonuls  were  slain  in  iHOrJ.' 

The  separation  fro;n  California  resulted  in  an  cnii- 
*j;rowinijj  neglect  for  the  peninsula,  and  tlu;  upixr 
sister  province  henceforth  ahsorhed  tin;  jjjreater  pio 
portion  of  the  sli<^ht  attention  hcstowtjd  hy  the  j^ov- 
ernnient.  The  idea  of  fosteriniL?  development  in  tlio 
fjir-west  never  occurred,  althouujh  tlu^  lon*j;in}jj  for  ter- 
ritorial extension  remaimnl  unal)at(!d.  Isolation  wiis 
deemed  security  enouj^h,  and  when,  with  the  o|)ciiiii«j; 
of  the  century,  English  and  American  otter-huntiiisj; 
and  trading  vessels  began  to  frequcjnt  the  California 
coasts,  the  old  dog-in-the-mang(!r  policy  was  more 
strictly  extended  also  in  this  dire  l;ion,  for  maintainint^' 
the  isolatit)n.  The  harshness  of  such  orders  becoiiits 
evident  when  it  is  considered  that  not  only  were  tlic 
visits  of  su[)[)ly  vessels  from  the  Mexican  ports  rare 
and  irregular,  but  the  effects  brought  were  insutticinit 
in  quantity  and  variety,  and  little  encouragiMnent  was 
given  for  enabling  the  hihabitants  to  exchange  their 

'The  successor  of  P.  Belda  in  1802,  as  presifJenl  of  the  missiona,  was  P. 
Rafael  Arviila,  who  so  roused  tlie  friars  hy  his  scaiiilahius  conihict  th.it  lie 
was  rcnioveil  hy  general  reciuest,  P.  Miguel  (iallego  succectliii;;  in  iMtl. 
Arrh.  Annliitffh,  ii.  Ili-S").  1*.  (Jahriel  of  Loreto  was  some  years  later  exihd 
for  i.hduetiug  Indian  wives,  and  P.  Cuhallero,  still  later,  disgraced  tiie  ri.liu 
in  a  similar  manner.  ]'itlltjn,  Jlixt.  Ciii,  ii.  S;")  8;  Alixintifn,  li.  172-4;  1'';;", 
ll(l(t  Ciil..  4.'{.  Several  other  friars  reveah^il  looseness  of  eonduc^t,  hut  witc 
more  prudent  and  escaped  punishment.  The  poverty  of  the  province  did  imt 
terul  to  strengthen  their  zeal;  as  a  rule  they  only  longed  to  return  to  tlic 
more  comfortahle  cloisters  of  the  mainland,  and  ohtained  leave  of  ahsetuc  nn 
freijuently  that  orders  came  to  restrict  this  jirivilegc.  The  result  Wiis  an 
angry  corresiiondence  with  tlie  viceroy.  Air/i.  CiiL,  Prni).  St.  Pa]).,  .wiii. 
120  4,  84;  xxi.  54,  l(H)-l,  28(5,  .S72;  xxi.  48-5,  etc.;  Id.,  Pnw.  Iter.,  vi.  (•  l.f; 
viii.  G."};  ix.  24,  U7,  (50.  Concerning  existing  friars  till  1827,  I  refer  to  Sin 
Barh.  Arch.,  x.  279;  xi.  160;  xii.  108,  273,  359;  S.  DUi/o  Miss.,  14,  91;  (he. 
Mt'x.,  XX.  (500;  xxiv.  1049;  Arcfi.  Arzoliis.,  ii.  50,  80,  140;  St.  Pap.  S<i<:,  ix. 
15,  78;  XV.  4;  /(/.,  Miss.,  iii.  34;  f.oreto,  Aliss.  Rec,  MS.,  72  et  seq. 

*  In  May.  They  were  Eduardo  Surroco  and  Miguel  Lopez;  a  woman  odii- 
fesaed  to  the  deed  under  torture,  and  was  executed,  together  with  two  ac- 
coinplicea.  Arch  Cat,  Pnw.  Rec,  viii.  241;  ix.  27-8,  .33,  43;  x.  1-2;  Id.,  St. 
P'ip.,  xiv.  76-6.  At  San  Boria  there  was  trouble  in  1800.  Arcli.  Arzobis.,  ii. 
,43. 


"on-interco 

'''•'•tiT,  hoR; 

""■  fur  aniii 
II  i'.irri,.(J  a 
'"ii'it  trad( 
•""Idiers.     K 
tliii  ifovoriKii 
'■"iintenanc... 
''''•0  rcsu 
I'li'd,  ai„i  ;i 
raising  prod 
"ifircourso  M 
"l^M,  foll,.„,.. 
'* '  'i'",  tlie  . 
'"'/I'riiw,  C'ai 

I'"  ^"^y.    iJl 

lalf.Tfrenueii 
I'^'tcd  the  c, 
/V'-woinado 
':"'-^'''l».  .So 
ln<rvUvr,  C-ip 
','>'  '•'■lievi,,,,  tj 
;"^'<'ilif„n.i, 

VII'Mtill  h.-iv 

•^'"1  -^.-ilt  could 
"l".;n  this  far-a 
striking  pietur 
^■"'.'■■^"y  a  spri, 
0'  ''!stiv<!  trad 


.1.:. 


ADMIRAL  COCIIKANE. 


707 


lwa.s  V. 

Itliiit  he 

fXllt'll 
\\W  1-1 'III! 

it  wen' 
(lid  i>"f 
to  lli^" 

iUlll't'   till 

Wivs  au 

XV  ill. 

i. '.t  i:i; 

ir  to  'S'" 

1;  (;'!-■. 
!«<•.,  !"■ 

hau  I'on- 
]  twi>  »>;• 


beef,  hklos,  *^min,  and  fruit  tor  commodities  which 
tlic  fi  reign  vuhsuIs  tiini»tingly  diHplayed.  They  wore, 
ill  othur  wordn,  bidden  to  saerifiee,  lo  throw  away, 
their  sur|)lus  produeu  and  be  content  with  a  tew  crude 
staple  articles.' 

Lower  California  escaped  the  horrors  of  civil  war 
lavaLjing  the  mainland  durin<j:  the  decade  followiny; 
IS  10,  yet  it  was  not  wholly  exempt  from  hostile  visi- 
tation. At  the  close  of  this  revolutionary  struggle 
t!ie  tleet  of  Admiral  Cochrane  entei'ed  the  contest 
against  S[>ain,  ami  two  of  its  vessels,  the  [}i(UiHnnktirln 
aiitl  AmKCdiio,  were  (lesi)atched  in  the  guise  of  whalers 
to  make  observations  along  the  nortlu'rn  coast  ot 
Mexico,  and  sound  the  jteoplc  while  peaceably  making 
[turchascs  of  })rovisions.  The  conunanders  of  the 
cruisers  disregarded  these  instructions  under  tlu^  in- 
centive of  si)oils.  On  February  17,  IH'2'2,  the  fndc- 
jii  iidmcui  entenMl  the  harbor  (»f  San  Jose  del  (^abo, 
sac],  jd  the  mission  and  church,  and  made  a  prize  of 

''  At  first  tlic  g<)voriii>r  and  liis  troops  liad  not  much  ilitlionlty  in  enforcing 
noii-intorcournc  witii  liated  and  feared  forcij;ncrs,  Imt  tho  latter,  failing;  to 
li;irtiT,  liogan  to  ])lun(l(T  tiiinr  water  of  its  riches  l>y  hunting  for  tiioniselvos 
tlic  fur  animals.  'I'o  .sacrilico  tiicir  property  was  had  enough,  hut  to  Itehold 
it  ^■,•lrried  away  hy  strangers  was  worse.  Oiiedieneo  ceased  to  he  a  virtue; 
illicit  trade  hegan,  ami  expanded  rapidly,  xmtil  it  alFected  even  padres  and 
scildiers.  For  a  while  a  decent  pretext  of  secrecy  was  maintained,  lint  soon 
tlio  governor  himself,  with  pay  as  well  as  sui)plies  long  in  arrears,  gave  open 
cmmtenanco  to  the  traltic. 

Tho  result  i)roved  advantageous  on  all  sides,  for  many  wants  were  aup- 
lilicil,  and  a  certain  incentive  was  given  to  pursuits,  in  hiintinir  otters  and 
raising  produce  for  hartcr.  Among  vessels  which  took  advantage  of  this 
iiitcrcourso  were,  lirst  the  American  hrig  BiUcij,  C'a))tain  .1.  Winship,  late  in 
IMH),  followed  hy  several  otiiers  shortly  after,  notalily  the  (''('niii.  Captain 
OCain,  the  Alcjiiin/cr,  Captain  lirown,  Lilid  Jii/nl,  Captain  Shaler,  and  the 
f'"lhirinv,  Cajjtain  Koherts.  O'Caiu  is  claimed  to  have  discovered  San  (^uen- 
t ill  hay.  Li'liii  Bynl  and  O'Ciihi  returned  during  the  following  years,  the 
latter  frequently,  and  in  ISOti  the  I'ctti-ock,  Captain  Kimhall,  and  the  lirtom 
visited  tho  coast.  In  KSOiS  and  KSOlt  the  .Urmir;/,  Captain  Ayers,  and  tho 
/'(•'i;ho  made  their  appearance,  followed  in  1810  hy  tho  AVxitroKx,  Captain  N. 
*\'iuship.  Several  other  vessels  touched  without  leaving  a  record.  'I  ho 
Tnirclln;  Captain  Wilcox,  in  IH17,  rendered  great  service  to  the  peninsula 
liy  relieving  the  suffering  i>eople  at  lioreto,  and  in  making  a  special  trip  to 
•Mlii  California  for  further  supplies.  The  cliief  resort  of  the  vessels  was  San 
((•uiiitin  hay,  within  range  of  several  mis.sions,  where  otters  were  plentiful, 
aihl  salt  could  ho  had  in  ahundanee.  And  many  a  fete  chanipetre  was  held 
upim  this  far-away  beach,  and  tho  strange  company  that  assembled  made  a 
striking  picture,  black-robed  friars,  sailors,  and  swarthy  natives,  with  occa- 
sionally a  sprinkling  of  Aleute  from  Alaska,  forming  a  heterogeneous  crowd 
of  festive,  traders. 


i    'm 


I    ■ 


iiifi; 


708 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


the  brig  Alcion,  laden  with  tallow,  and  en  route  from 
Alta  California  to  the  mainland  southward.* 

Long  continued  Jieglcct  naturally  predisposed  the 
inhabitants  of  the  peninsula  to  favor  the  revolution- 
ary cause;  yet  they  were  content  to  abide  the 
decision  of  events.  In  the  early  part  of  18'22  their 
suspense  was  terminated  by  the  arrival  of  the  can- 
onigo,  Agustin  Fernandez  do  San  Vincente,  imperial 
connnissioner,  to  proclaim  tlie  elevation  of  Iturbidc 
to  the  throne  of  Mexico  and  inaugurate  reform.  Tlir 
people  yielded  to  every  disposition  made  by  him,  and 
his  steps  were  facilitated  by  the  resignation  of  tlie 
governor,  Jose  ArgUello,  who  had  succeeded  Goy- 
coechea  hi  1814,  and  was  replaced  in  October  1822 
by  Jose  Manuel  Ruiz,  commandant  at  the  frontier, 
under  the  title  of  jefe  politico.' 

''A  lieutenant  and  eight  men  were  next  sent  to  the  mission  of  Todos  San- 
tos, witli  orders  to  phuiaer  the  church,  take  the  padrc  jirisoner,  and  'lurn  (ir 
sink  a  schooner  wliich  liad  lately  heen  huilt  there.  These  orders  were  car- 
ried out  on  the  I'Jtli,  but  the  lieutenant  and  two  of  his  men  .attempted  to  l;iy 
hands  on  the  women.  The  people  iiad  been  unresisting  spectators  while 
their  vessel  was  destroyed  and  their  church  desecrated,  but  their  pent-uii 
feelings  iU)W  burst  fortli.  Moved  by  a  single  impulse,  they  attacked  llie 
party — which  was  on  the  beach — with  stones  and  other  ready  mean.s,  and 
killed  the  trio.  M.ade  fearless  by  this  .achievoment,  the  assailants  hurriiil 
off  to  the  mission  .and  fell  suddenly  upon  the  remaining  si.x  men  of  the  party, 
two  of  whom  were  ipiickly  despatched  and  three  grievously  wounded,  while 
the  sixth  surreuderetl  at  discriition.  Tiie  captives,  swelled  by  three  nies.seii- 
ger.s  from  the  hostile  ship,  were  carried  nortiiward  to  ISan  Antonio,  but  weio 
surrendered  on  the  captain  of  the  Iiidi'^vwlinrla  tiire.ateiiing  to  destroy  both 
Toilos  Santo-i  and  San  Antonio.  Meanwhile  the  Arovciu"  Ii.^d  gone  up  tlic 
gulf  to  Ou.iynias,  and  tiien  to  Lon^to,  wlience  the  people,  warned  by  the 
oceurren'.'i;  further  scnith,  liad  tied,  leaving  the  enemy  to  jiluiider  the  tovii 
and  eliur 'h,  (iovernor  Argiiello  losing  his  silver  plate  and  other  jiroperty. 

'The  most  important  change  by  the  canon  .appeainl  in  a  yw  .isional 
regi  unento  for  administration  of  missions,  whereby  the  Indians,  though  .--till 
left  uiuler  suiiervision  of  tlu;  jiadres,  were  given  greater  freedom,  will:  '.'.•>' 
right  to  demand  rations  ami  pay  for  their  labor,  and  to  elect  tjic  liitluitn 
autocratic  priest  instrument,  the  niayordomo,  from  among  themselves.  'Ihe 
faMi"- 's  were,  morerwer.  reipiired  to  furnish  inventories,  as  a  ciieck  ujxm  tin  n 
nuin,i!^em  lit  of  mission  [jroperty.  (!reat  was  tlieir  indignation  at  this  in 
eroaclinient  upon  tiieir  tinu'-lionored  paternal  rights — tiiat  is,  to  conijiel  ii;i 
Indians  to  work  '''>r  <a  scanty  a.iowaiir(!  of  poor  food  and  poorer  clothing:  i" 
subnii;  to  any  v  lastisement  the  jiadres  saw  lit  to  intlict,  and  to  h:ive  iin 
Mioiig)\t  for  anything  in  life  except  tiie  r('))etition  of  a  few  prayers  ii:iri"l 
wise,  and  the  enrichment  of  the  mission.  They  predicted  disaster  boiii  to  the 
mission  estaldishments  and  to  the  Indi.ans  from  such  extension  of  liberty  to 
being '.  untit  for  its  enjoyment,  and  events  ju.itilied  the  assertion,  model  ite 
and  just  as  v.ero  the  jirivih-ges  granted.  The  neophytes  surrendered  tin  iii- 
uelvcs  to  dissipation  and  idleness,  allowed  themselves  to  be  guided  by  inter- 


DEMOUALIifATION  OF  THE  NATIVES. 


;o'.) 


m\ 


[  ')urn  i>r 
vere  I'^^r- 
ctl  to  l:iy 
,rs  wliik' 
■  jient-'.iv 
ckcil  tl.f 

hie  part  y. 
led,  wluU' 
.  niesscii- 

but  V  III'. 

,r()y  lii'tl' 
lie  up  tlio 
>(l  by  tUo 
Itlic  ttivn 
ipci-ty. 
■I  ,isioii;\l 
iiugh  ^tiU 
witl-.  ;'"' 
liitluito 
Ives,    'llo' 

1|)11U  till'"' 

lliis  tu- 
lUHiel  ill' 
i)tliiiiti:  '"' 

luive  11" 

•rt    IKllT"!- 

.01,11  t.i  the 

lliberty  to 

iiioiltiito 

•c.l  til'  111- 

by  iiitor- 


The  change  from  colonial  regime  hail  been  grasped 
at  mainly  in  the  vain  hope  of  some  relief  from  long 
neglect  and  distress,  and  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
pulilic  was  additionally  wcioome  from  its  conferment 
of  local  .self-rule.  Tlie  new  era  was  inaugui'ated  by 
Lloutcnunt-coloiiel  Jose  Maria  de  Echeaiulia,  ap- 
pointtid  to  the  civil  and  military  command  of  the  two 
Californias-,  who  pre.sented  himself  at  Loreto  in  June 
18'J5,  acct/mpanied  ,)y  several  officers  and  nine  Domin- 
ican friars.  On  Julv  10th  he  installed  the  territorial 
(leputatit)n,  with  the  ?.id  of  which  several  progressive 
jnoasures  were  taktai,  notably  to  raise  funds  for  open- 
ing primary  sclioo!«»  at  Loreto  and  San  Antonio.  The 
peninsula  was  divided  into  four  districts,  Cabo  de  San 
Jjucas,  Ijori'to,  Santa  Gertrudis,  and  San  Pedro  ]\Iar- 
tir,  eacli  with  an  ayuntamiento,  or  nmnici[)al  council, 
at  its  head  town,  composed  of  an  alcaldt;,  two  rigi- 
dores,  a  sindico,  and  a  secretary,  and  with  auxiliary 
alcaldes  at  the  missions,  appointed  by  the  jefe  po- 
litico." 

ested  schemer.?,  and  declined  rapidly  in  condition  and  number.  Their 
decadence  would  probably  iiavu  been  iiHire  rapid  luit  for  the  united  efforts  of 
padres  and  scttler.s,  for  their  own  advantage,  to  maintain  tlie  former  domi- 
nation, and  to  ignore  tiie  reglamcnto. 

''The  condition  of  the  aborigines  commanded  his  special  attention,  and  ho 
issued,  August  19,  IS'J.'),  a  reglamento  aiming  to  practically  sei'ulririzc  moat 
of  the  missions.  A  sufficient  proportir  i  of  mis.sion  land  was  to  bo  distriliuted 
.juong  the  Indians  as  coniuiunity  property,  undor  the  direction  of  niayor- 
donios  elected  from  among  tiicmselves  for  a  period  of  years.  They  were 
also  to  receive  tlie  necessary  grain  and  implements  for  establisliing  farms, 
and  half  of  the  live  stock,  the  other  half  remaining  for  support  of  churches 
and  pailres.  The  latter  were  reduced  to  the  condition  of  parisli  priests, 
under  the  surveillance  of  alcaldes  .Tud  mayrrdomos.  Hy  decrees  of  KSHO,  all  Imt 
tlu'ce  of  the  missions  were  added  to  the  secularization  list.  This  system 
aimed  to  elevate  the  Indians  almost  to  the  dignity  of  indepemlent  eiti/OTiship, 
but  unfortunately  the  reglamento  was  disregarded  like  the  otliers  by  ne  li- 
gi'ut  officials,  influenced  also  b;-  interested  parties.  Tlie  unhappy  natives 
gradually  deserted  the  now  inhospitable  missions,  wandering  about  the  hills 
and  beaches  looking  for  food.  Occasionally  they  would  work  for  the  recoin- 
ponse  of  a  little  watered  atole  twice  a  day,  and  a  breech-elout  and  blanket 
every  two  years,  being  withal  badly  treated  everywhere.  Kpiilcmics  and 
local  diseases,  moreover,  coml)ined  to  ravage  their  enfeebled  ranks.  The 
govt  recognized  17  missions  in  IS'JCi.  As  for  tlieir  property,  it  was  to  be  ab- 
sorbed partly  by  the  settlers,  partly  by  favored  individuals,  who  obtained  it 
a^<  grants,  or  against  nominal  purchase  money.  The  secularization  decree 
had  already  declared  sucli  unoccupied  lauds  national,  and  open  to  rental. 
The  padres  vigorously  op])osed  this  attempt  at  Knal  spoliation,  assisted  by 
neophytes,  and  took  to  arms  at  Todos  Santos.     The  result  was  au  order  by 


I  i 


ti' 


M 


't  :   1 


Hi 


•10 


LOWKIl  CALIFDKNIA. 


Ill:      I 


The  change  of  political  system  did  not  bring  tlu 
expected  anu'lit)ration  to  the  settlers.  Tlusy  remain- 
ed neglected  as  ever,  and  so  stricken  became  tlui, 
condition  that  petitions  were  presented  in  1827  tor 
the  remission  of  tithes  and  other  im[)osts,  exee|it 
nmnicipal  taxes,  for  fifteen  years.  Misgovernment  :iL 
home  assisted  to  retard  improvement.  l^^cheandia 
was  supposed  to  rule  the  peninsula  from  his  seat  in 
Alta  California,  but  he  did  not  trouble  hiniself,  and 
liis  functions  were  | (reformed  by  a  de[)uty,  who  was 
sometimes  appointed  by  tin;  governor  and  sometinu'S 
by  the  territorial  debutation.  The  ayuntamientos  of 
the  <listricts  sought,  mon^over,  to  assert  themselves  as 
much  as  possible,  and  so  matters  drifted  into  a  nuni- 
bi'r  of  irregular  channels,  with  arbitrary  action  in  each. 

On  leaving  for  the  north  in  October  I8'J.'),  Kcliean- 
di'a  installeil  as  his  deputy  at  Loreto  1/ieutenant  .1. 
]VI.  l*adres,  a  mend)er  of  the  territorial  de|)utation, 
whose  libera!  itleas  hrousjjlit  the  Dominicans  into 
opposition  with  him.  l']lectetl  deputy  to  the  congress 
in  the  following  year,  he  departed  for  Mexico,  leav- 
ing the  gubernatt)rial  olKce  to  the  alcade  of  Loreto, 
Isiiguel  ^lesa.' 

Miclu'ltoroiuv,  in  ISIH,  to  restore  all  ])ropcrty  taken,  except  lands  alroaiiy 
oot'miifil,  for  wliii'h  titles  iimst  he  olitaineil  from  the  governnieiit.  'lius  ilul 
not  uit4'rfere,  liiiwcvcr,  Mitii  tlie  |irog!'e.ss  uf  s|ioliatioii,  ami  ;.'i  frontier  mis- 
sioiis  were  nearly  all  (lis|iii.sfil  uf  iii  184(1  hy  tlie  iinscruiMiloiist  iovernor  Vieo. 
'1.1  ISl'lt,  lijwevcr,  the  territorial  ileputatioii  took  upon  itself  to  reverse 
tllis  oriUr  liy  seleetiiii;  its  lirst  nieniijer,  Alferez  Mala,  of  tlie  garrison,  as 
Buh-!,'ete  ]>iilitiei>.  'I'liis  iiiih'pendent  action  roused  Keiieaiulia,  mIio  hitherto 
li.iil  allowed  tiie  pei-ple  to  niiinat;e  their  own  atlairs.  His  reiiresentations  Ird 
tlie  siipreii;  •  t;(iveiiiiii''iit  tn  apiioiiit  Ijiiutenaiit-eolonel  M.  N'ietoria,  and  to 
separate  the  |pe!iiiisula  f.'uiii  Atta  California,  while  snhordinating  it  in  iiidi- 
tary  and  judieial  matters  to  thi'  eoniandante-ueneral  of  ."^luiora.  Vietoria 
bein^'  transferred  to  the  northern  ])rovinee  in  \S'M).  he  was  sneeeeiled  hy  M. 
Monterde,  who,  upon  his  cliHtioii  to  eongress  in  IS.'U,  surri-ndereil  the  otlii-t' 
to  the  i'e|iiitation,  and  its  nienihc  rs  now  rotateil  monthly  as  jefe  politien. 
The  eoiise((ueiit  eonfusion  eaused  Monterde  to  he  sent  haek  as  ruler  two 
years  later,  hut  hi'  hoinj.^  again  eleeted  deputy,  f\  I'ernvian  nieniher  of  the 
deiiutativin  took  charge  niilil  tlit!  arrival,  in  .Ajiril  KSI?.'),  of  tiie  government 
appointee,  {'oloiicl  \\.  Martinez;  hut  so  intense  was  the  opposition  of  tin" 
legislative  hody  to  this  tnainlami  intruder  that  le  resigned.  Then  eanie  a 
contet  ht'tween  tli.;  dejiutatioii  memhers  for  I'ontrol,  leading  to  virnlriit 
party  spirit  and  liloodslu'd.  Tlie  government  thoreitjion  ordered  the  adniiii 
istration  to  rest  with  the  alcalde  of  La  Vix/.,  to  which  place  the  caiiital  iiad 
been  transferred  in  KSIM),  owing  to  the  destitution  of  Loreto  in  nat"ral  ic 
pourcoa,  aggraviitoJ  by  au  iuuiuktitiii,  wiiich  iu  the.  prueuding  yuar  liad  awept 


POLITICAL  OnANOES. 


711 


¥  ■',, 


m 


At  the  fall  of  the  federal  system  in  Mexico  the 
Caiifornians  were  united  into  a  sin;j;le  department 
under  this  name,  and  Jjuis  del  Castillo  Niunte,  an 
ex-judge  from  the  northern  pix^  incit,  was  ajtpointed 
sul)-jefe  under  the  governor  residing  in  Alta  Cali- 
fornia, yet  reall}'  with  greater  jtower  than  his  )>rede- 
cessors,  owing  to  the  abolition  of  the  deputation,  nnd 
til  listance  fro  n  his  supcrioi's.  He  ruled  with  great 
eiu'rgy  and  prudence  till  1842,  and  introduced  most 
conunendable  land  reforms  and  colonization  nieasuris. 
Afttjr  this  came  a  rai)id  succt'ssion  of  military  ap- 
pointees, with  sym[)tomsof  former  disijuiitude.  The 
two  districts  of  the  Californias  ((uarn'lleil  also  coii- 
cendng  the  frontier  jurisdiction,  and  the  disorder  was 
aggravated  hy  the  government's  neglect  to  pr()]K'rly 
sustain  tho  garrison,  which  thus  became  a  party  to 
strife.  Indians  took  advantage  of  the  discord  to 
carry  matters  with  a  high  hand.'* 

Troubles  also  threatiMied  to  arise  from  the  decree 
in  182H  and  followhig  years,  for  the  eximlsion  of  Span- 
iards, to  which  nationality  the  friars  belonged,  besitlcs 
a  few  of  the  settlers;  but  as  no  serious  attemjit  was 
made  to  enforce  the  law  here  the  afl'air  subsided." 

Now   comes  a  more   stirring  period,  the  war  with 

awivy  a  largo  portion  of  the  town.  This  artioii  sorvcil  only  to  unito  the  fac- 
tions against  tlie  common  enemy-  The  ah'altU",  M.  Canseco,  was  cast  into 
IM'ison,  and  the  deputation  renewed  ilie  rotation  in  oliioe.  Tin;  government 
imiieratively  repeated  its  former  oriler,  and  Conseco  declining,  tlie  .second 
alcalde.  Captain  F.  de  laTolia  was  installed  as  jefe  in  .lanuary  KSH7. 

'^'Constant  raids  occnrrcil;  in  Oi'toNer  l.s;!;>,  the  mission  of  (iuadalniie  was 
.sai'kiMl,  three  of  the  defendi'rs  heing  killed;  and  in  IMO  Santa  Catalina  mis- 
sion was  liurncd,  and  Ki  of  its  neophytes  were  slain. 

"After  the  indeiiendenee,  intercourse  with  foreigners  was  no  longer  pro- 
hihited,  and  hotli  La  Paz  and  l^oreto  were  for  a  time  ojiened  to  trade.  The 
permission  availe<l  little,  owing  to  tlie  lack  of  resoui-ces  to  attrait  vessels. 
Among  visitors  were  Lieut  Hardy  of  tlie  Kritisii  navy,  commissioner  for  a 
pearl  iisliery  association  of  London,  who  spent  nuicli  timi'  and  money  in  I8'J6 
in  a  visionary  scheme  to  olitain  pearls  liy  means  of  diving  ludls;  in  the  same 
year  Duhaut-Cilly,  in  the  l''iench  trading  ship  //<  run,  and  four  yt'ars  later 
came  Coinhier  in  La  Frlirii.  In  ilii  .same  year,  KS,'{0,  .lames  O.  I'attie 
strayed  with  a  party  of  starving  tra].Mi  rs  to  the  frontier  missions.  An  in- 
voluntary stay  was  also  made  in  \S',V2  l>y  (lovcrnor  Kigueroa,  on  the  way 
from  Acapuleo  to  Alta  California.  While  halting  at  Cape  San  Lucas  part  of 
liis  troop.s  mutinied,  and  sailed  away  to  San  Hlas  with  the  transport  vessel, 
and  he  had  to  takt?  refuge  at  La  Paz  until  the  vessel  was  reuturud  by  the 
uuthoritieu  of  Jalisco. 


1:1 

4m 


712 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


IS; 


the  United  States,  the  general  aspect  of  whieh  I  luw  c 
considered  elsewhere.  It  lias  been  shown  that  Cali- 
fornia, in  its  wide  extent,  was  tlie  chief  aim  of  the 
invatlers,  who  were  stimulated  by  the  behef  that  Eng- 
land had  desijjfns  u|)()n  the  coast.  (Teogra[)hically  by 
name,  and  for  tlie  time  j)olitically,  the  peninsula 
seemed  to  be  part  of  Alta  California.  It  was,  niorr- 
over,  regai-ded  as  a  desirable  acquisition,  partly  from 
a  strati'ufic  point  of  view,  and  from  the  first  the  im- 
j)res.sion  c.ime  from  official  sources  that  Lower  Cali- 
fornia would  l)e  retained  by  the  United  States.  Tliis 
was  communicated  to  its  inhabitants,  with  the  assui- 
aiicD  of  |)r()tection  to  all  who  should  espouse  tli(> 
American  cause.  Yet  it  was  not  until  the  conquest 
of  the  upper  coast  had  been  achieved  that  the  in- 
vaders turned  against  its  southern  extension."* 

"Tlioir  Wiir  oshhU  liad  appnarod  in  tlinse  waters  in  tlic  autumn 
of  1Ht6,  to  f^ivo  notice  of  a  ((lockadc  wliii'h  ooulil  not  thou  lie  tu- 
fofocd,  ami  at  clui  first  iutiinatioii  Colonel  Miranda,  jofe  politieo,  oH'iicil 
neutrality  if  the  pursons  and  property  of  the  peojile  were  respected,  for  they 
wore  ilefoui'olesi.  Tiiis  step,  altlioui;li  widely  eouuteuaaced  or  taeitly  ,i|)- 
pr)ved,  sulHc  ^l  to  rais(!  an  outery  auion^  a  set  of  true  patriots,  as  well  .u 
among  puroly  political  opponents,  who,  ]iroliting  liy  Miranda's  lack  of  linn- 
ii'Ms,  in  Fe'i.  \S^1,  set  up  as  jefe  politico  Mauri(U(t  Castro,  a  proiuiueut  and 
energetic  ui;iti.  Uc  lo^t  uo  time  in  summouiug  the  uu'uilici's  of  the  council 
to  nitiet  at  Saiit  i  Anita  to  devise  measures  for  defeu'je.  Orders  had  heen  issiu'd 
'J  irly  in  ISKi  for  raising  a  eomi)auy  of  defensores  under  the  coinuiaud  of  .1  M. 
Moriiuo,  styled  jefede  <  Uierilla  de  Defensores,  anil  Castro  souglit  to  orgaiu/ca 
l)ody  of  voluntecr-i;  l)Ut  it  was  impossihlo  at  the  time  for  him  to  eolh^^t  siilll 
cient  means  or  miMi.  The  invaders  found  no  ohstaelo  therefore  to  takiiiL,' 
formal  possessinn.  Tiiey  began  l>y  entering  the  ports,  capturing  a  few  small 
vessels,  and  souuiling  tlie  dispisitiiiu  of  the  people.  On  March  '20,  IMIT, 
CoinmandiM-  Montgomery,  of  the  PorUntouth,  h.aving  summoiuid  tlie  authori- 
ties i)f  Sin  .rose  del  Cal)o  to  surrender  the  town  and  ail  puhlie  property  to 
the  United  States,  was  prcmiisod  strict  neutrality.  He  lioisted  his  flag,  and 
in  a  proelamitioii  ailmonisiied  the  iuhahitants  to  pursue  peaceahly  their  avo- 
cations, inviting  all  who  should  suhiuit  to  participate  in  the  privileges  of 
American  eiti/.eiis. 

On  April  l.'Uli  the  PortsmmUh  appeared  at  liiv  Paz,  which  surrendenil 
with  rather  more  elahorato  formalities,  (^olonel  Miranda,  who  still  hcM 
away  here,  in:ide  no  opposition,  hut  ho  reipiested  that  connnissionors  from 
both  sides  might  meet  to  arrange  the  terms  after  possession  had  heen  taken. 
This  was  granteil,  and  fifteen  articles  were  arranged,  by  which  all  puhlir 
property  should  ho  given  u]).  The  municipal  otlicers  were  to  continue  their 
functions  under  promise  of  neutrality,  and  military  otlicors,  if  they  reuiaiiii'il 
in  the  councry,  were  to  he  parole<l.  The  authorities  of  Loreto,  were  to  lie 
Dotitiod  that  they  wore  under  the  same  obligations  of  neutrality  as  those  of 
La  Piz.  Citizens  of  the  Peninsula  were  to  enjoy  the  same  rigiita  and  priv- 
ileges as  citizens  of  the  United  States.  Vesseli  belonging  to  iuhabitfints  of 
the  country  would  b«  returned  to  their  owners,  for  the  ])re8ent,  and  allowcil 
to  trade  legally  in  all  directions  except  on  the  coast  of  Mexico. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE   UNITEI.)  STATES. 


713 


After  the  surrender  of  La  Paz  the  country  was  for 
sonie  time  as  undisturbed  as  in  time  of  peace,  altlmuj^h 
the  [K;o[)h!  of  the  interior  were  i<nown  to  be  in  any- 
thing but  a  submissive  mood.  Trusting  ti>  this  quiet 
surrender,  and  to  the  weakness  of  the  province,  the 
American  conunanders  neglected  to  h-ave  an  adequate 
force  to  complete  the  coiKjuest, '*  and  secure  [)erma- 
nent  tranquility.  This  error  subsequently  nearly 
brought  disgrace  upon  the  Hag  which  they  had  hoisted. 


'*Tlu;  autlinritics  in  Alta  California  wcro  more  observant,  and  resolved  to 
ri'Miedy  tlio  neglect.  The  N.  Y.  volunteers  had  reaehed  that  coast  after  its 
siil)jugatiiin  and  two  of  its  companies,  A  and  B,  nunihering  115  men, 
under  Col.  Burton,  were  eniliarked  for  Lower  California,  at  Santa  IWrhara, 
(HI  .lidy  'A,  1847,  with  provisions  for  six  months,  on  lioard  the  store-shi]» 
Li.i-iiiijlini,  wliieli  had  to  remain  with  them.  On  the  '20th  they  were  wel- 
loiritiil  at  La  I'a/,  and  tilted  u])  harracks  on  an  elevated  plateau  ovcrlookint; 
llie  town.  On  .Inly  'Jitth  IJurton  issued  a  ])roclamation  of  the  same  t(Uior  as 
that  already  jtromulgaied  hy  CouLmander  Montgomery,  and  sent  copies  of  it 
to  all  111.'  nrineipal  towns.  No  opposition  was  raised  to  this  e.xeept  at  San 
Antonio,  wnei^:  two  eiti/ens.  Hidalgo  hy  name,  liad  sought  to  ro\ise  the  in- 
hahitaiits,  hut  were  promptly  madi;  prisont^rs  l>y  liurton.  Meanwhile  news 
came  that  a  Mexican  force  iiad  laniled  at  Mulege,  and  the  U.  S.  sloop  of  war 
Diiiv,  Commander  T.  O.  Selfridge,  happening  to  arrive  just  then  at  l^a  I'a/, 
she  set  out  in  eom[)any  of  the  schooner  Liticrtod  to  investigate".  Selfridge 
reaeheil  the  [)ort  on  Sept.  ;{t)tli,  and  promptly  out  out  a  small  schooner,  the 
MnijilaliiHt,  wliieli  had  lirought  the  .Mexican  soldiers,  without  meeting  op[io- 
sition.  'J'lie  following  morning  he  sent  a  i»ro|iosal  to  tlu;  autlioritit's  to  pre- 
serve neutrality,  to  surrender  the  arms  hrouglit  fnun  (iuaymas,  and  to  ali- 
stain  from  all  intereour.se  with  Mexico.  Captain  .Mannel  I'iueda,  chief  of 
the  Mexican  troops,  and  newly  appointed  comandante  ])rincipal  o,'  the  penin- 
sula, in  r»!ply,  indignantly  protested  against  the  injustice  of  the  Anuiricaa 
ca\ise  and  the  tre.achei'y  of  Miranda.  La  Paz,  he  <leelare<l,  would  soon  ho 
retaken.  As  for  Mulege,  he  would  defend  it  to  the  last.  .Selfridge  promptly 
landed  a  force  uncler  cover  of  his  guns,  and  after  a  lu'ief  skirmish,  involving 
some  well-directed  hroadsides  from  the  vessel,  and  tiring  from  the  lioats,  the 
town,  alrciady  evacuated  liy  the  inhahitants,  M'as  cleared  of  soldiers.  The 
Ihilf,  having  nothing  more  to  do,  stood  out  to  .sea  on  the '2d  of  ()i;toher,  l(,'av- 
irig  th»!  Libit<iil  to  cruise  oli'  the  harhor  to  prevent  communication  with 
Sonora.  The  foi'ce  under  Pineda  had  liecn  placed  hy  rumor  at  '200  men,  hut 
it  soon  transpired  that  little  more  than  some  arms  and  a  few  ollicer.i 
had  been  brought  from  (Juaynias.  These  oflicers,  however,  had  authority  to 
ohtaiii,  and  oven  itress  into  service,  such  men,  arms,  antl  supplies  as  might 
he  needed  for  the  defense  of  the  country.  This  they  did,  and  on  the  strength 
of  their  claimed  victory  over  the  /)((/(•  expedition,  they  now  succeeded  very 
well,  lirst  round  .Mulege  aiul  I^ireto,  and  then  south  and  westward.  The 
ctlects  of  Miranda  and  other  wealthy  supporters  of  the  hostile  cause  were 
ruthle.saly  eontiscated,  and  with  lukewarm  contributors  coercion  was  em- 
ployed; but  this  gave  ri.se  to  so  many  abuses  that  the  political  chief,  Mauri- 
cio  Caatro,  at  length  ordered  Pineda  to  re  .  .liu  his  soldiers  from  seizing 
private  property. 

The  growing  enthusiasm  was  greatly  due  to  the  exhortations  of  the 
padres,  notably  P.  Soto-Mayor,  of  San  Igiiacio,  who  is  said  to  have  boon 
the  first  to  excite  the  people  against  the  Americans,  and  who  accompanied 
the  patriots,     it  waa  nuthcr  atiiuulateil  by  the  occudiouol  receipt  of  arma 


ll 


714 


LOWKU  CALIFORNIA. 


and  .supplies  from  the  Mcxic.-in  coast  in  spite  of  Selfriilge's  precautions,  so 
that  speedily  a  respeetalde  guerrilla  force  stood  equipped.  L:i  I'az  was  tlie 
main  olijective  point,  hut  it  was  decided  to  delay  attack  until  the  forniidaMc 
war  vessels  had  left  tiie  coast.  Nevertheless,  as  the  strength  of  the  liherat- 
ing  army  increasetl,  the  courage  of  the  patriots  ro.se,  until  on  Oetoher  '2.'{, 
1S47,  the  peoide  of  San  .lose  d(l  Caho,  where  no  American  force  exi.'itcil, 
could  restrain  their  impatience  no  longer.  They  took  arms,  drove  out  tiie 
few  foreign  settlers  tiiere,  and  proclaim<'d.  t.'ie  rule  of  tiie  Unite<l  States  at 
an  end.  Tliey  had  lieen  too  hasty,  however,  for  tiie  Pacific  squadron,  under 
C'onnnodore  Shuhrick,  happeiuid  to  toucli  at  this  jioint  shortly  after,  en  route 
to  l)lockade  the  maiidand  pcirts.  'J'lie  people  at  San  Jose  at  oiu:e  changed 
tone,  hut  tliosc  furtlier  removed  from  the  .scene  still  maintained  a  pronounceil 
attitudi',  especially  at  'I'odos  Santos,  till  the  appearance  there  of  a  small 
force  of  marines  produced  a  simihir  change.  Tiie  commodore  now  issued  a 
proidamation,  wliercin  he  declared  that  tiie  United  States  had  no  intention 
to  ever  surrender  tlie  (.'alifornias,  and  invited  tiiose  who  were  well  dispo.sed 
toward  tliat  government  to  stand  fast  in  tlieir  lidelity,  at  the  same  time 
threatening  tlie  disall'ected  witli  severe  imnisjiuient.  As  a  furtlier  assurance 
he  left,  on  Nov.  8tli,  a  party  of  24  men  under  J..ieutenant  lleywood,  M'itli 
provisions  for  thirty  days,  a  nine-pounder  carrouade,  and  seventy-live  car- 
bines for  distrihution  in  case  of  need  among  loyal  and  trustworthy  natives. 

Tlie  news  of  approaching  guerillas,  and  tiie  occurrence  at  San  Jo.se,  placed 
the  American  garrison  at  Lii  I'az  upon  its  guard;  aiul  as  tlie  people  seemed 
friendly  a  municipal  guard  of  natives  was  appointed  to  protect  the  town, 
though  tlie  Americans  took  care  to  patrol  tlie  environs  and  keep  strict  coii- 
tnil  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  tlieir  (piarters.  ^Iartial  law  was  proclaimed, 
and  all  persons  known  to  he  disafl'ected  were  ordered  to  h^ave.  Tlie  camp 
was  moreover  fortilied  on  tlie  north  side  with  a  semi-circular  hreastwork  of 
jialni  logs,  enclosing  the  two  tield-pieces  which  constituted  the  artillery. 
The  jiositiou  was  well  chosen  and  dominateil  the  town.  Tlie  adohe  barracks 
occupied  by  the  men  fronted  toward  the  south,  a  row  of  tliree  Imildings,  abnut 
7.">  yards  distant,  church,  otlicers' quarters,  and  store-house,  which  togetlicr 
formed  the  main  position.  The  last  two  edilices  possessed  court-yards  with 
adobe  walls;  on  the  east,  open  toward  ^he  distant  hills,  was  added  a  treii'li 
and  .a  chain  cable  supported  by  posts  tor  resisting  cavalry,  and  ditches  wen; 
cut  at  diH'erent  points.  These  j)i'eparations  were  accelerateil  by  the  approacli 
of  the  C'alifornians,  with  a  fighting  force  of  about  GDO  or  TOO  men,  swelled 
by  an  additional  number  of  irregular  followers  of  less  value.  Captain 
Manuel  I'inetla,  as  comandante  principal  of  the  jieiunsula,  was  commander- 
in-chief,  and  uii<ler  him  ranked  as  the  princiiial  leaders  Antonio  Mijares.  a 
brave  oihcor  of  the  .Mexican  army,  Jose  Matias  Moreno,  anil  Vicente  Mcjia, 
captains  of  militia,  and  I'.  (Jabricl  (ionzalez,  who  never  liaggcd  in  his  cllorts 
to  stir  up  the  people  against  tiie  gringos.  See  particularly  Arc/i.  Cdl.  Mix. 
Arr/i.  L.  Cni,  tom.  i.  passim;  and  Moiriin  in  Jlayn'  Doc.  llUt.  L.  Cul.. 
passim. 

The  war  vessels  having  all  left,  the.se  forces  hastened  to  carry  out  their 
plan,  with  this  dill'erence,  that  a  portion  was  del  u'lied,  under  Mijares, 
Moreno,  and  Mejia,  to  harass  the  small  garrison  at  San  Jose  while  Pineda 
led  the  main  body  against  La  Paz.  lie  made  his  lirst  attack  at  two  o'clock 
in  the  morning  of  Nov.  Itith,  by  opening  a  heavy  musketry  fire  upon  the 
American  quarters  from  tln^  northern  side  of  the  arroyo.  His  cavalry  was 
stationed  on  the  east  ami  south,  with  orders  to  charge  if  the  Americans  at- 
tempted to  cross.  As  a  reconnoitring  party  had  failed  to  see  anything  I'l 
the  opjioncnts  the  evening  before,  Hurton's  men  were  somewhat  surprised, 
and  had  the  Ciilifornians  taken  ailvaiitage  of  the  confusion  caused  by  their 
first  volley  to  advance  with  the  bayonet,  they  might  have  won  the  position. 
As  it  was  they  continued  to  blaze  away  in  the  dark  for  an  hour  or  more,  tiic 
Americans,  on  account  of  scarcity  of  amnmnitiim,  only  throwing  a  shcdl  or 
two  ".1  the  direction  of  the  enemy.  When  morning  broke,  the  Californiiiii 
force  had  disapperred,  and  the  few  iidiabitants  remaining  in  the  town  were. 


WAI{   WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


715 


seen  to  1)0  leaving  it  with  all  jiossiblc  dispatch.  Ahnut  0  a.  m.  Pinoda'a 
cavalry  suddenly  oainc  jitnirini;  ovor  tlio  oitiiositr  side  of  tlio  arroyo,  lint 
aftor  reccivin<;  a  few  \M'll-dii'oi'tc(l  shots  from  tlic  licld-iiiccos,  lotiriMl. 
Tliri'i"  h'lurs  later  the  Calitornians  rcticwi'd  the  attack  on  foot,  oxtcmliiin 
t'u'ir  front  so  tli.it  the  liold-jiicces  could  not  lio  used  aijainst  tliiiin.  Coiiccn- 
tratiiiji  their  lire  upon  the  crmiiiaratively  contracted  spact?  oecn[)ied  hy  ihc 
.Americans,  tliey  {gradually  advanced  tiicir  Mint;^,  until  they  iiad  pf'iietrated 
into  the  town  on  one  side,  and  into  tiie  thick  <'ia<'tuslii  the  east  of  tiu?  Aiiieii- 
can  position  on  the  oth("r.  Uurtoii's  men  wt^re  then  exposed  to  a  (lan^^eroii 
cross-fire,  which  tiiey  could  only  return  liy  an  occasiimal  shot.  .At  leii^'tl 
the  Aineriuans  ran  out  tlie  tield-picces  to  the  hrow  of  the  lull,  anddirecti-  '  ■ 
heavy  tiro  of    gra]ie  and  cainster  u]mn  the  tiiwii  and  cuartel,   whii 


s 
I 

a 
soon 


1,(1,,     V         ,11^.       ,,i  L^I>>I'V         ,111't       \^l^ill-~.,V.I         Illiiril        ,11V'        ,i.,ii,       ,bi,,i       \,>i,i,,,,         ,i>t>\i,       .....■■• 

Irove  the  Californians  from  lioth  positions  with  loss.      Kiriiiv;  lienig  resumed 


Vlan  of  tuk  I'osirioNs  Orcri'iicn  nv  Tkooi's  at  La  I'as  DriiiNii  i'iie  At- 

TACK.S  l.N   NOVKMIIKU  AND  Df.CK.MliKK,    1847. 

1—Miiin  position  of  Anieripnus.  'J— Clmrcli.  ;i— Storctiouse.  ■(— Mirnmlii's  Ikiiisc. 
'  -l'"iirliliciitloii  en  I  lie  hill.  11— Mill.  7— (  (iriier  of  Hellnc's  lumse.  S  — Nearest  |)(.iut 
nf  Mcxieiin  Hdviiiice.  9— Portugese  liouse.  l(W-(il(t  cuiirtcl.  11-12— t'aiit.  Stccle'H 
)i  irtv  takiiUT  the  old  eiinrtcl.  l:i— (ira-.  eyiinl.  1 1— Minimla's  town  limi-^e,  destroyed 
!iy  .Mexicans,  l.i— Arroyo,  from  I  to  li  feet  deeji.  I(>— .\iiioricau  Hanacks.  I'rop- 
II ly  destroyed  by  Americaus. 

early  on  the  17th,  the  Americans  sallied  and  destroyed  all  buildings  which 
I  nidd  atl'ord  shelter  to  asssilants,  so  (hat  they  soon  had  a  fairly  ch:ar  view 
within  musket  r.ange.  They  moreover  hastened  to  throw  up  additional  in- 
trenchinents,  with  breastwork  and  ditches;  .and  to  fortify  the  roofs  of  their 
Imilditiys  with  cotton  bales  and  other  suitable  materials. 

On  the  '27th  the  Californians  were  nnexjiectedly  rei'nforced  by  the  division 
f:'oin  San  .)os6,  which  had  been  repidsed  there,  and  encouraged  moreover  liy 
the  posse.isioti  of  a  four-pounder  which  the  new-comers  brought  with  them, 
they  began  a  desperate  attack  about  'A  o'clock  i'.  m.,  advancing  to  within  100 
lit  of  the  entrenchments,  and  continuing  the  tight  until  after  dark.     On 


i 


,  i||t' 


]i  ' 

p 

'1 

m 

il 

i| 

1 

716 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


the  following  day  the  Amorican-s  retaliated  hy  storming  the  old  cuarttil 
which  formed  tl>e  opposite  centre.  Tiiey  also  strengthened  their  position  l)v 
demolishing  their  own  northern  har/uck  and  concentrating  behind  tho  lol; 
barricade.  Pineda  r»!mained  inactive  for  wonie  days,  and  then  fell  baci<  t  i 
Han  Antonio.  Meanwlule  the  besieged  having  sent  a  launcii  to  Ma.^tlan  tiT 
aid,  tlie  (.'^'frtc  cntc'-ed  the  harbor  Dec.  Mth,  followed  on  the  lltii  by  the 
Soiillianiybm  with  orders  for  tlie  relief  of  Nan  Jose. 

While  these  operations  took  place  at  La  I'a/  a  similar  siege  vas  laiil  to 
San  dose,  held  by  Lieut  Hey  wood  witli  '_'-!  men  and  a  nine-poun<ler.  Ho 
had  taken  possession  of  tiie  barrack  or  enartel,  a  dila))idated,  square  adnln 
building.  I'liis  was  repaired  and  fortiiied  as  far  as  pos.sible,  by  walling  \\y 
all  unnocessary  windows  and  doors,  and  leaving  only  loopholes.  The  nmi 
also,  with  its  low  parapet  was  arranged  for  sharpshooters.  Some  twenty 
friendly  Californians  with  tlieir  families  were  n'ceived,  and  a  portion  placin 
witti  three  Americans  in  an  adjoining  l)uilding  known  as  Mott's.  On  Nov 
lUth,  tiie  force  under  Mijares  and  companions,  estimated  at  about  'IW, 
mounted  men,  suunnoned  the  invaders  to  surrender,  whicii  demand  iiaviii  r 
been  rejected,  a  desultory  lire  was  opened  toward  sunset,  amnuinition  buiii  ; 
scarce  on  both  sides,  and  when  darkness  set  in  tiie  Californians  crept  uii, 
pushing  tliemselves  behind  corners  and  walla  and  at  the  windows  of  tin 
buildings  adjacent  to  the  barracks.  IJy  ten  o'clock  tiiey  resumi'd  the  lirin;' 
this  time  with  nuirderous  intensity,  so  nnich  so  tiiat  many  of  their  ball 
i)as.sed  througli  the  loophides  in  tlie  cuartel.  Meanwliilo  a  party,  led  by  tli. 
brave  Mijares,  madts  an  attack  upon  tiie  rear  of  Mott's  house,  but  were  i(  • 
pulsed  by  tlie  volunteer  i. ';>liforni;iiis,  wiio  under  tiie  able  leadersiiip  of  Mitl- 
sliipman  McLanahan  and  (Jillespie  defended  tiie  Imilding  witli  great  deter- 
mination. Hefore  daylu'eak  tiie  t'alifornians  retired,  carrying  witli  tliem 
two  killed  and  several  wounded.  The  Americans  liad  three  wounded  in 
this  night's  engagement.  The  next  day  passed  in  mere  investment  oper.i- 
tioiis  until  night,  when  a  forlorn  hope,  led  by  Mijares,  made  a  tierce  eliarj.'(! 
upon  the  cuartel  to  capture  the  nine-pounder.  It  had  lieen  intended  that 
tiie  whole  force  should  storm  the  cuartel  on  all  sides  during  the  confusidu 
which  tliis  charge  would  creatts  but  at  tli<!  fir.st  lire,  Mijares  and  several 
others  fell  and  the  rest  abandoned  the  niovement.  On  tlie  21st  the  Califdi- 
nians,  alarmed  by  the  appearance  of  two  vessels,  retired.  Tlie  arrivals 
proved  to  be  New  Beilfcrd  whalers,  the  MmjuoUii  and  J'Ji/mirif,  ■whose  ooiii- 
manders,  Simmons  and  Barker,  had  learned  of  the  siege  and  hastened  to 
succor  the  garrison.  They  offered  supplies  and  ammunition,  and  landed 
altoiit  (JO  men,  armed  with  liar[>oons,  lances,  and  other  implements  of  their 
calling,  with  here  and  there  a  venerable  musket.  They  were  soon  relieved 
by  the  arrival  of  the  Southinipoii,  followed  by  the  PorUnioiUh,  antl  duriiij; 
the  presence  of  these  warships  everything  remained  quiet.  After  a  lew 
weeks  stay  they  set  sail,  leaving  with  Heywood  a  force  increased  to  .'iO 
marines  and  Hi  seamen,  with  abundant  ammunition  and  two  additional 
carronades.  The  departure  of  these  vessels  was  a  signal  for  the  Californians 
to  renew  operations,  and  about  the  miildle  of  Jan.,  1848,  reenforced  Iiy 
Pineda,  they  encamped  within  a  league  of  the  village  to  the  number  of  800 
mounted  men,  driving  ott'  the  cattle  and  hor.ses,  destroying  the  crops,  ainl 
cutting  off  all  communication  with  the  interior.  They  moreover  captured  a 
party  of  five  men  under  the  midshipmen  Duncan  ami  Warley,  who  sought 
to  reach  a  schooner  which  had  arrived  on  the  2l8t  with  supplies.  Kmbold- 
cned  by  this  success,  they  contracted  their  lines  and  drew  (laily  nearer  the 
town.  As  Heywood  had  to  support  some  fifty  women  and  ehiblren  who  had 
sought  his  protection,  provisions  soon  ran  short.  At  great  risk  foraging 
parties  were  sent  out,  but  only  three  cows  could  bo  obtained.  These  con- 
sumed, everybody  was  put  on  half  allowance  of  salt  provisions  without 
bread.  The  Californians  drew  closer,  and  strengthened  by  a  body  of  Yaquia 
from  Sonora  they  maintained  an  harassing  fire,  yielding  only  momentarily 
bci'ore  occasional  sallies.  They  also  frustrated  an  attempt  to  eomnninicato 
with  a  schooner  briuging  supplies  from  La  Paz.     By  the  10th  of  Feb.  they 


in  thci 

tary  re 

niainlii 

cause  ( 

lings. 

aroused 

and  thf 

sul)ject( 

these  al 

iiiands 

Jilaee. 

MCllt  o\ 

by  eons 

Nearly 

llietinj^ 

Were  pei 

no  part^ 

treaeher 

tills  nati 

La  I' 

to  organ 

•■'■•ipturin 

till!  arriv 

ever,  bv 


BATTLK  OF   SAN    VIUKNTE. 


717 


to  :io 

lUtioiial 
foruiiiiis 
reed  I'V 

of  :«w 

ps,  anil 
)t«re<l  a 

son  gilt 

•ImboW- 
irer  tlu^ 
wholiad 
oraging 
eso  con- 
without 
f  Yaquis 
icutarily 
nunieatc 
eb.  they 


had  gained  entire  possession  of  the  town,  and  had  approached  close  to  the 
liarraoi{,  their  tlag  (lying  within  90  yanl.i  of  it,  from  a  strong  l)uililing  in  a 
coininanding  position.  Henceforth  the  Americans  were  sulijected  to  nn 
iihnost  incessant  tire  from  all  <pi.irter.-i.  One  of  these  stray  missiles  carried 
oil  the  l>riive  and  competent  midslu[iman  McLeanaiian,  Hey  wo«)d's  rightii.intl 
man;  and  hy  the  I'Jtli  tli'.' ( 'alifornians  iiad  cut  oil  access  to  the  waternig  pliice 
liy  l)reastworks.  The  situation  of  tiie  hesieged  was  now  very  <'ritical,  and  tlie 
sutl'ering  of  the  women  and  eliilihv^ii  made  it  seem  alnuist  iniiunian  to  hold 
out:  yet  so  far  the  Americans  were  as  determiiictl  iis  ever.  In  the  afternoon 
of  tlie  14th  a  large  sail  was  reportiil,  wliicii  ^'rcatly  cheered  the  Americans, 
whde  the  ('alifornians  redouhled  tlieir  etlorts  and  revealed  such  spirit  that 
Ih^ywood,  aware  of  their  increased  luimher,  feareil  succor  might  not  reach 
him.  Tlie  vessel  proveil  to  he  the  Cyinii',  commander  Pupont,  wlu)  liatl  re- 
ceived orders  while  at  i^a  I'az  to  proceed  to  San  Jose,  news  of  the  situation 
of  tiie  garrison  iiaving  readied  Commodore  Sliiil'rick  at  Ma/atlan.  Deem- 
ing it  impru<lent  to  land  during  the  night,  l)upont  waitetl  until  daylight, 
when  lie  landeil  witii  a  force  of  seven  officers,  live  marines,  and  eighty-nine 
seamen.  He  had  also  a  .'{-pounder  licld-piece,  dragged  hy  hand.  The  ('ali- 
fornians in  tlie  meantime  hatl  t-ouceiitrated  along  liis  path,  leaving  only  a 
small  party  in  the  town  to  iiold  Heywood  in  check.  As  soon  as  Dupoiit  s 
men  hcgan  to  advance,  an  annoying  tire  was  opened  upon  tliem  from  the  dif- 
ferent covers  all  along  tiie  road,  nearly  two  miles  long,  and  notaMy  fn  m 
tlie  hamlet  of  San  \'icentj',  situated  upon  a  knoll  Mliere  the  t'aliforniaiis 
were  gatliercil  in  force.  The  steady  hre  and  advance  of  the  Americans, 
however,  compoiled  them  to  give  M'aj',  though  they  continued  to  haras.'  the 
invaders  on  tlank  and  rear.  Meanwhile  those  in  the  euartel  had  anxiously 
followed  the  movements  of  lioth  aides,  till  finally  Heywood,  no  longer  ahle 
to  hear  the  suspense  and  inaction,  at  tlie  hi'iul  of  thirty  ])icked  men  sallied 
forth,  drove  back  the  band  in  observation,  and  joined  ]>iipont  just  outside 
the  lown.  The  united  parties  then  dispersed  the  Californians.  and  marched 
triumphantly  to  the  euartel,  communication  between  the  beach  and  euartel 
being  rei'stablishcd.  Thus  ended  the  battle  of  San  Vicente,  a  celebrated  en- 
counter for  Lower  California.  The  siege  of  San  Jose  reflects  credit  on  both 
sides,  on  the  one  for  staunch  endurance  and  considerate  regard  for  fugitive 
families;  on  the  other  for  considerable  skill  in  siege  operations,  and  a  da.sli, 
illustrated  by  leaders  like  Mijares  and  Navarrete.  If  the  Californians  failed 
in  their  aim,  it  must  be  attributed  greatly  to  the  superior  discipline  and  mili- 
tary resources  of  tlieir  opponents.  The  rcenforcenients  sent  them  from  the 
mainland  proved  not  only  of  little  value,  but  positively  pernicious  to  the 
cause  of  defence,  from  the  lack  of  syiiipatliy  ami  principle  among  these  hire- 
lings. Moreover,  the  treatment  to  which  the  Californians  were  submitted 
aroused  disgust.  Loyal  citizens  were  ground  down  by  forced  contributions, 
and  those  who  were  regarded  as  traitors  were  rutibed  of  their  jiroperty,  and 
subjected  to  outrages  of  every  description.  I'iiieda  might  have  cheeked 
these  abuses,  but  paid  no  heed  cither  to  remonstrances,  or  even  the  eom- 
mands  of  liis  superior  in  Soiiora.  Thus  the  imforlunate  Californians  were 
]ihu'i>l  between  two  fires,  and  it  is  no  wcuid'.T  that  many  of  them  ojieiily 
went  over  to  the  sidi^  of  the  .\mcricans  for  self-iirotection.  This  vas  dime 
by  considerable  numbers  of  inhabitants  who  hail  otherwisi^  lieeii  true  patriots. 
Nearly  every  place  of  importance  was  ii  'onstant  ferment  an<l  intrigue;  con- 
llicting  proiiunciameiitos  followeil  eacl 
Were  peremptorily  summoned  to  meet  in 
no  party  could  distinguish  its  friends  fr 
treachery    pervaded    e\('rv    council   am 

this  naturally  assisted  tlie  invaders  to  ho.d  their  own  and  push  the  coii(|iu'.st 
La  Paz  having  been  unmolested  since  November,  Ihirton  was  encouraged 
to  organize  several  small  expeditions,  which  during  I''ebruarv  succeeded  in 
capturing  a  few  prisoners,  but  more  extensive  operations  were  deterred  till 
the  arrival  of  reenforcenients  exjiected  from  .\lt.i  ( '.ilifoiriia.  Uracil,  how- 
ever, by  a  spirit  of  friendly  rivalry  which  existed  betw  ecu  Burton's  volun- 


tlier  in  (|uick  succession;  juntas 
Ms  town,  and  that  by  rival  chiefs; 
ni  its  foes;  distrust,  jealousy,  and 
frustrat(Ml    every   plan.      And  all 


718 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


I 


!     i. 


teers  and  the  naval  forces,  the  I'ormer  determined  to  attempt  the  rescue  of 
the  prisoners  that  he-id  been  captured  from  Heywood's  command.  Accord- 
inj^ly,  on  Marcli  Irtth,  M  moiuittd  men  and  officers,  under  Captain  Steolc, 
Burton's  second  in  command,  proccedcil  to  San  Antonio,  where  the  captives 
were  h)dged,  arriving  close  to  the  town  at  daylight  on  the  following  morning'. 
Having  captured  a  picket,  tliey  charged  at  full  si>ccd  into  the  [ilace,  and  dis- 
persed the  Californiaiis  after  a  hiicf  skirmish,  killing  three,  and  capturing 
L'aptain  Calilcron,  Lieutenant  Arcj,  and  a  soldier,  llie  American  prisoners 
were  found  and  rescued,  and  aftei  destroying  some  arms  and  ammunition, 
tlio  expedition  returned  to  La  I'az,  whicii  was  reached  on  tlie  17th.  'Ilic 
arrival,  on  Marcii  'J2d,  of  the  store-ship  lndUWi,  with  over  1 50  addition;il 
volunteers,  undtsr  (!aptain  H.  M.  Naglco,  enabled  Colonel  liurton  to  give 
wider  scope  to  his  operations.  Fo,  r  days  later  lie  set  out  from  La  Paz  with 
217  men,  and  on  the  next  day  a  detachment  of  1;>  surprised  and  captured.it 
San  Antonio  the  comandanto  principal,  Pineda.  Learning  that  the  Califur- 
nians  were  concentrating  at  Todos  Santos  for  retreating  toward  Magiia- 
lena  bay.  Burton  iiastuncd  in  pursuit  with  the  main  body,  while  Nagicc 
sought  to  gain  tlioir  rear  with  45  mounted  men.  Timely  M-ariicMl  that  tin' 
Californians  were  lying  in  atnbusti  in  some  dense  chaparral  througli  wiiicii  the 
road  ran.  Burton  directed  his  course  along  a  ridge  of  high  tabic  laml.  frnin 
which  afull  view  of  the  enemy  was  obtaine(t,  whereupon  the  latter  fell  liack  tn 
a  hill  commanding  iiis,  advanced  and  received  him  witii  great  spirit;  the  en- 
gagemunt  was  cut  short,  iiowever,  l>y  the  appearance  of  Naglee  to  the  rear. 
and  the  Californians  dispersed  in  all  directions.  Naglco  continued  the  pur- 
suit, and  captured  several  Mexican  soldiers;  ho  also  surprised  a  camp  nl' 
.sleeping  Yacjuis,  two  of  wiiom  were  secured,  and  by  Naglee 's  order  brutiilly 
butchered.  He  tlien  issued  a  ])r()clauiatioii  to  tiie  authorities  and  rancheros, 
directing  tliem  to  arrest  all  Ya(piis  wherever  found,  intimating  very  plainly 
that  the  lives  of  the  outlaws  were  of  no  value.  Such  acts  and  words  couM 
not  fail  to  give  strength  to  the  rumors  industriously  spread  of  Ameri(:iii 
outrages. 

Meanwhile  other  officers  from  naval  and  volunteer  corps  had  brought  in 
a  number  of  prisoners,  among  them  Mauricio  Castro,  who  since  Pineda's 
capture  had  combineil  the  military  and  political  commands,  and  tiie  shrc«i| 
iiiid  energetic  P.  (ionzalez,  as  well  as  his  two  sons,  M'ho  were  serving  as  otii 
cors  in  the  army,  from  whose  inlluence  the  Americans  had  more  to  fear  than 
from  all  tiie  military  leaders.  The  principal  jirisoncrswero  sent  to  Mazatlaii 
and  released  on  parole,  several  returning  afterwards.  The  volunteers  ecu- 
tinned  to  garrison  the  peninsula  unmolested  till  the  treaty  of  Ciuadalui"' 
Hidalgo  restoretl  it  to  .Mexico,  after  whicii  they  M'ent  back  to  Alta  Califor- 
nia to  be  disbanded.  .\s  the  American  commanders  had  repeatedly  dcclarcil 
that  Ijower  California  would  be  ])urnianently  annexed  to  the  United  States, 
and  had  thus  induced  m.iny  of  tiie  inhabitants  to  compromise  themselves  with 
their  countrymen,  by  espousing  tiie  inv.ader's  cause,  the  course  of  the  Uniti'd 
states  government  in  surreiKlering  the  peninsula  was  subjected  to  seven' 
criticism  in  many  (|uai'ters.  Tiie  reasons  were  its  poverty  iind  awkwanl 
po.sition  for  communication  and  defence.  True,  certain  amends  were  nuiile 
by  offering  those  afraid  of  remaining  the  opportunity  to  leave  the  country 
and  settle  in  Alta  California,  togetiier  with  a  certain  indemnity  for  losses: 
but  this  breaking  up  of  homes  and  families  was  not  possible  to  all.  Those 
who  had  suffered  from  the  invasion  as  loyal  adherents  to  Mexico,  were  ac- 
corded grants  of  laud. 


CHAPTEII  XXX. 


oMght  in 

rineila '^ 

shrow.l 

as  olli- 

ar  tliaii 

a/!itliiii 

ers  ci'ii- 

i<lalui»' 

Califor- 

Iceland 

Statfs. 

OS  witli 

Uiiiti'a 

o  sevi'i't' 
fiwkwani 
e  inaiK' 
country 
tr  losses: 
Those 
were  ao- 


LOWER  t'ALIFOUNIA. 

1848-1888. 

Nkw  Politicai,  Division — A  Mii-itaky  Colony  Estahmshed — Filibustkr- 
iN(i  Dksions— Walkkk — His  I't  ans  AdAiNsr  Sonoka  Thwauted — 
Enrolmknt  ok  Men  in  Cai.ikoknia-  Descent  on  Lowek  Calieoknia — 
Procliam.s  a  Uei'I'iilic!  at  La  Paz— Wai.keu  Keiihes  io  Tonos  Santos 
Bay — Akkivai,  ok  Re-enkoucemkn  is— ('Ai-nuEoK  San  lo  Tomas — Tub 
Republic  ok  Sonoka  I'isoclaimed — Dissknsion  Amonu  the  Filibis. 
TEKs — The  March  into  Sonoka — (^'oi. lapse  ok  the  Kxpedition — Po- 
LiTicAL  Matters— Convict  Ui'kisin<j— Sikife  kok  1'oweu— Frontier 
Troubles — Arrival  ok  French  Vessels — Colonization  Plans^ 
Orchilla  (Jatherino— Revolt  Against  (.rovEiiNOR  Davilos — Chanob 
of  Governors — Makquez'  Revoli' — I'liospEcrs  ok  Progress. 

Mexico  seemed  soniewJiat  imlitt'erent  about  receiv- 
ing back  tlie  ])oniiisula,  altlumgli  its  possession  by  an 
()})poncnt  must  luive  proved  a  decided  menace  to  lier 
nortli-west  territory.  A  portion  of  the  ephemeral  re- 
form measures  wliich  sprun<jj  up  after  every  political 
convulsion  was  acct)rded  to  it,  but  with  (!ven  more 
than  the  usual  lack  of  enforcement.  The  province 
was  divideil  into  two  })artidos/  each  with  its  court  of 
justice,^  and  a  diputacion  or  legislature  of  seven 
members  was  confirmed  to  it,  with  instructions  to  pre- 
pare the  draft  of  a  constitution  for  internal  adminis- 

'Thc  northern  partido  coniposetl  Santo  Tomas,  San  Ignacio,  Mulogc, 
(Vmiondu,  Loreto,  La.huita,  Sail  Luis,  Los  Dolores,  ami  t  .eir  depcndeucins. 
Tiie  souther!'  included  L.!,  Paz,  Los  Reyes,  San  Antonio,  la  Frincliura,  Todos, 
Santos,  San  Bartolo,  Santiago,  Mirallores,  Santa  Anita,  San  .lose  del  Cabo, 
and  San  Liicas.     Decree  of  April  \'2,  lS4!t.   ArriUitiin,  liinrft.,  1S40,  118. 

'^Subject  to  Soiiora  ivnd  composed  of  juen  do  letras,  pay  .'?'2.40(),  with 
notary,  clerk,  and  sheriff,  at  from  .*1,'2(K)  to  S'20()  per  annum.  Mi-jt.  Mem. 
Ju,st.,  1850,  Dor.  20,  1851;  Doc.  20;  />/.  /Arc,  l8.->0-4.  In  small  places  lack- 
ing alcaldes  jueus  auxiliaries  take  cognizance  in  cases  involving  amounts  not 
over  .^15.  There  were  eight  constitutional  alcaldes,  two  in  the  capital  and 
one  in  each  municipality,  with  33  alcaldes  de  cuartel,  21  being  in  the  south. 
An  Indian  ruled  at  >S.  Bona. 

f719) 


t.      '11 


m 


720 


LO\VKU  CALIFOUNIA 


tration.*  The  jcfo  jiolitico  should  ho  appointed  ]>y 
thi^  supreme  yoveriiinent,  after  roiisultiiig  tlie  lenrjs- 
lature.* 

' Decree  of  April  25,  ISAO.  The  meir.bcrs  were  to  lie  elected  l>y  the  col- 
logo  choosing  the  cniigressidnal  ilcputy,  for  four  years,  rciicwiii>la  hy  halve-i. 
j\itioirrii,  A^'z/cx,  IH.'jO.  104  7;  M<.r.  <'<>l.  LiyiM,  |S,")0  1,  71  U.  For  dcjuity 
elect ioti  sec  Vniivr-'oil  '2\,  Nov.  l.S4!t. 

*  Witii  J?U,000  pay;  tlic  eldest  lej^iHlativc  inonil)er  HUceecded  temporarily. 
Phiiirf,  Due,  Sail.,  iv.  X\.  A  most  importiint  moaHiiro  wa.s  to  asHi^ii  to  tlic 
peiiiiiHula  one  of  the  several  milit.iry  ('olonies  decreed  for  the  protection  of 
the  northern  frontier  against  Americans  as  well  as  Indians.  Tiie  manner  of 
carrying  out  the  8chemu  niaile  it  useless  as  reg.irds  the  former,  for  it  was 
ea.sicr  to  enter  hy  sea  than  across  the  northern  wastes,  and  it  brought  no  im- 
provement on  previous  methods  of  dealing  witii  the  aborigines,  while  the  dis- 
trict itself  lost  rattier  than  gained  by  this  accession  of  eoioiiist.s.  The  order 
to  estalilish  the  colony  witli  l(K)  men  was  issued  in  July  L'O,  1848,  ami 
pre[tarations  to  that  end  were  begun  in  the  following  year  by  Col  KspinoHa,who, 
as  jefe  politico  and  coinandante  militar  of  thojieninsula,  was  also  appointed  iii- 
Hpector  of  tiie  projected  settlement.  According  to  lii.s  regidations  recr\iits 
were  to  bo  attnicte<l  by  bounties,  advance  of  pay,  laml  grants,  and  aid  to 
found  homes  and  fr.rms,  and  ordinary  settlers  were  to  bo  invited  on  condi- 
tion of  lending  armed  assistance  in  case  of  need;  but  the  pay  of  !fl8  per 
month  was  Hubject  to  many  deductions;  the  frontier  lay  remote  and  isolated, 
an<l  the  illusiveness  of  govcrnniLnt  promises  was  too  well  known  to  attract 
many  volunteers,  in  th'3  souther.'  district  at  least;  and  Captain  Manuel 
Castro,  who  nad  been  ai'pointed  to  the  command,  had  to  start  August  1S4'.( 
with  only  15  men  and  scanty  means,  leaving  his  second,  Lieut  Cliaves,  to 
follow  with  more  supplies.  During  the  march  through  the  poorer  north, 
jieoplo  showed  less  hesitation,  and  when  the  party  in  March  I8,")0  reached 
kosario,  the  designated  site,  it  lia<l  trebled  in  strength.  Toward  the  end  of 
the  year,  however,  the  settlement  was  removed  to  the  mission  iSanto  Tomii.-. 
in  a  fertile  and  well-watered  valley,  35  leaj.'uos  from  the  border  and  9  from 
Todos  Santos  harbor.  Here  the  beginning  was  made,  yet  under  such  difli 
culties,  chielly  from  lack  of  proper  ami  suHicicnt  means,  that  Castro  had  re- 
course to  fre(|uent  and  protracted  sojournings  in  Alta  California,  leaving  to 
Chaves  the  task  of  appeasing  the  suU'ering  .and  discontented  soldiers,  who 
wandered  about  in  fiuest  of  sustenance  or  deserted  to  the  glittering  placers  of 
the  gold  region.  Nevertheless,  the  population  of  the  colony  was  in  Juno 
1851  reported  to  be  11)1,  of  whom  42  were  Indians,  and  Castro  enjoyed  the 
dignity  of  his  position,  poor  though  it  was.  (ireat  was  his  indignation, 
therefore,  on  learning  that  a. superior  had  beenappointed  for  the  colony  intiic 
jierson  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Negrete,  as  deputy  inspector.  Brave  and  loyal, 
Chaves  shared  his  feelings,  and  pronii.sed  to  check  the  aspirations  of  the  in- 
terloper. ^\'hile  his  chief  took  refuge  across  i,l:e  border,  he  boldly  arrestdi 
the  inspector  and  sent  him  back  to  Ija  I'az  under  certain  invented  accusa- 
tions, after  dissimulating  Iring  enough  to  secure  ali  the  supjilies  brought  by 
him.  This  proceeding  opened  a  reign  of  disorder  among  the  factions  now 
arising,  rival  leaders  striving  for  supremacy  midst  co'itlict,  pillage,  and  out- 
rages which  interfered  with  agriculture  and  other  in  lustrial  developments, 
and  so  increased  the  misery  that  desertion  became  tho  rule,  and  the  colony 
wasted  slowly  away.  Tliis  anarchic  condition  not  only  encouraged  tin 
roaming  tribes  in  their  raids,  but  struck  the  wayward  f;;ncy  of  foreign  ail 
venturers.  The  success  of  xVustin  and  his  companions  in  building  up  a  riili 
republic  in  Texas  excited  to  ennilation,  and  the  comparative  neglect  of  tli'' 
Mexican  government  for  the  northwestern  provinces  fostered  it,  the  more  so 
as  tiiese  territories  were  rich  in  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  'I  he  discovery  of 
gold  in  Alta  California  had  tilled  that  state  with  a  class  of  men  eminently  litteil 


FII IBUSTKRINO. 


7>1 


As  early  as  ISjI  liostilo  proj^ots  assunKKl  atliroat- 
(Miii»;^  as|)t'ct,'  and  tiu!  ()j)L'riiti«)ns  of  Kaoussrt  (l»; 
Boullntii  in  Siniora  in  IH.VJ  rovealud  the  (letoniiina- 
tioii  witli  which  such  nww  could  follow  flimsy  pru- 
texts,  while  his  short-livud  victory  at  Honnosillo 
sorvod  to  iiiflamu  the  minds  of  a  larj^e  number  of  men 
in  Alta  California.  Amoni^  them  a  certain  little 
wiry,  plain-faced  Tennessean,  some  thirty  years  of 
a*^e  ;  a  reserved  mail,  slow  of  speed),  swift  and  nois(>- 
less  as  a  snake  in  action,  with  the  seal  of  an  indomita- 
ble will  set  upon  his  firm  lips,  and  a  relentless  soul 
lookinijf  out  throU'^h  his  steel-ufray  eyes — eves  so 
peculiar  in  shade  and  exi)ression  that  they  fascinated 
while  they  repelled,  and  seemed  to  subordinate  the 
will  and  read  the  thoughts  of  him  upon  whom  their 
steady  <^aze  was  bent.  Such  was  the  ap[)earance  of 
William  Walker,  editor,  lawyer,  filibuster,  whose  pen 
was  as  sharp  as  his  sword,  and  as  ready  for  attack, 
iirave,  energetic,  resolute,  ambitious,  and  unscrupu- 
lous far  beyond  ordinary  men,  he  appeared  to  have 
l)oen  created  for  the  desperate  work  before  him,  save 
tliat  lie  was  called  to  plav  his  part  some  centuries  t(jo 
late." 

for  making  encroachments  upon  their  neighbors'  property.  As  gold  he- 
cimo  Moarcer,  the  more  rostless  of  these  adventurers  began  to  look  about 
thiMU  for  a  new  harvcit  liehl.  It  mattered  nut  wlin  miglit  own  the  iinagiiiary 
KMorado;  if  tiiey  were  only  strong  enough  to  take  and  }\ohl  it,  it  was  tlieirs 
liy  the  only  code  they  ruuoguized,  and  they  turned  their  eyes  to  Mexico; 
fir  had  not  tiieir  own  government  pointed  to  her  as  fair  game? 

*In  June  '201)  men  came  to  La  I'az,  ostensibly  to  trade,  and  400  more 
Were  expiicted.  Uiiinr.inl,  .Tuly  18,  ISoI.  For  Sonora  expeditions,  see  under 
tiiat  province,  ^[r.r,.  Mem.  Owr..  1S.")'2,  17-10.  Pr('i)arations  for  defensf?  were 
made  in  Feb.  1S,")2.  />«•.  Ifltt.,  linj'i  C'll.,  ii.  i.'):!  fil,  o:)()-t)0,  passini.  These 
threats  and  the  consequent  anniuLt  and  irritation  led  to  the  murder  in  that 
inuiith  of  two  American  miners,  Isaac  lianes  and  Van  Ness,  near  Guadalupe, 
by  greedy  soldiers.      Evidence  in  Id.,  ii.  '2t)(i-5S.1,  passim. 

''  He  and  his  companions  contemplated  a  scheme  similar  to  that  of  tho 
French  count,  and  two  agents  had  been  sent  to  Sonora  to  obtain  as  a  foot- 
ImM  a  grant  of  land  near  Arispe,  in  return  for  an  offer  to  protect  tlie  frontier 
f'i;Tiust  the  savages;  but  warned  by  Raousset's  action,  the  governmont 
Would  not  listen  to  the  proposal.  Walker,  therefore,  deciiled  to  renew  tlie 
application  in  person,  and  in  June  1853,  accompanied  by  Henry  P.  Watkins, 
lie  sailed  from  San  Francisco  forGuaymas.  The  authorities,  however,  treated 
him  with  suspicion,  and  the  two  sheep-faced  wolves  were  forbidden  to  pro- 
ceed into  the  interior.  At  this  point  of  aflfairs,  as  Walker  relates,  news 
came  of  fresh  Apache  outrages,  threatening  Uuaymas  itself,  and  '  several 
IliST.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.    46 


iii^ 


722 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


The  acquisition  from  Mexico  of  the  Mcsilla  tract 
of  iiortlicrri  Sonora,  in  1854,  sot  on  foot  c(3rtain  rumors 
that  Lower  CaUfornia  and  even  Sonora  were  to  Im 
sold.  Tills  led  to  iiKlignant  ])rotestations,  and  to  ap- 
peals to  the  authorities  at   Mexico,   which  served  at 

■women  of  the  place  '  iirgcil  liim  to  bocoino  tlieir  cliamiiion.  This  was  a  siilli- 
cieiit  [iretcxt,  ami  he  rcsolvud  tliat  not  only  (riiaynun,  Imt  the  wiiolc  jKNiplu 
of  Sonora,  .-.lioiihl  have  protection,  and  forthwith  returned  to  San  Francisco 
to  i>re[)aru  for  \\\>i  chivalrous  undertaking. 

Little  time  was  lost  on  his  arrival  there.  A  recrn  ting  .lihce  was  opened, 
and  volunteers  were  rapidly  enlisted;  lioinls  of  the  proieeted  repul)lic  of 
Sonora  were  printed,  and  as  jnoney  was  pltMitifn)  and  .speeulavion  rife  in 
those  days,  they  were  .sold  to  some  extent.  With  the  \  roceeds,  aiKi  sul)scri|i- 
tions  from  intcirosted  parties,  arms  and  niunitions  wee  provided,  and  tlie 
brig  ,1 /vow  was  chartered,  (ieneral  lliteheoek,  however,  eoniinam  er  of  the 
United  States  forces  in  California,  took  upon  himself  to  niti.i  Tere  .vith  this 
breach  of  n(!utrality  toward  a  friendly  power,  and  seized  the  Arnm  Septem- 
b3r  X\,  IS.')!^.  Impatient  at  delay,  the  lilibnsters  chartered  the  CarMhii', 
tran-fcrred  their  stores  and  three  guns  to  her,  ami  sih-ntly  depr.rtcii  duriiii^ 
the  nigiit  of  Octolier  Kith,  with  40  men  on  board,  with  Walker  at  their  liisid. 
So  sanguine  were  the  adventurers,  that  a  full-tledgeil  administration  liad  heci. 
mapped  out,  and  a  full  corps  of  army  ami  navy  otlicers  appointed.  AlthoUL'ii 
Guayinas  was  the  umlerstocxl  destination  of  the  expedition,  it  was  decidid 
to  make  the  lirst  descent  on  Lower  California,  and  after  touching  at  Caivi 
Sau  Lucas,  the  dindiiK'  anchored  at  La  Paz  November  3d,  under  a  Mexican 
flag.  Conlident  that  he  was  not  expected,  Walker,  vitli  two  of  his  otlicers 
went  on  shore  and  called  on  (rovernor  Ivspinosa.  After  having  sati-^licd 
himself  uf  the  defenceless  condition  of  tiie  place,  hj  caused  his  men  to  land 
in  force,  and  before  the  iniiabitants  had  thought  .if  danger,  the  town  was  iii 
possession  of  the  tilil)nsters,  and  the  governor  a  cajitive.  Fortiiwith  tin! 
new  repuidic  was  ;.roclaimed,  ^itii  Walker  as  president;  an  api)ropriate  tl.i^ 
was  lioistt'd,  composed  of  two  red  stripes,  witli  a  wiiite  oiu!  Ipt^'^ween,  whirli 
bore  two  red  stars  ri'|)resenting  Lower  California  and  Snnora;  and  the  cmlo 
of  Louisiana  was  declared  to  \n'.  the  law  of  the  land.  To  pleases  tlie  natives, 
all  eustomdiouse  duties  were  abolished.  Walker,  however,  did  not  deetn  it 
safe  to  remain  long  at  La  I'a/  witli  his  small  force,  as  troops  might  be  ex- 
pecte<l  from  the  mainland,  and  on  the  (Jth  he  recmliarked  his  men  for  tlm 
purpose  of  rimioving  to  Cape  .San  Lucas.     At  this  juncture  a  strange  vc 


entiled  1 


ihich 


was  hoari 


led. 


d  proved  to  be  carrying  ( 'oloncj   Hcliil- 


ledo,   tlie  n.  wly  appointed   governor,   who  was   at   once  transferred  ti 


Carnliii 


Tiieappidachlng  departure  of  the  filibusters  seems  to  have  infused  eonr 
into  tlie  iiH'u  of  La  I'a/,  for  a  party  of  six  .Americans,  «  liile  gathi  ring  vi 
ashore,  were  tired  Upon,  soonaltcr  tlie  eajttureof  Kebollcdo.  \N'alk>T  Ian 
with  thirty  nien  to  tiie  rescue,  wliile  the  < 'uniHiii'  opciied  lire  on  the  town 


lively 


skirmidi  took  place,  m  wiiich  tlie  CaliforniaiH  were  routed,  with  t! 


loss  of  six  or  seven  men,  according  to  the  account  of  the  Amencans.     T 


Ciiriiiiii'  niHV  sailed  for  San  Likms,  b'lta  Nb-xi 


an  cut'cr  cruHing 


itf  thi 


so  wrought  u])on  Walker's  apprtdien^ionstliat  he  continued  his  voyage  t( 
bay  of  Toilos  Santos,  or  Kusenada,  as  it  was  freipiently  called.     Here  he 


fsafe  from  any  Mexican  land  force,  and   if  attacke. 


retreating 
talillsheil 


(list; 


from  the  Cniicd  States'  b 


sea  w  ,s  «  n  ii'i>  c,'i-v 
utry.     .AcPd 'diiigly,  lie  c-- 


is  headi(uarters  in  a  one-story  adobe  Imihling  near  the  bay. 
this  isolated  place  he  remained  till  tlie  latter  part  of  I)eceinber.  during  ' 


tir 


th(!  lilibnsters  w 


ere   eiiyaee^ 


•ai   skirmislie.!  with   t\v 


rll 
iht:irv 


oiloiiists  of  8aiito  Tenuis, 


u  one  occasiou  laid,  siege  to  their  buil 


r    ! 


PRESIDIO   AND  BISHOPRIC. 


723 


tract 

iiiiors 

to  be 

to  ap- 

^cd  at 


vs  a  Mitfi- 

['"raiK'isco 

3  oppned, 
public  of 
»ii  rife  111 

suUscriii- 
,  ami  tliu 
("er  of  thu 

,vith  this 
n  Seiitcm- 
;  Varoliii'", 
tcu  (luriiii; 
,hoir  hc:i(l. 
iih;v(l  li<!t''' 

AltlldUU'll 

as  (IcL'ili'l 
ig  at  I'iii"! 
a  McxicM'i 

Ills  (itVu'cr:, 

icT  sati-^1ii''l 
icn  to  lali.l 
)\vu  was  u\ 
thwitll  t'lu: 
.priatc  tli; 
I'fll.  wliirh 
1,1    till"  ''Olio 

:,hc  uativt'-, 
lot  ilconi  it 

ifliV.  I'l'  i'>;- 
liu'ii  for  till! 
i-aiifje  vi'SM'l 

„iol  lW-1- 
ni'tl  to  ll:« 

Ispd  com"  r.'i' 
Irrillj:  "on  j 
llk.'r  b<iia-l 
lie  town.  A 
111.  witht'" 
licaiis.  'I''' 
lort'thc  I'-iV" 

livagi-  t"  ''  '' 
lion,'  111.'  "  ■'■■ 

jntrlv,  lif  '- 
ll.ol"'ay.     I' 
]„,•,, uj  wl.l.ll 
iiiil't;\ry 

Lir  buillii';-' 


least,  in  connection  with  the  late  attack  on  La  Paz, 
to  obtain  for  the  peninsula  jjjreater  ponsideration,  in- 
volving" the  establishment  ol  a  j)resi(ho,  with  a  force 
of  about  600  men,  brought  by  Colonel  Ochoa,  StJO 
men    being    there    three    years    later.       Steps    also 

which  had  been  iliffnifioil  hy  the  name  of  Ffirt  ATcKililmi.  The  assailants 
wore,  however,  driven  off,  and  siiorcly  afterward  .<iii  ;.riseil  and  routed,  with 
tlic  lo.s.s  of  a  gui;  and  camp  eijuipage.  Tlie  e.v'.iltalioii  of  the  Americ.tns  at 
this  success  was  greatly  damped,  however  \>y  disco/ering  one  morning  that 
the  Ciirolhui  had  disappeared  with  a  large  proi)ortion  of  tiie  stores.  The  fa.'t 
i.-i,  that  the  fear:'  of  the  captain  had  heeii  so  wrought  upon  l>y  the  re]trosenta- 
tions  of  t)ie  two  captives,  that  he  agreed  to  carry  them  down  t.-  San  l^ucas. 
Walker  now  found  himself  in  a  predicamoiit,  imt  lu^lp  uncx])ecte.lly  arrived 
hefore  long.  Exaggerated  accounts  of  the  'liattleot  J,a  I'a/'liad  riached 
Nan  Francisco,  :  reating  great  entliusia:'m.  Again  tiie  recruiting  otiice  was 
<i|iened,  to  which  repaired  the  drifting  vagalionds  of  the  city  in  such  numhcr-i 
■I  i  to  exceed  transportation  means.  Tiie  hark  A.Jin  was  chartered,  and  well 
stored  with  arms  and  provisions.  There  was  no  attempt  at  concealment, 
and  the  authorities  looked  passively  on  tlie  flagrant  violation  of  law  and 
Ijoiior.  On  Decemher  IHtii  the  Aiiitu  sailed  with  'J.'iO  men  on  hoard,  follow <'d 
hy  others  on  the  coast  steamers,  while  many  more,  in  tlic  madness  of  their 
excitement  and  lust  of  gain,  left  San  Francisco  on  foot  for  the  new  land  of 
|ironiis(!.  On  Decemher  "JOth  tiie  vessel  entered  the  Knsenada,  aiiil  Walker's 
tir~t  act  was  to  send  (55  men  to  take  Santo  Tomas,  wliicii  was  accomplished 
witliout  n,  hlow  lieing  struck.  He  organized  a  governiiient,  and  hcgan  drill- 
ing his  men.  (.)n  January  18,  1854,  he  issued  a  decree  proclaiming  the  union 
of  that  province  with  Lower  California,  under  the  title  of  liepuhlic  of 
Nonora. 

But  among  the  late  comers  there  soon  arose  a  great  deal  of  gruniMing. 
They  had  expected  to  Hnd  a  Canaan,  and  not  a  wilderness.  Tliey  had  dreamed 
of  rich  plunder  and  sumptuous  fare,  instead  of  a  few  hungry  cattle  to  raid, 
and  jerked  heef  with  hoile<l  irn  to  eat.  An  opportunity  for  .secession  was 
allorded  in  the  distrih j^ioii  •.'  animals  for  transportation  stolen  from  the 
settlers.  The  original  thieves  claimed  moris  than  was  their  sliari%  and 
tliieatened  to  with  Iraw.  Walker  assemliled  his  men  and  made  a  spirit- 
stirring  address,  thca  called  ujion  all  who  would  stand  l>y  tlui  cause  to  hohit 
up  their  right  hands  ami  swear  to  do  so.  .Most  of  the  men  took  the  oath,  hut 
iliout  ;")()  declared  they  hail  enough  of  Hlihiistering,  and  were  allowed  to  de- 
li irt.  Hut  this  lirst  hreak  proved  contagiom,  and  desertion  set  in  to  .-,uih 
.•l:i  extent  as  to  exceed  the  reenforcemeiits,  which  continued  to  arrive.  A< 
I  lie  example  cf  a  few  executions  and  Hoggings  failed  to  make  an  ini[)ression, 
Walker  hastened  his  departure,  and  on  .March  "JOth  set  out  from  San  Vi- 
r^iite.  After  letiving  a  smrU  diitachmeiit  to  ■hold  the  •oiintrj,"  he  had  only 
Mil)  men,  less  than  one  third  of  the  fore  •  he  atone  time  couiitid.  Alter  ,i 
\iieks  toilsome  march  the  Colorado  wai  reached,  the  niimlieroi  his  followc!-) 
'  'iitinually  decreasing.  It  was  decided  to  cross  six  miles  ahove  the  mouth 
'  the  river,  which  was  40l)  yards  wide  and  very  dee])  at  that  ](oint.  Jii  at- 
I'liipting  to  swim  across  the  river  most  of  the  remaining  few  of  the  cattle 
\  liich  they  had  hrought  were  drowned  or  escaped.  The  men  passed  over  oil 
I  (Its.  and  the  entry  into  the  jiromised  land  was  celelirattMl  liy  a  cold-hloodcil 
nmrder.  Captain  Dongliss,  an  otHcer  who  had  already  shown  liimsilf  n, 
liiiilil  tyrant,  shot  dead  an  Knglishman,  named  •'8mith,  who  in  his  hunger 
li  111  tilched  a  little  hoilcd  corn  helonging  to  the  caplain.  Walker  remainid 
'■1' imped  on  the  Sonora  hank  of  the  river  for  three  days,  diirinu'  '.■  hirh  de- 
M  'Moll  rediiceil  his  force  to  It.'i  men.  The  indoiuitaMe  iletcriiiiiial ion  nf  the 
tihliUjtvr  leader  wad  forced  to  yield.     It  would  have  been  niadiie.sn  to  pr.>- 


i,'ii 


nil 

KiSllil 


l!i.r 


■  1 


>■"  i 


y  '  )| 


724 


LOWER  ('AT,lFOrvNIA. 


were  taken  to  form  a  bisliplioric  in  tlic  peninsula, 
to  which  end  Esoahmte,  bishop  in  paitibus  tie  anos- 
tasiopolis,  arrived  in  l(S55  with  three  rl3ro;ynien.  The 
J)oniinieans  abandoned  the  secularized  missions,  and 
orders  were  issued  to  restore  all  their  unsold  lands 
for  support  of  ministers.' 

ceed;  1)ut  lie  would  not  yet  give  up  Tjower  California;  and  on  April  (itli  iio 
roiTosst^l  tliij  Colorado  ami  led  the  ragged,  dejected  iiand  of  tlie  faitiiful  few 
wlio  still  followed  his  misfortunes  toward  San  N'ioente.  Hefore  the  depart- 
ure of  the  Somirau  exj)edition  tlie  frontier  settlers,  driven  to  the  verge  of 
doHpair  l»y  tiie  des<)lating  exaetioiis  and  ravages  of  tlie  tilihusters,  had  al- 
ready couihiiusl  against  them,  and  when  tlie  main  liody  departed,  the  .small 
tletieliinent  left  lieiiind  was  soon  captured  in  detail  or  driven  across  the 
boundary.  The  Californians  next  attacked  Walker  ou  liis  return,  wiio  al- 
though lie  reached  .San  Vicente,  found  it  iiupossitile  to  sustain  himself  there. 
Hetherciforo  turned  toward  the  frontier,  hotly  purHUe<l  hy  the  enemy,  with 
who:n  he  iniintained  a  running  tight  till  near  the  horder,  where  he  and  lii-i 
jiarty  surrcuclcred  themselves  to  houw  American  olficers,  who  hail  api>roae]u'd 
in  iniiiliator-i.  I'hey  were  allowed  to  give  their  parole  to  rejhirt  themselvc-) 
toironeral  Wool  at  San  Francisco,  to  answer  the  charge  of  violating  the 
neutrality  laws.  To  this  end  they  were  accorded  free  passage  liy  steamer  to 
their  destination.  W.  1*.  Watkins,  the  vice-president  of  the  vi.sionary  rcpiili- 
lic,  anil  v.  l"'mory,  secretary  of  state,  hadheen  arrested  while  on  a  recruiting 
tour  ill  California,  for  infringing  neutrality  laws,  and  lined  .*l,r)tK)  eaih. 
Neither  of  them  were  ever  pressed  to  conform  to  the  judgment,  and  the  pri.-.- 
oners  sent  to  San  Francisco  had  nothing  to  fear.  Indeed,  Walker  alone  wa; 
lielil  to  answer  before  the  courts.  He  was  tried  and  acipiitted!  It  is  un- 
necessary to  enter  into  the  details  of  this  judicial  farce  further  than  to  rc- 
luirk  that  the  judge  declared  that  from  his  heart  he  symiiathi/.ed  with  t!ic 
aceusiul.  If  such  were  the  sentiments  of  the  judge,  what  must  have  bciii 
the  .sentiments  of  the  peo])l''?  To  most  of  them  the  tililiust(?rs  were  ventiui - 
some  heroes,  fresh  from  doughty  enterprise,  pioneers  of  'inanifcvst  destiny. 
who,  if  checked  by  failure,  had,  nevertheless,  effected  a  ste])  onward  in  tlic 
iiiirch  of  progress,  and  toward  the  realization  of  that  dream  which  pictuns 
the  entire  northern  continent  under  the  stars  and  stripes.  To  right-niimkil 
men  the  expedition  will  ever  ai)pcar  as  an  impudent  crinu!. 

'I'he  mail  charged  to  carry  out  the  paternal  intentions  of  the  government 
was  (general  .1.  .M.  Hlancarte  of  .lalisco,  sent  by  Santa  Anna  in  bS.")4  to  replarc 
l{,ebi)lleilo.  He  had  rendered  great  service  to  the  dictator,  and  disapiioinfi'l 
with  this  jt.'tty  appointment,  turned  against  his  patron,  toward  the  eml  "i 
th'j  year,  by  pronouncing  for  tlii^  plan  of  Ayutla,  and  issuing  a  iirovisioniil 
cointitutioii  ill  accordaiic'j  therewith.  In  December  ISSo,  the  legisl;iti\r 
(l!l>ilt:ici,>ii,  suspiMiiled  <luring  Santa  Anna's  rule,  was  reinstalled,  .1.  M. 
(rome/.  Imiu^f  elect ;^l  jefe  politico.  During  iiis  administration  liliuicarte  ii.id 
sli  iwn  a  dispo-iitio'i  to  act  in  an  indciiendent  manner.  In  the  preci'diii^ 
111  >ntli  ''ijitiiu  Z'rinail  jireseiited  himself  in  the  name  of  Alvarez,  with  tw" 
ViMseU  an  I  !•")►  men  to  form  scttK'ineiits.  As  the  nieii  were  all  foreigiui - 
HI  lucirt,' chiAi- t )  regird  them  as  (ilibiisters,  .-au-ied  them  to  be  arrested,  an  ' 
s^iiit  tlien  uudiM-  giiar.l  to  Mazatliu.  Early  in  IS'iT,  rumors  of  anotlur  i\ 
p>:litioii  fro'u  Sa'i  F'raucisco  were  seizeil  upon  by  him  as  a  jiretext  to  \vA\r 
t'l !  e  I'lnh-y  -lie  had  again  been  reappointed  governor,  owing  to  the  resigii.i 
tioii  of  Ciouie/  August  1.  1S,")(i  -  to  iirociirc  piiy  and  resources.  In  reality  li' 
abm  lone  I  it  to  join  a  revolutionary  movement,  and  not  only  took  with  limi 
all  his  own  men,  t.>  the  number  of  .'WX).  but  seized  three  vessels  with  troo|i-; 
aoconipativ'ng  C.eneral  Noriega,  who  had  touched  at  La  Paz  on  his  way  i" 
Sonora.     This  proceeding  exposed  the  peninsula  to  threat  danger.     In  eou- 


'•'"■!■  Ilinri', 

l^'^'-  of  ruct 


KEVIV.VL  OF  INDUSTRIES. 


The  entry  of  troops  from  tlie  inainlaiid  sorun d 
peace  in  llic  south  as  wcW  as  in  tlie  north.  Jjoiii; 
repressed  iiuhistries,  iiotahly  agriculture,  sooiv  revived, 
witli  a  conseijut'iit  increase  of  })rosperity.  Foieign- 
ers  felt  ( iicouraL!;ed  to  work;  and  by  oj)enin|yf  nniics  so 
increased  trade  that  a  San  Francisco  steamer  was  in- 
duce*! to  touch   niontidy  at  San  Jose  and  La  Paz, 

nuctioii  with  the  prcsiilio  the  gdvcriinicnt  liad  cstiildislicil  jioiial  st'ttk'iiu'iit.i 
at  l.a  I'a/  ami  ( 'aniu'ii  i--laiiil  for  coiivict-i  frinn  all  tlio  wcstiTii  stati  -i.  'I'lioso 
at  tlio  lattvr  jil.ico  siMzod  a  vosscl  and  osuaiHMl;  the  C()iivii;ts  at  tliu  cajiital 
lirokt!  (lilt  in  upcii  revolt  hut  wero  olicuked  hy  *-hu  aid  of  Siualoa  troops  sent 
to  ruplaoc  tlioso  taken  away  hy  lUancartc. 

Aaother  <k']iloral)lo  result  was  tlie  re'vival  of  vlic  former  strifi^  for  jiower, 
now  that  the  governor.sliiii  was  left  in  the  hands  of  the  legislature,  and  as 
heretofore  the  niund)ers  held  otliee  in  rotation  for  hrief  jieriods.  Dnrini;  (ho 
jieriixl  of  the  reform  war  iu  the  repuhlie,  it  wa:'  natural  that  the  remote 
[irovineesnot  involved  in  it,  should  nevertheless  adopi  the  rally  inj^  erie^  of  tli<i 
eonservative  and  liheral  factions,  to  give  color  to  t'le  strife  in  ht'lialf  of 
favorites.  In  Lower  California,  during  the  early  part  of  KS-'iS,  the  e(Uiserva- 
tives  were  in  the  asci^nilant,  hut  in  August  the  lilierals  eoneentr:iting  iu  I.a 
I'az  elected  llaiuou  Navarro  governoi',  and  in  Marcii  IS.V.t  a  leji'slative  (|uo- 
runi  proclaimed  that  the  peninsula,  while  adiu?ring  to  the  federal  constitu- 
tion of  lS."i7,  assumed  independent  rule  until  peace  was  restored,  and  tlirew 
open  her  porta  to  foreign  trade  aiul  intt'rcourse.  A  year  later,  in  Kehrnary, 
ISiiO,  the  aiid)itious  Calil'ornians  went  furtiier,  and  ignoring  iier  position  as 
a  territory,  passed  an  organic  law,  estaldishing  a  supeiior  trihunal,  and 
(inloriug  the  election  of  governors  hy  tiic  people.  During  the  same  nioulh, 
JLowever,  (Jovernor  Amaihir,  the  Juarist a[)[(oinLee,  arrivcdaml  wassuhmiited 
to,  as  he  liad  suflicient  support  to  assert  himself;  hut  no  sooner  did  iie  dep*:'t 
on  a  visit  to  Sinaloa  in  .Inly,  then  the  storm  hroke  out.  The  legislatures  re- 
instated the  popular  Navarro;  the  opiiosing  faction,  ccutereil  at  San  Jose, 
heailed  hy  the  ("astros,  and  rci  iiforced  hy  .\inador,  who  sent  Arana  to  aid 
them,  fell  suddenly  upon  La  I'az,  dispersed  tiie  nationalists  with  loss,  arid 
exacted  a  heavy  contrihutiou  upon  the  rival  town.  The  discoinlited  liherals 
sent  to  Sinaloa  for  aid,  and  having  ohtaiued  'JOOmen,  swept  down  in  turn  \i|i(in 
San  Jose,  and  took  their  revenge  hy  sacking  and  conliscating  until  misery 
reigned.  Then  they  restored  the  formi^r  order  of  things.  \\  orse  still  was 
the  condition  of  atlairs  in  tlu;  frontiiT  distrii't,  which  had  ln!come  the  report 
of  criminals  and  fugitives.  Melcndcz,  who  ha<l  taken  a  hrave  stand  against 
Walker,  had  Itei'U  niad(!  provisional  connuandant;  Imt  in  .lune,  IS.Vi,  l.u  ii- 
tenaut  Pujol  arrived  to  claim  the  ])ost,  and  wlien  .\lelendez  ohjected,  caused 
liiMi  to  he  treacherously  seized  and  shot.  In  .Septemlier  of  tlie  following 
y  '  ir  Jose  ("astro,  former  comandante  general  of  .\lla  ('alifornia,  reiiiovi  <1 
I'ujol  and  took  some  admirahle  steps  to  secure  orderand  hettir  u'overnnieiit, 
liiit  which,  as  \isual,  were  not  cai  ried  out  in  any  cllicient  or  lasting  manner. 
I  Miring  ( 'astro's  ahsence  in  IS.")!)  his  lieutenants  S.uuz  and  l'',spar/a  liecame 
engaged  in  hostilities  against  each  other,  and  (  'astro  haviiiL;  ri'turned  fill  hy 
the  iiand  of  a  murderer  during  a  melee.  \  nunilier  of  innocent  ]p,iili>;ins 
on  hoth  sides  met  with  a  siinilir  fate  This  reign  of  terror  was  (lut  an  end 
to  liy  the  arrival  in  March,  ISCil,  of  the  w;ir  vessel  /''fnniiti,  when  the  lead- 
inu'  insurgents  were  drivi'u  out,  and  .1.  M.  Mori'iio  was  instalhd  as  snh-jefe. 
I'>\'  this  time  luiarly  all  tin;  hotter  class  of  jicoplc  had  de^iarted,  trade  h;id 
<lisap])eared,  agriculture  lay  neglected,  and  the  ]ioverty-stricken  jieople  wlio 
ri  III. lined  lived  on  little  else  than  Iieef.  Moreno  (•(.nvokccl  the  ayuntaiiiieiito 
eiiee  inore,  after  a  lon^  interval,  and  appointed  local  judges  tu  assist  in  the 
tus'v.  of  reooustructioii. 


726 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


while  tlie  custom-house  revenue  rose  for  tlic  two  pros- 
|Hi'(»us  years  to  about  §100,000.  Unfortunately,  the 
whiter  of  1803-4  proved  so  extremely  dry  as  to  y)ro- 
duoe  ijreat  loss  in  live-stock  and  eroV)S  ;  and  the  minino- 
(>xeltemc!nt  abated,  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the 
lack  of  ca))ital  among  most  of  the  miners,  wlio  had 
rushed  in"  to  speculate  rather  than  develop  their 
claims. 


'In  J 8(52  the  war  of  intervention  in  Mexico  I)egan,  anrl,  as  before,  re- 
ni(itom;.s.s  sHvcd  tlio  peninsula  from  lieing  locally  atlue'teil  l)y  its  (levastations. 
A  (U'liiancl  wasnuiile,  luivvever,  for  a  coiitingunt  of  L'OO  men  to  assist  tiie  rt'- 
pulilican  cause;  tlie  aalt-tields  of  Carmen  were  leased,  and  an  immense 
Cdlonization  grant  was  made  to  American  capitalists  in  the  central  |iart  nf 
tlii^  territory,  to  obtain  funds  for  the  general  government.  Pedro  Navaretti , 
who  had  succeeded  as  jefe  ixilitieo  in  ISOU,  showed  linnself  rather  hikew  arm 
toward  till'  giivernmeut.  When,  in  the  course  of  1804,  French  war  vessels 
toueliud  at  La  Paz,  the  jefe  received  the  otticers  in  a  polite  manner, 
though  refusing  to  accept  tlie  enipu'e,  and  allowed  them  to  Keek  what  sup- 
plies they  could  obtain,  powerless  as  he  was  to  resist.  In  the  following  year 
his  successor,  Felix  (iilbert,  a  progressive  member  of  tlic  dcputacion,  was 
called  upiin  to  accept  an  imperial  connnissioner  in  the  person  ot  Espinosa,  er 
t.iUe  the  ciinseciuences  of  a  forced  installation.  The  jefe  convoked  the  leg- 
islature, and  this  body  decided  in  November  that  it  woidd  be  prudent  to 
yield.  '1  he  French  tliereupon  departed.  This  encouraged  the  patriots  and 
others  to  rise  under  Navarrete  aiul  Cota,  and  drive  out  both  the  eoiiimis- 
jjioucr  and  the  obsecjuious  jefe,  who  was  suspected  of  imperialist  symjiatliy. 
Antonio  I'edrin,  senior  inendier  of  the  a.ssend)ly,  assumed  control  until 
the  (lection  in  June.  Tlie  choice  fell  on  Navarrete.  Pcdrin  refused  to  sur- 
render the  ollice,  but  Navarrete,  sustained  by  San  Jose  and  other  <listricts, 
marched  upon  the  capital,  gained  control,  and  banished  his  opponent.  But 
he  soon  angi.'red  both  natives  and  foreigners  by  maintaining  a  costly  arnu  d 
foiTe  and  levying  contributions,  although  tlie  latter  were  due  partly  to  tlie 
drain  caused  liy  Franco- .Mexican  war  contingents,  ami  to  the  decline  iji  cus- 
toiii-house  receipts.  Tin;  conlirmation  of  Pedrin  as  ji^fe  by  Juarez  vas 
tiierefore  well  received,  and  ho  obtained  armed  support  even  from  late  ad- 
versaries to  oust  Navarrete  in  the  following  Seplenibcr.  I'edrin  displayed  a 
coiiuiiendal lie  zeal  for  peace  and  progress.  He  ordered  an  enrollment  foi-  a 
militia,  and  the  formation  of  a  Hying  rural  guard  of  I'o  men  for  the  maiiite- 
n.ince  of  order;  moreover,  the  advisory  council,  which  of  late  figured  in 
liiHi  of  the  legislature,  was  replaced  by  a  regular  elected  assembly,  wliii  li 
met  on  December  10,  1807.  Among  its  measures  was  the  lessening  of  peon- 
age misery  by  placing  debt  contracts  under  legal  supervision,  ami  the  diall- 
ing, for  congressional  consideration,  of  territorial  constitutional  amendments 
to  embrace  an  elected  senate  and  lieutenant-governor,  as  well  as  govt  riii  r. 
( 'oiigi'i'ss  ignored  both  the  legislature  and  its  constitution,  as  partaking  u! 
features  claimable  only  by  staters.  Tlie  election  of  a  jefe  was  ordered  for  K^tlN, 
by  tile  legislature',  in  accordance  with  the  local  law,  and  as  the  iiortliern  iiieiii- 
bers  failed  to  iiresent  themselves,  the  eldest,  Carlos  F.  (iaiaii,  assumed  tln' 
position  provisionally.  He  soon  gave  proof  of  his  intentions  in  a  numb(  r 
of  local  measures,  but  an  excess  of  zeal  in  behalf  of  an  exhausted  excheijin  i 
and  clamorous  territory  induced  him  to  ]iermit  the  landing  of  a  foreign  caiy 
at  La  Paz.  The  result  was  the  arrival  of  a  government  force  of  i;00  uh  ii 
ninh^r  <  W'lieral  Kavalos.  Jlo  assumed  control  in  May  ISdS,  arrested  the  j(li. 
and  introduced  reform  into  the  miii'ji  iiegleefed  federal  de])artinents,  wlnl' 
dtteatiug  the  cll'orts  of  the  assembly  to  install  a  loually-tilucted  I'ulcr, 


COLONIZATIOX  ENTERPRISES. 

The  occupation  of  tlie  peninsula  by  tlio  United 
States  in  1847-8  left  agreeable  impressions  among 
the  invading  soldiers,  and  many  of  them  returned  to 
settle  as  farmers,  miners,  and  traders.  The  mani- 
fest destiny  idea  also  was  strong  among  the  Americans, 
with  the  belief  that  Lower  California  would  be  among 
the  first  provinces  to  be  ceded,  and  speculators  be- 
came eager  to  secure  an  early  interest  in  tlie  prize. 
Several  parties  accordingly  sought  land  grants,  with 
the  condition  of  introducing  colonists,  for  the  govern- 
ment had  long  recognized  the  value  of  foreign  innni- 
gration  for  unfolding  natural  resources. 

An  important  grant  was  made  to  the  Lower  Cali- 
fornia Colonization  and  Mining  Company*  in  1804, 
embracing  the  vast  tract  lying  betv/een  latitudes  24" 
20'  and  31°,  or  nearly  47,000  square  miles,  on  condi- 
tion of  reserving  one-fourth  of  the  land  for  Mexicans, 
of  introducing  at  least  200  families  within  five 
years,  and  of  paying  to  the  Juarist  govermncnt 
$100,000    on   account   of  the    land   to   be   occujued.'" 

There   were   several   other  colonization  enter].)rises 

9  Incorporated  at  S.  F.  in  Oct.  1802,  with  a  capital  of  g40.()()0,  l.y  .lacol) 
V.  Leoso.  Prosijuotus,  etc.,  piibli.-slicil  m  a  series  of  paiiU'lilets  under  the 
name  of  the  L.  C'tl.  Co.  from  KSti'J  to  18()(i. 

'■'As  there  appeared  little  prospect  to  carry  out  the  contract  from  Cal.,  it 
was  transferred  in  ISiiiJ  to  capitalists  of  tlie  eastern  U.  S.,  wIid  at  once  sent 
a  i)arty  to  make  the  first  scicutilie  exploration  of  the  territory.  The  report 
was  unfavorahle  as  r(;!4ards  the  resources  nf  tiu!  tract  concerne<l,  especially 
its  soil  auil  water  sU[iply.  This  clouded  the  enterpi  ise  for  awhile;  hut  the 
i'i)i»tract  term  heing  evtemled,  the  sliarcholders  re-iolvi'd  to  suek  some  profit 
from  the  transaction,  hy  fair  means  or  foul.  An  ailvnnce  party  was  sent 
from  S.  F.  in  Aug.  1870  to  inak>-  a  hugiuning  hy  ronstruciing  roads,  clearing 
land,  anil  opening  wells.  The  artesian  sinkings  proved  a  failure,  and 
iloomed  the  colony.  It  so  Ii.ippened,  however,  tliat  the  coast  was  found  rich 
in  orchil  dye,  and  heedless  of  tiie  !  ick  of  rc-iources  for  a  settlement,  ahout 
.Ml);)  persons  wore  sent  out  from  New  York  under  contract  to  gather  mos.s, 
and  to  lieciune  colonists.  Lack  of  houses  and  other  acciunmodations.  poor 
food  and  iiisulVicieTit  water,  togetlicr  with  a  desert  like  surronn<ling  and  a 
torrid  heat,  frightcnecl  the  greater  portion  of  tlKMU  into  promptly  aliandon- 
ing  tile  su])|«.<-ied  i)arailisi'.  and  gaunt,  rai;gc»d,  and  ]ienniles-i.  they  sought 
rctuge  in  A'ta  ralifornii*.  wliile  others  strutcghMl  across  to  La  Paz  and  other 
towns,  oril.  a  handful  Iving  persu.idi'd  after  this  relief  from  jiressure  to  re- 
main. Meanwhile  the  government  annulleil  the  grant,  whereupon  tlie  ji'al- 
oiis  officials  of  l.a  Pik.;  made  a  descent  mion  tlie  lingering  rcmn.mts  of  the 
colony,  and  dispossi'vse<l  the  comi)aay's  agent.  This  gave  a  liiucli  desired 
pretiyt  ior  a  .>IO.(M)0.(liH)  chum  ujion  Alexico,  \\hieh  was  (.oniiiroiTiised  hy  al- 
lowing the  cioii^iauy  the  pnvileye  to  gather  oreliilla  for  six  years. 


728 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


during  these  two  derades,  with  merely  an  occasional 
faint  success  to  sustain  lingering  hope ;  "  yet  some- 
thing must  in  time  result  from  these  several  efforts. 
The  suspicion  of  United  States  designs  upon  the  ter- 
ritory "  tended  to  sustain  a  not  very  friendly  feeling 
of  the  inhabitants  toward  foreigners,  as  well  as  a 
cautious  attitude  on  the  part  of  the  authorities.  Nev- 
ertheless the  value  of  innnigration  is  understood,  and 
recognized  in  the  great  impulse  imparted  during  the 
last  decades  to  mininor  and  trade  at  least.  If  ao-ri- 
culture  failed  to  keep  pace,  it  nmst  be  attributed 
greatly  to  the  insecurity  not  only  of  life  and  [)roperty, 
but  of  land  titles,  a  state  of  affairs  which  is  rapidly 
chanojino;  under  the  late  firm  administrations. 

The  fact  is  that  the  immense  aijricultural  and  min- 
eral  resources  of  Lower  California  need  only  be  thor- 


"j1/(»,t;.  Di<tr.  O^r.,  March  7, 1870.  At  the  time  Leese  obtained  his  grant,  Go- 
chicoa  received  4.")  sitios  forcoloinzation,  toward  which  no  attem^jt  was  made. 
AIi'x.  Mi'in.  Foni.,  18(5(5,  10;i.  Milatovicli's  grant  of  19S  sitios  failed  through 
infringejiient  f>f  laiidhiws.  ^f(X.  Mem.  al  Emv.,  ISdo,  5(57-8.  The  Peninsula 
Plantation  and  Homestead  Association  obtained  a  large,  fertile  tract  along 
the  Mulege  l)ay,  and  a  city  was  to  be  located  70  miles  s.  w.  of  Ouaymas. 
Thirty  thousand  shares  were  od'ered  to  actual  settlers  at  .SUi.  Broirmt'-f  L. 
Cal.,  17.")-C.  The  gov.  granted  in  1870,  .'?.'?, (XK)  to  aid  two  colonies,  one  near 
the  frontier,  the  other  on  (Juadalupe  island,  where  tlie  Comp.  de  (!ua<l. 
bought  Castro  and  Serrano's  title  of  1839,  and  engaged  in  raising  Angora 
goats  auil  sheep.  Mi'.c.  Mem.  ILtc,  1873,  fip.  i.,  9-10;  ExtrclkiOccid.,  July  1, 
1870.  Shortly  before  some  Americans  descended  on  ths  island  and  slaugh- 
tered the  wild  goats,  to  the  number  of  'J."), 000,  it  is  'said,  carrying  off  tiic 
skins  and  fat.  The  (Julf  of  ('al.  Connnercial  Co.  was  the  title  of  a  second 
Mulege  Colony  association,  formed  at  S.  F.  in  1871.  AltaCai,  Dec.  '28,  1871. 
Otficial  examination  of  Colorado  river  lands  was  made  in  18(5(5;  Vaz  Mij., 
Feb.  1,  18()(),  and  in  1874  the  Colorado  Hemp  Co.  sent  a  party  dov.n  to  cul- 
tivate hemj),  with  tlie  aid  of  Indians.  />.  CuL  Srrnpx,  185.  Hyde,  once  al 
calde  of  S.  F.,  planned  a  town  8  miles  from  San  Quentin  snlt-ficlds,  wIhlIi 
took  no  embodiment.  Brnii'iii''n  L.  ('al.,  110.  At  Scammon's  bay  two-score 
I. .en  were  iniroduced  in  1870  by  Janscn  to  gather  salt.  His  right  was  con- 
tested. i)[i:i:  Dhir.  Ojic,  .luiie  9,  1870.  The  Carmen  island  salt-field  was 
conferred  upon  the  Cal.,  Oregon,  and  Mex.  Steamship  Co.  in  18(57  for!575,00(). 
Biijit  ('<iL.  Nov.  1(5,  19(17.  Chinese  have  long  been  occupied  on  the  western 
coast  in  gathering  abalone  shells  and  other  prfMlucts.  S.  F.  (inlt/cii  Em,  Mar. 
(5.  18(;9:  Arrh.  ^fr.l■.,  Col.  Lni.  v.  5li8  9;  V,v.  M<j.,  Dec.  30.  18(52,  with  allu 
sions  to  lapsed  grants.  In  1830  the  (Juaymas  and  INTulcge  Trust  <\).  forinol 
at  S.  F.  to  cultivate  sugar,  and  3(1, 0(M)  hectares  were  granted  to  Kelly  iS:  Co 
Mcr.  Diitr.  Ojic,  .funt!  17,  30,  1880.  For  the  conceasiou  to  Andrade  in  isTS 
sec  jl/r.r,  Reriiji.  L<i/.,  xxviii.,  148  54. 

'-Su[)ported  by  the  acquisition  of  a  coaling  station  on  Pichilingue  island, 
in  front  of  l,a  Paz.  Alta  Ci/.,  .\pril  '20,  May  27,  1870;  by  the  minute  e\])loi;i- 
tions  of  the  coast  in  1873  and  18715  by  the  U.  S.  steamers  Hnxxlrr  and  Xfir- 
rwjanxeU,  Id,,  Mar.  27,  1873,  June  1(5,  187(5;  and  l>y  congressional  inquiries. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  COMPANY. 


r2*j 


sional 

SOUK'- 

iliorts. 
le  ter- 
Foelinjj; 
I  as  a 
Nev- 
)d,  and 

i  agn- 
ributtnl 
operty, 
rapidly 

nd  niiu- 
je  tlior- 


i  grant,  Go- 
;  was  mailc. 
,0(1  thrDiigli 
u  reiiinsula 
[tract  aloiij; 
(luaynias. 
/•()»'«(,'■■'  />• 
(iiic!  near 
Jo  (Juail. 
ng   Angora 
A.,  July  1, 
,u(l  slaug'.i- 
£,    otV  the 
:l   seciiuil 
;.  -iS,  1.S71. 
,    V<c  M'j.. 
iv.n  to  cul 
lo,  (>:k'(^  i'^ 
lids,    wliiili 
twn-scori' 
.  was  con- 
t-tiel(l  vas 
i.r><7r),(M)0. 

lie    WL'StlTII 

En'.  Mar 

with  allii 

■■().   foriiu'il 

(oily  &  O'. 

vlo  in  15C8 

i^tiio  i^^land. 

ito  ixplora- 

anil  A'"'-- 

II  uuiuiriiis. 


ougly  undi^rstood  to  entrage  capital  for  their  devcloj)- 
iiiont ;  vvliilu  tlie  conditions  of  life  in  this  region, 
among  vvldch  its  soft  and  healthful  climate  is  a  most 
iiotewortliy  feature,  are  such  as  to  strongly  induce 
thrifty  laborers  and  home-huilders  to  settle  there.  The 
republic  of  Mexico  has  been  enjoying  for  some  3'ears 
tlie  benefits  of  peace  and  an  enlightened  administra- 
tion of  affairs.  It  has  been  doing  much  to  encouraue 
industry  and  to  promote  modern  improvements  on  a 
large  scale.  Under  the  new  regime  railways  have 
been  constructed,  telegraph  lines  have  become  fairly 
numerous,  mountains  and  uninhabited  regions  being 
si)anncd  to  brinyj  distant  border  colonies  into  ready 
C(»mnmnication  with  the  commercial  world,  and  postal 
facilities  have  been  much  enlarged. 

The  government  has  appreciated  the  importance  of 
an  increase  of  population,  and  to  this  end  has  awarded 
to  colonizing  companies  subsidies,  most  of  them  in 
the  form  of  grants  of  large  tracts  of  land,  accom[)an- 
it'd  with  exemptions,  to  induce  the  coining  of  a  de- 
sirable class  of  foreigners. '^  The  colonization  act  of 
December  15,  1883,  is  an  invitation  to  the  citizens  of 
friendly  nations  to  settle  in  Mexico,  and  share  in  the 
advnitages  of  a  new  country  rich  in  every  element 
conducive  to  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  man.  This 
law  also  |)rovides  for  the  ])artition  and  distribution  of 
the  j)ub]ic  lands  on  a  most  liberal  scale.  Under  it 
several  projeets  of  colonization  have  been  entertained, 
abroad  as  well  as  at  home,  and  a  number  of  colonies 
have  been  established  in  different  states.  The  na- 
tional constitution  l)i'stows  the  rights  of  Mexican  cit- 
izenshij)  upon  all  f)reigneis  owning  real  i-state  or 
liavinoc  Mexican-born  children,  a  i)rivile*j;e  whicli  the 
pi'es(!nt  administration  has  rendered  quite?  acceptable 
to  f « *eign  settlers.  The  renouncement  of  his  former 
n;ttionalitv  is,  however,  a  matter  of  choice  with  the 
settler.  He  is  given,  furthentiore,  f  )r  twenty  vears 
t\\v.  right  of  importing  free  of  duty,   for  his   pursorial 

'■^  Jiancro/l,   Vklu  dc  Porjirio  l>iuz,  574-0. 


fr 


:iiiif 
i-iii 


730 


LOWER  CALTFORXIA. 


use,  house! i()](l  and  personal  eftects,  farininLj  Iinjilo- 
iiieuts,  seeds,  horses  and  cattle  for  use  and  for  breed- 
iiii;',  tools  of  trade  or  instruments  of  profession, 
builtlin;4  material,  and  machinery  of  any  kind  for 
manufacturing  i)ur[tosei. 

The  elements  of  wealth  possessed  by  Lower  Cali- 
fornia have  not  passed  uiiperceived.  Takini^  advan- 
tiicro  of  the  liberal  laws  and  favorable  conditions,  the 
International  Company  of  Mexico,  a  corporation  ex- 
istintr  under  a  charter  of  the  state  of  Comiccticut,  and 
havin>5  its  headquarters  at  Hartford,  has  virtually  be- 
come ailistributinii;  aii;t!nt  of  the  Mexican  goveriunent, 
by  ac(|uii'inL(  a  com|)l('te  and  perfect  title  to  eiojiteen 
million  acres  of  land  in  Lower  California,  all  of  winch 
hav(^  been  duly  surveyed  by  the  company.  For  this 
service  it  obtained  one-third  of  the  tract  without  fur- 
ther cost;  the  other  two-thirds,  it  is  understood,  wen- 
acquired  by  actual  purchase  from  the  national govern- 
ment. 

The  climate  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  penin- 
sula, where  the  company's  lands  are  situated,  is  all 
that  could  be  desired.  If  not  superior  to  the  climate 
anywhere  else,  it  is  certainly  as  g()()d  as  any  along  tlic 
coast.  The  same  may  be  said  fairly  of  its  soil,  for 
the  production  of  fruits  and  grain.  The  extreiiiv 
temj)erature  at  Ensenada  in  sunnner  is  placed  at  97°, 
and  the  coldest  about  40°  Fahr.''  It  is  related  that  a 
tomato  plant  grew  in  a  garden  continuously  for  four 
years,  with  no  signs  of  frost.  GarcU>n  vegetables  are 
sown  and  gathered  every  month  of  the  year. 

The  country  is  also  excellent  for  sti)ck-raising  ;  the 
varieties  of  orass  being  wild  oats,  wild  clover,  alfileri'a, 
and  bunch-grass,  besides  immberless  shrubs  abounding 
in  the  mountains  and  foothills.  Neat  cattle  enjoy 
great  advantages  of  climate,  shelter,  food, and  water: 
while  the  conditions  are  excellent  for  the  breeding  of 


**  L.  Cnl,  Di-xn-ip.  nf  L<ni(h.  .'S-g. 

'•'01)sorv;itinn-i  taktiii  liy  U.  S.  officers  in  Juno,  July,  and  August  showeil 
an  average  of  7(>^  and  tlirougli  tlic  winter  mouths  of  3.^" 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  COMPANY. 


731 


horses,  mules,  sheep,  and  goats.  The  horses  raised 
in  this  region  are  noted  tor  endurance.  Mules  of 
extraordinary  size  are  bred;  and  there  is  a  large 
demand  for  them  at  renmnerative  prices.  Sheep, 
owing  to  the  uniformity  of  climate,  yield  a  W(H)1  of 
remarkable  eveimess.  Even  goat-raising  here  be- 
comes a  profitable  industry.  Under  the  protective 
system  of  Mexico,  manufacturing  interests,  such  as 
woolen-mills,  tanneries,  etc.,  have  o[)ened  to  the  pro- 
duce of  this  favored  region  the  large  demand  of  a 
whole  nation. 

Another  source  of  wealth,  subordinate,  perha})S,  to 
that  of  agriculture,  is  mining.  Cojiper  mining  has 
been  carried  on  for  a  decade  or  so  in  some  localities, 
while  other  places  known  to  ct^ntaiu  rich  deposits 
have  remained  almost  unnoticed.  Little  has  been 
done  even  in  the  richest  fields,  owing  to  lack  of  capi- 
tal and  other  obstacles,  which  intelligent  energy  can 
easilv  remove.  There  are  extensive  ledu'cs  of  i>'old- 
bearing  quartz  in  many  places.  Coal,  sulphur,  alum, 
nitre,  soda,  borax,  talc,  kaoline,  (juicksilver,  tin,  nickel, 
antimony,  iron,  zinc,  and  lead  abound.  Salt  and  guano 
deposits  and  a  variety  of  valuable  stones  are  also  to  bo 
found.  All  these  elements  of  wealth  are  calling  for 
the  industrial  hand  to  bring  tliem  into  comnu-rcial 
existence.  A  large  extent  of  the  company's  southern 
land  is  covered  with  jirecious  woods,  such  as  rose, 
ebony,  mahogany,  and  cedar,  various  gums,  and  dye- 
woods,  on  which  the  nativt;s  i)laced  so  little  store  as 
to  make  charcoal  of  ebony.  There  are  also  many 
thousand  acres  of  pine  and  live-oak. 

The  lands  of  the  International  Company  comj)riso 
the  northern  or  upper  j)ortion  of  the  peninsula.  Their 
I)roperty  commences  at  tlie  line  fifteen  miles  south  of 
San  Diego,  near  the  .'32(1  parallel,  extending  south- 
ward a  distance  of  about  HOO  miles,  with  an  aveiage 
of  100  miles  in  width,  having  the  Pacific  ocean  on 
one  side  and  the  gulf  of  California  on  the  other. 
Until  lately  the  population  uf  the  whole  region  did 


IP 


I 


li  I 


782 


LOWKr.  (WLIFORNTA. 


Mot  exceed  oOO,  Afexicaiis.  Anierirniis,  and  otlior  na- 
ti(>Maliti(>H,  It  was  a  peat  el'ul  conmiuuity,  where  life 
aii<l  proitei'ty  were  safe.'"  It  seems  t'vidcnit  tliut,  tliis 
l)eiii!4"  ail  atj;rieultiiral  region,  the  eoiiditidii  (»f  society 
on  the  lowlands  will  In;  jH'rnianent ;  while,  wlu'n  the 
mines  on  the  mountain  chain  sha'l  he  opiMied,  the 
[)eople  occupied  in  workinj^'  them  will  form  a.  commu- 
nity hy  themselves,  relyini^  for  food  stajiles  and  other 
suj)plies  on  the  suri'oundin<jj  districts." 

The  officers  of  the  International  Company  liave 
been  oH'eriui^  their  lands  to  the  puhlic.  tender  the 
terms  of  their  contract  they  are  hountl  to  settle  a  num- 
ber of  colonies  within  a  given  time.  It  is  understood 
that  seventy  \)v.v  cent  of  the  settlers  may  be  foreign- 
ers, The  Mexican  gov(>rnment  has  incurred  no  obli- 
gation to  aid  in  forwarding  the  operations  of  tlie 
company,  cither  with  subsidies  or  privileges,  other 
thaji  those  set  forth  in  the  revised  colonization  law  of 
1883.  JNIoncy  exi)enditures  nuist  be  tlefrayed  by  the 
comjiany,  or  the  settlers,  as  the  case  may  be.'"  Tliere 
is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  efforts  of  the  coni- 
jiany  will  result  in  develo])ing  this  interesting  countrv, 
whose  wealth  has  hitherto  lain  dormant  and  useless 
to  civilization."  There  is  a  part  of  the  native  j)opula- 
tion  who,  from  race  prejudice,  oi)i)ose  the  enterprise, 
although  in  connnon  with  the  rest  of  mankind  they 

"'(ioorgc  Ryerson,  the  coininandatit  of  tlie  nortlicrn  district  during  tlio 
last  .six  or  seven  yeais,  s]ieakiiig  on  tli(!  advantages  of  his  district,  sayK  that 
a  few  acres  siilliced  for  sinniurt;  that  tlie  earth  and  sea  teemed  witli  food;  aud 
that  he  lived  in  the  district  ahout  -H  years  without  a  lock  to  any  door  of  his 
liouse.  Ryerson  was  horn  in  Texas  in  18IU),  when  the  country  was  a  part  of 
Alexieo.  Though  he  has  lived  in  tiie  U.  S.,  he  has  i!\er  reniaineil  a  Mexican 
citizen,  serving  in  the  Mexican  army  in  1847,  in  the  canijiaign  against  A\  illiani 
V'alkcr  in  Lower  Cal.  and  Sor.ora.  and  l.istly  during  the  French  war  in  Mex- 
ico, with  the  rank  of  major,  which  he  iniw  liohls.  lie;  owns  a  tract  of  land 
given  him  hy  the  Mexican  government  in  the  northern  district  of  J.  <-"al. 
His  last  connnissiiPii  as  chief  exoiMitive  officer  of  that  district  was  issued  in 
]S8."),  an<l  is  still  in  force,    /f'/i rs-ni's  Kqwritiinx,  MS.,  1    1.'?. 

•"Thus  the  agricidturists  will  have-  the  mines  nf  tlie  interior  as  well  as  the 
markets  of  the  seahoard  to  de]>end  n|)(in.  hcini;  ahle  ]irotital)ly  to  compete  in 
the  latter  instance  hy  reason  of  thi^  sujierior  (|u;dity  of  their  ])roduce. 

'"The  lands,  as  advertised,  may  he  ])nrch:iscd  cither  for  cash   or  on  time. 

''•'  In  Dei'eird)er  ISSl!  a  large  nnndier  of  families  selected  tracts,  whei-c 
they  |)ro|)o.;ed  to  cidtivate  grajies  and  olives,  and  a  steamer  was  placed  upon 
the  route  between  Sau  Diego  and  Eusenada. 


TITK  TXTKRNATIONAL  COMrANV, 


733 


confess  tliat  the  Ix'st  interests  of  the  country  will  l)o 
st'fvud  therelty,  the  undertaking^  hein^^  nuinai^ed  as  it 
is  hy  ]iii» lily  hon(»rahl(^  and  ahle  men.  VetLjenerations 
must  ])ass  hefort^  the  vast  rcisources  of  the  eom[)any 
can  be  fully  <lev(^lopiMl,  coverinij;  as  they  do  imnuiuse 
tracts  of  land  in  seveial  stati-s  and  territories  of  the 
Mexican  nspuhlic,  hesides  lai'j^e  i-ailway  and  teleLrra|»h 
contracts,  and  other  fi'anchises  of  aconunta-cial  aswcll 
as  airricultural  naturt!.'"  As  to  the  Knsenada  ''rant, 
it  is  und(^rstood  that  its  development  will  he  confined 
to  the  hay  of  Todos  Santos,  which,  for  climatic  rea- 
sons, will  ho  the  hase  of  the  company's  o[)(M'ations,  as 
well  as  the  headquarters  of  its  peninsular  railroad,  and 
of  its  steamship  lines.  ()f  the  latter,  it  st'ems  that 
there  will  ho  two:  ono  from  San  Dietjjo  to  Knsenada 
and  San  Quentin,  and  the  other  to  San  Josd  de  Gua- 


*•  III  Soiiora  tlioy  aro  .saiil  to  liave, 


:i 


7 


iilcr  til 


grail 


ts,  til. 


1' 


ililic   I.'iikIs 


existing  in  suvcu  ni  lii.T  nine  districts;  in   Sinalda,   under    twr)  grants,    one 


third  of  all  the  piihlic  lands  in  seven  of  her  nine  districts;  in  ( liicrrero,  ono 
tiiird  of  all  tlio  puliiio  lands;  and  in  ("liiaiias,  under  two  coneessions  by  onu 
of  tlieni  one-third  of  the  puliliu  lands,  and  hy  the  other  7")  per  eeiit  of  tiio 
remaining  two-thinls.  In  railroads  tliey  have  a  coiK^esaion  carrying  with  it 
a  subsiily  from  the  Mexican  governniont  of  .*>l'i,(M)0  per  mile,  to  Iniild  from 
Sail  Diego,  or  any  point  near  there,  to  Knsenada,  and  other  lines  from  K.\- 
seiiada  to  Yuma,  with  a  hraneli  running  across  to  the  liead  of  the  navigalilo 
waters  of  tlie  gulf,  eastwai'd  to  Chihuahua.  Another  franchise  gives  a  mih- 
.sidy  of  §l'J,()!)l)  per  mile  to  Imild  a  railway  from  the  I'acitio  port  of  San  15e- 
iiito  across  tiie  licailwater.s  of  the  (Jrijalva  liver,  which  makes,  in  a  distance 
of  ISO  miles  of  railroad,  a  coiniilete  transcoiiliiK^ntalliiio  1,2")0  miles  shorter 
than  any  other  lino  between  New  York  and  the  I'acilic  coast.  This  line  pre- 
sents advantage!  over  any  otluT  route.  The  distance  is  shorter  than  tlic 
northern  lines,  and  lieaUhier  than  tlie  .southern;  after  leav'iig  the  sea-coa  it 
it  will  traverse  a  saluhrions  table-land,  where  a  valuable  trade  can  bo  liuilt 
up.     The  lino  also  passes  through  the  finest  cofTee  region. 

Anollier  franchise  is  to  run  a  steamship  line  from  San  Diego,  or  any  other 
U.  S.  p(U't,  down  the  Mexican  I'acilio  coast,  stopping  at  twenty  .N'.exicaii 
p. )rtu,  and  terminating  at  San  Jose  de  (iualemala.  This  franchise  ctirrics 
with  it  a  subsidy  of  ijiS, ();)()  tor  the  round  trip,  in  addition  of  iSli;)  ])cr  head  for 
i'V(\ry  foreign  immigrant  over  seven  years  of  age,  without  restrii^tion  as  to 
uumi  r.  The  proprietors  of  the  International  Company  have  also  three 
i^raius  giving  them  for  an  extended  term  tlio  right  of  Working  all  the  guano 


also  h 
hi 


thi 


'ht  t,. 


lev  )iave   lieeii  eiii|>!oviii!i 


Is  on  tl:e  I'jieitic  coast  belonging  to  .M(\xico.  Tl 
wovk  all  tlie  deposits  in  tlie  gulf  of  Califor 
•!l>l)  men  for  two  years,  and  shipped  guano  to  the  value  of  about  .^l.dOO.OOO. 
They  have  several  other  grants,  namely,  the  ownership  of  the  islands  of 
Cedros,  (Juadalupe,  Socorro,  and  Coronado  gniup. 

In  Soiiora  they  have  a  grant  conveying  the  exclusive  right  of  canalizing 
the  river  Yatpii,  and  using  its  waters  during  ").">  years  to  ir.'igate  millions  of 
acres.  The  company  has  been  engagivl  in  developing  its  grants  in  four 
ibtj'erent  states;  biiib  ing  railways,  canaU,  and  piers;  and  expects  to  build 
piers  ill  twenty-two  porli.     Si'iS'm'.'i  Dictitlion,  .MS.,  1-4. 


T 


:     l{ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


:F  MS  110 


1-25      1.4     |||.6 

^ 

6"     

► 

p>. 


<^ 


/; 


->/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


^ 


734 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


toiuala."  In  anticipation  of  tho  railway  from  San 
iJiogo,  a  tolo<^raj>h  line  to  Ensenada  has  Inion  built, 
and  nmny  other  im[)roN'enients,  inrlu<lin<(  extensive 
irrigation  works,  have  heen  begun,  thus  pn^paring  for 
tiic  largo  iinnngration  setting  in  from  Kumpe  and 
elsewhere.  The  associates  having  the  ownership  of 
til  is  imperial  domain  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock 
of  .$'20,000,000.  They  are  men  of  large  wealth,  far- 
seeing  intijUigence,  and  irresistible  energy,  for  which 
reasons  the  Mexican  government  was  led  to  make; 
these  liberal  and  unusual  franchises,  being  prompted 
by  a  conviction  that  such  a  c«mrsc  would  conduce  to 
the  general  well-being  of  the  several  states. 

But  although  several  persons  arc  n(»w  interested 
in  the  vast  plans  of  the  Int"rnational  Company  of 
Mexico,  its  founding  was  due  to  the  genius,  industry, 
capital,  and  foresight  of  one  man,  George  H.  Siss-.m, 
the  vice-j)resident  and  manager."'     It  came  about  in 

'•''Tho  steaimirH  to  lit;  ci instructed  wore  ouo»)f  1,000  tf>ns,  another  of  500  for 
the  local  tradu,  ami  live  iiKuvlioat'i  for  the  (Neutral  American  trailc.  A/.,  MS.  4, 

■'^  Major  ( It'orgu  II.  Sissim  was  born  in  Cass  county,  Miciiigan,  in  1W4. 
After  receiving  a  common  school  etlucation,  lie  attentletl  Ashlmry  Univerxity 
for  two  yearn,  Ann  iiarlior  Law  University  for  two  years,  aiui  Albany  Law 
School  one  year,  where  ho  grailuateil  at  tltc  aj^e  of  twenty-three.  In  1'  (17 
lie  iiiarrieil  Miss  Sarah  Set  lii'M,  '  erof  Kdwanl  ScolieKl,  ]).  D.,  who  w:i-i 

a  bosom  frienil  of  (ten.   Ham  v'-iitlent  of  the  United  States,  and  tlic 

(ireek  tutor  of  JlcnryWanl  li*.  and  Harriet  Iloeciicr.     Sisson  practiveil 

law  several  years,  anil  transaitcd  dihcrliusincss,  accumulatin<'  aconsideralilo 
fortune.  Having  sutrered  heavy  losses  during  the  tinancial  depression  of 
IST.'J,  ho  tnrned  his  attention  to  mining  in  Colorado  and  Arizona,  availing 
himself  of  tlie  knowledge  he  had  acijuired  of  tlie  business)  from  his  fatlicr, 
who  had  been  a  metallurgist.  '1  his  knowlcMlgo  materially  aided  him  in  his 
investments.  Among  the  mines  ho  became  interested  in  were  the  Old  (Jlolie 
of  Ari/,(ma,  which  has  yielded  from  8(i(K),(HK)  to  l?LOOO,(KK)  per  year  for  t!  e 
past  six  .years,  and  the  cojiper  mines  of  Clifton,  Arizona.  In  acknowlecl;;- 
ment  of  his  superior  ability  in  that  direction,  the  university  of  Tennessee 
cooferred  oii  him  the  diploma  of  mining  engineer. 

It  was  a  grand  ide;v  wjiich  led  Major  Sisson  to  ap]>ly  his  largo  means,  his 
almost  unlimited  mental  a'ld  material  resources,  to  the  development  of  th.i 
great  eohuiization  cnteriirise.  With  the  intluence  of  Luis  Iluller,  himself 
a  man  of  great  genius  and  practical  ability,  ho  succeeded  in  obtiiining  liy 
purchase  several  private  grants  in  Souora,  n;'gregatiiig  7r>0,00()  acres,  where 
tho  two  men  as  partners  operated  several  gold  and  silver  miiu's,  tho  managc- 
nuMit  of  whicli  Iluller  still  retains.  They  sulisequently  obtained  from  tlie 
Mexican  government  a  grant  of  land  on  the  Yaipii  river  valley;  and  later 
jietitioned  for  tlie  right  to  ac((uire  the  entire  valley  by  survey  and  coloniza- 
tion under  tlio  revised  law  <if  Mi^xico  of  I.SiS.'J.  Thcv  were  granted  the  riglit 
to  aci|uire,  under  tlie  coloni.il  law.  liy  purchase  and  survey,  much  more  ter- 
ritory than  tlu;y  had  a<keil  for.  T'lis  grant  was  followed  by  the  others  <>f 
which  1  have  d.^ewliere  made  mealion.   .Vm.<j /(".-•  D'lj.,  Mo.,  1   o. 


GEORf;E  I£.    SISiSON. 


7M 


this  way  :  After  the  acquisition  of  immense  tracts  of 
land  in  several  states  and  immekous  framliises,  Major 
Sisson  thouglit  that  the  interests  of  his  enterprise 
would  he  hest  servtd  hv  securini;  the  aid  and  counsel 
of  other  men  of  hroad  minds  and  lar«;e  pecuniary 
means  to  carry  it  out  to  successful  results.  Calliiij^ 
at  New  York  city  U[>on  his  friends,  wlio  at  once  saw 
the  possihilitics  of  grand  returns,  articles  of  incorpo- 
ration were  drawn  up  in  March,  1885,  and  a  charter 
was  granted  to  the  association  by  the  legislature  of 
(yonnecticut,  incor[>orating  it  with  a  capitiil  stock  of 
.51,000,000 ;  tiie  stock,  un<ler  subsequent  legislation, 
was  raised  to  $20,000,000.  Sisson  and  Luis  HuUer 
deeded  to  tlie  conq)any  all  lands  held  un<lcr  their 
grants.  Tlie  company  tlien  went  on  to  make  further 
acquisitions,  as  I  have  narrated. 

The  general  ofticers  of  tlie  International  Company 
of  Mexico  are;  Kdgar  T.  Welles  (tf  Hartford,''  at  one 
time  acting  secretary  of  the  navy,  president ;  Major 
George  H.  Sisson  of  Ensenada,  vice-president  and 
general  manager;  Colonel  Thomas  G.  Welles  of 
Hartford,  assistant  general  manager ;  Hon.  K.A.Elmer 
of  New  York,  treasurer ;  W.  E.  Webb,  general  land 
connnissioner ;  Charles  B.  Turrill  of  San  Francisco, 
assistant  land  connnissioner;  Lyman  11.  Ingraham 
of  Hartford,  secretary;  Captain  Francis  Pavy  of 
the  queen's  houseliold  guards,  London,  European 
representative;"*  Luis  ][uller  of  Mexico  city,  resident 

'^  ^^^  Weill's  ii  a  gradiiiito  of  Yale  college,  and  though  a  in('in1)or  of  the 
legal  jn'ofcs.sioii,  has  iU-voIimI  \t'n  eiu  •.•;;ii't  to  other  jnirsiuts.  lie  \a  hom-  giv- 
iii'^  a  great  part  of  his  time  to  the  atiairs  of  tlio  liiteriiatioiial  Coiiiiiany  of 
M(!xieci,  aiiil  tlio  sulnidiarv  org;iiiizatioiii  comiecti'il  therewith.  He  is  al^o 
treasurer  of  tlio  <iallini;  <!mi  <'oin]>aiiy  of  llahfonl,  vieo-preaident  of  the 
Wailiash  Kailway  ( 'oiiiiiaiiy,  ainl  jire-idotit  of  tlii^  Oranhy  Miningaiid  Kiiielt- 
iiig  Company  of  St  Loui.s,  one  of  the  largest  lead  and  zino  conipanica  in 
the  country. 

-'("a])tain  Pavy  was  a  coniniissioiied  otHcer  of  tlio  74th  Highlanders  in 
India  during  the  great  revolt,  seeiny  nuicli  service  ami  nnder^ning  many 
hardshiju.  lie  was  xuh.-ietiuently  given  a  permanent  appointment  on  the 
s'atr  in  civil  service  in  the  Madras  ri;venue  survey  department,  for  which 
lie  was  eminently  fitted  l>y  his  knowledge  of  niatiiematics  and  survi'ving,  as 
well  as  of  the  Hindoostanee  language.  In  I.Sdt)  lie  was  promoted  to  tl  e 
captaincy,  hut  weary  of  tlie  inaction  nf  home  -ervice,  he  retired  on  hall'  nay. 
}iu  MiMiu  after  ruvisitud  ludiu  im  butunui^ti,  and  later  trvullud  in  the  West 


^m 


736 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


director;  William  Hamersley  of  Hartford,  solicitor 
and  general  counsel  of  the  company.  Max  Bernstein 
is  resident  agent  at  Ensenada. 

Otiier  perf'  ns  are  also  entitled  to  special  notice  in 
connection  with  this  vast  enterprise  for  the  valuahlc 
services  they  are  rendering  toward  the  accomplisli- 
nient  of  its  great  purposes.  Among  them  I  nmst 
mention  (xeorgo  C  Cheape,  of  Scotland,  and  Charles 
Scofield,  late  of  Arizona.  A  few  biographical  remarks 
on  these  re[>resentative  men  will  not  be  out  of  place." 

In  honor  of  the  Mexican  statesmen,  Cdrlos  Pachero 
and  Manuel  Romero  Rubio,  they  gave  their  first  two 
colonies  their  names,  calling  the  one  at  Ensenada, 
Colonia  Cilrlos  Pacheco,  and  the  one  at  San  Quentin, 
Colonia  Manuel  Romero  Rubio. 


liiilies  and  Canada  on  important  niisaiona.  Ho  was  pretty  constantly  in 
France  during  tlio  Franco-! Jeniian  war,  having  meantime  retired  altogether 
from  the  army,  on  his  appointment  to  the  h<moraljle  c<>ri)4  of  (ientlenien- 
at-Arni4  (Queen's  lioyal  Body  (iiiard).  In  187.)  he  as8iime<i  tlie  manageinent 
of  the  Railway  Debentiiro  Trust  and  the  Railway  Share  Trust  companies  nf 
London.  He  became  also  a  director  of  the  Blacnaven  Iron  and  Steed  Com- 
pany, the  Westinghouso  Air-Brako  Company  iu  Europe,  and  of  several  other 
important  undertaking.^. 

'^•'Captiiin  (toorge  C.  Cheape  has  served  in  the  British  regular  army  sev- 
eral years  hotli  at  homo  and  in  India,  and  as  many  more  in  the  reserve.  Me 
commanded  the  same  troop  of  Fifeshire  Light  Horse  that  his  fatlier  was 
commander  of  sixty  years  ago.  He  is  also  a  magistrate  of  the  cimnty  of 
Fift!  in  Scotlaml.  Clieapo  has  been  a  great  traveller  iu  Europe  and  America, 
with  an  observing  eye,  paying  particular  attention  to  the  agricultural  advan- 
tages of  the  countries  he  has  visited,  being  a  practical  farmer  and  breeder  of 
good  horses  at  h«)me.  In  1881)  ho  visited  Lower  California,  wliich  country 
pleased  him  so  much  that  he  has  since  taken  a  deep  interest  in  promoting; 
the  enterprise  of  the  International  Company  of  Mexico,  though  he  has  like- 
wise interests  in  Texas,  Colorailo,  Arizima,  and  California. 

Charles  Scofield  is  a  native  of  Hamilton  county  in  Oliio,  and  was  born  in 
]8.'>(i.  After  completing  a  collegiate  term  of  three  years  in  Illinois  at  tlio 
age  of  20,  he  win  two  years  engaged  in  copper  and  leail  mining  in  Missouri. 


ag6 
rfe 


w.xs  next  employed  in  the  lumber  and  )nilling  business  by  a  large  firm, 
il  1881.     He  tlien  took  charge  of  the  Old  (ilolw  copper  mine  of  Arizona. 


until  1881.     He  tlien  took  charge 

and  niiVile  it  develop  very  extensively.  Tliia  mine  had  been  jmrcliaseil  by 
Major  Sisson,  who  <irganized  the  Old  <  ilobo  Copper  Company  under  the  law  < 
of  Connecticut.  The  mine  being  now  placed  in  charge  of  au  expert  engi- 
neer, Seolielil  i)ocame  tlie  superintendent  of  the  reduction  works  and  fur- 
naces, holding  this  positi<m  till  •\j)ril,  1884.  Early  in  1880  ho  joined  Major 
Sisson  at  (iuaymas,  and  together  they  made  atwonumtiis'  tour  of  tlic  guano 
deposits  in  the  <lulf  of  California.  Since  that  time  Scofield  has  attended  to 
the  lading  and  shipment  of  the  company's  guano,  and  has  been  Sisson's  con- 
fidential a<lviser  in  all  his  vast  work.  He  hail  charge  of  that  business  until 
.fuly,  1880.  Aftt^r  the  surveys  were  comt)leted  in  Lower  California  for  tlie 
Intematitmal  Ccmipany  of  Mexico,  Scofield  was  given  full  charge  of  the  San 
Diego  office  of  that  company,  with  the  handling  of  their  liaances. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  COMPANY. 


737 


The  future  of  tliese  vast  plans  it  is  impossible  to 
foreshadow;  but  we  know  that  the  impulse  which 
prompts  them  is  g<x>d,  and  the  result  should  certainly 
be  beneficial,  not  only  for  the  broad-minded  and  ener- 
getic promoters  of  the  enterprise,  but  also  for  a  nml- 
titude  of  others,  for  whom  happy  homes  are  lu'ld  in 
prospect.  The  undertaking  ought  to  be  a  magnificent 
success,  and  that  it  will  be  so  there  seems  no  doubt. 
In  the  olden  times,  the  founder  of  a  colony  was  re- 
garded as  akin  to  the  gods ;  surely  he  is  entitled  to 
at  least  as  much  credit  now,  for  as  mankind  swarms 
over  the  available  parts  of  the  earth,  he  is  substan- 
tially a  benefactor  who  finds  fresh  soil  and  healthful 
air,  and  makes  it  practicable  for  thousands  to  enter 
upon  another  and  better  life — to  build  new  and  per- 
manent habitations  for  themselves  and  their  children. 

General  Bibiano  Ddvalos  held  control  for  several 
j'^ears,  chiefly  owin^  to  the  federal  force  at  his  com- 
mand, for  the  people  did  not  forget  the  long-enjoyed 
privilege  of  electing  their  own  governor.  Diivaloa 
proved,  moreover,  so  arbitrary,  by  interfering  in  local 
elections  in  behalf  of  favorites  rnd  adherents,  and 
making  himself  obnoxious  in  other  respects,  that 
more  than  one  uprising  was  attempted,  although  in 
combination  with  unworthy  elements.  In  Octob  r 
1874  a  party  in  the  south  proclaimed  Toledo  jefe,  and 
levied  contributions  on  wealthy  citizens,  besides  com- 
mitting some  unwarranted  outrages,  which  only  with- 
drew support  and  hastened  the  collapse  of  tho 
conspiracy.^* 

-'"In  the  following  June  a  more  organize<l  pronunciamiento  took  )>lace, 
\iuiler  Kinilio  Iharra  ami  ntliers,  who,  with  a  Jiarty  of  iKM)  uiiin,  stirjiriscd  La 
I'iiz,  captured  iMvalos,  sent  the  feileral  oMicials  out  of  the  country,  and  he- 
jjiin  tlie  usual  levy  of  funds.  The  governor  Heenm  to  have  hecn  intimidated 
into  couces.sions,  and  agreed  to  resign;  hut  a  detivclnuent  of  federal  triio)m 
held  out  until  their  comrades  came  ni>  from  San  Jose.  Iharra  tiicn  took  to 
llight,  and  escaped  l>y  seizing  an  orcliella  schooner  at  Magdalena,  hut  the 
pursuers  were  so  close  upon  his  heels  that  most  of  his  followers  fell  o.iptive. 
One  result  of  the  outhreak  was  a  change  of  governor,  in  the  person  of  Colonel 
Vclasco,  and  he  dying  soon  after,  Miranda  y  Castro  was  appointed.  Tlie 
latter  showed  his  ntettle  in  suppressing  a  mutiny  among  hia  soluiers  hy  shout- 
Hist.  Mkx.  Statks,  Vol.  II.  47 


738 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


Remoteness  from  the  center  of  autliority,  which 
for  a  time  exempted  the  peninsula  from  tlie  political 
turmoils  of  the  mainland,  at  length  seemed  to  hi- 
crease  the  evil.  Marquez  de  Leon,  a  Lower  Calift)r- 
nian  who  had  fonnerly  mixed  greatly  in  local  [wlitics, 
and  whose  services  during  the  French  v^ar  of  inter- 
vention, and  subsequently,  had  gained  f(»r  him  the 
rank  of  general,  became  dissatisfied  with  the  lack  of 
recognition  of  his  aid  during  the  revolution  which 
placed  Diaz  m  power.' 

ing  the  ringlea<ler  and  disarming  his  followers,  with  the  aid  of  citizens;  and 
he  tlisplayed  his  poiitioal  zeal  by  strictly  enforcing  the  late  constitutional 
ainenduiunts  for  t)io  separation  of  church  and  state,  with  civil  marriage,  and 
other  features.  The  Carmelite  monk  bishop,  Moreno  y  Castafleda,  who 
naturally  sought  to  uphold  the  ecclesiastical  privileges,  was  expcUiMl  from 
tlie  territory  after  suffering  i>ersecution.  Miranda's  zeal  led  him  t«>o  far, 
however,  in  levying  a  war  tax  of  from  six  to  ten  per  cent  in  aid  of  his  patron. 
President  Lerdo,  for  the  latter  being  overthrown  by  Porfirio  Diaz,  A.  1^. 
Tapia  was  sent  to  replace  him  as  political  and  military  chief.  Tapia  showed 
himself  fully  imbued  with  the  txdicy  of  the  new  administration,  to  iuHure 
peace  and  order,  so  as  to  permit  the  devclopnicnt  of  resources  and  the  increase 
of  prosperity.  To  this  end  was  instituted  here  as  el.sewhere  a  vigorous  iier- 
secution  of  bandits,  and  an  improved  administration  of  justice  under  tlio 
code  lately  introduced,  enforced  by  the  creation  uf  a  judge  of  first  instance 
in  each  of  the  three  districts.  Trade  was  fosterc<l  by  granting  a  subsidy,  in 
1877,  to  a  steamship  line  from  Han  Bias  to  the  gulf  ports,  in  adt.ition  to  tlie 
California-Mexico  Ime,  and  industries  were  stimulated  by  liberal  concessions 
for  opening  guano  and  pearl  l>eds,  mines,  and  other  branches,  while  the  reve- 
nue was  protected  by  more  severe  measures  against  smuggling  and  pecula- 
tion, to  the  benefit,  also,  of  the  i)eople,  since  extra  taxes  were  obviated  by 
the  saving.  The  greatest  need  tor  restoration  of  order  was  on  the  frontier, 
so  long  the  roaming  place  for  adventurers,  refugees,  and  criminals,  to  the 
discouragement  of  settlers.  The  discovery,  in  1870,  of  gold  placers  in  San 
Rafael  valley  had  resulted  in  an  excitement  which  brought  many  immigrants 
and  started  a  regular  stage  line  from  San  I>iego;  but  it  added,  also,  to  incen- 
tives for  marauding  by  Indians  and  bandits,  who  kept  the  authorities  in 
activity.  In  Nov.  187(>,  political  aspirants  joined  in  the  troubles,  and  drove 
out  the  sub-prefect,  Villagrana.  Jefo  Tapia  came  up  in  Noveml>er  IK77, 
and  arrested  Moreno,  who  had  usurped  the  prefecture.  Kventually  Villa- 
grana was  reinstalled  and  sustained  by  a  guard  of  2ft  dragoons. 

'■"The  strength  of  the  government  gave  little  hope  of  starting  a  revtdution 
on  the  continent,  and  so  Marquez  bethought  himself  of  the  nu»re  distant 
peninsula,  where  he,  moreover,  counted  many  warm  friends.  Failing  to 
mveigle  the  troops  at  Im  Paz  on  October  31,  1S79,  he  rallied  the  people  of 
his  native  district,  and  laid  siege  to  the  capital  on  Novend>er  l'2,  with  2(M) 
men.  The  military  authorities  at  Ma^.utlan  being  warned,  Oeneral  Carlxi 
appeared  to  the  aid  of  Governor  Tapia  with  125  trfiops,  Mar«niez  there- 
fore retreating,  pursued  by  the  combined  federal  forces.  Blinded  by  suc- 
cess, the  latter  allowed  themselves  to  be  entrapped  in  a  cafion,  near  Todos 
8anto8,  and  were  compelleed  to  surrender  with  some  loss,  Carlw  and  Tapia 
escaping  with  a  few  followers  and  seeking  refuge  across  the  gulf.  Tiic 
victors  at  once  marched  l>ack  to  fia  Paz,  where  their  control  over  the  terri- 
tory was  merely  nominally  disputed  by  the  war  sloop  Mexirn,  which  main- 
taiued  a  bluckade  and  bombarded  a  portiou  of  the  tuwu.     Man^uuz  iustallsd 


POLITICS  AND  REVOLUTION. 


Yn 


as  jefe  poUtioo,  his  lieutenant.  Colonel  Cota,  and  prepared  to  extend  over 
the  territory  an  organic  statute,  which,  he  claimed,  would  advance  ii-i 
welfare  in  a  inarke<l  deurue.  But  nieanii  were  rei|uired  for  the  tsuatenancc 
of  his  rapidly  growing  fiirueg — at  one  time  reaching  nearly  MM)  men — which 
were  re((uired  to  meet  tlie  expected  trtHtps  from  Mexico,  u»  well  ah  to  sup- 
port the  contemplated  general  uprising  on  the  continent.  And  those 
means  had  to  lie  sought  by  levies  of  funds  and  provisicms^  which  fell  with 
great  severity  upon  the  small  and  not  very  atlluent  jiopulation.  A  reaction 
Biteedily  set  in,  and  the  arrival,  at  the  close  of  January  1K8U,  of  more  than 
4()0  men  under  Col  J.  M.  liauKel,  lent  wings  to  the  dc8<-rtiou  tliat  huil 
already  set  in.  Only  a  few  l>ands  remained  to  face  the  fe<lerals,  who,  ret-ii- 
forccd  by  citizens,  pursued  them  with  relentless  fierceness.  Meanwhile 
Marquez  had  hastened  to  California  to  seek  aid,  and  although  practically 
failing  in  the  attempt,  he  returned  across  the  border  early  in  April  to  join 
the  remnant  which,  un<ler  Cota,  hfid  traversed  the  length  of  the  peninsula. 
This  force  also  melted  under  fear,  hardships,  and  pursuit;  and  after  a  futile 
inroad  into  Sonora,  tiie  lealers  took  refuge  in  United  States'  territory, 
whence  they  were  finally  permitted  to  return  to  their  homes. 

Rangcl  remained  as  governor  to  heal  the  ravages  of  this  unfortunate  uj)- 
rising,  as  well  as  those  committed  shortly  before  by  an  earth<iuuke  at  Loreto, 
and  to  continue  the  task  of  development,  which  promises  to  realize  tite 
brightest  hoi>c8  of  the  people.  Even  railway  commissiop.s  have  been  made, 
to  the  8.  Luis  Pot.  and  Aguascal  line,  and  to  Alas  and  Rogers  for  a  road 
from  Tiguana  to  Punta  Isabel.  Afix.  Recap.,  Ley.,  xxxvi.  33-7;  M<'x.  Dim: 
Vjir.,  Dec.  10,  1881.  A  commission  was  appointed  in  1874  to  survey  lands 
and  issue  titles.  Manero Doc.  Intereit.,  84-7.  In  1881  appeared  a  new  revenue 
liw.  Mrx.  D'lar.  OJic,  June  11,  1881.  San  Jose  was  opened  to  foreign  trade 
in  1884 — a  good  sign  of  increasing  traffic.  Cron'mUi,  April  19,  18M.  A  terri- 
ble hurricane  and  llood  occurred  close  to  this  spot  in  Oct.  1884.  /</.,  Nov.  8, 
1884.  Concerning  some  notiiblo  marine  disasters  on  the  coast,  Hee  /Am/i'^' 
Srrnya,  BdjiiCiL,  ix.  48-9,  etc.;  Alt>i  CaL,  March  2,  Oct.  1'),  •_»4.  1870;  H.  F. 
Bull,  Oct.  '27,  1871,  Capt  Caleb's  arrest    I'os.  Mij.,  July  23,  1884. 


m 
m 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

INSTITUTIONAL. 

1800-1838. 
pRONTiER  Military  Forces  in   Couimal  TtMEs— War  for  Indepknii- 

KNCE — GoVKHSMENT— OkMCEIW)      AND     DlSTKIClS— RhVKNUE — C'HIIHA- 
HLA,     DlKANdO,    SINALUA,    HoNOHA,     AND    LoWER    CALIFORNIA— Cltl.MK 

AND    Punishment — FrsioN   of   KAnKs— Akokiuinal    I'EOPLEa — Judi- 

C'LAKY   AND  CoDES — COLONIZATION— EDUCATION. 


Ah  a  part  of  the  vicernyalty  of  New  Spain,  for  a  time  a  semi-independent 
aiipenditgc,  and  HulmcKjuently  as  Ixirder  reuion  of  a  repulilic,  the  I'rovinci.i.i 
Inturnati  present  a  retlex  of  the  southern  districts  in  tlieir  political  and  civil 
institutions.  Moulded  in  the  same  form,  the  .aws  of  the  Spanish  indict 
have  left  tiieir  impress  here  as  hulow,  through  the  agency  ot  otiicials  and 
p^ie^ltM  from  the  I)>erian  peninsula,  yet  a  certain  distinctiveness  was  imparti'd 
liy  tiiu  greater  isolation  of  this  remote  interior,  by  its  condition  as  a  frontier 
extending  into  the  domains  of  hostile  trihes  under  the  eondnned  auspices 
f>f  soldiers  and  missionaries,  and  its  ruder  asitects  of  life  also  in  Iwiing  pri- 
marily a  nuning  and  cattle  country.  It  was  in  a  sense  the  cidony  of  a 
colony.  Yet  tlie  contrast  to  Ije  expected  Instween  the  people  of  an  exixwed 
hor  Icr,  devoted  to  the  ha/ards  and  hardships  of  exploiting  for  metal  and 
herding,  and  tiiat  of  tlie  more  .lettled  south  is  not  so  marked.  Wliat  dill'or- 
enee  tiiere  is  lies  rather  in  the  characteristics  of  race,  wiiich  here  present  a 
less  degree  of  direct  intermixture,  owing  to  the  relatively  lower  position  of 
the  altorigiiies  and  the  later  entry  of  the  other  castes.  In  Durango,  iSinaloa, 
and  Lower  California  the  ah.sorption  of  natives  was  favored  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent hy  the  conditions  of  settlement,  hut  in  the  adjoining  northern  states 
we  find  the  natives  separate!  from  the  re.st  hy  sliarper  geographic  and  social 
lines.  On  the  other  hand,  the  constant  indux  of  mestizo,  and  even  southern 
Indian,  elements  has  assisted  to  leaven  the  dominant  mass  into  a  tndy  Mexi- 
can composition,  in  sympathy  with  the  feeling  and  aspirations  of  the  nation. 

This  Ikomogcneity  is  alxwe  all  conspicuous  in  political  aims.  Doomed  to 
Buhoidination  hy  paucity  of  population,  and  hy  depeinlence  for  protection 
and  higiier  comforts  of  life  on  the  central  sections  of  the  country,  the  cue 
for  action  in  these  respects  came  almost  invariably  from  the  same  (juarter. 
While  partizan  cry  and  strife  here  rose  equally  high,  they  followed  rather  in 
the  wake  of  southern  leaders,  varying  hetween  lil)eral  an<l  con8er\'ativc  i<]eas. 
The  latter  found  support  in  a  large  landed  proprietary,  as  indicated  hy 
cattle  interests,  which  naturally  ohjectetl  to  the  a-spirations  of  th>  masics, 
yet  the  federal  element  was  undoulitedly  in  the  majority,  base  1  on  the 
greater  independence  of  spirit  fostered  among  the  masses  hy  purs,  (its  con- 
nected with  mines  and  horses,  while  the  influence  of  the  clergy,  although 
augmented  in  a  sense  hy  mission  establishments,  was  counteracted  bv  the 
paucity  and  semi-nomadic  habits  of  the  population,  which  prevented  clone  or 
frequent  contact  with  spiritual  things  or  clerical  chainpious.  The  distar  ce  from 
Mexico  made  a  central  regime  also  loss  palatable.  Urrea  well  undsrstt^od 
this  tendency  when  he  sought  to  start  the  reaction  agaiuat  ceatjralisiU;,  at  the 


NORTHERN  AND  SOUTHERN   REGIONS. 


741 


beginning  of  its  career.  Even  Dnrango,  tlie  Rcat  nf  a  liiMhnit,  prntontol  at 
the  outset  against  ii  lioniination  l>y  ilistant  Moxii'o  that  wa.s  Huxtaiiieil  cliu^Hy 
liy  the  Hiililiery.  Otherwi.se  the  national  lioiul  reinaineil  Htronu,  a.s  uvinct'il 
hy  the  hrave  atruggle  imuIit  Krias  ami  Iiim  companions  against  I  iiiteil  tStates 
invasion,  anil  against  French  intervuntion  l>y  northwestern  leatlers  uniler 
the  ilistinguishetl  Corona. 

'I  he  strong  military  forces  of  the  frontier  in  colonial  times  provcnte<l  any 
noteworthy  ]>artiL-i])ation  in  the  war  for  in<lei)eii<lencb:  liuttiie  iii'o|ilc  ail<>i)t«'il 
with  eagerness  the  new  onlcr,  ami  adopted  constitutions,  M'hicii,  dopitc  the 
disturl>ing  ctlect  of  sul>se(|iient  divisions  of  territory  anci  temporary  cliaiigcs 
of  system,  have  practically  survived  in  tiie  latest  reformed  issues.  'I'hrir 
main  features  may  he  found  in  tlie  general  organic  laws,  considered  in  my 
history  of  the  repuhlic.  In  respect  to  state  specialities,  that  of  Soiiora,  the 
centre  of  the  present  iiispano-American  group,  atl'ords  a  fair  average  repre- 
sentation, altliuugh  stamped  liy greater  democratic  deference  to]i<ipular  will, 
as  manifested  iu  the  election  of  most  governing  liodies.  The  legislative 
power  is  wielded  by  one  chamber  of  deputies,  chosen  every  two  jcars  in  to- 
tality, meeting  twioc  a  year,  and  consisting  of  one  meniW'r  for  every  H>,(K)II  in- 
hahitauts.  The  governor,  chosen  l>y  similar  ]iopular  vote,  holds  oHice,  al>o, 
for  two  years,  in  the  other  states  for  four  years,  and  is  not  eligilile  fnr  ti>n- 
Hecutive  reelection.  He  posses.scs  wide  power  in  appointing  sultordinate 
otlicials,  including  the  one  secretary  of  state;  the  other  general  state  otiieer, 
the  treasurer,  is  selected  with  legislative  intervention.  iJistiiets  are  ruled  l>y 
prefects  elected  like  the  governor;  municipalities  with  over  TiOt)  .>i<iuls  by 
ayuntaniientos  elected  for  one  year,  and  consisting  usually  of  from  four  to  nine 
uiemliers;  smaller  settlements  and  ranches  have  police  officers,  elected  for  a 
similar  term.  In  the  other  stjites  niunici]>al  hodies  are  mere  restricted,  and 
wholly  or  partly  repla<,edhy  elected  or  appointed  jefes.  Municipal  officers  I'e- 
ing  unpaid,  and  in  many  grades  un{irolitalile  and  thankles.s  as  well  as  r>nerous, 
candi<lates  seek  freiiuently  to  avoid  election  or  sulisequently  to  shirk  their 
duties,  to  the  detriment  of  local  welfare.  I)irect  election  is  as  yet  in  its  in- 
fancy, awaiting  educational  development  throughout  the  npuMic.  M  an- 
wiiile  indirect  voting  prevails,  with  two  or  three  grades.  Finances,  the  main 
care  and  instrument  of  the  government,  have  heen  fully  considered  in  con- 
nection with  the  country  in  general,  to  which  I  refer  in  connection  with  the 
apiiended  note,  for  comparison.  The  revenue  of  Chihuahua  is  derived  frnm 
7  per  millc  on  real  estiite,  valued  at  4i7,(HM(,()0<);  2  per  cent  on  all  l>u.>iness 
capital  above  S<i>0;  I  J  per  cent  on  salaries,  fees  and  personal  i)roperty;  1.'  jier 
cent  on  bullion  and  minerals  extracted;  4  per  cent  on  transfers  and  legacies; 
.'57  cents  per  quintal  on  cotton,  etc.  P'roni  this  is  derived  an  income  of  ^I'JO,- 
();>4,  the  expenditure  l>eing  ;?1  l'.l,2r)3.  The  federal  contribution  of  25  per 
cent  amounts  to  S>4r),472;  revenue  stamps  yield  ^18,8.T0. 

Durango  imposes  10  j>er  cent  on  the  revenue  of  city  property  and  fij  per 
cent  on  that  of  rural  estates  l)elow  the  value  of  .*l(),(KXt:  above  this  i')\  jier 
cent  is  added  for  every  additional  SlO.()0(),  s:2(t.(KH),  and  j<40.(>0(>;  the  tax  -n 
estates  exceeding  SlUO.tHM)  in  value  being  'Mk  jier  cent  on  the  yield.  Tbo 
real  estate  is  valuetl  at  over  .*14,ti<M),(HK).  Twenty  jier  cent  on  industrial 
products,  25  per  cent  on  capital  employed  in  other  branches,  and  .^  per  ct  nt 
on  salai'ies  and  fees.  A  few  other  taxes  assist  to  swell  the  receipts  to  JlfiU,- 
717.     'J'he  federal  25  per  cent  amounts  to  ,*45,475;  stamjis  *'12,7'.t'.l. 

.Siiialoa  levies  on  real  estate  S".l,."i(M),()()0  in  v:ibie,  at  tlie  rate  of  0  per 
mille  for  pro]ierty  worth  over  .S."i(H),  ami  i^'.i  to  ??l.\  aiiiuially  on  values  aliovo 
4>:!0I)  and  «1UH),  respectively;  ??2.'»  to  #:«K»  monthly  ""  industrial  and  mercantile 
e>tablishments,  10  percent  on  foreign  j^oods,  half  the  money  derived  from  the 
sale  of  vacant  land;  also  fees  for  profession.il  titles,  IcL'acies,  etc.  This  pro- 
duces 61>S4.1t7(),  with  an  estimated  surplus  of  $2,000.  The  federal  2.">  per  cent 
yields  if.")!!, .'$2.');  stamps  Jll),3().'). 

Sonora  relies  greatly  on  (excise  and  on  direct  contributions,  distributed  in 
<luotas  among  the  districts  and  muniei]ialities:  ii  per  cent  on  foreijii  nation- 
alized goods,  iflO  to  $250  on  comnjercial  houses,  1  .|i  per  cent  on  bullion,  $200 


742 


INSTITUTIONAL. 


for  lioonso  to  mannfactnro  brandy,  $5  for  registrfttion  of  mines,  half  the  prn. 
uueiU  uf  vacuiit  land  Halu.i,  aUo  from  Icgaciun,  etc.  The  valuu  of  real  vhuui 
cxoucda  |I7.<N>0,U00.  Tliu  ruvuuuuof  4SI'i(i,5(>o,  luavcn  a  proopeclivu  iiurj)luit  of 
nearly  ^i.iUM.     Tliv  fvilural  25  uur  cent  lirtugi  |rJ8,M4;  itUnipit  |l  I,:{d0. 

The  tinanuus  of  Lowur  Calituruia,  an  a  territory,  fall  under  varu  if  tin; 
fcihtral  govurninunt,  wiiich  ilerivos  iji8<J,  l(Nia  year  from  it;  the  25  per  uiMit 
amounts  to  <>nly  iSI!i5,  while  stampii  yield  ;^,24<>.  Municipal,  coiiHumptioii, 
and  .storage  taxes  are  levied,   tinxtit,  tiUiuluit.  Mcx.,  i.  p.  xi,,  et  Heij. 

liusidua  the  fe<leral  trihunals  of  ditturont  degrees,  each  Htate  has  itii  cor- 
rosponiling  supreme  court  of  UMually  three  judges,  and  aKnal  court  of  firxt  iii. 
Mtiiiicu  for  the  districts,  and  tiie  loval  justiueii  or  alcaldes,  the  first  elected  fur 
four  years,  and  the  other  nearly  always  for  two  years  and  one  year,  re- 
s|H!otively.  New  civil  and  |)enal  C(Mles  have  recently  Iteen  a<loptcd  in  conso- 
nance with  the  federal  issue,  and  the  jury  system  is  gratlually  Iteing  cstali- 
liilicd.  But  the  lack  of  upright  aiul  etticient  judges,  so  general  in  tlio 
ru|ml>lio,  is  even  more  marked  in  these  less  cultured  frontier  states.  Ouo 
cause  is  the  freuuent  want  of  funds,  with  irregular  and  ruiluce<l  salariiis, 
which  prevents  also  the  employment  of  advisory  ascMtres  assigne<l  l>y  law. 
This  atids  to  the  incentive  for  crime,  {larticnlarly  rohlwry,  which  has  Wcotiie 
HO  prevalent  in  this  country  under  the  fiMtering  au.spices  of  race  prejudicrs, 
anil  constant  revolutiiuiary  disorders.  It  was  hanf  for  dishanded  guerillas 
to  return  to  honest  laltor,  and  so  easy  and  alUiring  to  continue  as  inaraudt-rs, 
perhaps  under  the  siiecioua  cover  of  avenging  an  injured  church  or  circiiiii- 
scrilted  lilK'rty.  The  north,  moreover,  as  a  l)order  country  had  grown  more 
and  more  the  resort  of  fugitives  from  justice,  with  smugglers  in  large  nuiii- 
Iters,  (.^attte-stealing  ami  kidnapping  for  extorting  ransom,  were  comiimn 
features  to  lie  expected  from  a  country  long  ravaged  Ity  Indians,  and  it  is 
nut  astonishing  that  so  wide-spread  an  ailment  should  have  affected,  also, 
many  a  judge  aud  otiicial,  to  whom  had  liei^n  confideil  moans  for  aid  and 
punishment,  since  these  could  lie  manipulated  with  great  prolit.  With  tho 
exceptions  mentioned,  criminal  statistics  agree  with  those  for  the  republic  in 
guiicral.  Stringent  steps  were  taken  at  mtferent  times  to  check  law-br<';ik- 
ing,  latterly  by  an  increased  frontier  guard,  which,  with  the  aid  of  railroads 
aud  telegraphs,  and  tlie  decrease  of  Imlian  inroads,  is  doing  gtHMlwork.  Tlio 
effect  of  the  gradual  abolition  of  capital  punishment  has  not  yet  lieen  au- 
thoritatively reporte<l  upon,  but  it  is  eviilent  thiit  greater  attention  must  bo 
paid  to  eufiircing  ui>right  administration  of  justice,  and  to  providing  moro 
guardians  of  the  peace  and  l)ettcr  pri.sons. 

The  alisorption  or  merging  of  the  aboriginal  race  into  the  new  nation  un- 
folding in  .Mexico  has  lieen  fully  ccmsidered  in  siK)ciaI  cliapters  elsewhere. 
In  the  north  its  condition  was  affected  by  certiun  features,  such  as  a  lower 
aboriginal  culture  and  stnmger  tribal  c<unbination.  Distiutce  from  the  centiii 
of  autliority  seemed  to  offer  the  domineering  encoinendero  of  early  coloni;d 
days  greater  advantage  for  oppression,  but  the  more  indeiMmdent  and  st'lf- 
asserting  character  of  the  trilMis,  and  the  interposition  of  zealous  inissioiiii- 
ries,  served  as  a  check  until  later  l)encticent  laws  drew  their  protecting  circles. 
Tiie  privileges  tendered  by  the  new  republic,  in  equality  and  citizenshi|i, 
proved  e.|ually  delusive  to  the  race  in  all  parts,  and  the  subtle  bond  of  peon- 
age enfolded  even  growing  numl>ers.  I'hc  maintenance  in  the  north  of  tliu 
mission  system  proved  no  longer  of  lienoKt,  save  in  isolated  instance.s,  in.is- 
inuch  as  it  tended  to  restrain  development  and  intercourse.  Tlie  latter  was, 
moreover,  contincd  l)y  race  prejudice,  by  galling  assumption  and  striviiins 
for  advantages,  which  conKrmed  the  natives  in  their  long  practised  secluKiuii, 
as  well  as  in  tril>al  unity,  which  served  them  as  a  bulwark  against  ever  ro<i(iy 
aggression  and  encroachment. 

Many  of  the  tribes  live,  indeed,  in  a  state  of  nominal  subjection  to 
the  republic,  governed  by  their  own  unwritten  laws,  and  retaining,  to 
a  great  extent  Imth  altoriginal  language  and  customs.  The  latter  no 
less  than  their  mountainous  homes,  have  hel|)ed  to  preserve  a  naturally  hanly 
constitution  from  the  indolence  permeating  all  Creole  affinities.     There  m 


NATIVE  CHARACTERISTICS. 


743 


i 


alao  leu*  of  the  itoliil  inditfcroncu  h<>  iiiarkuil  among  Hontherii  savagett,  aiul 
thu  Hu  uoiiiiauiiiUblu  eiiurgy  aiul  puritvveraiiuu  ia  iitaiii|Hiil  l>y  a  vivacity  tliat 
|>r()m<>tuM  thuir  valuu  an  workerit.  In  fSonora  tliu  Vai|uiH  and  (>|)aU<«  are 
jUNtly  uMtuuinoil  ait  the  iiumt  duHiraltlu  lalMirer«  in  aluKwt  vvury  Itraacli  of  in- 
dustry, and  giMMl  (tay  drawn  tlioimaudii  front  their  (tuuhhu  every  HuaHoa  If 
on  ruturuiag  hoiau  tiiey  liriag  aiaay  vtceit,  they  aluo  footer  advauceaient,  aud 
clear  tliu  way  for  a  more  haruionioUH  feeling  iHitween  the  raoex.  Thu 
commoa  cauMv  whiuh  ocuasioaally  lirought  them  to  the  aiile  of  political  par- 
tieit,  or  arrayed  them  agaiast  thu  Apached,  aUo  8«rved  to  Mtrenglhea  the  na- 
tional Itoad,  The  aliorigiaal  communal  Hytitem  encouraged  hy  the  Spanish 
crown  hait  iMten  widely  HUotained,  in  nianv  inxtnnceit  hy  aspuiuican  decrees, 
altliough  the  tendency  ih  growing  to  break  it  up  ax  a  dangerous  tribal  inoti- 
tution.  While  proviMiouiiT  partition  in  made  of  land  for  private  cultivation, 
particularly  at  time  of  marriage,  when  a  family  is  to  Ite  founded,  a  proiior- 
tion  is  aUo  sot  aMido  f<ir  communal  crops  with  which  to  support  churciies, 
widows  and  orphans  and  hcIiooIm,  to  pay  taxes  and  other  general  reijuire- 
nienta.  The  enforcement  of  lalior  t<i  this  cad  and  order  generally  is  en- 
trusted to  elected  governors  or  alcaldes  at  the  resiMictive  pueblos  or  villages, 
who  again  are  subordinate  to  captains  general.  Inese  officers  were  formerly 
appointutl  from  among  noble  or  influential  families  by  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties, and  often  secured  by  pay  or  other  rewards,  but  witli  the  example  set 
by  republican  schemers,  ambitious  and  able  mea  of  lower  grade  have, 
through  election,  s])rung  into  promiiieaco,  and  tlirect  the  voice  of  the  trilx) 
both  for  personal  benefit  and  for  its  advancement,  by  offcriag  votes  or  arms 
to  the  most  promising  side.  The  curates  now  in  charge  of  their  spiritual 
Welfare  have  much  less  influence  than  the  missionaries,  who,  as  a  rule,  exer- 
cised almost  exclusive  control  over  governors  or  alcables,  as  well  as  people. 
This  decline  is  due  mainly  to  the  intrigue  of  lilicral  parti  lans,  and  ])artly  to 
the  less  guarded  conduct  of  the  class  of  priests  usually  Assigned  to  Indian 
villages. 

'llie  natives  of  Sinaloa,  Durango,  and  Lower  California  form  no  united  or 
powerful  bodies,  and  may  be  regarded  as  merged  in  the  general  population. 
The  Tepehuaiie  nation,  which  at  one  time  held  Durango  in  terror  with  its  re- 
volts, has  almost  disappeared.  In  Chihuahua,  however,  the  raacherfas  of 
Apaciies  and  Comanches  extend  along  the  eastern  border  into  Bolsoa  de 
Mapiini,  and  tiie  ranges  to  the  west  are  occupied  by  the  numerous  Tarahu- 
iiiaras,  over  gentle,  though  retiring,  and  rapidly  disappearing.  Sonora's  popu- 
lation is  still  chiefly  pure  Indian,  including  the  orderly,  yet  brave  aiitl  resolute 
Opatas,  who  occupy  the  fertile  centre  and  east  of  the  state,  and  have  as  en- 
listed soldiers  or  as  volunteers  formed  one  of  the  most  reliable  of  bulwarks 
ai^ainst  Apache  inroads.  They  have  yielded  greatly  to  absorption, 
although  not  in  so  marked  a  degree  as  the  wide-spread  and  docile  Pimos  to 
tlie  north-west  of  them.  The  once  feared  roblier  horde  of  Seris,  on  and  near 
Tilmron  island,  has  been  almost  exterminated  in  just  warfare,  and  the  Papa- 

?;os  of  the  extreme  north-west  are  as  yet  secure  in  their  isolation.  The  only 
cared  nations  are  the  allied  Yaquis  and  Mayos,  who,  occupying  the  fertile 
banks  of  the  rivers  named  after  them,  are  exposed  to  constant  ellmwiiig  and 
intrusion  from  the  crowding  Mexicans  cm  either  side.  The  c(msc<[ueiioe  has 
been  a  series  of  bloody  wars  until  the  present  day,  not  always  for  pure  de- 
fence, but  for  robbery,  to  which  successes  and  impunity  gave  incentive. 
AViiile  mingling  freely  among  the  whites  as  esteemed  workers,  yet,  the  sea- 
son over,  they  generally  return  home  and  repulse  every  effort  at  social  inter- 
course. The  process  of  absorption  cannot  Ims  resisted,  however,  aided  as  it 
is  by  diseases  of  encroaching  civilization,  especially  virulent  among  the 
aborigines. 

The  intermixture  of  races  in  colonial  days,  was  much  slower  in  the  north, 
owing  to  the  inferior  culture  of  the  Indians  an<l  the  later  entry  of  settlers. 
For  a  long  time  after  the  indepeiideace,  creole  families  sought  to  resist  the 
inevitable,  but  the  rapid  influx  of  mestizos,  owing  to  pressure  in  the  more 
crowded  south,  and  the  allurenit-nt  of  mineral  wealth,  tended  to  overcome 


■is  !■ 


ipi 

';it 


I  Hi 


fM 


INSTITUTIONAL. 


heitttation,  pnrtly  l>y  liriil^jing  the  vlmitiii.  Nuvvrthelem,  tho  iSpaniah  elviiii-nt 
ruiiiaiiiH  Htriiii^,  aittl  tliv  iiiixtura  liu.i  l)uuii  little-  vuriud  l>y  tliu  atliiiinHii,|,  ,,f 
Uugi'o  lilooil.  Tliu  iiiiloluiiuu  aiul  uiiKUMtiiiiiuil  iiiipultiivvuuriH  of  tliu  haiiuii  is 
lexH  iiiarkuil  iu  thu  Itordur  atutea,  itettlutl,  uh  tlii'y  wuru.  cliiuHy  liy  t^iiU'i'iirin. 
ing  and  uiiurgutic  uinigraittit  froiii  liiHcay,  Navarru,  and  Lataliiuia.  'l|,i  ir 
C(iiii{mrativu  iHolatiuii  liat  tc-udud  to  jirunurvu  a  tincture  ul  tliu  HUpiTHtitioii 
bmiiglit  Iroiii  tilt)  urigiual  uiouutaiii  Ikiiiiuh.  On  tliu  ntlivr  hand,  tlu'V  uii> 
widfly  praitted  fur  hoHpitality  and  an  daHhaig  ridurx,  wIkihv  cavalry  liax 
earnud  duMurvml  lauruU  in  tliu  wara.  Ah  may  liu  MupixiHud,  tli«  jarodio  ur 
petty  I'ariiiur uluniunt  uf  Muxico,  i»  widuly  repruHuntud  liere  inhniall  Hcattond 
rant'lKm,  with  thuir  airy,  iihud-liku  dwellings,  their  enclimed  patcliuH  lor 
niai/e,  huana,  yaniri,  and  uthur  KUcculuntH,  Hhaded  liy  (iccaHinnnl  liHiiiniax,  or 
other  palms,  and  nuur  l»y  the  heads  of  live  Htoek,  that  form  tin-  main  rclinmo 
of  the  settler.  The  inlluenco  ot  Europe  which  made  itMilf  felt  from  the  open, 
iiig  of  the  century  throuuhout  the  central  proviiiccH,  Jiltereii  more  ^lo«  ly  into 
those  remote  regions,  although  aided  on  the  coast  hy  trndiiig  vt»i«el«,  ami 
later,  hy  intercourse  willi  the  United  .States,  hy  means  of  prairie  ciiravnns, 
and  simple  customs  long  prevailed  in  dress,  eiitertainmciits,  and  mode  of 
life  generally,  all  of  which  present  the  same  features  as  descrilied  elKewhcni 
under  Mexico,  i'erliaps  the  htVe  of  motion  and  excitement,  on  hor>el>ark,  in 
liall-room,  and  at  the  gamliling-tahle,  is  more  pronounced,  and  uatuinlly  ho 
witlt  the  narrow  range  of  amusement  <iPered  on  the  frontier. 

'Ihe  growth  of  the  United  States  horder  settlements,  and  the  fast  in- 
creasing i-ominuniuation,  facilitated  hy  railroads,  cannot  fail  to  greatly  atiict 
t«)ne  and  haliits.  While  the  elements  at  present  operating  to  this  end  are 
none  of  the  licst,  yet  the  intercourse  must  in  the  main  prove  elevating,  if 
only  in  fostering  hotter  intlustrial  methods,  and  an  increased  demand  t'l  r 
varied  uoiiifurts  of  life,  which  in  itself  forms  so  desirable  a  stimulant.  Ihu 
value  of  foreign  immigration  has  ever  Iieen  reci  gnized  iu  Mexico,  partly  to 
ohtain  ti-iiiiiing  for  tlit;  )»('opIe,  jiartly  to  promote  .settlenient  on  the  north 
frontier,  threatened  l>y  Indians  as  well  as  a  8us]iected  neighhor.  A  lack  of 
judicious  lihcrality,  and  aliove  all  the  long  reigning  insecurity  in  the  repiiiilic, 
counteracted  the  efforts  to  found  colonies.  Kven  those  estahlished  in  con- 
nection witii  the  ephemeral  military  colonies  did  not  tlotirish,  and  the  tew 
trans-oceanic  groups  introduced  failed  to  show  any  vigor.  The  efl'ort  to 
draw  from  the  United  States  the  atriotic  Mexicans  transferred  to  a  foreign 
Hag  hy  the  treaty  of  <iuadalupe  succeeded  very  poorly,  hi  fact  the  gold 
cxcitomeiit  in  California,  hy  revealing  mineral  and  agricultural  wealth,  and 
protection  from  raids  and  inal-administration,  served  to  draw  nway  far  more 
people,  and  from  the  tlien  horder  region  which  least  could  s]>are  the  loss. 
Liitely  scliciiies  have  hceii  started  for  introducing  Chinese  and  Mormons,  al- 
though tiieir  arrival  is  sure  to  rou.se  hostility.  Notwithstanding  the  restric- 
tive measures  of  tiie  government,  not  wholly  unjustifiahle  in  its  su.-piciou.s 
fears,  the  force  of  circnmstiinces  is  tending  to  a  growing  influx  of  Americans 
into  the  scantily  settled  and  inviting  horder  states;  an  influx  favored  hy 
ready  acclimati/ation,  which  has  not  attendeil  sudden  transitions  from  the 
difTercntly  situated  Kurope,  and  hy  the  growing  security. 

Tiie  gradual  suppression  of  Indian  raids  in  the  north,  and  the  increased 
stahility  of  government,  i)roniises  decided  increase  in  po]iuIation,  for  the 
race  is  fecund  and  environment  favorahle.  In  tiie  northern  part  of  Chihua- 
hua and  Sonora  ague  jirevails  to  some  extent;  on  the  west  coast  hilitms 
fevers  are  common,  and  tlie  inferior  (piality  of  water  along  the  frontier  con- 
duces t()  .several  ivilinents,  such  as  goitre,  wliich  afflicts  the  central  tlistrictsof 
Soiiora  and  Sinaloa.  In  other  res]iects  the  healtli  statistics  compare  well 
witii  other  jtarts  of  the  repiihlic.  with  which  the  north  shares  such  ei>idcniics 
as  cholera,  small-pox,  yellow  fever,  and  famine,  with  attendant  train  of 
disorders.  Cholera  was  partii'iilarly  severe  in  1H41  and  lK4!t  51.  Small- 
pox attacks  chietly  the  ahorigiiies,  among  whom  vaccination  and  mod- 
ern treatment  are  less  in  vogue,  and  the  yellow  fever,  whidi  lias  on  a  few 
oucasions  ravaged  the  cuikit  &i  far  inland  as  Hormusillu  and  Culiaeau,  in  de> 


SOCT/vL  CONDITION. 


740 


clared  to  be  not  of  the  eitronio  ty|H)  i>reval<!iit  on  tho  gtilf  nf  Mfxioo.  1  hu 
Muaroity  uf  doctorH,  aiMitliecitruiM,  uiul  lioHpitiilii  whm  ti  ilriiwliut'k  wlncli  ){.'i\o 
lirommuiicu  t<>  iiiuiiiiiiury  uiul  alinrigiiiul  urU,  Imt  iliiriiig  ciiuit'inu-.t  i\w  aii- 
tlioriliuii  hiivo  uvur  mIidwii  ii  eoiiiiiivinlablu  /.uul  for  i-uvcriiiu  tlio  ilt'lit'iL'tiry  liy 
ercRtiiig  toiiiporary  Hlifltur,  uiul  <liMtril)Utiiig  ilrug^  aiit)  iliructi<>iiit,  wliile 
privatu  iHitievolLMicu  mU-v  ^tvil  furwanl  to  lead  a  licl|iiii>{  liaiid. 

Altliouijli  tliu  cliit-r  :-  '..ad'.'  of  diMuawoM  havu  i-vidt'iitly  lieeii  aiiioiif;  the 
al>ori){iiiuH,  iiiioii  wlioiii  aUi.  *liu  iiitiru  a|i[<roach  of  Kiiroiicaii  culture  cxcrtx 
114  withering  iulluuuuu,  yet  ti  tlvreuning  eKtiinatt-H  of  tlieir  nuniliui-M  Im  dun 
lu'iinly  to  ah.siiriitiou,  either  h;  lnood  iiiixturL',  or  hy  aHsiiiiilatioii  in  Mrttlmg 
witli  tile  regular  Mexiuaiix  anti  adopting  their  cuittouia,  and  |)iirticipittiiig  iii 
all  the  privduk{e4  uf  uiti/.oiH.  This  is  eMpeeially  the  caKt-  in  Siiialna  and 
l>ar:iiig<),  ami  it  is  only  in  Sonora  and  Cliihuahua  that  tiie  voluntJiry  ixola- 
tioii  of  uertaiii  tri'iui,  or  portionn  of  trilK-M,  Mulijuct  them  to  •>  iHsihcation  as 
liidi^iiis,  witli  partial  exclii.iioii  from  political  and  social  rigii  In  Soiiora 
tlii't  iiuinlKtr  is  plicud  at  ahoiit  '2*2,000,  mostly  Yiupiis  alld^Il.^  .,  who  long 
iiiiiiitiiiiieil  a  hostile  attitu  le  liy  resisting  encroachment  on  tluir  lands  and 
ML'clusiou.  In  Cliiliuahua  are  nearly  u<|ual  numUirs  of  goutlu  'I'anihiitnaras. 
No  tli<iriiu.;li  t'ciMUs  has  luten  taken  in  the  repiihlio,  so  *':  t  tlit  ii  ire  or  l<  .i 
diaailed  dita  for  ilitfuriMit  states  can  he  regarded  as  Ii  c  hetter  tiiMii  unti- 
iiiited.  The  |iopul  itioii  may  according  to  thes«i  he  placi^d  at  'S'tjNM)  for 
Cliihu.ihuii,  ai.O.H)  for  Duraugo,  U'.'.tNM)  for  Soiiora,  *JO.'i,000  fit  <iii|oa,  and 
'_''), 01)0  i. I,  ,.  iwcr  (Ailiroriiia;  wliioli  shou's  an  increase  for  '  le  jicninsula  of 
u'l  tut  150  pi^!r  cent  for  tlie  century,  for  Siiialoa  100  pi  r  cciif  fur  Itiiraiigo 
)  per  cent,  and  for  (.'liiliuaiiua  1'*  ]ier  CvJiit,  wiiile  Sotiora  liiis  gaint d 
only  one  li;ilf  asttiucli  as  these  last  stateN.  Tliese  proportions  corr<'>poiid 
to  the  relative  soiMirity  enjoyed  hy  the  states,  Soiiora  having  snllcred 
longer  aiicl  more  severely  from  Indian  ravages.  Cliilinahua  coiiics  next  in 
tlie  list  of  expoieil  regions  as  well  as  in  |iopulatioii,  and  tlien  Ihir.tngo,  whilo 
.Sinaloa  ami  Lower  California  have  heen  almost  «'ntircly  cxciniit.  'I'iio 
ejects  of  civil  wars,  frei|uent  onougii,  cannot  ho  regarded  as  ncjirly  so  de- 
pressing, for  tlie  Id IsIhhI  and  ravage  are  not  eipial  to  the  miinlitr  of  revo- 

huionary  movements.  Yet  tlie  fast  growth  of  tho  peninsula  is  no  ilxiht 
attrihutaide  to  the  greater  quiet  enjoyed  there,  thanks  to  its  secluded  xitna- 
tion.  Its  estimated  value  of  real  estate  i)er  head  of  po]uilation  is  also  much 
larger  than  in  the  northern  states,  where  the  average  is  placed  at al tout. S">0,  a 
figure  which  varies  very  nearly  in  i)roportioii  to  the  Imlian  or  jn'oii  popula- 
tion of  the  dilferent  districts,  whose  poverty  tends  to  lower  the  general  rate. 
Wars  do  not  appear  to  have  causeil  any  extra  reduction  among  males;  imleed, 
Durango,  less  exj>osed,  exhiliits  the  least  prepimderanco  on  theirside.  On  tho 
otiiur  hand  the  si/.e  of  families  is  not  as  a  rule  ho  largo  nsmiglit  lieex]H'cted, 
a*  indicated  also  hy  tho  .hIow  growth  of  population  for  countries  so  scantily 
occupied.  And  there  is  roiMii  for  expansion,  since  Sonora  and  C'liihuahiia 
possess  only  one  inhahitant  to  one  anil  a  half  square  kilometre.  Sinaloa  and 
Dur.ingo  liave  four  and  a  li.ilf  and  two  and  a  half  more  iteople  to  that  space, 
while  the  peninsula  has  only  one  inhahitant  to  seven  kilometres.  1  appeinl 
dit.'i  to  support  these  ohservations  and  givo  opportunity  for  additional 
speculations. 

In  education  the  northern  states  stand  somewhat  liehind  the  mean  aver- 
as{'!  for  the  repuhlic,  as  may  he  expected  from  scanty  .settled  frontiers.  The 
wave  of  revival  in  learniiii^  struck  the  S|iani.sh  cidonies  at  the  close  of  tiie 
i;i<t  century,  only  to  he  hroken  hy  tlie  war  of  independence  and  succeeding 
ijuorders,  yet  hardly  a  ripjde  of  it  peiuttrated  ♦■itliis  region.  Wealthy  ])eo]il(! 
sent  tlieir  sons  to  southern  states  or  ahroad,  ;,  ■  d  their  girls  occasionally  to 
snino  convent;  a  sni;ill  jiroportion  of  other  children  receiveil  a  meagre  train- 
ing at  the  rare  schools  to  he  found  in  .'i  few  leading  town-  m-  -it  the  hands  of 
missionaries,  and  the  great  iiuiss  remained  stee|ied  in  ignorance,  learning  like 
tlie  savages  only  to  re<'ite  a  few  i>assaues  from  the  catechism.  .Mllioiigli  the 
Laiicastoriaii  system  was  iiitrniiucfd  into  Mexico  shortly  after  the  independ- 
ence, yet  it  obtaiued  uu  real  fuutuig  iu  tho  uurth  till  after  the  eucrgetio 


746 


INSTITUTIONAL. 


measures  undertaken  by  the  general  government  in  1842.  Private  indiviil- 
ualu  nuw  began  to  display  a  gratifying  zeal  in  asHisting  the  uiovciiiuni,  ami 
Bouu  came  tlie  uompuluury  system  to  give  beneticial  iupuUe,  as  inauifubtud  m 
the  increased  schoid  attendance  from  less  than  two  per  cent  of  populiitii.u 
still  prevailing  in  Cliihuahua,  without  compulsion,  to  between  three  and  tivu 
per  cent  in  the  other  four  provinces. 

In  addition  to  scanty  settlement,  isolated  tribes  presented  in  8onora  ami 
Chihuahua  an  obstacle  to  rapid  diminution  of  illiteracy.  There  was  a  draw- 
back also  in  the  separation  of  the  sexes,  due  to  climatic  and  social  considtr- 
ations.  As  a  consecjuence,  only  a  small  jjroportion  of  the  scliools  wen; 
mixed,  ard  owing  to  the  chronic  lack  of  funds  the  establishments  for  ^hU 
Were  so  few  as  to  allow  the  attendance  of  merely  one-tiftli  to  one-half  oftliu 
male  numl>er.  In  private  institutions  the  sexes  were  nearly  e(|ual.  Anntlur 
disadvantage,  now  rapidly  lessened,  was  the  lack  of  teachers,  partly  due  tit 
small  and  irregular  pay;  but  normal  schools  are  receiving  support,  and 
Women,  so  well  tittecl  for  teaching,  are  rapidly  supplying  the  deficiency.  A 
cause  for  the  irregularity  lies  also  in  the  fact  that  so  large  a  proportion  u{ 
the  free  public  schools  are  sustained  by  private  liberality,  which  often  varies. 
Ihe  educational  system  was  ilefective  in  several  respects,  such  as  tlie  ap- 
pual  by  teachers  to  tlie  ear,  by  memorizing,  rather  tiian  to  the  perceptive 
faculties;  and  the  ambitions  range  of  the  curriculum,  even  in  schools  known  a-t 
primary,  beyond  the  power  of  the  pupil,  so  that  he  was  left  glaringly  .suikt- 
ncial.  This  imperfection  was  carried  to  even  greater  excess  in  tlie  secondary 
or  high  schools  and  colleges,  in  which  the  course  varied  from  a  few  eleinciit- 
ary  branches  to  the  professional  and  philosophic  range,  but  with  startbng 
gaps  and  irregularities  in  method,  means,  and  teachers.  Nevertheless,  the 
secondaries  have  ever  enjoyed  greater  attention,  especially  from  the  clergy, 
owing  to  their  policy  to  restrict  education  to  tlie  wealthy  classas,  and  to  tlie 
national  love  for  gloss.  Altliough  driven  from  control  in  these  matters,  tlie 
church  strives  to  retain  a  certain  hold,  especially  by  oflFering  in  the  seminar- 
ies a  higher  grade  of  instruction  than  is  generally  obtained  in  the  secular 
colleges.  The  spread  of  journalism  is  an  encouraging  feature,  and  another 
the  establislinient  of  literary  societies,  which  promote  also  the  formation  of 
libraries,  niuscum.s,  and  art  collections.  Secular  education  is  greatly  siij)- 
planting  the  religious  teaching  to  which  so  largo  a  proportion  of  the  peo]ile 
has  been  almost  exclusively  confined.  This  is  a  naturol  outcome  of  the  loiic 
struggle  against  clerical  supremacy,  which  has  ended  in  the  aci[uisition  (If 
intellectual  freedom,  and  in  assigning  to  the  church  its  due  subordinate  po- 
sition. The  history  of  this  struggle  and  the  present  condition  of  ecclesias- 
tical aflfairs  has  been  fully  and  specially  considered  elsewhere. 

Tlic  report  of  the  governor  of  Sinaloa,  Mem.  Oitv.,  1881,  8.3-92,  announces 
221  primary  schools,  with  an  attendance  of  7,(562  pupils,  the  larger  propor- 
tioii  being  Imys.  Tlie  attendance  in  Mazatlan  district  is  by  far  the  largest, 
2,2()6  pupils  in  40  schools,  while  the  41  establishments  of  Culiacan  hatl  only 
1,275  children.  'Ihe  report  sent  in  to  Covarriibias  in  1874  gave  281  prima- 
ries, with  9,272  pupils.  There  were  5  secondary  and  professional  collejies, 
one  being  a  private  institution  for  girls,  another  a  nautical  ami  mercantile 
establishment,  and  a  third  the  philosophic  seminario  under  the  clergy,  with 
a  total  attendance  of  over  170.  Itixtrnr.  I'uh.,  138-43.  The  semiiiarii)  at 
Culiacan  is  the  only  classic  college  for  Sinaloa  and  Sonora.  It  dates  siiue 
ISiiS,  Si'min.  (le  Son.,  in  Pnp.  Var.,  cliii.,  pt  13,  although  Bishop  Rouset 
souglit  in  the  previous  decade  to  establish  a  chair  of  philosophy.  Aloidciw, 
Son.,  33-4.  Its  progress  is  depictod  in  <7<irzn,  Pri'inin/i,  1-8;  Afrr.  Mi  in. 
Imtic,  1844,  doc.  71;  Vclnum,  Son.,  37-S.  Concerning  the  later  founding  of 
the  other  cnMef^e^,  see  CiiJttiifleiia,  A Inrudon,  1-4;  Air/i.  Mex.  Col.  Lit/.,  in., 
6.39-47;  Sin.  Riijl.  Col.  Ronalfn,  1-14.  h\  18.')4  Mazatlan  had  twoprim.ary  and 
two  private  schools,  with  2r)0  pujiils.  ,S\)r.  Mp.r.  (7i'nij.  Bol.  vii.,  335.  In  isti? 
the  attendance  here  had  risen  to  700  out  of  2,700  children;  only  2,800  per- 
sons could  write,  against  7,900  who  could  not.  Id.,  ep.  2,  iv.,  91-3.  >See 
also  Cambat,  Atku,  2;  Rubi,  Mem.  Gov.,  15;  Buclua,  Conip.,  51-2. 


EDUCATION. 


747 


Sonora  is  striving  to  redeem  herself  under  the  compulsory  system.  She  had, 
according  to t'owKVtt'ww,  /iiMtruc,  Puk,  175-8,  l'J8  primary  8uh<M)U,  with  3,840 
pupils,  of  whom  040  were  girls,  and  6  secondary  colleges,  with  425  pupils;  4 
we.-e  private  establishments.  The  public  college  for  boys  costs  tite  state  ^l'2,()0t> 
a  year.  A  normal  scho(d  also  exists.  Kiesgo,  Mem.,  28-30,  paints  the  condi- 
tion in  1828  extremely  black.  Semanarin,  Polit.,  ii.,  394-5;  not  till  the  middle 
of  the  following  decade  were  any  effective  steps  taken  to  improve  it,  by  es- 
tablishing a  secondary  ecclesiastic  college  at  Arizpe,  and  increasing  tiie 
primaries.  Oana,  PoMtoral,  7;  Pinnrt,  Doc.  Son.,  ii.  62,  65,  80.  Ten  years 
later  tlie  Lancasterian  society  began  to  push  their  system,  and  the  normal 
school  opened  in  1847.  In  the  5  leading  towns  between  lianamichi  and  Her- 
mosillo  the  primary  attendance  was  only  400.  Id.,  iii.,  132-3,  321,  iv.,  40,  86. 
Only  one  of  the  schools  was  passable.  Montever<le,  Mem.,  M8.,  62,  111-13, 
125;  VvliiMrn,  Son.,  37-8,  64.  In  18.")8  the  civil  institute  opcne<i  at  Alamos. 
The  Snii'ireiifie,  E^treWi  Orrid.,  and  Koz.  Mi-J.  have  items  for  these  and  follow- 
ing years,  showing  in  18G.V4  four  schools  in  (iuaymas  district,  ID  in  Xlamos, 
12  in  Ures,  etc.  See  also  Hernandez,  Oeoij.  Son.,  59-00;  Mex.  S<tiij>m,  i.,  295; 
LaneiMteriana  Reijl ,  1-12. 

For  l)urango,  Covarrubias  reports,  under  a  non-compulsory  system,  174 
primaries,  with  an  average  attendance  of  4,440,  about  three  fourths  boys;  4 
secondary  esfciblishiuents,  half  of  them  under  clerical  care,  two  being  for 
girls,  with  nearly  550  pupils.  The  institute  for  males  and  tlie  seniinario  gave 
professional  courses.  There  was  no  normal  training-scliool.  During  the 
closing  years  of  the  colonial  regime  Bishop  CostaAiza  gave  a  decided  impulse 
to  secondary  education,  and  left  a  be(|uest  for  the  seminario,  but  retrogres- 
8i<m  set  in  for  about  40  years.  Ljlfsiiif,  lid.,  319-20.  This  college  had  in 
1827  over  170  pupils,  and  a  fund  of  §.*J59,0<X).  Tliere  were  then  34  i)rimarics. 
Dm:,  Mem.  Pumos,  1827,  6-7;  but  4  years  later  Dnr.,  Mem.  GoIk,  1831,  7-9, 
reports  only  54  pupils  at  tlie  seminario,  and  26  ba<lly  endowed  primaries. 
In  1842  a  Lancasterian  society  was  established,  Btutumante,  Mex.,  MS.,  xiv. 
277;  and  shortly  after  57  primaries,  with  1,592  pupils,  were  announced. 
Mex.,  Mem.  InnUc,  1844,  No.  20.  Escudero,  Dur.,  45-9,  has  62  schools,  with 
3,055  pupils,  f(>r  1848,  and  Ramirez,  Dur.,  45-51,  claimed  11  free  schools, 
with  1,437  scholars,  for  the  capital  district  in  1850.  Sor.  Mex.  Oeo'j.,  BoL,  v. 
61-71.  The  seminario  M-as  soon  after  transferred  to  the  state.  Mex.  Lei/i^., 
1850,  129.  In  and  after  1850  the  literary  institute  was  endowed.  Are/i.  Mex., 
C4.  Ley.,  v.  (558-9,  partly  witli  church  property.  Mex.  ('(xlii/n  liifarii,n,  ."MS; 
Mex.,  Col.  Li'y.,  186;i-7,  iii  147-N  In  1873  a  school  of  arts  was  projected. 
Dinrio  DelnUin,  cong.  0,  iv.  .302;  Camfnis,  Atl(M,  17;  article  in  Dur.,  Aim., 
1885,  09-73,  is  very  faulty. 

Chihualiua  stands  low  on  the  list,  with  only  39  primaries  and  somewliat 
over  2,200  pupils,  according  to  C/ii/i.  Perioil.  Ojie.,  Nov.  13,  1874,  and  Coiiir- 
ruliioH,  Inxtnir.  Puh.,  25-8,  an  ivssuincd  decline  from  former  years.  Tlie  two 
secondaries  are  the  institute  and  seniinario,  with  250  students  and  superior 
pretensions. 

Lower  California  has  adopted  the  federal  district  regulations,  although 
they  are  evidently  not  applicable  to  her  condition.  In  1882  there  were  27 
schools,  witli  1,174  pupils,  out  of  an  assumed  school  population  of  8,')00;  of 
these  La  Paz  hail  7  schools,  with  an  attendance  of  4!K)  out  of  1,330  chiidreii; 
the  two  private  schools  claiming  nearly  half  the  number.  The  20  national 
establishments  receive  815,400  for  their  700  children.  Governor's  report,  in 
Bitjn  Cid.,  Bnt.  ({fie.,  Aug.  30,  1882.  This  shows  an  increase  upon  the  state- 
ment in  Mex.  Mem.  Goh.,  1878,  98,  doc.  96,  wherein  two  of  the  iiistituti(.iis 
at  La  Paz  are  classed  as  normal,  and  two  as  secondaries,  the  latter  at  I..a 
Paz  and  MiraHores,  with  00  students.  The  centre  district  has  four  of  the 
schools,  and  the  frontier  two.  For  1872  Hernandez,  Omij.,  Bujn  Cdi,  50-1, 
allows  only  8  elementary  schools,  with  300  pupils,  and  although  this  seeios 
unreliable,  the  compulsory  system  has  undoubtedly  given  a  great  impulse. 
See,  also,  (^nmlxm,  Aflii.i,  29;  Tovnr,  Jfi^t.  Pari,  iv.  771;  /Ihi/li'  Senipi,  Buja 
Cd,  X.  (\'i-A.  Rules  issHiid  in  1873.  B'lju  CaL,  /{ei/l.  Inxtnir.,  1-10;  Diario 
Debatea,  cong.  8,  ii.  608,  722,  705-80,  910;  Baja  CaL,  Bol.  Ojic,  1878. 


'  ( 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

RESOURCES    AND  COMMERCE 

OBSTACLEa  TO  PrOORESS  OF  AGRICULTURE — PrOPUCTIGNS  ANDCrOPS — StO(  K- 
RAI8IN0  —  MiNINCJ— EkKKCT  OK  InUIANS  ON  DEVELOPMENT— DlSTRR'l's  IS 

Different  States — Metals,  Minerals,  and  Precious  Stones — Peaiu. 
FisHiNo— Manufactures — Coiton  Mills — Trade — Imports  and  Fa- 
ports —  Smuoolino  —  Coast  Trade  —  Steameb  Line.i  —  Roads  am> 
Canals — Railways. 


The  northweatorn  states  being  essentially  mining  territory,  their  agricul- 
tural capal>ilitii;s  liave  not  been  widely  prolied,  partly  owing  tc;  their  couipai-i- 
tive  aridity.  Water  is  the  groat  want.  Ciiiiniahua  and  Durango  form  the 
top  of  a  tal>le  wiiicii  risei  in  gentle  ascent  from  tiiegulf  of  Mexico  to  an  aKi- 
tude  of  .'{,800  feet  at  El  Paso,  and  thence  lifts  itself  soutiiward  to  the  liigli 
plateau  of  Aniiiniac,  wiiilo  forming  a  more  abrupt  slope  toward  the  Paciiic. 
The  eastern  part  of  Ciiihuahna  presents  an  almost  deserted  sand  and  alii.ili 
plain,  with  numerous  tlry  depressions,  known  as  Bolson  de  Mai)iui,  exlcn  1- 
lug  into  Coahuila,  and  for  some  distance  into  Durango.  Similar  land,  al. 
though  more  broken  by  hills  as  well  as  shifting  sand  dunes,  and  relieved  by  oc- 
casional river  bottoms,  stretches  from  Rio  Bravo  westwaril  to  the  mountains. 
Even  south  of  the  state  capital  the  soil  is  patchy,  and  on  the  whole,  induce- 
ments for  tillage  are  small  as  compared  with  stock-raising,  which  ranks  as 
the  second  leading  occupation.  Durango  approaches  in  its  general  cliaracter 
to  tiie  southeastern  portions  of  the  neiglibor  state,  and  regular  farming  vies 
witii  stock-raising  and  mining  as  staple  industries.  As  may  l)e  judged  from 
the  altitude,  the  climate  is  comparatively  cool  on  this  table-land;  smtw  falls 
in  Chihuahua  to  the  depth  of  two  feet,  Rio  Bravo  is  obstructed  by  ice,  and 
vines  at  the  somewhat  warmer  El  Paso  require  protection.  The  summer 
temperature  averages  80  degrees.  West  of  the  Sierra  Madre  the  zones 
range  from  the  coliI  of  the  mountains  to  the  temperate  of  the  foothills  and 
the  torrid  of  the  coast  line.  In  Siualoa  the  hot  belt  is  40  miles  in  widtli, 
and  extends  for  some  distance  into  the  tributcary  valleys,  with  a  sandy  soil 
that  is  productive  only  near  the  river  courses.  In  Sonoriv  sand  plains  of 
vast  expanse  cover  nearly  all  the  region  north  of  (Juaymas,  with  fre(pient 
dreaded  simoons;  but  the  east  fvnd  northeast  is  a  delightful,  well-watered 
region,  especially  attractive  to  emigrants.  Tlie  Yiwpii  valley  is  Egyptian  in 
temperature,  and  in  the  Nile-like  inundation  of  its  fertile  bottoms.  With 
irrigation,  practicable  from  rivers  and  wells,  nature  yields  her  treasures  in 
such  lavish  abundance  and  variety  as  to  mark  Sonora  as  one  of  the  richest 
spots  on  earth.  Sinaloa  has  less  adaptability,  and  aritl  Lower  California 
possesses  only  small  and  scattered  tracts  available  for  plantations. 

An  obstacle  to  farming  has  been  on  one  side  the  indolence  fostered  by  a 
bountiful  soil,  on  tiie  other,  the  illiberal  land  policy  of  the  government,  de- 
rived from  Spanish  times,  and  confusion  involving  titles.  Until  lately 
tlie  control  of  vacant  laml  was  in  dis|)ute  between  the  nninicipal,  state,  and 
general  governments,  and  there  was  the  insecurity  spreatt  by  the  fre- 
<^ueut  and  sweeping  auuuliiug  of  grants,  ou  the  ground  that  tliey  had  beea 
(748) 


LAND  TITLES. 


749 


ma^le  by  reliellious  or  illegal  authorities,  or  with  nndne  observance  of  con- 
stantly changing  regulations.  In  the  north  the  misbion  lands,  secularized  in 
course  of  time,  aided  the  fraudulent  acquirements  of  estate,  as  did  stock- 
raising  leases  and  frontier  troubles,  whereliy  influential  men  were  able  to  ob- 
tain possession  of  large  tracts,  to  the  check  of  development,  and  to  the  prej- 
udice of  the  Indians  and  poor  people,  the  true  settlers,  who  were  so 
frequently  deprived  of  tlie  small  lots  charity  l>estowed  upon  them.  This 
tended,  likewise,  to  prevent  surveys  so  necessary  for  promoting  settlement 
as  well  as  knowledge  of  resources. 

The  missions  checked  colonization  to  a  great  extent,  for  a  kind  colonial 
government  reserved  the  best  lands  for  the  neophytes  and  kept  white  men  at 
a  distiince  from  them.  In  Lower  L'al.  no  land  was  assigned  in  proprietorship 
to  settlers  till  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  For  a  history  of 
land  titles  in  tlie  peninsula,  sec  LiVMi'jifn,  Buja  Cut.,  passim.  The  owner- 
ship of  land,  with  the  restrictions  governing  communal  tracts  of  towns,  mis- 
sions, and  Indians,  has  l>een  considered  elsewhere,  notably  in  //(.»<.  Cat.,  vi., 
this  scries.  Instance  of  rules  concerning  mission  holdings,  in  Son.,  Lcym 
Vdriit-n,  33.  One  of  the  most  startling  shocks  to  titles  was  the  decree  by 
Juarez  in  1802,  annulling  state  concessions  so  far  made,  and  requiring 
a  revision  by  the  federal  authority.  Arch.  Mex.,  Cal.  Lfij.,  v,  57y-iS3, 
()5'J-(J1;  BwnrnKtrn,  JfUt.  Prim,  y  Srruinl.  Con;/.,  ,338;  Bamlod,  doc,  141, 
with  allusions  to  previous  steps  of  the  kind.  Tlie  tax  on  land  sales  is  heavy, 
and  to  perfect  titles  is  costly. 

Large  ranchos  are  not  without  their  value,  however,  by  promoting  more 
perfect  cultivation  with  improved  machinery,  by  introducing  new  ideas 
and  spreading  l>etter  methods,  and  by  bringing  under  tillage  nmch  land 
otherwise  intractable.  The  value  of  example  is  recognized  in  the  efforts  of 
tlie  government  to  promote  immigration  of  farmers  fnun  abrocid,  a  main  ob- 
ject l)eing,  also,  by  tltis,  aa  well  as  by  new  land  laws,  to  encourage  the 
growth  of  petty  peasuntry,  as  a  i>art  of  a  much  needed  mid<lle  class.  Not 
tiiat  many  of  the  large  estates  confer  the  benefits  which  seem  alone  to  justify 
tiieir  extent;  most  of  them  are  far  l)ehind  what  even  a  negligent  American 
Mould  endure.  They  drift  with  the  current  of  improvident  indolence,  fos- 
tered by  an  indidging  soil,  yielding  readily  two  crops  a  year  with  slight 
labor,  tind  returning  the  seed  a  hundredfold.  Much  of  the  neglect  is 
(biu  to  the  employment  for  farm  work  of  Indians,  who  are  permitted  to  follow 
their  more  primitive  methods  and  unambitious  ideas,  Tarahumaras  live  on 
iiiai/e  and  a  little  milk;  a  family  possessing  twenty  head  of  cattle  is  regarded 
as  well  off.  Sor.  Mi'x.  Gemj.,  BoL,  ii.  45;  Tannfrc,  Ej-ptor.,  2()y-71.  Yaquis 
uiid  Mayos  raise  so  little  produce  as  to  frequently  suffer,  despite  the  fertility 
(if  their  soil.  They  subsist  greatly  on  tish  anil  wild  fruit.  Vi'hiHco,  Son., 
71  9.  Tliey  plant  seed  without  plowing.  Soc.  Mfx.  OfOij.,  Boi,  ep.  2,  ii. 
•2i)!)-10.  Their  wages  as  laborers  l)etween  1834-59  ranged  from  $4  to  $6 
monthly,  with  rations.  Stone,  in  Pup.   Vor.,  cxii. 

Here,  as  elsewliero  in  the  repul)lic,  maize  forms  the  staple  product,  Du- 
rango  leading  with  over  a  hundred  million  kilograms.  Chihuahua  and 
Sinaloa  following  close  behind,  and  Honora  showing  somewhat  over  sixty  mil- 
liiius.  Wheat  is  comparatively  little  raised  in  proportion,  on  tlie  coast,  al- 
tliough  that  of  Sonora  ranks  high  in  quality;  in  Ihirango  it  rises  to  one  tunth 
i>t  the  maize  figure,  and  in  Chihuahua  to  fully  40  per  cent.  Harley  is  in  small 
(loiiiand,  but  frizoles,  which  constitute  the  national  liean  dish,  hohl  thoaver- 
a:,'c  proportion  in  kilograms  to  the  maize  crop,  of  about  one  twenty-sixth, 
and  the  accompanying  chile  condiment,  which  replaces  meat  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, figures  at  the  usual  one  per  cent.  Rice  culture  is  creeping  into  favor, 
Siniora  and  Sinaloa  producing  each  about  (iO0,()O0  kilograms,  and  l>urango 
Hiiiiiewhat  over  half  that  amount.  Nearly  all  of  the  preceding  primary  arti- 
cles may  be  regarded  as  intended  solely  for  home  consumption,  and  the  li<>i)cs 
I'f  enterprising  men  and  prospective  colonists  are  turned  rather  to  semi-tropic 
)>i'odiicts,  such  aa  cotton,  sugar,  and  figs.  Cotton  appears  to  have  been 
known  to  some  of  the  aortheru  tribes  before  the  ooa(][Uttst,  by  iutroduotion 


750 


RESOURCES  AND  COMMERCE. 


from  central  Mexico,  and  the  culture  flourished  during  colonial  times  to  some 
extent.  Hardy  found  it  a  leading  industry  on  the  Nazas  in  1827.  Trav., 
485~(>.  It  wax  introduced  at  HermosiUo  in  1811,  but  failed.  In  184'J  tliu 
culture  was  resumed,  supplying  Ifligo's  mill  in  part,  and  efibrts  were  madu 
to  extend  the  cultivation  on  Rios  Yaqui  and  Mayo.  In  1843-4  it  nearly 
faileil  at  both  places,  through  frost  and  disorders.  Mex.  Mem.  Aijric.,  184.i, 
1845,  p.  12;  Velauro,  Son.,  61-3.  Chihuahua  in  1879  produced  566,()00 
kdogs.,  and  Sinaloa  1,500,000,  while  Durango  yielded  2,928,000.  Hee  also 
Arch.  Comis.  Scien.,  i.  446-51;  Jialiti  Son.,  MS.,  77-8;  Mex.  Scraps,  i.  147-.S; 
Pitp.  Var.,  xi.  15  et  seq.  Worms  have  proved  a  series  annoyance  in  Sinaloa. 
Later  it  received  a  decided  impulse,  and  while  Durango,  in  1886,  led  witli 
about  three  million  kilograms,  the  sister  states  are  striving  to  rival  her. 
In  this  connection  dyes  were  beginning  to  obtain  attention,  when  mineral 
substances  came  to  discourage  the  effort,  as  they  have  done  in  the  southern 
indigo  and  cochineal  centres. 

Another  prominent  article,  sugar  cane,  is  steadily  increasing  in  favnr 
among  planters,  Sinaloa  producing  over  three  million  kilograms,  and 
Sonora  following  close  behind.  Much  of  this  is  converted  into  brandy, 
partly  as  a  rival  of  mescal,  which  also  finds  its  producers.  Viniculture 
nourishes  in  the  central  part  of  Sonora,  and  Chihuahua  has  achieved  a  rep- 
utation for  its  wines.  Olives,  figs,  oranges  and  kindred  fruit  are  gaining 
attention,  and  also  coffee  and  silk.  Olive  groves  existed  early  in  San  Bar- 
tolome  valley  of  Chihuahua  and  in  the  peninsula,  planted  by  the  mission- 
aries. Kxeinptions  were  granted  in  the  third  decade  of  this  century  to 
planters  of  coffee  and  cacao.  Pinnrt,  Dv.  Son.,  ii.  19-20.  The  ranges  con- 
tain many  medicinal  plants  and  valuable  forests,  chiefly  of  cedar  and  oak. 
Tiie  vahie  of  trees  is  becoming  more  impressed  upon  the  government,  and 
efforts  are  being  made  to  reclaim  some  of  the  arid  lands  to  the  north  west  by 
planting  groves.  Escudero,  C/tih.  90-1,  Sonora,  describes  the  trees  to  be  found 
in  tiie  states.  In  the  estimate  of  products  from  the  soil  Chihuahua  leaiU 
with  ii!4,283,561,  followed  by  Durango  with  $3,873,526,  Sinaloa  $3,093,415, 
Sonora  $1,886,0.30,  Lower  California  $163,778,  lowest  of  all  Mexican  terri- 
tories; while  Chihuahua  stands  twelfth  in  the  list,  which  is  headed  by  Jalisco 
with  $20,862,066;  Vera  Cruz  and  Guanajuato  coming  next  with  $13,000,000; 
then  Puebla,  Mexico,  Michoacan,  and  Oajaca.  Busto,  Estivliat. 

So  far  stock-raising  has  sustained  the  preeminence  apparently  assigned 
to  it  by  the  northern  soil  and  sanctioned  by  national  indolence.  Bell, 
Nao  Tracks,  .385-7,  discourses  on  the  natural  advantages,  and  Bartlett,  Nmr., 
ii.  439,  relates  that  a  settler  near  Casas  Grandes  river,  in  1785,  obtained  by 
1829  a  herd  of  40,00J  out  of  four  cows  and  one  bull.  Previous  to  the  Indian 
outbreak  of  1832  there  was  nothing  to  disturb  the  peaceful  growth  of  herds 
and  flocks  to  the  very  frontier,  untu  missions  and  private  individuals  counted 
their  possessions  by  the  thousands.  A  mission  on  the  Yaqui  had  over 
40,000  sheep  and  goats.  Pap.  Var.,  cxii.  At  Tumacacosi  4,000  cattle  were 
sold  in  1821  at  §3  per  head.  Pinnrt,  Doc.  Son.,i.  no.  71.  The  ranchos  round 
Babispe  had  60,000  or  80,000  head.  Veb-^co,  Son.,  103-4,  121.  Uniformity 
of  color  was  much  affected,  and  one  partido  sent  800  white  bulls  to  Mexico, 
Monteros,  Espos,  28;  and  Durango  sent  1,000  white  horses  from  one  estate. 
KendaWs  Santa  Fi  Exped.,  ii.  111.  In  Amletjin,  142-4,  allusion  is  made  to 
tamed  buffaloes  and  to  their  breeding  with  cattle.  Nacori  found  here  900 
horses  insufficient  for  complete  branding.  Id.,  in  Pap.  Var.,  cxl.  In  1827  at 
the  hacienda  de  Ensenillas  of  Chihuahua  47,000  sheep  lambed.  Hardy's  Trav. , 
473.  Conde  estimates  the  stock  of  this  state  in  1833  at  235,884  head  of 
cattle,  350,000  head  of  small  stock,  128,371  horses,  and  35,727  mules  ami 
asses.  Soc.  Mex.  Oeofj.,  BoL,  v.  285,  324.  Durango  district  claimed  upward 
of  200,000  mares  and  kine  previous  to  the  great  revolt  of  1616.  Hist.  Nucv. 
Vise,  MS.,  6;  Doc.  Mex.,  ser.  iii.  12;  Mota,  Padilla,  318.  Velas(!0,  Son., 
73,  is  full  of  praise  for  the  '  sabrosisimos  cameros.'  In  1826  Ward,  M>'r., 
ii.  660,  ascribed  200,000  sheep  and  40,000  horses  and  mules  to  the  Tarca 
hacienda,  80,000  sheep  to  Ramos,  and  40,000  cattle  to  Ouatimape.     The 


CATTLE  AND  MINES. 


761 


sparsely  settled  peninsula  counted  in  1800,  7,900  cattle,  4,600  horses,  mules.aud 
asdea,  and  17,0U0  small  stock.  ArriUajn,  E*Uul.,  in  Batuliiu,  Doc.  Cat.,  .*). 
But  after  a  time  they  melted  away  in  all  exposed  district!),  under  constant 
raids  into  Sonora,  Chihuahua,  and  iJurango,  and  even  adjacent  regions  suf- 
fered from  the  ever  pending  danger  and  discouragement.  This  evil  heing 
now  happily  reduced,  the  industry  is  recovering  antl  promises  to  assume 
vaster  proportions  than  ever.  Indeed,  rapid  settling  of  the  adjoining  border 
country  and  the  rapid  increase  of  communication,  fostered  especially  by 
railroads,  are  giving  a  great  impetus  to  the  frontier  states,  and  offering  in- 
ducements to  agriculturists  by  opening  markets  in  more  than  one  direction, 
and  for  a  wide  range  of  articles.  Intercourse  with  Americans  will  serve  to 
rouse  a  bright  and  attractive  population,  which  has  partly  by  lack  of  oppor- 
tunity sunk  into  non-progressive  apathy  and  improviilence,  content  with 
bare  sustenance  for  the  day.  Rich  rancheros  lived  in  bare  and  dilapitatcd 
houses,  altliough  dressing  in  semi-barbaric  glitter,  and  their  retainers  have 
l)een  content  with  mere  sheds.  8ce  admissions  in  Dice.  Uiiio.,  viii.  339. 
Indians  especially  lack  enterprise.  Soc.  Mex.  Oroij.,  BoL,  ii.  43. 

Gold,  tlie  chief  incentive  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  continued  to  at- 
tract the  Spanish  a<l venturers,  especially  toward  tlio  north.  Intent  upon 
tiiis,  it  took  some  years  Ixifore  the  discovery  of  the  deposits  in  i^acatecas,  in 
154(i-8,  changed  the  current  of  their  ideas  by  tlie  recognition  that  New  Spain 
was  essentially  a  silver  country.  Theu  the  fever  started  anew,  and  onward 
passed  the  rush,  first  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Madre.  In  IS.Vi 
Uurango  wai  entered,  although  the  rumored  silver  mountain  here  proved 
to  be  iron,  and  was  left  to  the  appreciation  of  a  later  generation.  One 
precious  deposit  after  another  unfolded  before  the  advancing  explorers,  wiio 
reached  Chihuahua  a  decade  later  and  thence  continued  their  successful 
(juest  into  the  Oecidente  provinces.  Here  gold  cropped  out  in  such  a  way 
as  to  encourage  tha  poorer  prospector,  and  to  cast  an  interest  over  the  region 
beyond,  from  which  they  were  debarred  by  aridity  and  savages.  The  Sierra 
Madre  became  more  clearly  marked  aa  the  source  of  wealth,  and  in 
course  of  time  the  western  slopes  proved  to  contain  the  richest  mmes  located  at 
from  .3,000  to  8,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  distribution  is  uneven,  in  pockets, 
bunches,  Hat-veins,  and  chimneys,  depressions  formed  by  ravines,  scattereil 
among  immense  bodies  of  low-grade  ores,  usually  in  one  principal  vein,  with 
perhaps  smaller  parallel  branches,  which  class  really  forms  the  most  valuable 
part  of  the  deposits,  so  far  but  little  touched.  They  are  usually  found  in 
primitive  and  transition  rocks,  as  slate  and  graywacke,  and  especially  por- 
phyry and  alpine  limestone,  the  latter  containing  most  of  the  early  and 
rich  mines.  The  main  low-grade  ore  is  below  60  ounces  to  the  ton,  an<l  con- 
sists for  the  first  300  f^t  of  decomposed  colorailos,  thence  below  tlie  '  water 
line,'  or  other  disturbing  element,  they  run  into  sulphide.s,  the  ne/jron,  both 
treated  by  amalgamation;  then  follow  the  harder  liijn  and  pyrites,  subjected 
nelfcing. 

While  rich  in  promise,  with  many  a  glowing  record,  yet  the  frontier 
region  stands  secondary  to  the  north-central  crescent  of  the  republic,  which 
passes  thr^iugh  San  Luis  Potosi,  Guanajuato,  and  Zacatecas.  Owing  to  dis- 
tance from  ports  and  other  available  supply  stations,  and  increased  daiifiers, 
exploitation  was  conducted  with  even  less  thoroughness  than  usual  in  Mtixico. 
The  proscription  of  Spaniards  addetl  to  tlie  adverse  influence  of  tlie  repuli- 
lican  strife;  many  mines  were  abandoned  for  lack  of  capital  and  enterprising 
men  after  the  rich  pockets  had  1)een  exhausted,  and  others  fell  into  the 
hands  of  gambusinos,  or  straggling  workers,  whose  shiftless  methods,  aim- 
ing chiefly  at  immediate  and  easy  returns,  caused  the  ruin  of  well  preserved 
mines.  The  protective  measures  of  colonial  days  received  little  attention, 
partly  from  the  overthrow  of  Spanish  regulations  and  authorities  in  such 
matters.  The  destruction  of  walls  and  pillars  used  to  lie  severely  punished, 
and  reasons  for  abandonment  had  to  l)e  given,  togetiier  with  plans  for  the 
workings.  For  complaints  and  suggestions,  see  Dnc.  Mex.,  ser,  3,  iv.  6.18  (50; 
PimH,  Coll,  U08.  669-76;  N,  ilex.  C&iuUts,  MS.,  265-8.    Hardy.  Trav., 


7S2 


RESOURCES  AND  COMMERCE. 


427-34,  speaks  of  placers  worked  by  the  rudest  of  tools,  mere  sticks;  and 
Combier,  I'i'i/.,  213-14,  descrilHis  the  manner  of  crushing  quartz,  witli  liouhlcr.i 
drawn  liy  aniinuLi,  and  the  amalgamation  process.  Details  are  otiiurwi>c 
given  in  tlie  mining  chapters  of  /lUl.  Mex.,  iii.-vi.,  this  series.  Surreptitiims 
Working  of  closed  mines  Ity  gambusinos  also  had  ruinous  etfccts  in  cavings, 
etc.  In  rich  mines  the  stealings  by  oiMjratives  were  enormous.  As  Hall  in- 
stances, S'Hi.,  M.S.,  i50,  yi,  lltU-l.  The  hostility  of  the  Apivclies  obliged  tlio 
evacuation  of  entire  districts  even  far  from  the  frontier,  especially  in  Sononi. 
Among  the  remedies  presented  to  revive  the  flagging  industry  was  exemp- 
tion from  taxes.  Foreigners  began  to  pour  in  after  the  independence,  and 
although  at  tirst  meeting  with  poor  success  from  lack  of  pruilenco  and  ex- 
perience, superior  machmery  and  dcientitic  methods  prevaife<l,  until  a  large 
liumber  of  rich  deposits  fell  into  their  hands.  They  developed  compara- 
tively few  new  mines,  preferring  to  reopen  the  many  aband(med  mines,  which 
as  a  rule  have  been  worked  only  near  the  surfiice  and  in  patches.  With 
their  effective  machinery  and  exi^dients,  the  Lick  or  excess  of  water,  trans- 
portati(m,  and  other  early  obstacles  are  readily  overcome,  and  the  masses  of 
Ignored  low-grade  ore,  and  even  tailings,  yield  fortunes.  The  result  has 
been  a  gratifying  emulation  among  Mexicans,  participated  in  also  by  pour 
men,  wlio  receive  advances  from  capitalists,  tlie  latter  stipulating  for  the 
purchase  of  their  ore  at,  say,  1(5  per  cent  below  mint  rates,  which  again 
were  some  20  per  cent  below  real  value,  according  to  Froebel,  Cent.  Am.,  ii. 
257-8.  Formerly  bancos  de  plata  alTordcd  similar  aid  to  miners  generally. 
La^xiXijn,  13-19.  A  stimulant  exists  also  in  a  law  which  jiermits  a  speculatur 
to  take  the  working  of  a  mine  from  incompetent  men  l>y  paying  them  a  rent 
0(piivalent  to  their  average  extraction.  Fiveliel,  ii.  231-2.  For  mining  laws, 
surpervising  boards,  mining  college,  etc.,  I  refer  to  HM.  Mex.,  iii.-vi.,  this 
series. 

The  development  of  the  frontier  region  under  colonial  regime,  since  the 
discovery  of  Santa  Barlmra  lodes  in  about  1563,  has  l)een  noticed  in  the  pre- 
ceding volume,  and  it  is  here  necessary  only  to  introduce  its  most  striking 
features  in  connection  with  a  general  account  of  each  state. 

No  very  reliable  data  can  be  obtained  for  the  total  periodic  or  relative 
production  of  the  different  sections,  owing  to  the  secrecy  observed  by  own- 
ers, especially  foreigners,  for  obvious  reasons,  and  to  the  neglect  of  officials 
to  collect  information.  This  applies  especially  to  the  distant  frontier,  witii 
its  many  facilities  for  escaping  supervision.  The  statistics  of  mints,  of 
which  Sonora  possesses  two  and  the  other  three  states  one  each,  afford  the 
most  acceptable  figures,  and  according  to  these,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  1879,  .Sonora  headed  the  four  states  concerned  with  a  total  of  32,917 
kilograms  worth  ^1,287,352;  Durango  follows  with  28,535  kilograms 
worth  .?1, 115,9(54,  then  Chihuahua  with  27,926  kilograms  worth  §1,092,- 
157;  and  last,  Sinaloa  with  11,705  kilograms  worth  .*457,771.  The  process 
of  reduction  in  three  of  the  states  is  diviiled  between  amalgamation  and 
smelting,  the  latter  preponderating,  while  in  Sonoralixiviation  predominates. 
The  four  states  stand  credited  also  with  a  gold  yield  of  §24.867,  §20,552, 
^6,443,  and  §12,256,  respectively,  which  places  Chihuahua  tirst  here,  but 
fimrth  in  the  order  of  the  Mexican  states  generally.  In  silver  production 
iSonora,  as  the  first,  stands  sixth  in  the  republic,  with  little  more  than  one- 
fourth  thu  yield  of  Zacatecas;  the  sister  states  follow,  while  Mexico  and 
and  Michoacan  succeed  Sinaloa.  The  geologic  formation  of  Chihuahua  is 
cretaceous  fossiliferous  limestone,  resting  on  primary  strata,  wluch  presents 
three  classes  of  mines:  in  transition  porphyry,  with  feldspath  base  and 
quartz  matrix,  as  at  Parral,  Jesus  MaHa,  ( Juadalupe  y  Calvo,  and  Cuisihuir- 
iachic;  in  alpine  li'nestone,  with  large  formations  of  leatl  ores,  as  at  Santa 
Eulalia  and  Urique;  and  those  with  native  silver  beneath  a  sulphide  belt, 
covered  by  chlor'  'es,  bromides,  and  embolite,  as  at  Batopilas,  Morelos, 
Cueros,  and  Tubores.  The  state  has  revealed  fully  100  distinct  minerales  or 
districts,  all  with  silver,  sometimes  in  immense  lumps,  while  g.ild  has  been 
Buccessfully  sought  in  several,  evea  recently  in  placers.    One  at  Chorreas, 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


753 


45  leagues  n.  e.  of  Chihuahua,  yielded  half  a  niillinn  l)etween  I8G7-70;  an- 
other at  (Juadalupc  iu  18<»!)  gave  §'JO,(X)0  monthly  Siy.  Mu-.  f>'fo<j.,  liol.,  t'-p. 
2,  ii.,  719  '-•().  Later  discoveries  noticed  iu  Mix.  Dim:  Oji<\,  .Ian.  '2'.i,  1871; 
Monitor,  and  others.     <!oId  is  found  in  ten  of  tlie  cantones. 

The  first  mines  discovered  in  the  state  lie  in  tlie  same  canton  as  Parral, 
vhicU  is  famed  for  the  regular  yield  of  its  easily  reduced  though  low-grade 
ore.  It  still  holds  the  second  rank,  and  exhibits  al>out  400  locations,  from 
which  ^K),000,00()  are  said  to  have  heen  ohtained.  The  vein  is  among  the 
widest,  and  so  far  not  worked  Wdow  lUX)  feet.  The  leading  mines  are  tlie  Veta 
(irande,  'M  metres  wide,  yielding  4-8  maruos  per  \'2  arrobas,  and  the  .lesus 
Maria,  whose  ore  sells  at  .^S-")  to  .*(K)  per  ton.  Tlio  district  was  discovered 
in  1000  l)y  a  fugitive  miner,  and  rose  rapidly,  being  tlie  seat  of  the  territo- 
rial deputation  till  the  transfer  to  Chihuahua  in  the  IStli  century.  Raiiiim, 
RiipieZii  Mill.,  :i8<t-90;  Eiendtro,  Chili.,  \M  4'2;  Ali'jre,  ii.,  I!H).  So  far  five- 
sixths  of  the  ore  is  treated  by  amalgamation.  Tliis  district  was  eclipse<l  by 
the  development  in  1703  of  the  Santa  Kulalia,  wiiichgave  importance  to  Chi- 
huahua city.  The  ore  here  occurs  in  enormous  irregular  bodie.s,  some  large 
enough  to  hold  a  cathedral,  and  with  an  average  yield  of  6  or  8  ounces  j)er 
carga,  up  to  .3'2  ounces.  The  total  out-turn  so  far  is  estimated  at  fully 
•■*  120, 000, 000,  according  to  the  figures  of  Uamire/,  supported  by  Conde 
and  Wizlizenus,  Tom:,  57;  yet  Dahlgron  gives  the  production  by  1844  alone 
at  over  :J.S(K),000,000,  or  .*i'J,(>4t5,000  a  year  since  1704,  the  average  value  ot 
the  ore  being  placed  at  from  $'26  to  .*10S  per  ton.  Tlie  lack  of  water  has 
offset  the  ease  with  which  the  ore  can  l)e  treated.  Tlie  richest  mines  wen^ 
Kl  CaKillo,  San  Matias,  La  Virja,  Dolores,  and  Sau  Jose.  Tlie  discovery 
was  made  by  fugitive  malefactors,  wliose  camp-Hre  revealed  tlie  out<'roppiiig. 
when  they  sued  successfully  for  pardon.  Such  is  a  popular  version.  Arle- 
gin,  Chron.,  09,  ascribes  the  discovery  to  the  Franciscans,  to  whom  the 
Juliemes  disclosed  the  <leposit.  From  a  tax  of  one  real  per  inarco  on  tlie 
yielil  of  one  bonanza  alone,  as  Ward  puts  it,  the  cathedral  of  Cliihuahua 
was  built,  Ijesides  another  structure,  etc.  Froebel,  Onit.  Am.,  359,  esti- 
mates the  bonanza  at  14,500,000  marcos.  According  to  the  Injin-me  Din>ui 
Territ.  of  18"25  the  district  had '63  haciendas  grounds,  188  homos  de  fundi- 
cion  (smelting  furnaces;,  112  cendradas,'aud  a  mass  of  amalgamation  works. 
Mota  Padilla,  Jfi.<t.,  3U5,  Sor.  M'X.  Oeoij.,  liol.,  v.,  281,  et  seq.;  Pop.  I  «/•., 
cxli.  pt  5,  refer  to  early  condition.  It  declined  with  the  opening  of  the  cen- 
tury, ami  in  1825  came  an  api>eal  for  aid.  Smitti  Eulnlio,  Mines,  5-11;  Oh- 
.serr.  Rq\  Mt.c,  iii.,  174  SO.  Of  late  it  has  shared  in  the  revival  produced 
by  foreign  enterpri.se.  The  richest  ore,  however,  has  been  that  of  San  I'edro 
Batopilas,  remarkalile  for  the  calc-spar  matrix  veins  carrying  i.ative  silver 
which  yielded  as  much  as  .S20,000  per  ton,  with  a  total  production  of,  say, 
$100,000,000.  Ramirez  puts  it  a^  only  ?()0,000,000,  but  he  belies  himself, 
while  some  accounts  raise  it  to  ^{00,0.lO.OOJ.  'Las  mas  ricas  que  se  ban 
labrado  en  el  Regno,' says  (Jamboa  in  his  CoimnUirioii.  The  belt  is  4  miles 
by  4,  and  extends  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre.  The  veins 
are  narrow  and  iiard,  and  but  little  exploitation  is  required.  The  richest  mines 
were  Pastrcua,  the  deepest  somewhat  over  120  metres,  which  is  supposed  to 
liave  yielded  ?48,000,OOJ  between  17:10-50;  San  Antonio,  i*IO  1G,(XH>,000: 
Carmen,  $25-:«),000,UOl);  Los  Tajos,  5520,00,), 000.  Since  the  imlependence 
Rivmirez  allows  only  ^,000,000,  l)ut  the  revival  experienced  since  1849,  and 
e.specially  of  late  by  Americans,  indicates  more.  Of  tlic  1,400  or  more 
mines,  72  have  been  noted  for  their  yield.  Rii/ii'-z/i  Min.,  380  7.  Most  of  tlie 
mining  records  of  the  state  allude  more  or  less  to  tlie  district.  Next  in  or- 
der to  these  three  leading  and  representative  clistricts  follows  .Tesus  Maria, 
the  proper  opening  of  whicli  in  1821  gave  a  perceptiiile  impulse  generally  to 
mining  affairs  in  tlie  state.  Tlie  yield  of  its  principal  mine  was.*35,00().(H)0. 
Ciiishuiriachic  has  probably  equalled  the  preceiling  district  in  production. 
Morelos  is  a  new  district  of  high  rank,  but  less  known  tlian  (iuadaliipc  y 
Calvo,  whicii  opened  only  in  18.35  has  nevertheless  approached  some  of  the 
heaviest  totals  in  its  yield,  largely  gold.  The  oldre<5'ioa  of  Urique  contains 
Hist.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  II.  48 


Ii    '  r 


7M 


RESOURCES  ANI>  ('OMMKR(7K. 


rich  ore,  mostly  requiring;  smelting.  Tlu.'  lli8triut^  of  Uniachio,  r(irrali(.)s 
Ziipuri,  Topago,  Uruajia,  inid  others,  hoiik;  in  at'tivily,  otherH  practically 
a1)an(Innci],  arc  waiting  like  several  of  tlie  reviveil  mine.s  for  the  capital  aii'l 
skill  that  shall,  with  (lec|K!r  ami  more  thorough  exploitation,  iiufolil  thru- 
treasures,  liusto,  Edii<li4.,  ii.,  57-00,  of  IXSO,  recognizes  only  21  mines  ;u 
in  operation  in  the  I'J  active  districts,  with  a  yield  for  the  year  I.S7S-7!>  of 
I  tf>,818  marcos  silver  and  7  marcos  gold,  according  to  mint  coinage;  yet  he 
admits  the  unsatisfactory  nat>irc  of  the  reports.  American.s  own  large  in 
ti'ru.sti)  in  Batopilas,  I'inos  Altos,  and  Guadalupe,  the  latter  hoiight  from 
Kiiglishmen,  who  still  hold  claims  at  Pino.s  Altos. 

Sonora  is  generally  regarded  as  among  the  richest  of  Mexican  stivtes,  ypt 
greatly  neglected,  owing  to  lack  of  water,  capital,  and  security,  and  to  uti 
irregular  geologic  formation  that  lias  led  to  many  disai>pointincnts,  especially 
to  foreign  linns.  Poorer  men,  adapting  themselves  to  changing  eircuin 
dtancca,  succeed  l)etter.  They  have  been  favored  also  hy  the  greater  propor 
tion  of  gold  here  presented,  notably  in  the  many  placers  of  the  northern 
parts,  aiscovered  at  different  times  and  places  in  course  of  the  last  hunilri.'il 
years,  and  sustained  in  interest  by  such  remarkable  yields  as  that  of  the 
early  C'ieneg.iilla,  estimated  as  high  as  .*!1()(),000,  and  by  the  mystery  shroud- 
ing the  arid  border  region  and  the  forbidden  haunts  of  the  Apaches,  ;.;uardcMi 
by  gold  and  silver  bullets.  The  report  of  rich  linds  in  Arizona  in  17t)i>, 
with  silver  lumps  of  20,  and  even  110,  arrobas  iu  weight.  A}KtKlid  Aj'an"<, 
lib.  ii.,  cap.  ii.  2IJ2-7.  >Soine  of  the  lumps  were  presented  to  the  king,  whc 
declared  the  mines  crown  property,  and  so  stopped  further  search.  Vdtwn, 
S'lii.,  190  2.  One  mass  weighed  .S,.">()0  pounds.  Sloue,  25  (i,  in  Pup.  yar  . 
cxii.  The  subse(iuent  silver  placer  of  this  name  was  in  I.S55  declared  gov 
ernment  pro))erty.  Ndvurro,  Li'iiia,  .S2I-2.  Hig  lumps  were  again  reported. 
Corrcn.  E-f.,  May  30,  1855.  The  Sau  lldefonso  de  la  Cicneguilla  placers  were 
discovered  alumt  176!)  during  a  pursuit  of  marauding  Seris,  and  revealed 
jture  grains  and  nuggets,  some  from  1  to  27  marcos  in  weight,  much  upon 
the  surface.  At  San  Francisco,  near  by,  oi)encd  in  ISOU,  pieces  of  28  marccn 
were  found.  They  continued  to  be  worked  for  several  decades  in  the  present 
century,  yielding  !5t5, 000,000  annually  for  ;uany  years.  V'ldsrn,  Son.,  104 
20{.  Busto,  ii.  328,  quotes  an  account  which  estimates  tlio  total  yield  at 
over  ?IOO,000, 000.  Alrnfo,  iv.  575;  .lev,  Dhirio,  of  177(5,  228-9.  Pimtil,  Dor. 
S 'II.,  MS.,  i.,  no.  19,  reports  the  condition  in  1800  as  j)oor,  yet  IHdi:  Mr.,-.. 
ISIO,  xiii.  71-2,  speaks  of  untold  prospects.  In  1837  the  Quitovac  i)lacers 
were  disclosed,  with  nuggets  up  to  30  marcos,  but  less  extensive.  S<i<\  Mtj: 
<>/;/.,  BoL,  xi.  03  5. 

Twenty-one  plaeors  have  so  far  been  recognized,  one  being  of  silver, 
(iold  exists  in  all  the  mining  districts,  of  which  oidy  a  few  are  now  classed 
as  active.  Reports  from  the  seven  leading  groups  show  that  75  firms,  witii 
a  capital  of  ^10,000,0(X),  are  operating  somewhat  over  2(X)  mines  and  thri'i; 
dozen  reduction  wm-ks,  yielding  fully  S', 200, 000  annually.  In  the  famonn 
Alamos  district  are  immense  deposits  of  f)re  at  from  20  to  50  ounces,  while 
the  higher  graile  yields  from  $250  to  $500  per  ton.  Klsewliere,  as  at  Baln- 
canora,  two  mines  ahme  are  said  to  have  yielded  over  §50,000.000  within  a 
few  years,  so  that  the  prospects  are  most  encouraging.  According  to  Rami- 
rez' reports  of  1884,  Alamos  district  has  13  mining  Hrma,  with  a  capital  of 
$1,31)5,000,  operating  15  mines,  of  which  7  are  yielding  an  average  of  8345,- 
OiK)  a  year  from  as  many  reduction  works,  with  730  workmen.     Moctezuma, 

8  firms,  capital  8167,500,  17  mines  and  1  work,  yielding  102,700,  140  men. 
Sahuaripa,  25  firms,  capital  ^4,295,000,  'M  mines,  of  which  only  4  yield 
?254,000,  5  works,  and  434  men.  Guaymas,  12  firms.  $108,500  capital,  33 
mines,  including  copper,  of  which  one  only  yields  $4,000,  174  men.  Arizpe, 
7  firms,  $l,808.»i00  capital,  52  mines,  including  copper,  yielding  $300,000,  5 
works,  and  .'jOO  men.  Magdalena,  7  firms,  1415,000  capital,  19  mines,  of 
which  only  one  yields  $16,800,  5  works,  and  225  men  Altar,  17  firms, 
$1,547,000  capital,  45  mines,  including  antimony,  whereof  7  yield  $182,400, 

9  works,  and  165  men.     Busto  assumes  for  1879  only  1 1  works  of  auy  impor- 


MINB8   AMD   MININU. 


756 


tiiiiie,  in  U>  active  dintriutH  out  of  34.  [>alilgrvii  raiHeM  thu  productiou  of  the 
faiiiou-i  AlaiiiO!!  group  to  K'OO.OOO.  The  rich  depoxita  occur  in  big  hunches, 
Hoinetiinc!)  50  feet  wide,  tlio  i'-nt  chi.sa,  of  copper  glance  with  Hilver  8ul|ihide, 
yii'Ming  25  to  50  per  cent  copper  and  if'J.'iO  to  IfoOO  nilver  per  ton;  the  .second 
chiss  is  Hniclting  ore,  tho  tliird  chiss  hringM  50  ounces  witli  milling,  and  the 
fourth  class,  witli  ininien.sc  ro.servc.s,  'JO  to  25  ounces.  The  Quintera  mine  is 
80J  feet  deep,  in  IH70  the  active  mines  were  estimated  at  141,  and  the 
alicindoned  at  583.  Twenty  years  earlier  the  yield  of  tho  leading  districtn 
was  placed  between  100,000  and  12(),0()0  niarcos  of  silver.  MimU'W.rile,  iii 
Diic.  Univ.,  iii.  413et8e4. 

In  >Sinah>a  the  lodes  consist  greatly  of  quart/  niatri.x  marked  by  oxide  of 
iron,  and  holding  minute  particles  and  tlireads  of  gold.  The  principal  de- 
posits, the  argentine,  whicli  reveal.1  also  native  silver,  is  here  largely  connected 
with  lead,  anil  to  some  extent  M'ith  copper.  Tiie  average  yiehl  is  estimated 
at  one  niarco  per  carga  of  12  arrolias,  or  an  annual  production  of  1 1 ,705  kilo- 
grams of  silver.  The  mineral  wealth  is  widely  distributed,  and  each  of  tho 
nine  political  divisiims  contains  a  number  of  mining  districts,  of  which  Cosala 
is  the  largest,  and  Kosario  among  tlie  richest.  The  mines  are  placed  at  more 
than  400,  including  copper,  with  over  50  reduction  works  and  ;{'.)  steam  en- 
gines. Ramirez  estimated  tlic  circulating  capital  at  $2,5t)0,(NK)  and  the  men 
employed  at  5,;W)0.     Garcia  Cubas  assumes  445  mines  at  an  earlier  period. 

The  most  important  mine  in  Cosala  district,  (luadalupe  de  los  Koyos.  has 
since  1800  produced  !i585,000,0()0,  it  is  said,  the  ore  still  averaging  ?<100  per 
ton.  The  secontl  best  mine  is  Kl  Tajo  of  Kosario,  with  even  better  average 
ore  at  present,  and  in  bonanza.  It  supports  a  population  of  0,000,  ac(M>r(Ung 
til  Hamilton.  Border  SUiUx,  IKS.  Dahlgren  places  its  ))roduction  at  .*<I2,(KX),- 
<X)0,  while  according  §'.H),t)0(),(100  to  Kosario.  The  district  was  discovered  iu 
KJ.V)  by  a  jicasant,  who  here  liroke  his  rosary,  whence  tlie  name.  The  ad- 
jiiining  I'lomosas  district  has  ore  valued  .it  12  ounces  per  carga.  The  ore  of 
.Idcuistila,  in  San  Ignacio,  is  very  rebellious,  yet  the  yield  is  ])la('(!d  at 
!i>.')0  00,000  ])cr  montli.  .Americans  are  largely  interested  in  diHcruiit  dis- 
tricts, and  althougli  meeting  with  obstacles,  are  paving  tlieir  way  witii  enter- 
prising zeal,  as  Vega,  Dnc,  i.  2(iO  4,  has  already  pointed  cmt.  Tiie  revival  of 
Cosala  is  due  to  them,  (iold  placers  are  found  even  to-day,  notably  in  the 
rugged  Fuerte  region. 

Among  tlie  pnncifial  of  the  ;{,'>  mining  districts  in  Durango  is  San  l>iinas, 
to  which  a  production  of  over  ^100,0(X),000  is  attributed.  The  C'andelaria 
mine,  which  early  in  this  century  yielded  .'?2,")0,000  per  month,  still  averages 
from  $70  to  §il40  to  the  ton  from  argentite,  stcphiuiite  ore,  witli  galena  and 
iron  axid  copper  pyrites  and  native  gidd.  The  Bolaftos  mine,  at  tlie  rear  of 
the  mountain,  jiroduces  an  average  of  .*140  to  tlie  ton.  Coneto  has  remark- 
ably rich  ore  in  veins  of  tiiree  feet,  Mitli  much  tin.  The  rebellious  on^s  of 
hide  and  (luanacroi  average  from  SI 25  to  .>*;{i>0  jier  ton.  Del  Oro  has  been 
rujnarkable  for  its  gold  placers,  ami  yielded  at  one  jieriod  §1,0(K),000  an- 
nually. Not  far  eastwani  of  liide  are  tlie  shallow  depusits  of  Los  Fresiios, 
and  the  net-like  veins  of  ViTbu  Hueiia.  Tlic  district  of  (iabilancs  produced 
^.'!00,000  annually  during  tlie  caily  part  of  the  cciiuiry.  Ctiencame  abounds 
in  low-grade  ore.  Smith  of  Durango  are  ciglit  grou])s  marked  by  chlorides 
;tnd  bromides,  which  cover  argentiferous  galena.  .Mapiiiii,  Norias,  I'aiiuco, 
and  San  Liicas  ligure  as  noteworthy  districts.  In  KS.'fl  the  yield  for  the 
state  was  reported  at78,r)0.S  mairoa.  Escuilero  enumerates  80  mines  in  1848. 
.'Vtnericans  are  gaining  a  decided  footing. 

In  Lower  California  the  mining  wealth  is  ^mall  in  comparison  with  the 
sister  regions,  yet  each  of  its  eight  municipalities  contains  one  or  more  g'>ld 
and  silver  mines,  the  former  metal  assuming  greater  projiortion  in  the  iiortii, 
where  even  now  such  placers  as  Japa,  San  Rafael,  andCalamahl,  are  attract- 
ing attention.  The  richest  district  is  in  the  south,  the  San  Antonia,  with 
over  40  silver  and  a  score  of  gold  mines,  including  three  placers.  Next 
come  Santiago  and  La  Paz,  with  11  and  10  mines,  respectively,  of  which  six  care 
gold.  Hie  tirat  named  includes  tiie  Triunfo  mino!«,  the  foremost  in  the  territory. 


7M 


KKSOUIKKS  AND  COMMKRCK. 


cos  iKT  I'iirgn,  tlowiiward.     Tlii 
'iliere  are  three  iiriiifijiiu  veiiiH,  while  the  other  n 


The  average  yichl  is  from  .'<  to  ]'2  onnecM  nf  silver  jier  carga,  with  gold  ad 
mixture.     Tiie  Vlrgenen  and  t.'oeachdas  deposits  are  richer  iu  i|iiality,  hut 
with  narrower  veins,  yielding  from   84  marci 
formation  is  granitic. 

veals  vix,  with  many  intermediate  streaks.  The  districts  of  Mulegc  ami 
Comondii  liavc  each  twogoldand  tiiree  sdvcr  mines,  TodosSantos  andSantci 
Tomiis  one  gold  mine  apiece,  and  San  .lose  one  silver  mine.  Kamircz  Hpcaks 
]ir<imisingly  of  San  Jose  island,  of  the  region  l)etween  Valle  I'erdido  anaCer- 
ralvo  island,  (Vrro  del  (iigante  near  Loreto,  and  from  Cdrmen  island  to  Eh- 
piritii  Santo.     Tiit.'  first  silver  mine  was  opened  nhoiit  MTAi,  and  worked  for 

fovernincnt  account,  ('((/.  /'ror.  Iter.,  i.  l,")!-'-',  at  Santa  Ana,  and  from  it 
408  marcos  were  shippcil  in  1770.  -Heavy  taxes  and  Imhlile  »ichemcs  have 
c<mnteracted  the  revival  promised  l>y  tiie  large  influx  of  American  nnners. 
Loading  authorities  on  ;  -Id  and  silver  ndning  in  the  north  are  the  reports  in 
Mcx.  Mi'iii,  t'oiii.,  1SN-*  and  earlier  dates;  /(/.,  J/<ir.,  id.;  BtixUi,  KuttuliM.,  ii 
iii.;  U.  S.  Coin.  Jid..  for  ditl'erent  years;  the  Miecial  mining  histories  of 
Dahlgrcn,  IliMorir  Miu'-t  t>f' Mrrint,  and  Jimiiim,  /{ii^iuzn  Miuenil  dr  AUxim, 
hoth  incomplete  in  range  and  detail,  and  imperfect  in  method  and  <lata,  yet 
of  undenialile  value.  A  mass  of  information  is  also  presented  in  Pimiii. 
Ciii,  Id.,  Dill-.  Son.,  Mij\  ScraftK.,  i  ii.  Tnrnyrc,  Ej^iIoi:  Mill.,  Sw.  Mu. 
f7co,7.,  v- vi.,  viii- xi.,  ep.  2,  i.,  iii. ;  I'liy.  Vm:,  <\\GvTv\\i  wwmhvrs;  £/!<■  mien : 
Cliih,:  Id.,  Dm:;  Id.,  Son.  y  Shi  ;  Vi'Iumco,  Son.,  Iltirdy'n  Trar.;  Wartl's  Mij-.. 
i.,  ii. ;  Jliiinlioldt,  l<i<.Hiii  Pol.  The  main  oltjeet  of  Jacob  1*.  Leese,  JliMiyrind 
Outline  of  Loiiff  dilifonwi.  New  York,  18(55.  8vo.,  pp.  4(5,  was  to  lay  heforr 
the  world  the  organization  of  the  Mexican  Mining  and  Colonization  L'o.  nt 
New  York,  under  grants  to  the  author  and  his  associates  by  the  Mexican 
government  of  4(5,800  square  miles  of  land  between  24°  20"  and  31°  for  c<.l 
oniwition  and  industrial  purposes.  A  few  panes  are  devoted  to  the  early 
history  of  Lower  California,  and  a  brief  account  of  the  missiona.  Tl.t 
rest  of  the  publication  is  taken  up  with  a  descrijition  of  the  mineral  resour- 
ces of  that  country,  of  the  pearl  fisheries,  and  of  the  capabilities  of  Lower 
California  generally. 

The  frontier  states  are  rich  al.so  in  baser  metals  and  minerals.  Copjx  1 
abounds  in  nearly  all  of  them,  and  has  been  worked  in  different  places,  but 
with  little  application,  as  in  Sonora,  in  Chihuahua,  with  her  famed  Copper 
Mountain,  and  in  Lower  California,  where  a  mimlier  of  mines  are  worked. 

Iron  has  liecn  found  in  several  places  in  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  aiul 
close  to  Durango  city  lies  that  curious  deposit  known  as  the  Cerro  del  Mer 
cado,  after  its  discoverer.  This  reported  silver  mountain,  which  first  at 
trivcted  tiie  .Spanianls  to  this  region,  proved  to  be  a  mass  of  iron  a  mile  in 
length  by  nearly  half  a  mile  in  width,  and  (>S(5  feet  high,  calculated  to  con 
tain  4(50,00(KOOO  tons,  the  specific  weight  being  4.(558,  and  assaying  from  70 
to  75  percent,  of  pure  iron.  Attemjits  to  work  it,  since  1828,  have  only  ot 
late  begun  to  give  jiromising  results. 

Lead  exists  in  most  of  the  states,  and  that  from  a  mine  in  the  center  ■■; 
the  Santa  Kulalia  silver  district  of  Ciiilmahua  is  used  to  as.sist  the  smelting 
process. 

Tin  has  been  noticed  in  Sonora,  and  Durango  contains  several  immense 
fields,  worked  to  some  extent  in  the  preceding  century,  and  lately  promis- 
ing to  revive. 

Nickel  has  been  discovered  at  San  Rafael,  Lower  California,  and  anti- 
mony in  Sonora. 

Quicksilver  has  long  been  sought  for  to  i)romote  the  reduction  of  precious 
metals,  ami  indications  have  been  found,  but  not  sufficiently  satisfactory. 
In  Lower  California  are  three;  in  Sonora  two,  from  one  of  which  a  number  ot 
flasks  were  obtained.  Lo.s  Union,  T)ec.  1(5,  1800;  Don.  liepuh.  July  6,  1878. 
Chihuahua  has  it  in  two  cantons  and  Durango  in  boneto,  where  it  extends 
for  two  leagues,  assaying  (50  70  per  cent. ,  the  result  of  special  exploration 
nrjjed  in  1844.  A/'j-.  JEl'tpfw.  Tom..,  1845.  .')3-4;  Pap.  Var.  xi.,  pt.  iv.,  53-4. 
This  is  perhaps  the  most   promising  deposit.     I.«iter  the  search  for   coal 


This 


MFTTALS  AND   MINKRALS. 


7r)7 


exuitoil  inoHt  inU'rc.st,  in  coiiiirctinn  with  railrnnil  ItuililinS'  The  value  ut 
tlio  iiulieatioiiM  »li>iig  tliu  Kin  tinuKlc  in  not  yet  I'vrtfiiii.  That  at  Topia  iii 
i)uraii(lc)  i*  ctatiiifautiiry;  and  t'ljnul  aHMiinini't;  is  niadu  for  n  ilrpoMit  7'>  niileit 
cast  of  Maxatlan,  lint  they  arc  not  likt'ly  to  lie-  workutl  for  a  long  time.  In 
Sonora,  however,  there  are  some  tine  lield.t,  eKpecially  in  Surraniax  on  Rio 
Yaquin,  not  far  from  Urvtt.  it  is  naiil  to  Ite  •'{(>  Hijuare  kiloin.  in  suiaTlii'iex. 
Cost  of  transportation  is  the  chief  olistacle.  Hnmrt-iZ,  I'.'-,  ">77;  /lniiiiUim'i 
border  Stulin,  JKS  101;  Mu:  S'-nijis.,  i,,  'JHI,  ii.,  IS.  Baruche,  Itrouces,  ami 
Sail  Maroial  contain  large  lields.  C'hitiuahua  ulaiuis  depostitM  for  tour  can- 
toas,  and  the  peniusula  has  one  at  least, 

(Iraphito  has  l)ccn  fouml  in  Lower  ('alifornia,  at  San  .lavier,  ami  tmin 
San  Marcial,  in  Sonora  Hliipinents  have  heen  made  to  (iurniany  and  New 
York  without  obtaining  remunerative  re.sults.  The  peninsula  has  also  indi- 
eations  of  asphaltuni,  oil  and  petroleum,  the  latter  likewise  in  hurango,  at 
Sierra  du  (laninn.  Sulphur  exists  in  Itoth  regions:  in  Uurango  at  Mejiimi, 
whence  sliipincnts  were  made  to  the  mint  at  Mexico  in  early  days,  and  in 
Lower  Califurnia  at  the  Virgones  volcano,  which  has  of  late  years  heeii 
worked. 

Saltpeter  has  been  found  in  Sonora  and  Lower  California.  Salt  abounds 
ill  the  coast  regions,  and  in  Ohiliuahua  deposits  have  been  worked  at  Santa 
PMuvige.  Sinaloa  claiiii-i  nine  fields  and  Sonora  several,  from  wliidi  even 
the  colonial  treasury  received  revenue.  Tlio<e  of  tlie  peninsula  are 
more  important,  liowevcr,  notably  Carmen  island,  otf  Loreto,  and  at  San 
Quentin,  from  wiiich  a  number  of  cargoes  are  ehipped  annually,  from 
Carmen  during  eid(mial  times.  Ciil.  I'ror.  St.  Pup.,  Jifit.  J/i7. ,  xvi.  U. ,  xviii. 
4.  By  l8r)li-7  the  export  had  risen  to  over  1,100  tons,  on  which  the  gov- 
ernment exacted  $4  ;  r  ton.  Asricp'S  Bi'Jii  ('ill.,  itSAiO.  (tuillemin  reduces 
the  export,  and  adds  tliat  a  field  at  San  <!(m/.;ilo  point  was  o[)ening.  Anii. 
do,  ComU.  Sdi'ii.,  ii.  417.  San  l^uentin  has  since  early  days  proveil  more 
remunerative  than  the  boasted  coj)per  mines  near  bv.  In  ISiir)  5()  the  yield 
was  $8,085  and  §4,t).T{.  For  other  fiehls  sec  T.iiihrx  L.  C,tl„  110,  ll'fj-.'ll; 
IhiyM  Dr>r.  L.  Cat.,  (CJ  .1;  llimlr<t,  '2^\-'.\,  r>7r»,  580  1. 

There  are  also  dtposits  of  guano,  alum,  gypsum,  lime,  marbbr  and  even 
precious  stones,  such  as  the  rul>y,  beryl,  topaz,  garnet,  the  latter,  however, 
insulFioieut  to  prove  an  allurement. 

Pearls  exist,  however,  and  have  until  late  years  been  the  chief  attraction 
of  Lower  California.  Although  discovered  in  the  days  of  Cutic  it  was  not 
until  the  opening  of  the  17th  century  that  they  became  an  object  of  .special 
.search.  The  private  expeditious  found  record  through  the  fame  of  their  suc- 
cess. Soon  after  the  missionaries  entered,  and  regarding  the  ju-omiscuous 
contact  with  adventurers  deuntralizing  to  the  Indians  they  secured  restric- 
tion, under  which  fishing  could  be  followed  only  l)y  licensed  parties. 

Among  the  most  fortunate  of  early  ailventurers  are  mentifmed  Castillo,  of 
Chiametla,  Ortego,  and  Carboiiel.  The  first  sy.atematic  workers  of  the  WmIs 
were  Cordova  and  Iturbe,  1()15.  f^l'trii/i'rn  Storio  Cnl.,  i.,  I(»l;  Pnr/irrn,  <'a/. 
Doc,  ix.,  21-2,  'Xi-4;l\'ii(' jfn,  Xof.,  x..  204  5.  Subse(|uently  a  soldier  named 
Oslo  created  great  stir  l)v  his  success.  In  1743  he  <.l(taiiie(l  127  [louiids  of 
pearls,  and  in  the  following  year  275,  ehietly  above  Mulege.  It  is  said  that 
he  filled  cellars  with  oysters  cast  uj)  by  the  waves,  and  after  letting  them 
rot  the  pearls  were  gathered.  Kiliiii  iii.Vor.  Mvx.  Oenij.,  BoL,  x.,  (>7H-y7.  adds 
that  he  presented  the  queen  with  a  necklace  of  alternate  round  and  pear- 
shaped  pearls.  About  this  time  the  royal  fifth  is  said  to  have  been  rented 
for  $12,000  a  year.  Alvtirwlo  I  Hit.  C'al.,  i.,  10.  Boegert,  X<irhrir/,t<-ii,  .S30, 
doubts  this.  Toward  the  close  of  the  last  century  the  fifth  was  placed  at 
2  Ib'j.  3oz3.,  fr.  1792-96;  other  accounts  reduced  this  to  3  lbs.  9  ozs.  fr. 
1788-97;  an  amount  assigned  by  some  to  1797  alone.  Arrh.  Cal.  Pror.  St.  P. 
xvi.  123,  119;  Sen.  Mil.,  xvii.,  4-5,  28;  xvi.,  4-5;  xviii.,  5. 

This  system  continued  till  republican  times,  when  with  lessened  super- 
vision the  influx  and  irregularities  threatened  to  exhaust  the  l)eds.     By  dc- 


1 


768 


KKSOUIICES    AM)  (OMMKRrK 


croc  of  |H,57  ri'Kuliitioiis  were  atconlinjitly  i.  iiicil  f  >r  iimtfu'ting  thcin,  hik  h  an 
dividing  tlii'rii  into  four  HcctioiiH,  of  >>  liu'li  only  nu-  could  liu  workuil  iiiiiiuiillv, 
in  lotx  ri'iitud  for  tin*  M'ii.tnii  to  the  lii^lifnt  liiddtTi.  Tlu*  tirrtt  KOctiniiN  I'.x- 
tondtul  frorii<'<il)o  I'liliiio  to  Siin  Lorcii/o  )'liiiuii(.'l,  tliu  Hucond  t'iiil>riii't(l  Lii 
I'a/.  \>ny  iiiid  the  islands  of  San  -Iomi'  and  Iv-ipiritu  Suiito,  the  lliird  (ovitciI 
tint  Hpaoc  from  tin'  iinrtli  end  of  l.a  I'a/.  Iiay  to  < 'oroniidos  island,  the  fourth 
from  San  Marcos  inlaml  to  San  Bruno  liay,  licyoud  Mulcge.  Itetails  and 
ruliM,  in  Siir.  M(  r.  Ukuj.,  U<>1.,  x.  iWI  4.  Oli-crvaiice  has  a.s  usual  l(i;cii 
iieglt'ctiMl,  luit  stricter  MUii^rvisioii  licgiiis  to  prcvad. 

KxpciUtions  have  till  late  ytMrs  liecii  iilli'd  out  at  (iuaymas,  earli  vi-sscl, 
of  from  15  to  .'to  tons  biinlcn,  carrying  from  :<()  to  .'lO  iIivci-h,  usually  Vai|iii 
Indians,  in  charge  of  an  armador.  'I'liey  are,  as  a  rule,  ]iaid  a  certain  share 
of  the  t.'atch,  and  fre(|Uently  kept  in  dt'iitdmndage  liy  muans  of  advances  and 
HU|i|ilies.  The  regular  season  lasts  from  .luly  to  Se|iteinlier.  As  soon  as  the 
vessel  had  been  hroiight  to  anchor  over  an  oyster  l>ed,  the  divers  liegan  their 
work,  which  they  kept  up  for  two  hours  in  the  forenoon  and  three  in  the 
afteriKKin.  tiacli  had  a  net  fastened  to  his  waist  for  the  reception  of  the 
oysters,  and  carried  in  his  hand  a  short  stick,  pointed  at  each  end,  with 
which  to  dislodge  his  prey  fnun  the  rocks,  and  to  defend  himself  from  his 
dreaded  enemies,  the  shark  and  devd-lish.  After  the  division  the  oysters 
were  opeiie<l  to  look  for  pearls,  licginning  with  the  owners'  share.  The  caiiiiis 
on  shore  were  the  scene  of  drunkenness,  deliaiichery,  and  strife,  as  might  he 
expected  from  a  multitude  of  savages  suddenly  freed  from  runtraint,  aiul  Miip- 
plied  with  everything  they  desired  and  could  pay  for  hy  the  unnurupiilous 
traders  who  attended.  The  colonial  government  i.ssiied  regulations  for 
checking  such  disorder,  anil  appointed  otilccra  to  enforce  them.  Arrh. 
C<tl.,  /'iw.  Jii'i:,  viii.  i;<5-7.  They  have  served  as  a  base  for  later 
rules. 

Skasiin   ok   |.S,''i,'>. 


La  Paz. , 
Loreto . . 
Mnlege  . 


Total...      25 


1 

5 

n 

Z 
3 

j^ 

s 

■n 

■5 

•n 

=3 

2 
"3 

1|. 

3'^ 

^ 

h 
J 

0 

o 

s-> 

s 

a 

s 

5 

^ 

c*- 

"3 

13 

H 

,S2 

14 

20<i 

'A 

'A 

>5 
7 

4400 

> 

> 

S!22,500 

ti   3 

31 

4 

S$I4,000 

%  8,000 

r>.  1 1 

1 

50 

2 

0 

2 

•MX) 

2,  .300 

1,200 

3,  .500 

5.;!S 

10 

112 

1(1 

5 

2 

liKK) 
(iftOO 

7,500 
S!23,800 

4,:i()0 

11,800 

(>.'25 

25 

.%8 

49 

9 

11 

J!l.'»,500 

1837,800 

« 

EXI   ,NHE8  OF  OtrrKii 


Cost  of  (Vaft %  4,900 

Feeding  308  divera  at  12J  cts. 

i)cr  diem  3^  months 6,210 

A<ivance8  to  divers  )  -  qoq 

Averaging  «16  each  f ' 

$16,998 


Proceeds  of  Year's  BnsiNE.s8 

Sale  of  Pearls $23,800 

Sale  of  Shell 14,000 

Return  of  Craft  with  value,  re- 
duced 25  per  cent 3,675 

$41,475 
Net  Profit $24,475 


PEARL  FISMINO. 

In  1850  the  buHioeiut  wm  1«hm,  as  follows  : 


759 


KXI'KNHKS  OK  Ol'I'KIT 


CoHt  of  VfMK«'ln.     *   .'),(HIO 

Hupport  of  .'<0r>  l>iven 4,(K):{ 

AovanccH  to  Uiverw 4,880 

|l|»,88:( 


I'lOICKKIW  KOR  Yr.AK 

Siilr  ..f  IViirla $21.7r.(l 

S;iU>  of  Slifll    7  '.•.17 

UL'tnrn  of  Vchh«1h,  riuluivtl  in 

Villuc  •.'">  plT  ciiit '.\,''<0 


Nft  Profit, 


«3:«,4:t7 
p.>,r.:.4 


No  mention  ia  made  of  any  of  the  m<ni(>y  udvanceil  to  (IIvltm  l><-ing  re- 
covered, '  ut  ast  a  rule  alxuit  one -half  wa.s  saved.  Tlin  otiitr  hairM.i.^ 
reekoni'd  a.s  a  Iohh  in  order  to  Ki'cure  the  diver'ft  Mervieen  for  tiie  next  Hcaxon. 
'riii^ri'fore  the  prolitM  may  l)e  naid  to  have  liciiii: 

In   I.S.V. .'?'J7,4'-'I     « 'apital  invested *ir),(M)8 

In  ]HM "Jl.yyi--     "  ••       i;{,883 

H'tniii,  Afriii'iri'ifi'irr  III  Prufiidf  I'lrtn,  in  Six:  Mn:.  Otn;/.  B'>1.,  x.,r>87  >«'. 

Ljixttepas  givt'M  from  iiiiollieial  ttources  the  yield  of  pearls  during  the  follnu- 

ing  years: 

In  I.S.-4 »I7,(MH)  I  In  1850 ijl'J'i.nOil 

In   1855 'A80t)  I  In  1857 '2\,7Mi 

The  same  writer  estimates  that  durini/ tlie '_'77  years,  from  1580  to  \>'<7 
inelusive,  there  were  taken  from  the  California  waters  I,<.M1,:«H)  t|uintnlrt  id 
shells,  containin;,' 2,770  Ihs.  of  pearls,  valued  at  ;ji5,.'i40,(K)0.  Hujii  Vul.  (15. 
.See  alsfi  (SniUi'iiiin,  MiUiiorin,  in  Anh.df  Com,  Si'lrn.  ilii  Mrj-.,  ii.  417-lil.  The 
sea.son  of  I8(i7  was  au  unusually  poor  one,  only  ahont  :*15,0(10  of  pearls  and 
?I0,(KK)  of  .shells  being  taken.  /-'» /'.fz  i/'ya  Oi/.,  Nov.  1>3,  I8<)7.  In  I8(i8 
the  pearls  taken  amounted  to  f4"J,800,  shell,  !fi),f)0(),  without  eounting  the 
yield  of  tlie  seeond  se.ason,  or  eonchada,  when  the  divers  fish  on  their  ownac- 
eount,  after  being  freetl  from  the  regular  contraets.  This  work  they  keep 
up  till  it  becomes  too  cold,  and  generally  obtain  about  10  per  eent.  of  the 
yield  of  the  regular  season. 

T.  F.  Pujol, in  an  artiele  entitled  E-ftniHo  liU'iloiiifoiiolrre  Inoslromrculti  Manjur- 
ilifenis,  whieh  not  only  gives  much  neientitic  infonnatien  covering  the  jiearl 
oyster,  but  is  also  as  exhaustive  an  account  of  the  pearl-fishery  as  that  by 
Kstcva,  places  the  yield  of  pearls  in  18C9  at  $G2,000,  and  of  sheik  at  $25,000. 
.S^x-.  Mix.  Gecxj.   Bnl.  Epoc.  2,  iii.,  139. 

Recent  information  concerning  the  yield  is  less  satisfactory  than  that 
furnished  in  the  (ith  decade,  from  which  it  appears  that  the  average  catch 
in  a  season  returned  a  net  profit  of  somewhat  over  $20,000,  obtained  with  an 
invested  capiwil  oi  about  $16,000,  and  a  force  of  400  divers  divided  among  two 
dozen  vessels.  Traders  at  La  Paz  oflFcred  about  $17.00  per  oz.  for  seed  pearls 
and  $1,200  for  choice  jKiarls,  according  to  their  size,  regularity  of  shape  and 
brilliancy.  To  improve  those  which  arc  defective  in  the  latter  respects,  the 
Californians  caused  them  to  be  swallowed  by  hens,  which  they  kill  when 
Buflfcient  time  has  elapsed  to  allow  the  surface  of  the  pearl  to  be  cleaned  and 
smoothened. 

It  is  only  since  the  middle  of  the  present  century  that  the  shells  materi- 
ally swelled  the  fishing  jjrofits,  by  finding  a  wider  market  for  the  mother-of- 
pearl.  Their  proportion  of  the  yield,  somewhat  over  one-half,  gave  a  fresh 
impulse  to  the  fishery,  as  it  {irescntcd  au  assure<i  profit,  which  was  even  cal- 
culated to  cover  all  expenses. 

Lassepaa  says  that  the  true  nacar  or  mother-of-pearl  is  taken  from  a  shell 
of  dififerent  form,  size,  color  and  fineness  from  the  ordinary  pearl-oyster.  It 
is  found  on  the  coast  above  Capede  las  Vfrgenes,  and  the  remains  scattered 
about  the  beavli  at  th«  eubeuaua  of  >Sau  Felipe  de  Jesus  show  that  in  former 


|: 


■' 


Mil 


111 


7G0 


RESOURCES  AND  OOMMERCE. 


times  thia  shell  was  collected.  Boja  CaL,  63.  This  Htatement  seems  borne 
out  by  a  letter  from  Arrillaga  to  the  viceroy,  dated  Oct.  !>,  1797,  wherein 
the  former  announces  tliat  in  addition  to  certain  pearls  he  sends  '  the  »\\A\ 
asked  for.'  Arch.  Cat.  Prop.  St.  Pap.  xvii.,  11.  Whatever  may  have  hoi'ii 
done  in  farly  days,  however,  it  was  the  shell  of  the  ordinary  pcarl-oystor 
which  was  mainly  exported  after  the  trade  v.as  revived.  This  was  really 
about  18.'{0;  but  it  was  not  until  after  1850  that  tlieiudustry  began  to as-sunm 
mucli  importance.  The  shell  exports  from  1853  to  185G  are  given  by  Eatcva 
4i.s  follows: 

1853,  14,000  (juintals,  sold  on  laud  at ^1.33^  per  quintal. 

1854,  '21,971        "  "  1.87'i  " 

1855,25,200       "  "  1.08-/  " 

1856,    0,350       "  "  1.25 

Cost  of  placing  the  shells  on  board 25  " 

Export  duty  by  decree  of  April  27,  1855 25  " 

— Memorin  in  Soc.  Mm.  Gcfxj.  Bol. ,  686. 

Lasscpas  gives  figures  for  the  last  three  of  these  years  which  differ 
slightly  from  the  above,  and  adds  the  export  for  1857,  4,957  < juintals,  making 
the  total  export  of  shells  from  1854  to  1857,  58,948  quintal.s,  valued  at  $120,- 
402.   BajaCal.,  04. 

On  the  west  cost  the  abalones  attract  Chinese  fishermen. 

The  other  Ksheries  of  the  peninsula,  whale  and  seal,  did  at  one  time 
deserve  some  attention,  but  are  no  longer  of  any  importance.  The  seal  an<l 
other  catch  is  almost  a  feature  of  the  past,  and  the  occasional  visits  of 
whalers  are  growing  rarer. 

About  1854  settlements  were  formed  along  the  west  coast,  chiefly  I)y 
Portuguese,  who  sought  blubber,  whalebone,  and  seal  skins,  usually  for  tho 
San  Francisco  market.  According  to  Tayktr,  L.  Citl.,  00,  tliere  were  at  oiio 
time  30  camps,  em]>loying  2,000  men. 

Scammon,  writing  about  I8lJ7,  says  tliat  between  1858  and  ISGl  many 
wlialers  visited  Scaninion's  lagoon,  in  28",  getting  there  22,250  pounds  of  oil, 
worth  $333,750.  Now  it  is  abamloned.  The  .same  fate  has  befallen  Ballcnas 
bay,  where  one  year  eight  vessels  took  3,500  pounds,  and  the  next  year  four 
vessels  took  4,700  pounds,  worth  altogether  .*!123,000.  From  1856  to  18(11 
Magdalena  bay  yielded  34,425  pounds,  worth  ■'i'5 Hi, 375,  but  now  it  is  very 
poor.  Tlie  whaling  and  peltry  resources  are  almost  exhausted.  Scammo7i's 
Jiept.  Oil  ir.  Cmt.'Xof  L.  Gal.  in  Bi-ow)ir'.i  L.  CaL,  123-31. 

Notwithstanding  the  heavy  restrictions  on  foreign  goods,  in  the  sliajjo  oi" 
duty,  cost  of  transport  and  the  profits  of  numerous  micfdlemen,  nianufacttins 
are  not  flourishing  in  .Mexico.  From  the  northern  states  less  is  to  br 
expected,  with  their  scanty  population  and  absorbing  mining  and  agricul 
tural  interests;  yet  even  here  the  apathy  is  striking,  which  has  neglecti'd 
such  ready  resources  as  are  offered;  for  instance,  by  the  iron  mountains  of  Du- 
rango,  and  continued  to  seek  rails  from  distant  and  co.stly  sources.  For- 
eigners have  appreciated  many  of  the  op))ortunities  thus  presented,  but  tlm 
insecurity  and  unreliability  prevalent  until  late  have  checked  Ciiterpri.sf. 
As  it  is,  manufacturers  are  eonlincd  to  a  few  articl(!s  of  primary  necessity, 
anil  such  as  are  easily  obtained  from  rough  material  at  liaiid,  such  .as  powder, 
sugar,  leather,  cordage,  and  '.■.•aj^ons;  articles  for  dress  extending  from  coarse 
cloth  to  crudely  embroidered  shawls  and  hats  of  felt  and  straw,  soap,  com- 
mon pottery,  and  cigars.  Mazatlan  boasts  of  two  iron  foundries  of  recent 
date,  and  Durango  of  one.  The  Arizona  mines  and  the  completion  of  tho 
S^mora  railroad  have  greatly  increased  the  outlet  along  the  line  of  Guaynias 
for  flour,  wine,  and  spirits;  otherwise  none  of  the  articles  named  are  intended 
for  other  than  local  consumption,  even  tho  skins  exported  being  sent  in  un- 
finished form. 

The  only  manufacture  of  importance  is  that  of  textiblo  fabrics,  notably 
cotton.  Yet  even  this  is  not  sutlicieut  in  quantity  or  quality  to  prevent  tin- 
introduction  of  foreign  goods,  the  duty  on  which  forms  the  leading  revenue. 
Cotton  cloth  l)eing  made  in  Mexico  by  the  aborigines,  their  art  readily  spread 


MILLS  AND  MINES. 


761 


outward  aninng  those  natives,  wlm,  l)cfore  the  conquest,  plaited  fabrics  from 
coarser  lil)re.s.  Nuverthule.ss,  tliu  establishment  of  large  factories  lias  been 
slow,  mainly  retarded  by  competition  from  abroad  and  from  the  southern 
states,  and  partly  by  pulitica'  disorders  and  causes  atl'ecting  other  sectums. 

Pike,  Erplor.  353-4,  alludes,  in  1807,  to  blaiikjts  and  coarse  cloth  mailo 
ill  Chihuahua.  The  manufacture  of  mantas  declined  afi'.cr  the  repui>lio 
gave  freer  access  to  foreign  goods.  Puik   Wtr.,  cxiv.  pt.  v.,  12. 

Thus  .Sonora  has  only  one  cotton  mill,  near  Hermosillo,  the  Angeles,  of 
04  looms.  U.  S.  Com.  Jiel.,  1878,  !».'>•_».  lu  1843,  shortly  after  its  establish- 
ment, it  had  54  looms  and  'J,  1!)8  spindles,  using  71  (piintals  of  cotton 
weekly,  and  producing  57  pieces  of  cloth.  Mex.  Mem.  Jn.st.,  1844,  ap.  5  7. 
Operations  were  stopped  by  war  between  185li-G3,  after  which  they  revived. 
J/iilCn  Son.  MS.,  54.  Later  3lM)  ])ersons  were  employed,  producing  1,000 
pieces  of  cloth  per  month.  Velasco,  Son.,  83,  praises  the  tine  zarapes  woven 
by  Yacjuis. 

Chihuahua  boasts  of  three,  which  yield  monthly  .some  7,500  pieces  of 
cloth.     They  are  La  ludustria,  Talamantes  and  Dolores. 

Durango  has  eight,  producing  some  20,000  pieces,  besides  thread.  They 
are  located,  the  largest  at  Durango,  two  at  Nombre  de  iJios,  one  at  Tumal, 
two  at  Cuencami,  one  at  Papas([uiaro,  and  one  at  Mapinie.  Onrewhi  Mrr- 
clinnt,  58.  A  mill  was  proposed  already  in  colonial  days,  ai.d  in  18^7  there 
■were  five,  with  1 88  looms  and  (i,3li2  spin<lles,  producing  more  than  l,600,(VX) 
varaa  of  cloth,  and  using  75,!)23  arrdias  of  cotton  and  4,099  of  wool.  De- 
tails in  Exi'iiiUto  Dur.,  ()2-3;  Dm:  Mini.  Gok,  1831.  11-14;  Pajh  Van,  xi., 
pti.,  22,  43  (5;  L'dmim,  JIM.  Jhir.,  54-5. 

Sinaloa  has  three,  yielding  about  15,000  pieces  Tiny  are  at  Mazatlau, 
Villa  Union  and  Culiacan,  the  hitter  the  largest,  'ipie  poco  mas  6  meiios 
cubrcn  las  necessidadcs,' says  Buvhua.  Cowp.Siu.,  AX  With  400  looms  and 
over  (),000  spindles,  using  12,000  ([uintals  of  raw  material.  Other  details  in 
Jiu.s/o.  Entiidiil.,  i.,  pt"  ii.;  C.  S.  Coin,  lid.,  1879  and  other  years;  Ilirnandez 
Sin.,  65;  Jiiija  Col.,  4n-.')0;  Mcr.  Mi  in.  Foin.,  Id.  lln<\,  fr.  different  years. 

With  the  rapid  opc'uing  of  new  outlets  and  markets,  the  entry  of  enter- 
prising colonists  and  the  existence  of  cheap  and  intelligent  labor,  with  un- 
surpassed natural  resources,  it  is  evident  that  the  growth  of  manufact- 
ures  is  but  a  question  of  time. 

As  a  rich  mining  country  Mexico  has  ever  been  a  tempting  field  for  com- 
merce, llecogiiiziiig  this,  and  jealous  concerning  so  valuable  a  ])osso3siou, 
Spain  kept  it  wholly  to  herself,  isolated  from  the  world.  Towanl  the  close 
of  the  last  century  she  relaxed  slightly  in  permitting  foreign  vessels  to  trade, 
yet  only  to  a  very  limited  extent. 

The  Wii-  of  inde[)endencc,  in  severing  communication  with  southern 
depAts,  obliged  tlu!  truntier  stat(!s  to  welcome  the  fori)idden  visitors,  one  re» 
suit  of  whicli  w.is  to  piii'tiidly  change  the  centres  of  distrii)utiou  along  tlio 
coast,  from  inhiml  tov.us  I'ke  Hermosillo,  .\lamos,  Culiacaii,  to  se.a-j)orts  like 
Cuaymas  and  Ma/atlan.  Tlie  latter  became  knovtu  in  1818,  and  was  opem  d 
to  trade  by  decree  of  1821 ;  the  former  being  opened  in  1813  as  a  more  dis- 
tant and  needed  harbor,  the  only  really  good  one  in  the  gulf.  Ma/atlau  is 
oidy  partially  .sheltered.  <  Vi/'/rv,  Diurio,  xviii.,  419;  il/c.r.  Cn/.  Dir.  yOnl.,  115; 
History  of  Mazllan  in  S'>r.  Md:  '••i",i..  Hoi.  ep.  2,  iv.,  GO  et  seq. 

Under  the  lepublii;  freedom  of  trade  and  use  of  water  routes  were 
limited  oidy  by  the  convenience  of  the  trcasiiry  di'iiartmcnt.  All  nations 
were  received  in  intercourse;  and  althouuh  established  itsage  and  climatic 
considerations  still  maintained  the  staiuling  of  inland  towns,  the  costly 
nude-trains,  which  had  so  far  carried  freight  at  immense  cost  from  the  in- 
terior, had  to  yield  greatljf  to  the  increasing  traffic  by  ve.ssels,  for  foreign 
captains  absorbed  pho  most  of  the  coast  trade.  In  upland  territories  like 
Durango  they  still  sustained  themselves,  but  Chihuahua  soon  changed  her 
sources  in  part  from  Tampieo  and  the  south,  and  notably  from  Matamoros, 
and  opened  traflic  with  the  United  States  in  1824  by  means  of  caravans  of 
wagons,  known  as  prairie  johoouers,  which  for  niauy  years  followed  the 


\: 


762 


RESOURCES   AND  COMMERCE. 


Santa  F^  route,  and  subsequently  passed  through  San  Antonio  and  Presidio 
l»el  Norte. 

This  prairie  conunorce  or  .Santa  Fe  trade  had  begun  more  than  a  doxen 
years  befort  with  New  Mexico,  to  wliicli  history,  of  my  series,  I  refer  tlio 
reader.  Sec  t  .e  alsc  Ori'ijij's  Com.  I'mirkf,  ii.,  etc.  ine  caravans  increased 
in  size  after  18.S1,  forming  usually  two  score  wagon.-*,  yet  <!rcgg  assumes, 
184.'{,  that  only  one-tenth  of  tlie  total  Chihuahua  imports,  '5i!'2,0OO,00O  to 
$H, 000,000  in  value,"  came  from  tlic  north.  Pike,  Exploi;  ^iVt,  alludes  totlie 
heavy  cost  of  overland  carriage.  Bartlett's  Narr.,  ii.,  435;  Niles'  Jiaj.,  Ivi., 
404,  .;tc. 

With  greater  opportunities  for  disposing  of  sur^jlus  products  came  in- 
creased demand  for  comforts  and  luxuries,  and  so  the  trade  increased  until 
the  custom  house  record  of  tJuayuias,  for  the  year  ending  Septend)er,  1870, 
showed  imports  to  the  amount  of  .i?I{(>(),:{7H,  of  which  .^TiT,  121  were  from  the 
United  States,  besides  some  .*>(IO,(K)()  worth  of  machinery,  and  $239,25*2 
from  Europe.  Tlie  latter  enil)raccs  chieHy  fabrics  of  cotton,  wool, 
and  linen,  groceries  and  provisions,  hardware,  cutlery,  crockery,  and 
fancy  goods.  The  imports  from  the  United  States  share  in  all  of 
these  articles,  equalling  the  European  in  groceries  and  provisions, 
but  falling  a  little  more  than  half  in  the  other  branches,  wliile  ex- 
celling greatly  in  mining  and  agricultural  inq)lements  and  drugs.  The  gro- 
ceries and  provisions  amount  in  all  to  about  1,300,000  pounds,  hardware 
and  crockery  to  01G,000  pounds,  implements  207,000  pounds,  machinery 
1,.")00,000  pounds,  iron  94,000  pounds,  drugs  SW.OOO  pounds,  purfumery  4,400 
pounds,  faorics  7(>0,000  sq.  ni.,  fancy  goods  83.'-i,0O(),  besides  some  lumber, 
coal,  silk,  clothing,  etc.  See  consular  documents  in  V.  S.  Cmii.  liel.,  1870, 
430.  For  the  ijreceding  year  the  imports  were  $5(>4,700  from  the  United 
States,  and  $390,701  from  Europe;  of  which  !?288,000  were  in  fabrics,  .5275,000 
in  provisions,  $1G2,000  in  hardware,  .^1 17,000  in  hunber  and  machinery.  In 
1855  the  imports  were  assumed  to  be  §1,1  .'jO, 000,  of  wliich  §150,000  national- 
ized goods  from  Siuoloa  contributed  to  yield  a  total  of  $176,000  to  the  cus- 
tom house,  and  in  1840  $173,000,  wliile  the  receipts  from  imports  alone  in 
1879  were  !5!283,0()2,  and  in  1878  §312,000.  In  1825,  1827,  and  1828  the  im- 
})ort3  were  !?5f),280  .$10.3,048,  and  $83,251,  rc:jpectively.  Prklo,  lieiitas.,  308, 
docs  2-3,  7-10;  ^f'.l•.  Mi'in.  line,  for  the  ditl'urent  years;  Lerdo,  Mem.,  108, 
558,  etc. ;  BiiMn.  Estndid,  i.,  4.3-7. 

The  receipts  at  Mazatlan  for  the  year  ending  June,  i870,  were  much 
larger,  $2,732,.5(K);  $1,170,000  being  for  fabrics,  $1()7,000  for  groceries, 
$l3(),0i00  for  hardware  and  .'<OS,0(X)  for  mrchinery,  an  excess  due  partly  to 
Ma/atlan  being  the  entrepot  for  several  adjoining  sections  of  the  republic,  es- 
pecially Durango,  and  to  the  fewer  opportunities  for  smuggling  here  pre- 
Bented  as  conqiared  with  those  offered  upon  tlie  frontier. 

In  the  other  maritime  provn>ce.  Lower  California,  the  imports  at  La  I'a/ 
for  the  same  period  amounted  to  .$151,050,  while  those  of  Ciiilniahua  are 
but  faintly  represented  liy  the  records  of  its  frontier  custom  houses,  as  most 
of  the  goods  consumed  are  still  obtained  from  Ma'amoros  and  other  Mexican 
points  BttJ<ti\  EkUiiIM,  \(^,  places  tlie  revenue  of  the  custom  lumses  at  Pre- 
sidio del  Norte,  El  Paso,  and  Janos  for  the  year  ending  June,  1878,  at 
jr)2,899,  $42,237  and  .$787,  respectively. 

F]xports  consist  chiefly  of  silver  and  gold,  Sonora  sending  in  1879  $025,- 
067,  nearly  half  of  it  coinetl,  and  $82,202  in  gohl,  while  other  articles 
amounted  only  to  $18,000,  two-thirds  in  hides.  At  Mazatlan  also  the  export 
figures  of  1 870  for  $.3,.37O,00O  embraced  $3,207,000  in  silver  and  gold,  while  the 
remainder  consisted  of  ores  for  $118,680,  brazilwood  for  $19,500  and  hides 
$16,280.  The  peninsula  shows  a  proportionate  gain  in  the  range  of  her 
shipments,  valued  in  1870  at  $533,220,  whereof  $442,924  represent  bullion 
and  ore,  $5,9704  pearl  oyster  shells,  .$23,208  hides,  $2,670  orchillaand  $1,202 
oranges,  Itesides  some  salt,  deer-skin,  etc.  The  salt  values  are  not  entered  at 
La  Paz;  the  $2,202  assigned  to  pearls  is  evidently  unreliable.  The  $759,094 
worth  of  exports  for  the  preceding  year,  1878,  ending  also  in  June,  embrace 


MPORTS   AXD   EXPORTS. 


763 


J0'.>7,425  gol.l  and  silver,  §23,745  hides,  $18,'212  pearl  oyster  shells,  $11,309 
orchil,  $'2,\)'25  salt,  Igl.oOO  pearls.  !!<1,232  oranges,  !J3«2  gypsum,  )J317  doer- 
skins,  etc.,  mostly  for  the  U.  S.  U.  S.  Com.  lid.  and  other  autliorities,  tild 
mp.  The  totals  for  the  years  KSOy-76  range  from  §274,(XiO  to  §750,000. 

The  exports  from  Chihuahua  are  placed  for  the  preceding  year  at ^220,- 
360,  including  a  small  amount  of  produce,  chiefly  live  stock  and  hides,  val- 
ued in  1S7'J  at  .«;23,50«i.  U.  S.  Com.  ltd.,  l.S7!t,  42<).  Of  the  toUl  in  the  text, 
Bwit%  E-'tntllit.,  43,  assigns  §218,251  to  Presidio  del  Xorte,  .'?2,597  to  Jaiios, 
and  only  §13  to  El  I'aso.  Compare  with  records  for  Durango  in  Esciulero, 
Dnr.,  (>4-5;  Rainiri'z,  Hint.  Dm:,  5(>-7. 

The  figures  given  are  not  only  unsatisfactory  from  the  lack  of  careful 
statistics,  but  from  the  prevalence  of  smuggling,  fostered  originally  by  the 
illihcral  policy  of  Spain,  and  sult.seiiuently  by  political  ilisorders  and  the 
semi-in<lepeiident  attitude  of  distant  states  toward  a  weak  ami  constiintly 
changing  administration.  Revolutions  were  friMpicntly  started,  especially 
in  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  with  tiie  sole  object  of  introducing  cargoes  of  mer- 
chandise at  ditferent  rates  from  tiiose  lixed  by  the  taritif',  the  receipts,  more- 
over, being  absorbed  by  the  rebels,  sometimes  under  tiie  guise  of  arrears.  A 
more  common  practice  was  for  the  consignees  or  captains  to  liribe  the  cus- 
tom house  olficials  for  reductions,  or  for  overlooking  irregularities.  Even 
honest  administrators  were  induced  to  close  their  eyes  before  the  threat  to 
withdraw  expected  cargoes  to  other  ports,  where  better  arrangements  could 
be  effected,  perhaps,  for  clandestinely  landing  the  goods  at  some  remote 
point,  and  so  deprive  a  languishing  town  ancl  state  of  much-needed  funds. 
The  contral)and  trade  between  Sonora  and  Chihuahua  and  the  United 
State-!,  enormous  in  extent,  is  carrieil  on  by  rich  and  iutluential  linns  and 
by  large  bands  of  organized  men. 

In  addition  to  the  imports  of  1870  at  <iuayaias  from  the  United  States, 
amounting  to  GI27,121,  the  introduction  across  the  border  was  estimated  at 
!(fiO0,O00,  mostly  smuggled.  The  fatulities  in  I'hihuahua,  witii  its  convenient 
rivers  and  a<ljoining  Texan  border,  are  even  greater. 

In  adilitionto  the  transit  of  merchandise  noted  through  the  leading  ports, 
a  proportion  has  fouml  its  way  through  minor  harbors,  opened  at  dincrent 
times  to  foreign  as  well  as  coast  trade,  the  latter  carried  greatly  in  foreign 
bottoms,  uiuler  certain  restrictions. 

Owing  to  the  inconvenience  of  .sending  certain  effects  ilirect  from  abroad  to 
minor  ports,  many  are  transmitted  from  Ma/.atlan,  after  naturalization,  to 
Sonora  and  ttie  peninsula.  In  Sonora,  La  Libertad  is  ^a  promising  harbor 
north  of  (iuaymas.  Report  in  Sor.  Mi.e.  Otoij.,  Boi,  x.,  2(>3  70, 
with  plans.  At  Rio  Yacui  and  below  are  landing  places.  Sinaloa 
boasts  of  Topolobampo,  a  j>rospective  terminus;  Allata.  the  port  for 
Culiacan;  also.  NavachLiti,  'iama/Aila,  Angeles,  and  Bacorehuis.  Lower 
('al.  has  Todos  S mtos,  Santa  Rosalia,  San  Quentin,  San  Jose,  Loreto  and 
Mulege,  besides  La  I'az.  The  movement  of  shipping  at  Cuayn\as,  from 
ai)roail,  in  1870.  embraced  the  arrival  and  departure  of  JW  vessels,  meas\ir- 
ing  17,1)00  tons,  of  which  13  were  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of  10,5i)0,  trad- 
ing with  California.  In  the  i>rece<ling  year  there  came  12  steamers  and  20 
sailing  vessels  from  San  Francisco  and  ."  vessels  from  Europe,  v'nile  170 
coasters,  with  a  tonnage  of  u,  187,  entered.  At  Mazatlan  arrive!  in  1879 
07  sailing  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  104.034,  and  (V,\  steamers,  •''or  the  year 
eniliug  June,  1U79,  while  the  (iuaymas  year  counts  till  S;,()tember,  of  the 
Maz;itlan  sh-amers,  25  ajipcar  to  be  coasters,  and  a  few  of  the  ves.sels  per- 
fiTmed  coasting  tours.  In  1878.  the  arrivals  and  departures  end)raceii  4G 
steamers  and  32  sailing  vessels,  all  from  abroad,  except  0  steamers.  At  La 
Paz  arrived  23  steamers,  of  21,000  tons,  and  I,"*  sading  vessels  from  San 
Francisco,  and  2  vessels  from  Europe,  in  1870,  with  a  tonnage  of  2,487 
tons.  For  the  year  ending  in  June,  in  the  preceding  year,  the  .sailing  vessels 
numbered  22,  with  a  tonnage  of  5,851.  17  being  from  S.  F. 

Steam  communication  between  California  and  Mazatlan  was  begun  with 
the  opening  of  the  Panama  route  in  1840,  and  in  the  second  decade  following 


764 


RESOURCES    AND  COMMERCE. 


a  California  coast  line  wna  extended  to  La  I'a/  and  (iiiayinas,  altliou^rh  ;,„t,|, 
proved  irregular  and  with  long  interruptions.  The  subsidy  granted  in  lt'w2, 
however,  brought  tlie  sliorter  line  into  regular  connection  with  Mazat,laii 
and  Cape  Lucas  until  1875,  when  the  Panama  steamers  assumed  the  gram 
for  a  monthly  communication. 

New  contracts  of  1877  arranged  for  a  special  line  between  California, 
Ma^atlan,  (jiuayinas,  ami  tlie  Lower  California  ports,  and  another  from  San 
Bias  to  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  California — the  latter  somewhat  irregular, 
despite  the  subvention  of  ^1,500  per  trijj,  every  18  days,  and  exemption  of ;") 
per  cent  export  duty  on  S;J0,{KK).  The  coast  line  agreed  to  ntake  ten  trips  a 
year  for  $20,000,  with  exemption  of  »luty  for  §20,000.  The  Tanamd  line  wa, 
allowed  $25,000  a  month.  Mix.  Mem.  J  Jar.,  1880,  435-6.  In  1885  the  mw 
railroad  terminating  at  (iuaymas  started  a  new  steamer.  Mex.  Financiir, 
Mar.  7,  1885.  See  also  Duiz,  Iti/arme,  13-15.. 

Under  the  later  energetic  administration  efiforts  were  made  to  increase 
not  only  the  native  coast  shipping,  which  was  so  largely  absorbed  by  for- 
eign vessels,  but  to  extend  Mexican  maritime  interests  to  wider  spheres.  In 
1853-4,  Servo  claimed  for  Mawitlan  49  coasting  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  i>t 
4,534,  and  115  Ijoats.   ,SV.  Mi-.r.  Oi'mj.,  Jioi,  vii,  330-3. 

Such  had  been  the  neglect  liitherto  that  the  first  lighthouse  on  the  Pacilic 
coast  was  not  erected  until  1880,  at  Mazatlan. 

River  navigation  is  receiving  attention,  along  Rio  Bravo,  and  Rio 
Yaijui  is  developing  interests  that  must  require  a  water  route.  Roads 
called  for  larger  appropriations  so  iis  to  permit  the  extension  of  wagon  traflic, 
although  Mexicans  seemed  contented  with  the  time-honored  mule-trains, 
which  adapted  themselves  to  any  locality.  In  1863  a  stage  line  was  openi'il 
in  Sinaloa  by  Americans,  and  since  tlien  several  have  followed,  so  that  niorr 
rapid  connection  can  be  had  during  the  snninier,  even  between  Guaynias  and 
Mazatlan.  In  1810  a  monthly  mail  was  ordained  for  Sonora,  and  in  Ih'JK 
the  weekly  mail  between  Durango  and  Chihuahua  was  increased  to  a  semi- 
weekly.  Oar.  Mcr,,  1820.  xi.,  128-9;  Airillaya,  Ilerrrj,.,  1829,  15,  96;  M(.r. 
Mini.  Har.,  1848,  130,  1849,  no.  15,  wherein  the  Sonora  mail  expenses  aic 
given  at  $10,204  and  the  receipts  at  $12,338.  Routes  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoij., 
liol.,  V.  293-4.  Creat  hopes  now  center  in  the  diti'erent  railroad  projects 
wliich  embrace  not  only  trunk  lines,  but  a  scries  of  branches  by  which  to 
dcveloj)  hitherto  neglected  resources.  So  far,  two  international  lines  ait; 
completed,  the  Mexico  Central,  ruiuiing  from  El  I'aso  through  Chihuahua 
and  Durango  to  Mexico,  and  the  Sonora,  running  from  Guaynias  tlirougli 
lli^rmosillo  and  Magdalena  to  Nogalcs  on  the  Arizona  frontier.  The  Sonora 
railroad  was  suggested  in  1850,  Moii/ircn/e  Mini.  Son.,  MS.,  118-24,  and  coii- 
oessi(ms  sought  in  1861,  Phiart,  Dnr.  Sou.,  vi.,  185,  and  in  1809,  when  a 
Chihuahua  connection  was  proposeil.  In  1872  tlije  Sonora  R.  R.  Co.,  Con- 
tfitrtt,  1-30,  was  seeking  grants  and  taking  other  steps.  Fri-rornrril  ile  Loii., 
I  l(J;  Jfatiiiriz,  Id.,  1-8;  Ariz.,  Jonr.  Lciji.i.,  1875,  31.  In  1877  a  change  ot 
holdors  took  place.  Me.r.  Kerop.  Lei/e.t,  xxvi.,  995-7,  1048-9,  xxvii.,  C00-2'_', 
XXXV.,  101-209,  1,057-83;  Sonnrn  li  R.  Kept.,  1-10;  Pap.  Vitr.,  cv.  In  1854 
Chihuahua  took  up  the  agitation  for  a  line  from  Presidio  Del  Norte  to  Guiiy- 
mas,  and  grants  were  made  to  this  effect.  Mr.v.  Leifis.,  1854,  100-6.  Further 
stc[)s  in  Mex.  Col.  Leife.i.  1863  67.  ii.,  203-12;  Fcrrorarril,  /laMa  Qol/o,  19-36. 
Even  Lower  California  has  thought  of  a  line  near  La  Paz,  and  one  in  tli<' 
north  from  S.  Diego  or  Tijuana  eastward  into  Sonora.  While  many  project.'* 
are  long  delayed,  they  cannot  fail  to  serve,  in  connection  with  the  lines  in 
operation,  as  a  healthy  stimulant  to  the  people  so  far  kept  by  indolence  from 
a  proper  enjoyment  of  the  wealtii  provulect  by  a  bountiful  nature.  Rapitl 
locomotion  in  itself  is  an  invigorating  incentive  to  enterprise,  aa  in  a  meas- 
ure is  the  rapidly  extending  telegraph,  especially  when  attended  along  the 
railroad  line  by  such  striking  results  as  the  springing  up  of  settlements,  the 
opening  of  markets,  and  the  budding  and  blooming  of  industries  and  com- 
merce. 

Concerning  trade  in   the   republic  generally,  with  acoount  of  methods, 


BlCfiRAPHHAL. 


76S 


•M). 

the 
ects 
ill 
roil  I 


>(l!<, 


banks,  cuatom-honses,  tariffs,  maiU,  tratiio,  cauuU,  roads,  railroads,  etc.,  f 
refer  to  my  chapttrs  in  ffiM.  Mex.,  iii.,  vi.,  this  series,  which  apply  equally 
to  the  northern  states. 

James  \V.  Throekiuorton,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  wlu^re  he  was  born  in 
18'25,  began  life  as  a  physician,  and  for  many  years  wdii  repute  in  this  call- 
ing, until  inclination  prompted  iiim  to  adopt  the  profission  of  law.  Ueniov- 
ing  to  what  is  now  Collin  county,  Texas,  in  KS4I,  he  was  elected  10  years 
later  to  the  state  legislature,  being  rei'lecLed  in  KS.");{  and  ISoS,  and  in  ISfiT 
was  chosen  for  the  senate.  During  all  tliese  years  the  legislation  of  the  state 
bears  the  impress  of  his  tireless  eti'orts,  and  to  none  are  the  people  more  in- 
debted for  the  development  of  her  resources.  Though  a  democrat  in  politics 
he  was  opposed  to  secession,  but  after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  joined  the 
ranks  of  the  confederates,  in  which  he  remained  until  its  close,  though  at 
intervals  disabled  by  sickness  from  active  .service.  In  I8(j()liewas  elected 
governor  of  the  state  by  a  vote  of  nearly  four  to  one,  but  thoiigii  his  admin- 
istration was  most  satisfactory  to  the  people  of  tlie  state,  he  was  deposed  in 
tile  following  year.  In  1874,  and  again  in  187(i,  he  was  ciiosen  for  congress, 
where  he  .served  with  distinction  until  March  187il,  wiieii  lie  retired  into  pri- 
vate life.  Early  in  his  professional  career  he  was  married  to  Miss  Ann 
liiitten,  a  native  of  Illinois,  and  of  their  nine  children  seven  still  survive. 

(leneral  Thomas  Neville  Waul,  whose  ancestors  on  both  sides  took  part 
in  the  revolutionary  struggle,  is  a  native  of  Statesburg,  South  Carolina, 
where  he  was  born  in  1813.  After  receiving  liis  education  at  one  of  the  best 
colleges  in  South  Carolina,  and  studying  law  at  V'icksburg  in  the  otKce  of  S. 
S.  Prentiss,  he  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme  court  of  Mississippi 
in  1835,  and  was  soon  afterward  appointed  district  attorney.  Removing 
later  to  New  Orleans  he  took  an  active  part  in  politics,  being  a  thorougli 
democrat  of  the  states'  riglits  school,  and  winning  for  liim.self  a  high  reputa- 
tion among  liis  party.  After  the  war  liroke  out  ho  organized  what  was 
known  as  VVaul's  legion,  wliicli  he  commanded  in  many  hotly  contested  en- 
gagements. At  its  close  he  .settled  in  (ralveston,  where  ho  resumed  his  pnt- 
fcssion,  and  was  elected  president  of  the  bar  association.  In  1837  the  general 
married  Miss  Mary  Simmons,  a  native  of  Georgia,  and  in  November  1887 
celebrated  his  golden  wedding. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  lawyers  in  (.ialveston  is  M.  E.  Kleberg,  a 
native  of  Ue  Witt  county,  whither  hi!)  parents  removed  in  1847,  and  a  grad- 
uate in  law  of  Washington  university,  Virginia,  of  the  year  1873  Soon 
afterward  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  his  district  rejircscnting  nine 
counties,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  removed  to  Austin  county,  and 
thence  in  1875  to  (Jalveston,  where  he  has  ever  since  enjoyed  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice.  Robert  .Justus  Kleberg,  the  father  of  this  gentleman, 
was  a  native  of  Herstelle,  Prussia,  where  he  was  born  in  180.3,  and  after 
graduating  at  the  university  of  Goetingen,  lilled  several  juilicial  appointments. 
In  1834  he  removed  to  Texas,  and  after  suffering  shipwreck  on  the  islantl  of 
(calveston,  reached  the  settlement  of  Harrisburg.  During  Santa  Anna's  in- 
vasion of  this  country  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  struggle  for  Texan  inde- 
pendence, and  was  present  at  the  Ijattle  of  San  .lacinto. 

Worthy  of  mention,  also,  among  the  legal  fraternity  of  fJalveston  is  W. 
F.  Mott,  a  native  of  fiouisiana,  where  he  was  born  in  I8;{7,  his  ancestors  be- 
longing to  one  of  the  oldest  soutliern  families.  When  15  years  of  age  he 
obtained  (Mnployment  as  a  clerk,  saving  money  while  in  this  position  to  edu- 
cate himself  for  his  profession.  In  1859  he  was  ailinitted  to  the  bar,  and 
since  that  date  has  enjoyed  an  extensive  practice. 

R.  S.  Willis,  a  native  of  .Marylainl,  came  to  Texas  in  1837,  being  then 
sixteen  years  of  age.  After  farming,  and  engaging  in  mercantile  yiur- 
suits  in  various  localities,  he  finally  established  himself  in  (Jalvoston  in  1807, 
and  there  he  has  ever  since  remained,  his  l)usiness  expanding  with  the 
growth  of  the  city,  until  his  firm  is  now  al)le  to  compete  with  the  merchant 
princes  of  New  Orleans  for  a  share  in  the  trade  of  the  scmthwest.  He  is  also 
president  of  the  Texas  bank,  with  which  inatitutiou  he  has  been  for  many 


766 


UE80.  RCES   AND   COMMKKCK. 


^v  r 


years  identified.  In  1847  he  married  MisH  VVurdham,  a  native  of  Alabama, 
by  whom  he  has  several  ehildren.  In  the  buaine.sH  circles  of  the  Texan 
capital  no  man  is  more  higlily  resj)ucled. 

I.sadore  Uyer,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  where  he  was  born  in  1814,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St  Mary's  college  in  that  city,  began  life  as  a  watchmaker  wlu^ii 
fourteen  years  of  age.  After  being  employed  as  a  boatman  on  tlie  Tennes- 
see river,  and  later  in  a  store,  he  came,  in  1H40,  to  Galvestcm,  where,  after 
serving  for  tliree  years  as  a  clerk,  he  eatablislied  the  )>usiue.ss  which  he  still 
oonduets,  and  which  has  grown  with  the  growth  of  the  city.  He  is  also  a 
director  and  ex-president  of  the  national  bank,  and  is  identified  with  the 
wliarf  and  gas  company,  and  with  other  enterprises  having  in  view  tlie  pros- 
perity of  Galveston.  In  1842  he  married  Miss  E.  Louis,  and  of  their  three 
children  two  survive. 

Gus  Rey me rsh offer,  a  native  of  Austria,  where  he  was  born  in  1860,  is 
well  known  to  the  citizens  of  Galvestim  in  connecticm  with  the  Texas  Star 
Hour-mill,  established  by  himself  and  his  brother  in  1878.  During  the  first 
year  the  output  of  the  mill  amounted  to  20,()(K)  barrels,  and  in  1888  it  had 
increased  to  180,000  barrels  per  annum,  m(>.st  of  the  product  finding  a  home 
market,  though  a  considerable  quantity  was  shipped  to  Louisiana,  Mexico, 
and  Central  America.  Mr  Reymershotfer  came  to  Galveston  in  I8(J(),  and 
tiiere  he  has  ever  since  resided.  He  is  also  a  di.  tor  of  the  Lone  Star 
cracker  factory,  recently  organized  in  that  city. 

Jolui  D.  Rogers  is  a  native  of  Dallas  county,  Alabama,  where  his  father 
was  a  planter.  After  graduating  at  a  medical  college  in  New  Orleans,  hi' 
began  to  practise  his  profession,  nut  removed  to  Virginia  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war,  and  there  remained  until  its  conclusion.  He  then  came  to  Te.\a.^, 
and  in  1868  commenced  business  in  (lalveston,  where  he  has  remained  ever 
since.  At  present  he  is  largely  engage<l  in  farming,  atid  is  the  owner  of 
5,400  acres  of  rich  land  on  the  river  bank,  Jlie  products  being  cotton  and 
Corn.  He  has  been  twice  marrieil,  and  has  two  sons,  one  of  whom  is  prac- 
tising law  at  Fort  Worth,  and  the  otlier  attending  the  university  at  Austin. 

Among  the  leading  physicians  inGalve.«*  ni  is  Dr  J.  F.  Y.  Paine,  a  native 
of  Louisiana  and  a  graduate  of  a  medical  college  in  New  Orleans.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  he  joimid  the  confederate  army  as  a  surgeon  and  re- 
mained until  its  close,  when  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession,  first  at 
Mobile,  then  at  Ennis,  Texas,  anil  finally  at  (Jalveston,  whither  he  removed 
in  1875,  being  appointed  a  professor  and  afterward  dean  of  the  Texas  medi- 
cal college,  which  position  he  held  until  1881.  In  1870  the  doctor  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Estes,  a  native  of  Alabama,  by  whom  he  has  five  children. 

A.  W.  Fly,  a  native  of  Mississippi,  and  a  descendant  of  one  of  tlie  oldest 
southern  families,  also  ranks  among  the  prominent  pliysicians  of  Galveston. 
A  graduate  of  the  year  1875  at  the  medical  college  tat  Louisville,  he  began 
his  professional  career  ;it  Brian,  Texas,  removing  thence  to  Galveston,  where 
he  has  ever  since  resided. 

To  the  Lawyers  of  Texas  and  especially  of  Houston,  the  name  of  .lames 
A.  Baker  is  familiar  as  that  of  the  local  attorney  for  the  (Jould  system  of 
railroads.  For  the  past  sixteen  years  he  lias  made  corporate  law  a  specialty, 
and  is  now  the  legal  representative  of  companies  owning  3,600  miles  of  road 
in  Texas,  besides  being  himself  largely  interested  in  railways.  A  native  of 
Alabama,  where  he  received  his  educaticm,  Mr  Baker  came  to  tliis  state  in 
IS.I'i.  Though  now  a  widower,  he  has  been  twice  married,  has  five  children 
and  seven  grandchildren,  and  considers  himself  a  permanent  ro.ndent  of 
Houston. 

In  1870  James  Roane  Masterson  was  ai)pointed  judge  of  the  seventh,  or 
as  it  is  now  classed,  the  eleventh  judicial  district,  and  to  tiiat  position  he  has 
been  ftmr  times  reelected.  A  native  of  Tennessee,  his  parents  being  among 
the  oldest  residents  of  Nashville,  he  came  to  Texas  with  his  family  in  1839, 
while  still  in  hia  infancy.  After  receiving  his  education  and  being  trained 
for  the  bar,  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Hou.ston  in  1858.     He 


BIOr.RAPniCAL. 


787 


served  throughout  the  civil  war,  being  appointetl  to  Oon.  Hood's  brigade, 
though  never  ordered  for  service  beyond  tlie  limits  of  his  adopted  state. 

Aiiotlier  prominent  lawyer  in  llouston  is  VV.  1'.  Hamblen,  a  native  of 
Now  Albany,  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  in  IH'.iR.  Four  years  later  liis 
father  removed  to  Houston,  and  tiiere  the  family  haa  ever  siuec  resided. 
Meanwhile  Mr  Hamblen  lias  seen  his  adopted  town  develop  from  amere  village 
into  a  thriving  city.  Admitted  to  the  liar  in  1855  he  has  good  reason  to  Go 
jn'oud  of  his  professional  career,  of  ids  various  business  interests,  and  of  his 
eleven  ehililrcn,  all  of  whom,  except  two  married  daughters,  still  remain  at 
his  home. 

Ketweeu  1875  and  1885,  at  which  latter  date  its  proprietor  retired  from 
active  business,  the  banking  house  of  Henry  S.  Fox  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  soundest  tiiiancial  institutiims  in  Houston.  A  native  of  Prussia,  where 
he  was  bora  in  18;J4,  Mr  Fox  came  to  the  United  States  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
tirst  to  New  York,  and  two  years  later  to  Texas.  Here  he  engaged  in  busi- 
niHS  at  Waco,  Corsicana,  and  other  small  towns,  until  1857,  when  he  removed 
to  Hou.stou,  and  there  established  himself  as  a  merchant,  and  concentrated 
all  hia  interests.  Mr  Fox  is  a  widower,  and  tlie  father  of  two  children  who 
are  now  being  eilucated  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Though  now  a  retire<l 
merchant  and  l>anker,  the  care  of  his  ample  possessions,  which  include  a 
large  amount  of  real  estate,  is  sufficient  to  occupy  his  leisure. 

Samuel  Allen,  a  native  of  Houston,  where  he  was  born  in  184;i,  is  nephew 
to  tiie  two  brothers  of  that  name  who  organized  and  laid  out  the  town  of 
Houston  in  1837.  Here  or  in  this  neighborhood  he  remained  until  the  war 
broke  out,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  C(mfederate  army  and  served  until  its 
close.  Returning  to  his  native  city,  he  worked  fur  a  .salary  until  1809,  when 
he  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  in  a  small  way,  his  capital  being  less  than 
.?l,OOD.  His  business  now  exceeds  61,000,(HX)  a  year,  and  with  two  others 
lie  is  the  owner  of  (i(),0()0  acres  of  Texan  timber  lands. 

Prominent  among  the  merchants  of  Houston,  as  a  self-made  and  most 
reliable  business  man  is  Adam  Clay,  a  Herman  by  birth,  who  came  with  his 
p  irents  to  Houston  in  1851.  When  nine  years  of  age  he  eained  his  own 
livelihood  by  selling  newspapers  on  the  streets,  and  at  fourteen  had  attained  to 
the  dignity  of  a  railroad  news-vendor.  In  this  occupation  he  remained  until 
111!  was  twenty,  when,  having  saved  a  few  liundred  dollars,  he  ojieiied  asmall 
dry-goods  and  notion  store.  From  this  slender  Iteginning  he  has  gradually 
built  lip  his  present  business,  'whicli  now  ranks  among  the  first  in  the  city. 

.^mong  other  kading  citizens  in  Houston  may  be  mentioned  Samuel  M.  Mc- 
A  -ihan,  who,  since  the  organi/atioii  of  T.  W.  House's  bank  iu  I  St>7,  has  beenjits 
casliier.  A  Virginian  by  birtii,  though  his  ancestors  on  his  father's  side  were 
of  Scotch  descent,  and  on  the  mother's  French,  became  to  Texas  in  1844, 
living  on  a  farm  in  Fayette  county  until  iiineleen  years  of  ago,  wlien  he  ob- 
tained emiiloyinent  as  a  clerk  in  a  mercantile  house.  In  1850  be  mar- 
ried Miss  Kuiios,  a  native  of  his  own  state  and  county,  by  whom  he  has 
two  sons  and  two  daughters,  his  ehlest  son,  now  over  thirty  years  of  age  be- 
ing assistant  casliier  in  tlie  bank. 

One  of  tlio  earliest  settlers  at  Houston  was  (^ol  W.  1\.  Hakcr,  a  native  of 
New  York  state,  where  he  was  born  in  IS'JO.  When  ii^lit  years  of  age  he 
was  put  to  work  on  a  farm  and  since  tliat  time,  as  he  relates,  has  alvvays 
earned  his  own  living.  In  1S.'$7  he  removed  to  Texas,  tn^aching  Houston  in 
August  of  that  year,  when  the  town  contained  but  tifty  families.  Here  he 
•luickly  found  em]doymeiit  and  soon  afterward  iiegaii  business  for  himself. 
In  IS4I  he  was  elected  clerk  of  Harris  county,  which  jiosition  he  retained 
for  seventeen  years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  directors,  thi; 
first  secretary,  and  later  the  president  of  the  Houston  and  Texas  Central 
railroad.  In  1870  he  was  chosen  state  senator  for  Harris  county,  and  iu 
1880  mayor  of  Houston,  being  twice  reelected  to  the  latter  office. 

Dr  D.  F.  Stuart,  a  V'irginiaa  by  birth,  came  to  Texas  in  1850,  and  after 
working  for  several  years  on  a  farm,  attended  the  medical  college  in  Piiila- 
delphia,  where  he  graduated  in  1859.     At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  entered 


768 


RESOURCES   AND  COMMERCE. 


the  confederate  army  ax  a  surgeon,  and  served  until  its  conclusion.  In  ISCrv 
he  established  himself  in  Houston,  where  he  is  still  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  liis  profession. 

One  of  the  oldest  residents  of  Fort  Worth  is  J.  F.  KUis,  a  native  of  Mis- 
souri, who  after  the  death  of  his  father  in  1847,  came  to  that  settlement 
while  still  a  young  lad,  wiien,  as  he  reliitus,  tiiere  were  but  live  white  fanu- 
lies  within  a  mile  of  the  spot  where  the  city  now  stands.  When  fifteen 
years  of  age  he  found  employment  as  a  teamster,  and  soon  afterward  had 
teams  of  his  own,  reniaining  m  this  business  until  the  outbreak  of  the  war, 
wiien  he  joined  the  confederate  service,  and  remained  until  .cs  close.  Ju 
180.')  he  returned  to  Fort  Worth,  and  engaged  in  ranching,  merchandising, 
banking,  land-speculations,  etc.,  until  his  possessions  are  now  valued  at 
more  than  .^.■<00,(X)1),  most  of  them  in  fjal  estate,  including  tiie  Ellis  hotel, 
built  in  188.-)  at  a  coat  of  .'*KiO,000. 

John  I).  Templeton,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  where  he  was  born  in  1845, 
came  with  his  parents  to  Texas  in  1850,  and  there  received  his  education. 
In  18t3'2  he  entered  the  c<mfederate  army,  and  served  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  He  then  studied  law  under  Judge  Roberts,  formerly  chief  justice  of 
the  state,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1871,  commencing  his  career  at 
Fort  Worth,  wiiere,  in  1887  ho  still  resided.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  state,  and  two  years  later  elected  attorney -general  for  Texas,  being 
reelected  for  the  ensuing  term. 

Dr  W.  A,  Adams  is  a  native  of  Georgia,  where  he  was  born  in  1851!, 
graduating  in  187()  at  a  medical  college  in  that  .state.  Removing  to  Texa< 
imntediatcly  afterward,  he  began  to  practice  at  Bryan,  where  he  remained 
for  Hve  years.  In  1881  he  was  offered  a  partnership  by  Dr  E.  J.  Beall  of  Fort 
Worth,  one  of  the  most  prominent  physicians  in  the  state.  This  he  accepted 
and  has  ever  since  resided  in  that  eity,  where  lie  still  follows  his  profession. 
The  success  of  the  firm  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  their  income  for 
the  year  1880  exceeded  !$:«,000 

In  Dallas,,  <ralvestoji,  and,  in  fact,  throughout  the  state  of  Texas,  the 
name  of  Gen.  George  F.  Alford  is  familiar,  not  only  as  that  of  a  gallant  sol- 
dier, but  of  an  upright  and  honorable  man  of  business.  A  native  of  Missouri, 
where  he  was  born  in  1837,  he  ran  away  from  home  when  thirteen  years  of 
age,  and  after  living  for  two  years  among  the  Indians,  set  forth  for  California, 
whence  he  returned  in  1850  with  $35,000  in  gold,  and  in  the  following  year 
married  and  settled  in  Texas.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  joined 
the  confederate  army,  and  at  its  close  was  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  After  serving  in  the  state  legislature  he  began  business 
ill  tJalveston,  and  soon  accumulated  a  large  fortune,  which  he  afterward  lost 
through  the  dishonesty  of  his  partner.  Assuming  the  liabilities  of  the  firm, 
which  amounted  in  1875  to  $321,000,  in  less  than  ten  years  he  paid  oflF  the 
entire  amount  with  one  per  cent,  interest  per  month.  He  is  now  a  perma- 
nent resident  of  Dallas,  and  president  of  the  Dallas,  Archer,  and  Pacific 
railway. 

Among  other  prominent  citizens  of  Dallas  may  be  mentioned  J.  E.  Hen- 
derson, a  native  of  North  Carolina,  who  arrived  in  187'i,  an<l,  as  he  relates, 
has  witnessed  its  growth  from  a  village  into  a  thriving  city.  Ever  since  that 
date  ho  has  there  been  engaged  in  Imsiiiess  as  a  contractor,  builder,  and 
land  speculator.  In  his  adopted  town  lie  has  an  abiding  faith,  believing  that 
witli  its  railroad  facilities  and  its  situation  in  the  mid.st  of  a  rich  agricultural 
district,  its  future  is  fully  assured. 

One  of  the  leading  medical  practitioners  in  Dallas  is  Dr  R.  W.  Allen,  a 
Kcntuckian  by  birth  and  a  graduate  of  the  New  York  Medical  college. 
Coming  to  Dallas  in  1872,  when  it  contained  only  4,000  inhabitants,  he  has 
remained  there  ever  since,  practising  his  prf  fession  and  investing  his  surplus 
means  in  real  estate,  which  he  believes  to  be  the  soundest  and  most  profita- 
ble of  all  investments. 

Col  .1.  (Junter,  a  Georgian  by  birth,  his  ancestors  on  both  sides  lieing 
southerners,  came  to  Texas  with  his  father  in  1853.     At  the  outbreak  of  the 


BIOORAPHICAL. 


civil  war  lie  left  his  lirother'«  store,  where  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk,  and 
enlisted  In  tlie  confederate  arniy,  .lerviug  iiatd  it.^  close.  Between  IhiiO  and 
1801)  he  received  his  ethication,  at  tlie  same  time  Htudying  hiw,  and  was  ad- 
uiitted  to  practice  in  tlie  latter  year.  At  Sherman  lie  commenced  liis  profes- 
sional i.'areer  with  a  capital  of  Jjlj.');  hut  tliouj^h  very  HUcce-ssTul,  .soon  foiinil 
more  lucrative  ciiiployiiient  in  surveying  and  land  Hpeuulatioiis,  whereliy  he 
made  money  rapidly,  liecoining  the  owner  of  2tJ<),()00  acres  and  1H,01K} 
head  of  catlle.  He  is  also  a  director  and  one  of  the  largest  .stockholdtM'.s  in 
the  City  bank  of  .Sherman,  and  colonel  of  the  5tii  regiment  of  Texas  .state 
guards. 

ri'iiininent  among  the  lawyers  of  Sherman  is  Capt.  T.  J.  Brown,  who  in 
18H(S  was  attorney  for  the  Merchants  and  I'lanters'  hank  of  that  city,  and  for 
the  Texas  I'acilic  railroad.  A  native  of  (Jeorgia,  where  ho  was  liorn  in  l>S'Jt>, 
all  of  his  ancestors  heiiig  southerners,  lie  r.iiiu;  to  Texas  in  I8K5,  ami  hy  hard 
study  and  close  economy,  ac(iuired  the  training  and  the  means  to  start  in  his 
profession  when  tweiity-.seven  years  of  age.  He  began  his  practice  at  .\Ic- 
Kinney  in  IS'iS,  and  tiiere  remained  for  fourteen  years,  except  for  a  brief 
period,  when  he  served  in  the  confederate  ranks,  though  disabled  by  sickness 
from  protracted  service. 

One  of  the  foremost  citizens  of  Bos(|ue  county,  .lutlge  L.  H.  Scrutchlield, 
settliid  there  in  IS.jl  and  wa<  the  lirit  county  judge,  also  hoMing  the 
offices  of  County-surveyor,  justice  of  the  peace,  and  notary  pul)lic.  On  many 
oecasi.;ns  he  took  a  prominent  jiart  in  defending  the  settlers  against  the  dep- 
redations of  Indians,  and  later  of  the  liandsof  white  marauder's  who  infested 
the  state.  In  18().")  he  was  pres'iiit  at  the  engagement  at  |)oul)le  creek,  in 
which  a  body  of  Texans  attacked  the  stronghold  of  the  Kickapoos,  and  drove 
them  across  the  .Mexican  border.  In  I8.">l  the  judge  married  Miss  I'rotitt, 
by  wliom  lit!  had  five  children,  two  of  his  widowed  slaughters  residing  with 
him  at  his  h  >me  at  Valley  Mills, 

\V(dl  known  among  literary  circles  in  Texas  is  Mrs  C.  A.  Westbrook,  a 
resident  of  Lorena,  cind  the  author  of  .several  works  that  have  won  more 
than  a  local  rejiutation.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  her  /'ili/rhn,  a 
poetical  adaptation  of  Bunyan's  famous  allegory.  To  it  is  appended,  under 
the  title  of  Friiiiiiii'nt.s,  n  nuinlicr  of  shorter  poems,  most  of  them  of  a  religious 
character. 

Worth)'  of  note  as  among  the  most  prominent  men  in  San  Antonio  is  Col. 
C!eo.  W.  Brackenridge,  who  became  a  resident  of  that  eity  in  IS")!,  and  has 
ever  since  been  identilied  with  its  leading  interests.  In  18t)(i  he  organized 
the  San  Antonio  National  Bank,  of  widch  he  was  elected  the  lirst  president 
and  still  held  that  position  in  1889.  He  is  also  the  president  and  one  of  the 
largest  stockholders  in  the  city  water-works  and  in  its  ga^  company,  and  is 
largely  interested  in  laii<ls  and  cattle. 

John  Darragh,  a  native  Texan,  ranks  among  the  largest  owners  of  real 
estate  in  San  Antonio,  which  city  he  has  made  his  permanent  home  since 
1880,  being  then  in  posses.sion  of  a  considerable  fortune  acqiiireil  by  inherit- 
ance. With  the  result  of  his  investments  he  is  fully  satisfied,  and  has  the 
utmost  conlidence  in  the  future  of  his  adopted  city. 

Charles  Hummel,  to  whom  belongs  the  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  mer- 
chant of  San  Antonio,  where  he  arrived  in  1847,  when  there  were  but  fifty 
white  people  in  the  settlement,  is  also  a  large  owner  of  city  property. 
Among  his  transactions  mav  bo  mentioned  the  purchase  of  a  lot  in  1849  for 
$:52r),  which  he  afterward  scdd  for  »!'21,000. 

By  the  late  John  11.  Kampmann,  a  Prussian  by  birth,  and  by  profession 
an  architect,  who  came  to  San  Antonio  in  1848,  were  planned  and  limit  nearly 
all  the  large  residences  and  stores  erected  in  that  city  between  1849  and  1880. 
A  man  of  eminent  business  ability,  he  was  closely  identified  with  a  number 
ot  enterprises  tending  to  the  development  of  western  Texas,  where  htihw'as 
also  a  large  laml-owner  and  stock-raiser,  and  at  the  time  of  his  <leceasc,  in 
ISS.*),  the  possessor  of  a  handsome  fortune.  His  wife,  Mrs.  Caroline  Kamp- 
mann, to  whom  he  was  married  in  1850,  is  still  a  resident  of  San  Antonio, 
Hi.sT.  Mkx.  States,  Voi,.  II.    49 


1:   * 


!i 


770 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


■wliere  hor  eldest  son,  IF.  D,  Katnpmann  has  Biicccedcd  to  his  father's  huHincss 
and  i.s  CMtcuinud  a.i  a  youiiir  inaii  of  rcinarkahlo  pruiiiise. 

One  of  tlio  hirgest  luiiil>er  mcrcliants  in  southweHtern  Texas  is  A.  C. 
Hcliryver,  proHident  of  the  San  Antonio  Fair  Association.  Arriving  in  that 
city  from  Chicago  in  1877,  his  first  year's  transactions  amounted  to  JSO.OIK). 
la  1888  they  were  considerahly  over  $500,000. 

Aiming  the  railroad  men  of  Texas  shouhl  l)e  mentioned  the  treasurer  of 
the  San  Antonio  and  Aransas  Pass  R.  R.  Co.,  A.  Hansl,  a  Viennese  hy  hirth, 
will)  canio  to  the  United  States  in  1875  ami  in  the  foUowing  year  settleil  in 
western  Texas,  wiiero  lie  engaged  in  banking  and  farming,  accepting  his 
present positifin  in  June,  1SS8. 

At  the  head  of  the  street  railroad  8y.stem  of  .San  Antonio  is  Col.  Augustus 
Rclkiiap,  hy  whom  was  huilt,  at  the  recjuestof  the  citizens,  the  first  street-car 
line  in  tliat  city.  In  IS82  he  was  elected  a  member  ot  tlie  city  councd,  and 
has  sinco  been  re-elected  in  each  succeeding  year.  In  1888,  when  republican 
nuniiiico  for  congress,  he  reduced  by  more  than  one-half  the  democratic 
majority  returned  at  the  previous  eleotiuu. 

Protnineut  among  the  sugar-planters  of  western  Texas  is  Col.  Edward  H. 
Cunningham,  the  owner  of  a  tract  of  3,H(X)  acres  on  Oyster  creek,  the  crop 
from  whicli  8(.hl  in  1888  for  ^280,000.  Between  1878  and  188.'}  he  held  a 
contract  for  the  labor  of  the  prisoners  at  the  state  penitentiary,  whereby  he 
relieved  the  burden  of  taxation  to  the  extent  of  .?85,000  a  year.  Coming  to 
Texas  for  his  liealth's  sake  in  ]8r)5,  he  is  now  a  permanent  resident  of  San 
Antonio,  in  the  future  of  wliioli  city  and  of  M-estern  Texas  he  has  the  greatest 
coutidencc. 

Among  the  many  eminent  lawyers  of  San  Antonio  is  Charles  W.  Ogden, 
whoso  father  was  formerly  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Texas. 
A  'i  exan  by  birth,  and  educated  at  the  n:ilitary  institute  at  Austin,  he  began 
tlio  practice  of  his  profession  in  1875.  He  is  now  largely  interested  in  an  enter- 
prise f(ir  deeiM'uing  the  water  at  the  mouth  of  tlio  Brazos  river,  a  project  which 
will  materially  add  to  the  prosperity  of  tlio  southern  portion  of  the  stnte. 

Edward  Dwyer  is  also  one  of  the  most  prominent  lawyers  in  San  Antonio, 
thougli  sinco  the  decease  of  his  father,  in  1884,  his  time  has  been  largely 
occupied  in  the  managementof  his  estate.  Mr.  Ihvyer  isdescemleil  from  one 
of  tlie  oldest  families  in  western  Texas,  his  grandfatlier  being  a  resident  of 
San  Antonio  prior  to  1840,  and  in  1844  was  elected  its  mayor.  His  fatlicr  was 
a  native  of  the  same  (^ity,  in  the  politics  of  whicli  he  played  a  lewling  ])art. 

In  tlio  ranks  of  the  medical  profession  at  San  Antonio  none  are  more  highly 
esteemed  than  Dr.  Amosdraves,  the  medical  director  for  Texas  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  &  San  Antonio  &  Aransas  Pass  railroads.  He  came  to  Texas  in  1878, 
on  account  of  a  pulmonary  affection,  which  was  cured  by  a  two  years'  residence 
on  a  sheep  ranch  in  western  Texas.  For  such  ailments  he  believes  that  tliis 
section  will  eventually  rank  among  the  leading  health  resorts  of  the  worbl. 

In  this  opinion  he  is  indorsed  by  Dr.  F.  Heril',  also  a  resident  of  San 
Antonio,  and  whose  ex^ierieneo  as  a  medical  practitioner  in  western  Texas 
dates  from  1846.  Here,  as  he  relates,  all  diseases  appear  to  assume  their 
mildest  form,  and  in  no  other  atmosphere  do  wounds  heal  so  rapidly. 

In  Laredo,  on  the  Rio  (Jrande,  one  of  the  leading  physicians  is  A.  W. 
Wilcox,  M.  D.,  who,  after  taking  his  degree  at  (Jalveston,  was  appointed,  in 
1874,  surgeon  of  tlie  Mexican  National  railroad  at  the  former  point. 

For  tlie  same  railroad  J.  P.  Flynn  was  selected  as  general  agent  at  Laredo 
in  1 884,  and  in  the  following  year  was  chosen  by  President  Cleveland  as  United 
States  consular  agent  at  the  town  of  the  same  name  on  the  Mexican  side  of 
the  Rio  (Jrande.  In  April,  1887,  Mr.  Flynn  resigned  both  these  positions, 
devoting  himself  to  the  organization  of  the  Laredo  Improvement  Company, 
of  which  he  was  elected  and  is  still  the  president. 

Tiie  president  of  the  Laredo  Water  Company  is  A.  L.  McLane,  a  native  of 
Texas  and  a  lawyer  by  occupation,  who  came  to  that  town  in  1873,  and  hai 
ever  since  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 


INDEX. 


Ab   InitioB,    party,    n.    405;  protest 

against  cnnstitutioit,    18US,  ii.   4!M>. 
Alierdouii,  l/ord,  iiiuiitinii   of,  ii.    'MH. 
AliolitioiUHtH,  Texas,  ii.  4i.'0. 
Ai;a|)uli.(i,   Spilhurg  touulius  at,  Ifil"), 

i.  Mil). 
Acaxees,  revolt  of,  KiOl-'A  i.  SI."?-!'). 
Acel)eil(t,    I'.    A.    (le,    tiie  Tepeliuaiie 

revolt,  1()IG-17,  i.  <i'2o;  in  charge  at 

San  Jose  del  Caljo.  1737,  i.  4'il. 
Acklin,  Kit,  mention  of,  ii.  397. 
Ailaes,  Texan  tribe,  Aguayo,  among, 

17-.>1,  i.  (J2.")-6. 
Ala'ni),  Fatlier  L.,  tlio  Tehuecoa'  re- 

vol  ,  1(511    12,  i.  •2-M. 
Atla.ns,  l>r  W.  A.,  biog.  of,  ii.  7<i8. 
Agriculture,  Texas,  ii.  557-8;  cotton, 

li.  .557;  cereals,  ii.  557-8;  farms,  ii. 

558-i);    drouglits.    Hoods,     etc.,    ii. 

55!);  L.  Cal.  drought,  etc.,  18(53-4, 

ii.  7'JG;  N.   Mex.   states,  ii.    748,  ct 

8CII. ;    soils,   ii.  748;  land  titles,    ii. 

748  9;  products,  ii.  749 -.50. 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  college, 

Tuxat,  ii.  546. 
Ai|uayo,   Maniues  de  S.    M.,   gov.  of 

Niieva  Vizcaya,    1(587,  i.    338;  gov. 

of  Coaiiuila  and  Texas,  1719  22,  i. 

mi;   exped.    to  Texas,    1720-2,    i. 

f)22-9. 
Ag  iuro,  ,T.  C.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vi/- 

caya,  17(58,  i.  582. 
Aguila,    Father,    death    of,    1(541,    i. 

231. 
Aguilanin,   A.  M.    M.    de,    bishop  of 

Durango.  c'>,c..  1774-81,  i.  G84. 
Aguilar,  Villa  de,  location,  etc.,  of,  i. 

3.55,  fight  with  Indians  near,  1(5.50, 

i.   .3.50-7;  .Spaniards    massacred  at, 

1G52.  i.  .358. 
Aguilar,  A.   M.,    with  Vizcaino's  ex- 
ped., 1602-3,  i.  1.53;  death  of,  i.  1.59. 
Aguilar,  Gov.  Jose,  resignation,  etc., 

1851,  ii.  672;  appointment  of,  ii.  694. 
Aguirre,  Father  M.,  mission  afifairs  in 

Fimeria,  i.  5(52. 


Aguirre,  Capt.  M.  R.  de,  mention  of, 

1.  159. 
Aguirre,  Brother  T.  de,  dispute  with 

.lesuits,  1(57.3,  i.  24;}-4. 
Ahoincs,    Siiialoan    tribe,     llurdaiile 

protects,    1(50! ,    i.    211    12;    alltge.l 

conversion  of,  i,  212,  214. 
Aivinos,    exped.   against  the   1(522,  i. 

226. 
Alabamas,    Indians,    docility   of,    ii. 

442. 
Alamo,  description  of,  ii.  205;  ground 

plan  of,  ii.    20(5;  battle   of,  ii.   2(»7; 

mawacre  at,  ii.  211  et  seij.. 
Alauian,   Lucas,    measures  suggested 

by,  1830,  ii.  11.3. 
Alarcon,  Capt.  F.,  works  of,  i.  9.3. 
Alarcon,  H.  de,  exped.  of,  1.540,  i.  90- 

8;  meeting    with    Alvarado,    i.    9.{; 

>lendoza   displeased   with,    etc.,  i. 

94. 
Alarcon,  M.  dc,  gov.  of  T'oaliuila  and 

Texas,  1710,  i.  604;  rule,  i.  017   IH. 
Alarcon,  1*.  de,  exped.  of,  1.540,  i.  83, 

88. 
Alberoni,    Minister,    mention    of,     i. 

44.3-4. 
.\lbieuri,  Father  J.,  '  Historia,"  i.  12. 
Albury,  Mrs,  at  Alamu   massacre,  ii. 

213. 
Alcantro,  battle  of,  ii.  327-8. 
Alcarez,    I),  de,    in    charge    .at   San 

(ieronimo,    i.    88-9;    meeting   witli 

Vaca's  party,  etc.,  i.  69;  death  of, 

i.  90. 
Aldai,  M.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 

1720,  i.  .581,  .58.3. 
Aldaina,   Envoy,  executed,  ii.    18-10. 
Alemy,  Leon,  artesian  well  privileges, 

ii.  97. 
Alford,  Oen.   G.   F.,  biog.  of,  ii.   768. 
Allen,  Elicnezer,  mention  of,  ii    571. 
Allen,  Dr  R.  W.,  biog.  of.  ii.  708. 
Allen,  S.  T.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Allen,  Sanmel,  biog.  of,  ii.  767. 
Alley,  at  battle  S.  Antonio,  ii.  185. 
(771> 


- 


*  i^  ' 


i' 


INDKX. 


Alniii./Ji)i,  F.  I',  lie,  gov,  of  ('(Kihni''i 
iiiiil  Texas,  17-2  (},  i.  (101;  Mitii 
Agiiiiyo's  fxiM'il.,    17-0-'J,    1.    (■)•_':<; 

fiiv.    iif   'l\,'\in,    i.    G'JH,    G.'tO;  rulu, 
T'-'i  (S,  i.  «:«)  •.'. 
Alllioiitc,  (ii'ii.,  'Xotii'iii  Holire  TcjiiN,' 
ii,    I4S;  NiiiTutKlcr  (if,    ii.    '2&i;  pm- 
tt'Mt   iigaiii.-it    Tux.    unuexutioii,    ii. 

:v.n. 

Alciiisi),  Kiithor,    i)r()tcst    agaiitHt  the 

ilnHiiit^,  1077,  i.  'MM. 
Altiiiiiira,  MiinjuL'.i  do,  rcitt  of,  1744, 

i.  ()4I. 
Alviirailo,  Cajtt.,  cxpeil.  to  New  Mox., 

l.')4(>,  i.  H"). 
Alvarailo,   I*,  do,    expcd.  of,  I'l'JH,    i. 

17  IH;  meeting  with  Alarooii,  1.540, 

i.   ilU;    iKirtlierii    exped.    of,    i.    5t(5; 

death,  ir)4l,  i.  !Mi. 
Alvarez,  Seflora,  liuinanity  of,  ii.  237. 
Alvarez,  Friar  11.,  murder  of,  1702,  i. 

fi!),). 
Alvear,  Alcalde. I.,  the  Tepchuane  re- 
volt. If. If.  17,  i.  323. 
Alvear   y    Salazar,    tl.    do,     gov.    of 

Nueva   Vizoaya,    l«iir.-18,    i.    30G; 

sulidiies  the  Tepeluiane^*,    1017,    i. 

32r)-8;  ((iiarrel  witli  Je.suits,  i.  342. 
Aiiiador,   (len.   .f.  V.,   courage  of,  ii. 

211;  api.oiiited  gov.,  1700,  ii.  725. 
Aniat,  Col,  Filisola's  eommisiiioner,  ii. 

270. 
Aineri'.'a,  early  discoveries  in,  i.  2-5. 
Amt^rioaii.s,     first    in    Texas,     ii.    5; 

attacked    hy    Spaniards,    ii.     6-7; 

Mex.  dislike  of,  ii.  88. 
Auipudia,  (Jen.,  mention  of,  ii.   203; 

defeats  Texans,    ii.  301;  treatment 

of  prisoners,  ii.  3(i5;  ca;''t'ilatiou  of, 

ii.  3ii(;. 

Amusements,  Texas,  ii.  3112. 
Anfihuac,  Teiiorio  attacVed  -.r,  ii.  150. 
Amayr,  fJen.,  montir  m  ■  I.  ii.  327. 
Anders(.n,   K.  L.,   electi;d  vice-pres., 

KS44,  ii.  378. 
Andrade,    (!en.,   disobedience  of   or- 
ders, ii.  281. 
Andrew.s,  John    S.,   mention  of,    ii. 

501. 
Annexation,    Texans,  desire  for,    ii. 

284;  agitation   f(.r,  ii.    382;  U.    S. 

rejects,  1837,  ii.  342;  admission  of, 

1845,  ii.  382. 
Anson,  Capt.  G.,  voyage  of,   1740-2, 

i.  201. 
Anthony,  D.  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  549. 
Antonio,  Jose,  lud.  chief,  ii.  595. 
Anza,  Col  J.  A.,  exped.  of,  1774-6,  i. 

716-18. 


Anza,  Cnpt.  J.  R.,  cxpod.  against 
Apaelie<,  17.".8,  i.  'uiH;  170(1,  i,  .'..V.); 
mention  of,  i.  U99-700;  in  AltuCal., 
1770,  I.  7tiH. 

.'Vpachcs,  Indians,  raids,  etc.,  (.f  the, 
lO'.Ki  8,  i.  272  4;  172t,  i.  510  17; 
1730,  i.  035;  1734,  i.  (i3(;;  1700  I,  i. 
O.TO,  raids  in  Sonora,  i.  702;  IS'.H, 
ii.  653;  I8»0  7,  ()70;  1851  87,  ii. 
703-4;  (rallardo's  orders  concerning 
the,  1750,  i.  5;U;  war  with,  1754- 
0(5,  i.  557  9;  defeat  of,  i.  (.35;  etft.rts 
to  convert,  1757,  i.  044;  war  with 
C<.manches,  i.  044-5;  policy  m 
dealing  with,  178(!,  i,  082  3;  defeat 
of,  1790,  i.  609;  operatic.ns,  etc., 
against,  1774  97,  i.  714-15;  hostile 
tactics  <.f,  ii.  597. 

'  AiM.stolic(.s  Afanes  do  la  Campaflia 
<le  Jesus,'  i.  253. 

A(piino,  Father  T.  do,  with  Vizcaino's 
exped.,  1002-3,  i.  154. 

.\ragoii,  Don  1*.  G.  de,  mention  of,  i. 
5()7. 

'  Araucano,' war  vessel,  ii.  707. 

.Vrhiu'ke,  Brig. -gen.,  succeeds (laines, 
ii.  288. 

Arct',  (iov.  J.  A.,  succeeds  Gonzalez, 
etc.,  1825,  ii.  590. 

Arce  y  Arroyo,  1'.  de,  gov.  of  Sinaloa 
and  fSonora,  i.  554;  rule,  1753-5,  i. 
554. 

Archer,  B.  T.,  meml.er  state  conv., 
183.3,  ii.  133;  pi'cs.  .S.  Felipe  coun- 
cil, ii.  171  2;  ajiptd  emhassador,  ii. 
173;  appeals  f^or  Texas  aid,  284; 
nicnti(ui  of,  ii.  290. 

Archive  war,  1842,  ii.  S.'i.S. 

Arellano,  F.  H.  de,  project  of,  i.  168. 

Arellano,  Capt.  T.  de,  with  Corona- 
do's  exi)ed.,  l.')4()  2,  i.  84-8. 

'Argo,'  LJ.  S.  prize  l.rig,  ii.  007. 

Arg'.ielles  y  Miranda,  Doiia,  bequest 
of,  i.  470. 

Argiiello,  Gov.  Jose,  resignation  of, 
ii.  708. 

Arispe,  deputy,  mention  of,  ii.  79. 

Arista,  General,  force  of,  ii.  .328; 
defeats  centralist.*!,  ii.  .329;  procla- 
mation (.f.  ii.  347. 

Arista,  Father  F.,  succeeds  Espinosa, 
1002,  i.  311. 

Arizona,  name,  i.  525-6;  real  de,  i. 
526. 

Arizpe,  Intendenoia,  organized,  1786, 
i.  712. 

Arizj.e,  town,  capitol  agitation  of,  ii. 
644;  revolt  of,  1833,  ii.  (i55;  cap- 
ture of,  1838,  ii.  059. 

Arlegui,    Father   J.     'ChrcJnica,'   i. 


INUKX. 


77t 


110;  rnoiitinii  of,   i,  X\4;  clinuiii'luH 

of,  i.  .MKM. 
AniiL'sti),  FiitlitT,  inciitiiiii  of,  i,   ♦(('.». 
Aniii/ii,  (!(pv.  M.,  'I'fX.  Saiitu  Vo  fX- 

|>o<l.,  ii.  Xi'>  7. 
Ariiuiiui,   M.   ill',  gov,   of  Hiijii  ('ill., 

1770,  I.  7-'M  !). 
Aiu'.x,  Fiitlior  v.,  ill  IJjijft  ('ill.,  I7<i4- 

(i,  i.  47:i  4. 
Ariiolil,  ),'uiilu,  battlu  of  S.   Antonio, 

ii.  IV.'. 
Arrudondo,    Col,   (Icfeats   Toli'do,  ii. 

■J7   ft  Mflj. 

Arriiiga,   .1.    H.    ilis    j{ov.     of    Nuevii 

Vi/.iiiya.  l(i(K»,  i.  ;«)(>. 
Arri'dondo,   Col,  uppi'd  >{ov.    Orient 

tlivision,  ii.  r>iS'J. 
Arri'^ui,   (Jov.,  rcnioviil    of,    JSIU,    ii. 

(m.">. 
Arri'Uano,   iluneriil,  hucuhhiU  Yiiflez, 

ii.  »)!•:«. 
Airic'ta,  .1.  M  ,  incti^'on  of,  ii.  r>.S4. 
Arrillaga,   ('aht.,   iioiit   gov.   of  Uaja 
Cal.,  I7M.'},  1.    717;  tour  of,  ]~>i"t,  i. 
748;  ^o\\  of  IJaja  Cal.,  i.  iy.\  \). 
Arrillaga,  .1.   J.,  gov.  ud  int.  of  Alta 

Ci.l.,  171)-'  :<.  i.  77-J. 
Arrington,    William  W.,  mention  of, 

ii.  i'-2. 
Ari'iciviUa,  Father  J.  1).,  -works  of,  i. 

7'-'0. 
Arroyo  Hfpndo,  boundary  line,  ii.  10. 
Arvina,    V.    Rafael,     jire.s.     missions, 

etc.,  180'J  4,  ii.  700. 
A.seension,  Father  A.  de  la,  with  Viz- 
caino's exped.,  KiO-i  :<,  i.    ir>4,  1(50; 
'  Uelaoion  JJreve,'  i.  I">4,  lli7-8. 
Asylums,  Texas,  ii.  5:{7-".>. 
Atkin.son,    J.    G.,    execution     of,    ii. 

520^1. 
Atotonilco,  Spaniards  massacred  at, 

lOUi,  i.  •,V2'2. 
Augustiu,  Major,  mention  of,  ii.  321, 
Aury,    Ijuis   de,    api>t'd   commodore, 
etc.,  181(5,  ii.    lii-u;  ahandons  (ial- 
veston,  ii.  'M. 
'Austin,'  sloop  of  war,  ii.  3ol. 
Austin,  J.  ]$.,  mention  of,  ii.  300. 
Austin,  Jo'nn,  joins  insurgents,   1832, 
ii.      120;    altaeks   on     \*elasco,    ii. 
121-3;  reply  to  Mejia,  ii.  12."). 
Austin,  Moses,  liiog.,  colony,  etc.,  ii. 

'iCt  et  seq. ;  death  of,  ii.  4"8. 
Austin,  S.  F.,  mention  of,  ii.  57; 
founds  Austin  colony,  ii.  .")!1et  se(|.; 
grant  contirmed,  ii.  ()3;  additional 
grant,  ii.  09;  additional  grant, 
1827,  ii.  74;  op]>oses  Edwards 
revolt,  1820,  ii.  107;  I'onimended 
by   Mex.    govt,   ii.     llOj    member 


state  con'..,  1S33,  ii.  I.'t3  4;  liel'oru 
Mex.  congress,  ii,  |;{0;  arrt.'st,  eti'., 
of,  ii.  138  42;  'Lxan  council,  I8:;4, 
ii.  141);  return  .iml  advue  of,  |83r>, 
ii.  102  4;  cum'd'r  in  chief  of 
Texans,  ii.  KiS;  cmlias.sadiir  to  tho 
r.  S.,  ii.  173;  lialllo  (f  Coiiccp- 
cion,  ii.  17.V7;  «icgu  <>f  l!i'jar,  li. 
177  et  sei(.;  resign  <  cummand,  ii. 
178;  favors  independence,  ii.  2ir>; 
appiNil  of  in  aid  of  'I'twas,  li.  2.S4; 
deleat,  etc.,  of,  ii.  2'.M)  2;  app'lM 
.sec.    (if    .tale,    ii.    2!>4;    dcalh    and 

l.iug.  of,  ii.  2'.is  :;o,». 

Austin,  .'"^an  Felipe  de,  nametl,  ii.  (il, 

capital  at,    I'ui'.t,  ii.   .■(.'!7-8;  archive 

war  at,  ii.  Ii'/ii. 
Austin,  Col  W.  .1.,  battle  of  S.  Anto- 

nil.,  ii.  1S2. 
Austin,    \V.    '!".,     Kouston'ii     aid-de- 

camj),  ii.  238. 
Austin  colony,    .urant,  ii.  ")()  et  seq.; 

settleinent  of,  ii.  ,V.(  et   si'i[.;  grant 

contirmed,    ii.    0.3;    gov't,    ii.    t>3-5; 

adilitional  grants,  ii.  0'.) 
Austin  party,  mention  of,  ii.  2'.ll, 
Austin's  map  of  18.'!."),  ii.  7.'>. 
.\valos,  exj)eil.  of,  i.   14   1."). 
Avalos,   I'rovince,    sulijugation,    etc., 

of,  i.  14-1."). 
Ayestaran,  (len'l  .1.  .1.,  removal  of,  ii. 

58! ». 
Ayiitla,  ]ilan  of,  in  Chili,  ami  Duran- 

go,  18.")5,  ii.  017. 
Azpileiieto,    Father    M.,    ndssiouary 

labors,  etc.,  of,  1030,  i.  228-!». 
Ai:tatlau,  Guzman  at,  io'.iO,  i.  2<J 


B 


Bacobnritoa,  Sinaloan  tribe,  revolt  of, 
1004,  i.  '2\:i. 

Baegert,  Father  J.,  mention  of,  i. 
401). 

Baegert,  Father,  hiog.,  i.  478;  works 
of,  i  478;  map  of,  J  757,  i.  47!); 
tlij  .Je-uit  expulsion,  17t)7-8,  i. 
47!)-81. 

Bahia,  jiresidio,  establ'd  1722,  i.  ()28; 
site  of  ciianged,  i.  ()31;  removal  of, 
174!),  i.  ()42;  doscript.  of,  1778,  i. 
0.")!). 

Baines,  .T.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 

Haines,  .1.  \\'.,  biog.  of,  ii.  578. 
,  Baja  California,  see  California,  Baja. 
I  Baker,  arrest  ordered,  ii.  KJl;  execu- 
tion of,  ii.  .3.'{4  5. 

Baker,  B.  F.,  biog..  etc.,  ii.  544. 

Baker,  Jamesi  A.,  biug.  ot,  ii.  70(3. 


H 


H 


n : 


774 


INDEX. 


Baker,  Capt.  M.,  co.  of,  at  8aii 
Folipo,  li.  24ti;  I)urus  San  Felipe, 
ii.  'J47;  rejoiiH  Hou.jtou,  ii.  '2'>'.i. 

Bak.!!-,  Col  VV.  R.,  liiog.  of,  ii.  707. 

Baldwin,   N.  C.,   mention  of,  ii.    5(iL 

B.ilo<hra,  Father  A.,  retirement  of, 
llUl,  i.  2;u. 

Bauileras,  Ind.  chief,  revolt  ami 
il;  ith  of,  lS2r)-18:}2,  ii.  (W2. 

Biiiilitti,  Texai,  ii.  443. 

Baiii-ihineut  law,  Texas,  181)2,  ii.  458. 

B.inkiiii;,  i'ex.  li.  il.  Navig.  &  Bank- 
ini?  CO.,  ii.  2!K)-7. 

Baiiks,  General,  expedition  fig'st 
Wabino  City,  ii.  4")!(  (>l ;  other  ex- 
peil.s  ag'st  lexa-<    ii.  4tH»  7. 

Bai)tist-i,  Texai.   rir.st  church,  ii.  547. 

Barela,  Ciiico,  leader  Salt  lakes  riot, 
ii.  521. 

Bar'vcr,  Stephen,    mention  of,   ii.  48. 

Barnird,  iJootor,  mention  of,  ii. 
2ill  2. 

B.ii-ragan,  Col,  mention  of,  ii.  254-5; 
humanity  of,  ii.  'M't't. 

Barratarian  freebooters,  doings  of,  ii. 
•Mi. 

Barraza,  Cipt.  J.,  exped.  of.  KiHO,  i. 
S.'?:{  4;  defeat-i  the  Tolioso.-*.  I(>44,  i. 
34S;  sup.'rse  led,  i.  lUl);  the  Tara- 
humare  revolt,    llU!)  51,    i.    .'{.54  S. 

Barrera,  1.  !>.  de  la,  liisliop  of  Du- 
rango,  1705  <).  i.  51):i  4. 

Barrett,  .ludgo  I).  C. ,  mention  of,  ii. 
l(il),  172,  17t;  elected  judge  advo- 
cate gen"l,  ii.   19H  4. 

B.irrott,  C  >l  T.  H..  hattlj  and  retreat 
Palmetto  rancho,  ii.  475. 

B.irri,  V.  lie,  gov.  of  \\uva  Vizeaya, 
\~K;i,  i.  t;7(>;  gov.  of  BajaCal.,  etc., 
1771  5.  i.  7;iO  '.». 

Barriga,  A.  (r.,  cruise,  etc.,  of,  1(»44, 
i.   181-2. 

Barrioniicvo,  Father,  mission  to  Tar- 
aluimara,  I()7;t4,  i.  .'It^i  3. 

Barriin   y   .Ja'-regui,    .T.   de,    gov.    of 
Coahiiila,    \iiM,    i.     ()04;    gov.     of 
Texa-i,  1751   00,  i.  C30,  04:$. 

Barrota,  J.  E.,  expeds  of,  1080 -7,  i. 
413. 

Biirrutia.  I.  F.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Viz- 
eaya, 1728,  i.  S--^!. 

Bartlett,  .lesse,  mention  of,  ii.  100. 

Basaldua,  Father  J.  M.,  mention  of, 
i.  42('>  7;  mission  to  Mex.,  1704,  i. 
428  i(;  in  cliar/e  of  (iuaymas  mis- 
sion, 170!),  i.  511. 

Basilio,  Father,  death  of,  10.52,  i. 
358. 

Bastan,  C:i\)t  A.,  i)roiect  of,   i.    170. 

Bastrop,  Baruu  de,  app't'd,  ii,  04. 


Battle  creek,  battle  of,  ii.  311. 
Baylor,  Lieiit-col  ,).  R.,  exped.   .ag'st 

Indians,    18ol>,     ii.    411;    captures 

Forts  Bliss  ami  Fillmore,  ii.  451. 
Baj's,   Elder  Joseph,   mention   of,  ii. 

547. 
Bazan,  F.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizeaya, 

1584-5,  i.    113;  exped.  to  Smaloa, 

1.58.-,,  i.  114. 
Beall,  l)r  Ellas,  mention  of,  ii.  577. 
Bean,  E.  I'.,  hiog.  of,  i.  7-8. 
Beaujeu,   Capt.    La  Salle's  expeil.,  i. 

3!»7  401. 
Beaumont,  F.  de(;.,  1002-5,  i.  337. 
Becerra,  D.,  exjied.  of,  1533,  i.  45-0; 

murder  of,  i.  40. 
Beckham,  Mayor  R.  E.,   mention  of, 

ii.  574. 
Boe,  B.  E.,  cftmmis.  to  Mex.,  ii.  340. 
Bee,  (len'l,  proclaims  martial  law,  ii. 

457. 
Bejar,  San  Antonio  de,  (see  also  San 

Antonio);  mission  of  founded,  1718, 

i.  018;  Aguayo  at,  1721,   i.   02;i-4; 

1722,  i.  027-8;  descript.  of  natives 

at,     i.    003;     siege   of,     ii.   177    et 

se(i. ;  captured   hy    Va.squez,    1842, 

ii.  :us. 

Bejar,    San    Fernand'>    do,    villa    of 

founded,  17:50,  i.  032;  memoi  ial  of, 

177(),  i.  0.V2-3;  condition  of,  i.  053- 

4;  garrison   of   increiised,    1772,  i. 

050. 
Bclaunzaran,  .T.  B.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva 

Vizeaya,  17:58^48,  i.  582. 
Ik'h  n,  presidio  of,   founded,    1700,   i. 

585. 
Belena,  Licentiate  E.  V,,  mention  of, 

i.  711. 
Belgium,  recngnizes  Texas'  imlepeml- 

ence,  ii.  :$40. 
Bell.  .1.  H.,  mention  of,  ii.  100. 
Bell,  (lov.  r.  H.,  election  of,  1849,  ii. 

:$<»8;  vetoes  Texas  debt  bill,    18.52, 

ii.  4!)4;  elected  to  U.   S. 

ii.  405. 
Bellislu,  S.   de,  atlventurcs  of,   1718- 

21,  i.  020. 
liencvolent    institutions,    Texas,    ii. 

537. 
Benitoz,  Father  E.,  murder  of,  1080, 

i.  303. 
Bennett,  Lieut-col.  at  council  of  war, 

ii.  2.58. 
Beranger,  exped.  of,  1720,  i.  019. 
Bernal,  Lieut  C.  M.,  exi>ed.  of,  1097, 

i.  20t  5. 
Bernstein,  Max.  mention  of,  ii.  ~'A6. 
Berrotaran,   Capt.    .T.    de,    report  to 

viceroy,  etc.,  1748,  i.  5S4. 


congress. 


INDEX. 


"5 


Berry,  Capt.,  death  of,  ii.  3G.'{. 
Bcvil,  Joliu,  niuiinoa  of,  ii.  172. 
liililiugiupliy,  Tuxiis,  ii.  ',iKi  et  .seq. 
Lii;kley,  (juo.  \V.,  ineiitiim  of,  ii.  4.'}4. 
lJigli)\v,  Horatio,  iiientinu  of,  ii.  48. 
}Ji(igr;ipliy,  ii.  570  IS,  7liu-9. 
Bisciiotf,    Fatlier    J.    J.,    at   Loreto, 

17.VJ,  i.  4()!t. 
Blaiu'arte,  (jteii.    J.    M.,  revolt,  etc., 

of,  ii.  7'24. 
Blanco,    (reiieral,  succeeds  C'arra.sco, 

ii.  (>7-;  ultimatum  to  tilibuftturH,  ii. 

C77-8;  defeat  of,  ii.  071);  recall  of, 

ii.  081. 
Blanco,  Victor,  elected  vice  gov.,  ii. 

8(). 
Blednoe,    A.,     comptroller,    1809,    ii. 

41)8. 
Blind  asylnni,  Texas,  ii.  .").'{7-8. 
Bloiiut,  L'ol  iS.  -M.,  l)iog.,  ii.  570. 
Bogarro,  Anselmo,  esoai)e  of,  ii.  21.1; 

casualty  report  of,  ii.  215. 
BoIion|uu:i,  Adjutant  N.,  with  Salva- 

tierra's  exped.,  1701,,  i.  494. 
Bola.s  de   Plata   mines,  discovery  of, 

17."10,    i.    525;    richnus.s  of,    i.   520; 

claimed  for  the  crown,  i.  527. 
Bonavia  y  Zapata,  B.,  gov.   intendcnt 

of  Kurango,    17'.'0.  i.  078;  zealousy 

in  royal  cause,  ii.  584. 
Boneo  y  .Morales,  J.,  gov.   of  Texas, 

174:?,  i.  <;:«». 

Bonham,  death  of,  ii.  212. 
Bonifacio,  Fathiu'L.,   death  of,  1644, 

i.  2:i4;  l)iog.,  i.  2.'>4. 
Bcmilla,  exped.  of,  l.V.).-).  i.  128-9. 
Bonnell,  (Jeo.  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  550. 
Bonner,  .liulge  M.  H.,  associate  jus- 
tice, 1878,  li.  522. 
Boone,  11.  II.,  mentini!  of,  ii.  518. 
Boi-den,  (Jail,  iiRiition  of,  ii,  170.  ,549. 
Borden,  T.  II.,  incntio.i  of,  ii.  549. 
B'iiic.i,  D.  de,   gi.\.   of  Cal.,    1794,   i. 

751;  1800,  i.  759,  772. 
Borrego,  T.,  arrest  of,  ii.  023. 
Botello  y  .Siirraiio,  (_'iij)t.  A.,  report, 

etc,    of,     l(i30,    i.      177  8;    license 

granted  to,  i.  178. 
Bouillon,    Raousset    de,   early    career 

of,    ii.    074;    sclienu's     of,    ii.    070; 

ultimatum   ti,    ii.   077-8;  captures 

IFcrmosillo,    ii.   679;  illness    of,    ii. 

080;  return  to  S.    V.,   etc.,    ii.  (iS2; 

Santa  Annaappts  a  colonel,  ii.  0S.'{; 

interference  of^  Cal.   authorities,  ii. 

084;     second    exped.     ol,     ii.     085; 

Yaflez  outwits,  ii.  (iSO;  defeat  and 

capture  of,  ii.  087  9;  execution  of, 

ii.  090  1. 
Uouudary,   Looiaiaua  poaaessioaa,   ii 


45-7;  Texiis,  defined,  ii.  297;  New 

Mex.  ami  Tex.,    1848,  ii.  :{98;  lied 

river,    ii.    525-0;    bill,    for  Texas, 

synopsis,  ii.  400. 
Bourne,  L'ol,  explor.  of,  ii.  044. 
Bowie,  (-ol    James,     mention    of,   ii. 

128;  hiog.,  etc.,  175-7;  grass  fight, 

ii.  178-9;  Alamo  massacre,   ii.  201 

etscip ;  death  of,  ii.  212. 
Bowles.  Cherokee  chief,  ii.  321. 
Bradhurn,  Davis,  t.yranny  of,  ii.  115- 

17;  proclaims  martial  law,  ii.  119; 

nieutiou  of,  ii.  215. 
Bradhurn,  .Tohn  1).,  mention  of,  ii.  97. 
Bradley,  Capt.  J.,  hiog,,  ii.  578. 
Bramhila,  Lient-col,  surrenders  com- 
mand, 1844. 
Branciforte,    mission,    founded,    etc., 

1797,  i.  772. 
Bravo,    Father   J.,    exped t.,  etc.,  of, 

1718-21,  i.  444-9;  death  of,  1744,  i. 

402. 
Bravo,  J.  v.  D.,  hishop  of  Durango, 

etc.,  1709,  i.  084. 
Bravo,  Nicolas,  mention  of,  373. 
Braw,  A.  L. ,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 
Brazitos,  battle  at,  ii.  000  7. 
Bra/oria,     founded,     ii.     110;    angry 

meeting,  etc.,  at,  ii.  117. 
'  Brazoria,"  schooner,  ii.  121. 
Bra/iis,  Indian  agency,  formation  of, 

ii.  400  7. 
Breece,  Caiit.,  mention  of,  ii.  179. 
Bremond,  Paul,  luention  of.  ii.  574. 
Brenliam,  Dr,  death,  etc.,  of,  ii.  300. 
Brenliam,    U.    F.,    Texas     .Santa    Fo 

exped.,  ii.  3.34. 
Brineourt,  captures  Chihuahua,  etc., 

1804,  ii.  021. 
Bringas,    Col    Juan,   mention   of,    ii. 

2()3. 
Bronsfdi,  Lient-col,  victory  of  at  Pal- 
metto raiicho,  ii.  475. 
Brotherton,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  524. 
Brown,  Capt.  J.,  capt.    selmoner  In- 

vinciiile,     ii.     271;      captures     the 

'  Pocket, 'ii.  272. 
Brown,  Mayor  J.  T.,    mention  of,  ii. 

574. 
Brown,    P     R.,    escape,    etc.,   of,   ii. 

219  20. 
Brown,  Capt.  T.  J.,  biog.,  of,  ii.  709. 
Brown,    Capt.    Win,    capt.    scliooner 

lihertv.  ii.  271. 


Br 


ownsv.lle. 


Cortina's   raids   on,    ii. 


44+;  eapUi"e,-i  and  recaptures  of,  ii. 

4('.ii-S. 
'Bnii:uy,'   schooner,    mention    of,    ii. 

272:  los;,  etc.,  of,  ii.  2S3_4, 
Bryan,  (r.  M.,  meutioa  of,  ii.  290. 


776 


INDEX. 


Bryan,  William,  mention  of,  ii.  S5'2. 

Buciiivli,  Niicstra  Senoni  del  I'llar  ile 
lJUul)lo  ot  cstalild,  1774,  1.  Got};  site 
ol  ruiiiovt'tl,  1779,  i.  (iuG  7. 

Buckley,  defeat  of,  iSoS,  ii.  427. 

Buckley,  !S.  B.,  iiientiou  of,  ii.  553. 

Bueiia  y  Alcalde,  Father  M.  A.,  nien- 
tidii  of,  i.  70tJ. 

BuH'aloes,  Texas,  ii.  559. 

BufiPi'd,  M.  N.,  mention  of,  ii.  554. 

Bullock,  James  W.,  defeatof  Piedras, 
ii.  127. 

Burleson,  Cdl  E.,  succeeda  Austin,  ii. 
17S;  at  couiuil  (if  war,  ii.  258;  l*at- 
tleof  San  Jacinto,  ii.  2(>0  1 ;  Cher- 
okee battle,  ii.  323;  elected  vice 
pres.,  1S4I,  ii.  342;  defeat  of,  elec- 
tion, 1844,  ii.  378. 

Burman,  Jesse,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 

Burnett,  Pres.  David  (i.,  colony 
grant,  ii.  74,  110;  memher  state 
couv.,     IS,'{3,    ii.     133;    election    of, 

•  lS3t),  ii.  218;  proclamation,  Marcli 
1831),  ii.  24();  at  Cam;)  .San  Jacinto, 
ii.  2()8;  army  ofHcers'  letter  to,  ii. 
273;  chaiged  with  trea.son,  ii.  274; 
message  of,  Oct.  1830,  ii.  2'.t2;  res- 
ignation of,  ii.  293;  elected  vice 
jires.,  1838,  ii.  313;  ilefeat,  election, 
1811,  ii.  .341. 

Burnley,  meiliation  of  Mex.  v^  Texas, 
ii.  310. 

Burr.  Kohert.  app't'd  postmaster  gen- 
eral, ii.  294. 

Burriel,  Padre  A  M.,  'Noticia  de  la 
California,'  i.  281-2. 

Burton,  Col,  campaign,  etc.,  of  L. 
Cal.,  ii.  713  et  seq. 

Burton,  Major  I.,  achievements  of, 
ii.  282. 

Burts,  \Vm  P.,  mayor  Fort  Worth, 
ii.  574. 

Bustanianto,  ('apt.  B.,exped.  against 
Ap.iciies,  I7"iti,  i.  557. 

Bustamante.  ('apt.  F.,  witji  Figueroa's 
exped.,  I(i3(>.  i.  174;  alcalde  mayor 
of  San  Felipe,  I(i3(),  i.  207:  lleut- 
gov.  of  Sail  Felii)e,  Hi.'Ki,  i.  231    2. 

Bustamante  y  N'elasco,  election  orders 
of  1821,  ii'.  ().•?."). 

Buster,  ('apt.,  writing  of,  ii.  .3(50. 

Bustillo  y  Cevallos,  ,1.,  gov.  of  Texas, 
i.  (134;  ride,  1730  3,  i.  li.'U  (i. 

Byrom,  John  S.  D.,  nuntiou  of,  ii. 
172. 


0 


Cahalloro  y  Carranfo,  Friar  J.,  with 
Liicciiill'a's  fxped.,  Iii(i8,  i.  184. 


Cahallero  y  Osio,  J.,  aids Saivatierra, 
1()97,  i.  280. 

Caliorca,  attacked  by  Pinias,  1541,  i. 
544. 

Cahello,  D.,  gov  of  Texas,  1778-Sl, 
i.  ()(iO,  iidii. 

Calie/as,  raids  of  the,  1(544-5,  i. 
348  9. 

Cabildrw,  Coali.,  decree  ordering, 
1812,  ii.  79. 

Cabrera,  bandit,  capture  and  execu- 
tion of,  ii.  445. 

Calirillo,  J.  R.,  exped.  of,  l.")42  .3,  i. 
l.'13--5;  '  Relacion,"  i.  I. '13;  discovers 
upper  Cal.,  1542,  i.  i;}5;  death  of, 
i.  135-6. 

Caderita,  Viceroy,  decree  of,  16.''\  i. 
178. 

Cadillac,  M.,  gov.  of  Louisiana,  .t.  , 
171.3,  i.  (!10. 

Cajen,  (Jov.,  captures  Dnrango,  18.j9, 
ii.  (J18;  defeat  and  ileath,  ii,  GI9. 

Cajeiiie,  Ind.  cliief,  execution  of,  ii. 
704. 

Calalior'"a,  Father,  exped.  of,  17(10,  i. 
(>49  ."lO. 

Calder,  Capt.  R.  J.,  mention  of,  ii. 
2(i0  1. 

Calderou,  M.,  alctilde  mayor  at  San 
Felipe,  l(i71.  i.  237. 

CaldwiU.  Col  .\1.,  liattle  with  WoU, 
ii.  ;{57  -8. 

California,  name,  i.  82. 

California  (.\lta  or  upper),  discovered 
by  Cabrillo,  1542,  i.  13,")  G;  Fer- 
relo'.s  voyage,  l.")43,  i.  13G;  Viz- 
caino's exped.,  !G()2-3,  i.  I.hS-GO; 
Vizcaino's  scheme  for  colonizing, 
U)'-'0,  i.  I(i7  8;  expeds  to.  I7G9, 
i.  489  9i);  Anza's  exped.,  1774-0, 
i.  717  IS;  occupation,  etc.,  of, 
17G9  1800,  i.  7G5-7.'5 ;  Franciscans 
in,  i.  7G7-70;  exjiloration  of, 
1775  (>,  i.  708;  mission  all'airs 
in,  1781-90,  i.  709-73;  industries, 
e;c.,  in,  i.  771;  lililiu.stering  exiieds 
from,  1852  4,  ii.  073  et  seip 

California  (Baja  or  lower),  I'lloa'sex- 
ped.,  1539,  i.  78-82;  Alai-eon'a, 
l.")40,  i.  90  5;  Cabrilio's.  1512,  i. 
I.'{.{  4;  Vizcaino's  cxi>ed.,  I.')9.r,  i. 
147-51  r  1002-3,  i.  153  ()l);('ardona's 
exped.,  1015,  i.  104;  Vizciiiio's 
sciienie  for  coloiiizint:,  li)20,  i.  107- 
8;  regarded  as  an  i  land,  i.  JliN-',); 
map  of,  11)21  5,  i.  lll'.l;  (.)r:(ga'.s  ex- 
Jieds,  |0:!2  (),  i.  171  5;  Cafias' ex- 
ped., 1042,  i.  181;  HaiTi>.'rs.  1044, 
1.  182;  CasaiKite's,  lO),'  ;  183-4; 
Luceuilla's,lG("^,  i.  m  5;i)cjudo'u, 


INDEX. 


777 


1683-5,  i.  187-93;  Itamarra's,  1G94, 
i.  194  5;  Damper's,  etc.,  1704  10, 
i.  191)  '.'(K);  Fn.iulae".s.  1709,  i.  "JOO; 
Shflvock'.s,  17--'l,  i.  200  1;  ell'oct  of 
failuros  to  colonize,  i.  'J7t)"7;  Sal- 
vatierra's  expeii.  to,  Hi'.)7  1700,  i. 
2Sl  :!()l;  Loroto  foumlu.l  in,  1097, 
i.  "JSl  (i;  map-;  of,  i.  4'_'7,  447,  404, 
471,  479,  74;i;  mission  affairs,  etc., 
in,  1701  17,  i.  4-Jl  438;  1709-74,  i. 
7-G;  17S  I  ISOO,  i.  745;  mission  sys- 
tem, i.  439  41;  mission  funds,  i. 
441  '2;  mission  affairs,  etc.,  in, 
1717  1)9.  1.  443  91;  .lesuits  in,  1717 
-68,  i.  443-82;  Ugarte's  cxplor.  of, 
17-1,  i.  4.')0 -'J;  Icicu.i  plague  i:>, 
17'22,  i.  453;  Taraval's  explor., 
1732,  i.  45iJ;  Inli-Ki  out!)rcaks  in, 
i.  457  02;  cpide  nio  in,  1742  8,  i. 
402;  Coiisiig  s  explors,  1740,  i.  403 
4;  1753,  i.  470;  Escobar's  rept, 
1745,  i.  4iJ5;  iruhntrie)  of,  i.  4(i7-8, 
488;  native  diplomacy  in,  i.  474-5; 
Jesuits  expelled  from,  17t)7  8,  i. 
477-82;  Franciscans  in,  1707-9,  i. 
482-90;  Sal  vatierra's  cxped.,  1701, 
i.  4'.t3  8;  Kino's,  170)  0,  i.  495- 
502;  Dominicans  in  (1777)  i.  742; 
pestilence,  etc.,  in,  1781,  i.  745;  ex- 
plorations of,  1794-7,  i.  752-4;  set- 
tlei'ie.it^,  etc.,  of,  176S  1800,  i. 
700-li;  populatii>n,  i.  702:  indus- 
trio-i,  i.  702-3;  proi^re^s  an  1  cents, 
18i).>  1888,  ii.  705  09;  separation 
from  .Vlti  Cal.,  ii.  705;  neglei't  of, 
ii.  70l>;  foroigTi  intercourse,  1S2()- 
32,  ii.  711;  war  witli  U.  S.,  ii.  712; 
U.  S.  restoration  of,  etc.,  ii.  719; 
Walker's  tiliUusterini;  exjied.,  1851, 
ii.  720etse(i.;  Freiicli  intervention 
iu,  ii.  720;  revenue  of,  ii.  742;  edn- 
r-i'-ion  in,  !i.  742:  ii.  755-0;  iron, 
'.li,  tin,  quicksilver,  etc.,  ii.  750; 
gr  iphite  and  salt]  ctre,  757  8, 
pearl-i,  ii.   757  00;  mills,    ii.    700-1. 

Calleja,  Felix,  iiu'iitiiui  of,  ii.  581. 

(_"alt/ont/in.  King,   munler  of,    i.    28. 

Calvo,  Consul,  surrenders  lilibusters, 
ii.  089. 

Calvo,  J.  J.,  f'ommandante  gen'l, 
1S;!4,  ii.  alio.  .503. 

Ca'iilion,  I'ltluT.  ill  cliarge  at  San 
Fi'rnaiidi),  177H,  i.  7'i7. 

Oa'iica,  .hian  M.  I.,  Naijui  gen'l, 
do  ith  of,  ii.  0.50. 

('amiTon,  Cap'.,  di^oljedicneo  of,  ii. 
.'illO;  livttlcof  Mier.  ii.  303;  escapi', 
etc.,  of,  ii.  305;  execution  of,  ii. 
3()S. 

Cameron,  .lolm,   colony  grant,  ii.  74; 


mention  of,  ii.  97,  155;  apptd  Ind. 
commission,   ii.  109. 

Campos,  Father,  escape  of,  1095,  i. 
201;  the  death  of  Kmo,  1711.  i.  505 
-0;  labors  in  I'imeria,  i.  507;  ex- 
plor. of,  1715,  i.  .507-8. 

Canijiuzano,  Ci  'nmandant,  surrender 
of  (iuayuias,  ii.  ti05,  007. 

Canales,    Col,  mili.   disaster,   ii.   .301. 

Canales,  (ieu'l  Antonio,  battle  of  Al- 
eantro,  ii.  327-8;  inaction  of.  ii. 
328;  Arist.i  defeats,  ii.  329;  Davis' 
defeat  of,  ii.  .357. 

Canalizo,  fien'l,  incites  Ind.  hostili- 
ties, ii.  .'{21;  capture  of  correspon- 
dence, ii.  322;  force  at  Matamoras, 
1840,  ii.  320. 

Cai\as,  L.  C.  de.,  exped.  of,  1042,  i. 
181;  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Velipe, 
1041-4,  i.  207;  comtnandante  of 
Sinaloa,  1041,  i.  2.32. 

Canby,  (ien'l,  defeat  in  battle  of  Val- 
oeide,  ii.  452;  battle  at  I'cralta,  ii. 
453;  surrender  of  Kirl>y  Smith,  ii. 
475;  letter  on  Texas  affairs  in 
Texas,  1808,  ii.  497. 

Caneio,  Ca]>t.  L.,  letters  to  viceroy, 
etc.,  171)0-7,  i.  .507  71;  the  .lesuit 
expulsion,  1707,  i.  575- 7,  704;  men- 
tion of,  i.  000.  0119. 

Candelaria  mission,  establd  1744,  i. 
041;  founding  of,  1701  2,  i.  0.50. 

Caned,  (Jov,,  election  of,  1877,  ii. 
702. 

Cafifdo,  D.  de,  at  La  Pa/,  10.33,  i. 
172. 

Canto,  (Ien'l,  murders  Pantoni,  ii. 
023. 

Caravajal,  Ocn'l,  mention  of,  ii.  445. 

Carhajal,  ,1.  S.  L.  de,  gov.  of  Nucva 
Vizcaya,  1723,  i.  581. 

Carboiiel,  E  ,  expcd.,  etc.,  of,  1030, 
i.  175  0. 

Cardelle,  Cara,  '  W.  B.  Dewees'  Let- 
ters,' ii.  3S5. 

Ciirileiias.  ('apt 
orado,  1540,  i 

Cardenas,  Jose 
80. 

Carilenas,  Father 
228. 

Cardis,  Louis,  death  of,  etc.,   ii.  519 

Cardoiia,  N,,  voyages  of,  1013  15,  i, 
103  5. 

Car  bma.  Cant.  S.,  voyages  of,  Kli.'i- 
15,  i.   10:t  7:  nicini.rial  iif.  i.    178. 

('arni's,  C;ipt.,  scouting  ex]iliiitH  of, 
ii,  244;  coinniis.  to  Mex.,  ii.  2.sl   2. 

Cams,  Henry,  at  battle  8.  Antonio, 
ii.  184. 


exped.    to  the  Col- 

85. 

S.    de,   coiiiu'illiir,  ii. 

L.,    liostility  to,   i. 


f78 


INDEX. 


Cora,  Ramon  M.,  estimatea  of  Alamo 

casualtius,  ii.  1.'14. 
(.'ari'iinco,  Padre,  iiiuriler  of,   1734,  i. 

458. 
Carrasco,   C'apt.  D.,  with  Kiuo'a  ex- 

ped.,  1(1!I8.  i.  20(5. 
Carrasco,  Col  J.  M.,  death  of,  ii.  07-. 
Carrera,    Father  A.,    mention   of,    i. 

878. 
Carrillo,    Oov.,     i)roclaim8     Iglesias 

pros.,  etc.,  1870,  ii.  (i24. 
Carrion,  Ca]it.  J.  F.,  the  Tarahumare 

revolts,  l(i4y-r)2,  i.  354,  359. 
Carson,   .S.  P.,  Letter  to  Buunett,  ii. 

2-i'      letired.  ii.  2()!». 


'  Cai . 

Casa  t .  r 
i.  2(>5. 

Casanate, 
Sinaloa 


''oxas,   1857,  ii.  417   19. 
uiua  of  explored,  1097. 


comandante    of 


j.i.  jniral, 
i.  233. 

Casanate,  Capt.  P.  Portery,  survey 
proposed  liy,  1035,  i.  177;  report, 
etc.,  of,  1030,  i.  177-8;  license 
granted  to,  i.  178;  revoked,  i.  178; 
capturL'd  hy  pirates,  1037,  i.  178-9: 
memorial  of,  1038,  i.  179;  commis- 
sion, 1040,  i.  179-80;  at  .Santa  Cruz, 

1043,  i.  181;  ship  1)uilding  projects. 
i.    181-2;  cruise   of   the   'liosario,' 

1044.  i.  182;  vessels,  etc.,  of  hurned, 
i.  1S2-3;  royal  favor  to,  i.  183;  voy- 
age of,  1048,  i.   183-4. 

Casavantes,  G.,  revolt   of,    1829,   ii. 

025. 
Casli,   iTohn  S.,  execution  of,   ii.  307. 
Castaficda,  Lieut  F.,   Texans   defeat 

of,  ii.  l()5-(). 
Castani/a,  Hishop,  mention  of,  ii.  584. 
Castafio,  Father  Ii.,  missionary  labors 

of,  1038-9,  i.  230. 
Castilla,   P.    H.    dc,    captain   at   San 

Felipe,  1080,  i.  2.37. 
Castillo,  Capt.  D.  tlol,  map  of,  i.  80-1; 

cxped.  of,  Ki.'iO,  i.  3S5~(). 
Castillo,  (!.  del,  gov.  of  Kueva  Viz- 

caya,  1095,  i.  3.38. 
Castini,    Father   P.,    retirement    of, 

1044,  i.  234. 
Castini,    Padre     P.    ,T.,     missionary 

labors  of,  1021,  i.  225. 
Castlcman,  S.,  mention  of,  ii.  300. 
Castrillon,  Cen'l,  courage  of,  ii.  202. 
Castro,  (Jov.  A.  M.  de,  installation  of, 

ii.  049. 
Castro,  Brother  F.,  death  of,  1527,  i. 

230. 
Castro,  Jose,  murder  of,  ii.  725. 
Castro,  Gov.  M.  M.,  succeeds  Cafieda, 

ii.  703. 
Castru,  Capt.  Mauricio,  defense  prep. 


of,  1847,  ii.  712;  orders  to  Pineda, 

ii.   713;   capture  of,   1847,    ii.   718; 

suspended,  etc.,  ii.  720. 
Cave,  E.  \V.,  refu.sal  to  take  confed. 

oath,  ii.  440. 
Cavelier,    priest,  with  La  Salle's  ex- 

ped.,  i.  400-11. 
Cavendish,  8irT.,  voyage  of,  1588,  i. 

144. 
Ceballos,   Gov.  Rafael,   appointment 

of,  ii.  0(53. 
Cepeda,  Father,  remarks  on  Ind.  out- 
break of  ir44-5,  i.  351-2. 
Cereals,  Texas,  ii.  557-8. 
Cermenon,  S.  R.,  voyage  of,  1595,  i, 

147. 
Cerralvo,  Viceroy,  grants  license,  etc., 

to  Ortoga,    1031,    i.   171;  to  Casa- 

mate,  1030,  i.  177-8. 
Cerro  (Jordo,  fortified  camp  at,  1045, 

i.    351;    presidio   site  removed,    i. 

080. 
Cervantes,  Father  B.,  death  of,  1649, 

i.  234. 
Cervantes,  G.  G.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva 

Vizcaya,  1631-.3,  i.  300. 
Cespedes,  Col,  battle  San  Jacinto,  ii. 

203. 
Chalmers,  W.  L.,  sec.  state  conven- 
tion, ii.  482. 
Chambers,  A.  J.,  biog.   mention,    ii. 

544. 
Chambers,  Judge  Thomas,   biog.   of, 

ii.  144. 
Chambers,   T.   J.,   defeat  of  election, 

1853,  ii.  405;  1801,  ii.  451;  1803,  ii. 

400;  treason  of,  ii.  425. 
Chambers,    William,  defeat   election, 

1870,  ii.  515. 
Chainetla,   Port,   Cortes'    exped.    at, 
1535,    i.   49-50;    Guzman's,    i.    58; 

name,  i.  203. 
Chametla,  Province,  Guzman  in,  1530, 

i.     30-2;    Ibarra's     occupation   of, 
1505,  i.  110. 
'Champion,'  capture  of,  ii.  284. 


Chandler,  Capt.,  party  of,  ii.  371. 
"japmau 
ii.  548. 


Cluapman,    Rev, 


,  party  ol,  u.  . 
.   K.  M. ,   ment 


lentiun   of, 


Chaves,  Lieut,  arrests  Ncgrete,  ii. 
720. 

Cheape,  Geo.  C,  b.og.  of,  ii.  7.30. 

Cherokces,  Inds.,  petition  for  land- 
grant,  ii.  103;  battle  with,  1839,  ii. 
323. 

Chevalie,  Major  M.,  mention  of,  ii. 
.397. 

Chicliimecs,  country  of  the,  i.  12-13. 

Chicuris,  Sinaloau  tribe,  conversiua 
of,  1071,  i.  239. 


INDEX. 


779 


Chihualma,  see  also  Nueva  Vizcaya; 
naiiiu,  i.  GOO;  Iturbiile  revolt  in,  ii. 
5SU;  admitted  as  a  state,  ii.  587; 
political  events,  1825-4H,  ii.  58!)- 
G0;<;  events  in  1843-88,  ii.  G04  et 
seq. ;  invasion  threatened,  1843,  ii. 
604-");  map  of,  ii.  600;  Douiplian's 
capture  of,  ii.  008-9;  retreat  of 
French  from,  180(5,  ii.  G'2'2;  revolt 
1871-2,  1870,  ii.  024;  boundary  with 
Dnrango,  ii.  620;  revenue  of,  ii. 
741 ,  education  in,  ii.  740. 

Cliihuahua,  town,  previa,  capitol, 
181U,  ii.  620. 

Cliinipa,  Hurdaide's  expeJ.  to,  1601, 
i.  211. 

Chinipa.s,  misju..  vries  among,  1620, 
i.  224 -t");  missions  founded  among, 
1526-7.  i.  227;  revolt,  etc.,  of,  1631- 
2,  i.  I.-.X.)  30. 

Cliirrint  s  conservatives,  party,  ii.  588. 

C'liirinos,  P.,  with  Guzniau's  exped., 
1,')20,  i.  28. 

Chivington,  Maj.,  battle  with  confed- 
erates, ii.  452. 

Cibola,  province,  Coronado's  exped. 
in,  1540,  i.  85. 

Cignataii,  province,  Guzman  in,  1831, 
1.  33  5. 

Cinco  Seflores,  Pueblo,  founding  of, 
1728,  i.  5S4. 

Cisneros,  Father  B.,  death  of,  1616,  i. 
323. 

'  t'ity  of  Monterey,' jylan,  ii.  395. 

Civil  war,  Texas,  ii.  4,")0  et  seq. 

Clark,  (iov.  Kdward,  succeeds  Hous- 
ton, ii.  410;  proclamation,  June 
ISlll,  ii.  451;  defeat  election,  1861, 
ii.  451. 

Clark,  Judj,'o  Geo.,  state  attorney- 
gL'u'l,  ii.  518;  biog.  of,  ii.  578. 

Clark,  W.  T.,  representative,  1869, 
ii.  4!»S. 

Clark,  .lames  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  546. 

Clay,  ,\(lam,  biog.  of,  ii.  767. 

Clay,  Son.  Henrv,  boundary  and  debt 
of  Texas,  ii.  .399. 

Clavigcro,  F.  S.,  '  Storia  Jella  Cali- 
fornia,' i.  282. 

Clements,  J.  D.,  mention  of,  ii.  172, 
174. 

Climate,  Texas,  ii.  556-7;  L.  Cal.,  ii. 
730. 

Clingman,  Senator,  mention  of,  ii. 
435. 

Clough,  Colli.  M.,  mention  of,  ii.  577. 

Coahuila,  annals  of,  1582-16(M),  i.  126. 

Coapa,  the  Tepohuane  revolt,  1616- 
17,  i.  324. 

Coahuila,    limits  of,    i.  375;  church 


afiTairs  in,  i.  375-6:  map  of,  i.  ,377; 
boundaries  of,  i.  603— i;  govs,  of, 
1702-89,  i.  6(M;  condition  of,  1701- 
1800,  i.  605;  population,  i.  605-6; 
settlements,  i.  0(H)-7;  missions 
affairs,  etc.,  in  i.  607-8;  despotism 
in,  1824,  ii.  77;  population,  I8(»:i- 
10,  ii.  78;  gov't  of  towns,  ii.  78-9; 
resources,  li.  80;  indej)end('nce  in, 
ii.  82;  state  formed  with  Texas,  ii. 
83;  constitution  of,  ii.  83;  election, 
1827,  ii.  86;  finances  of,  1827.  ii. 
86-7;  administ.  of  jxistico,  1827-9, 
ii.  94-5;  education,  1811-30,  ii.  95- 
6;  separation  of  Coali.  &  Tex.  dis- 
cu.4sed,  ii.  1.30  et  seq.;  factional 
tight  in,  ii.  143  etseq.;  state  auth- 
orities deposed,  ii.  154-5. 

Cocke,  J.  ]),,  execution  of,  ii.  307. 

Codallos  y  Rabal,  Dr  J.,  vicar-gen.  of 
Texas,  1721,  i.  625. 

Coe,  Philip,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 

Coke,  Gov.  Richard,  election  of  1872, 
ii.  510-11;  message,  1875,  ii.  512; 
reelection  of,  1870,  ii.  515;  pro- 
poses constitutional  changes,  ii. 
516-18;  elected  U.  S.  senator,  1876, 
ii.  518. 

Coker,  John,  mention  of,  ii.  260. 

Coleto,  battle  of  tlie,  ii.  227-33, 

Collantes,  Father  J.,  retirement  of, 
1044,  i.  234. 

CoUard,  F..,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 

Colleges,  Texas,  list  of,  ii.  540. 

Collingsworth,  Capt.  George,  capture 
of  (Joliad,  ii.  109. 

Collingsworth,  J.,  sec.  of  state,  18.36, 
ii.  209;  coiiimis.  to  Wasliinj,'ton,  ii. 
284;  suicide,  etc.,  of,  ii.  313. 

Collins,  L.  H. ,  mention  of,  ii.  "01, 

Colombo,  town,  Guzman  at,  1531,  i. 
35. 

Colonization  in  Tex.,  .Sjianisli,  ii.  54- 
5;  Austin's,  ii.  50et  se((.,  othir  colo- 
nies, ii.  73  et  sccj. ;  L.  Cal.,  1.s04, 
ii.  727;  act  of,  1SS3,  ii.  729;  N. 
Mex.  states,  ii.  744. 

Colonization  law,  Texas  &  Coah., 
182.5,  ii.  70. 

'  Color.ailo,'  war  brig,  ii,  351. 

Colorado  river,  Diaz  on  the,  1540,  i. 
88;  .Marcon,  i.  91  3;  Sedclinairs 
ex]dor.,  1744,  i.  537;  1748-50,  i. 
.540  1. 

ColHml)ia,  revolutionary  meeting  at, 
1835,  ii.  102. 

Columbus,  theory,  etc.,  of,  i.  2-3. 

Comaiu'hes,  war  with  .•\pacries,  i. 
044  5;  massacre  at  San  SabS,  1758, 
L  U45-8;  exped.  against,    1759,   i. 


r 


780 


INDEX. 


64fl;  further  raith  of,  i.  G19;  tlcfoat 

of,  ITIK),  i.  (kilt;  liiwtilitici  of,  \SU), 

ii.  IJ'24;  trouldes  with,  ii.  40j;  res- 

crvatiiiii  for,  ii.  407. 
CoiiiiiioroL!,    Te.\a5,    imports    and  ex- 
ports,   \H'M,    ii     148;    lS:i8-40,    ii. 

•U'J;  1870  82,  ii.  5(17;  Nhippiiig,  ii. 

.'itiS;  L.  Cal.     1800-17,  ii.  707;    N. 

Mi'X.  state.s,  iiiiport-s  anil   exports, 

ii.  ~&2;  ports,  ii.  "liV.i. 
Co:iip(Mtula,  capital  of  Nueva  Galicia, 

I, ■).!!,  i.  3!». 
C'oiiiiiri|.i,    Sinaloa,    alleged    miracle 

at,  i.  '.'43. 
Conot^njiou,  hattlo  of,  ii.  nS-T. 
Coaue[)cion  d*;  Alamos,  declared  capi- 

tol  18-27,  ii.  (U4. 
Conclid,    native    name   for  Loreto,    i. 

28(). 
Coiiclios,  revolt  of  the,    1()45,  i.  349- 

'.'on  It!,  lii-jg  ,  A  flarcia,  gov  Sonora 
it  Sinaloa,  ii  582;  capture  of,  ii. 
630. 

Coiido,  Oareia,  mention  of,  ii.  5S(J. 

Condor,  Max.  war  brig,  ii.  005. 

Confederates,  Texas,  Iwiggs' surrend- 
er to,  etc..  ii.  437  et  seq;  capture 
of  Forts  .\rhuckle  &  Brown,  ii. 
4.")();  of  Forts  Hliss  k  Filhnore,  ii 
4.")l;  New  Mexico  invasion,  ii.  45l 
et  SOI]. 

Coiifcderaco  congress,  act  of  conscrip- 
tion, ii.  471 

Coufo derate  currency  worthlessness 
of,  1804,  ii.  409. 

Congress,  Texas,  session  1836,  ii.  295; 
1837,  ii.  303. 

Congress  of  U.  S.,  act  for  gov't  of 
rel)el  .states,  1807,  ii.  487. 

'Congress,'  U.  S.  frigate,  ii.  fi(>7. 

Congressmen,  Texas,  list  of,  1845-61, 
ii.  449. 

Conner,  J.  C,  representative,  1809, 
ii.  498.' 

Consag,  Father  F.,  biog.,  i.  457;  ex- 
ped.  of,  174ti,  i.  403  5;  1751,  i. 
409;  1753,  i.  470;  map,  i.  404;  death, 
1759,  i.  470. 

Con.servatives,  Durango,  ii.  5S8. 

Constitution,  Texas  state,  1876,  ii. 
515  10. 

Constitutional  legislature,  Sin.  & 
Sonora,  1824.  ii.  037. 

Coo'.i.  guide,  'oattle  of  S.  Antonio,  ii. 
1S2,  18.-). 

CoiiU,  M.ijor  Hamlin,  mention  of,  ii. 
4S  50. 

Cook,  l)r  T.  C,  hiog.  of,  ii.  577. 

Cooke,  Col,  surrender  of,  ii.  335. 


Cooke,  Capt.  P.  St  C,  disarms 
Snively,  ii.  371. 

Cooke,  \V,  Vt.,  eommia.  Tex.  Santa 
Fi!  exped  ,  ii.  334. 

Copala,  province,  location,  etc.,  of,  i. 
203. 

Copart,  Father  J.  H.,  with  Olondo's 
exped.,  1083,  i.  187,  192. 

Corhalan,  P.  de,  gov.  ad  int.  of 
Sonora  &  Sinaloa,  1709-72,  1777,  i. 
711. 

Cordcro,  (!ov.,  deposed,  ii.  017. 

Coi'doro,  Ant.,  com.  gen  1  Occidente 
section,  etc.,  ii.  580. 

Cor.lova,  Vicente,  Nacogdoches  re- 
hellion,  ii.  320. 

Cordova,  Vicente,  death  of,  ii.  ,358. 

Corn,  Texas,  ii.  557. 

Coro,  Caci(|ue,  victory  over  Apaches, 
1098,  i.  274. 

Coronado,  E. ,  captures  I)urango,  1858, 
ii.  018. 

Corrmado,  F.  V.  de,  gov.  of  \ueva 
(ialicia,  l.-)38,  i.  71  2;  expi.d.  of, 
1539,  i.  72  7;  1540  2,  i.  8.i  7;  ex- 
ped. of,  i.  381. 

Coronados  island,  pearl  fishing  at, 
1098,  i.  294. 

Corona,  harrasses  imperialists,  1866, 
ii.  622. 

Coroua,  Gov.,  succeeds  Resales,  ii. 
098. 

C'orpus  Christi,  caj)ture  of,  ii.  4.")4. 

Corral,  Brig.  1.  del,  resignation  of, 
ii.  580. 

Correro,  Mex.  schooner,  ii.  101. 

Cortes, H.,expeds,etc.,of,i.  4  25;  Ouz- 
man's  hostility  to,  i.  20-7.  42-50; 
expeds  despatched  hy,  1532-3,  i. 
40  7;  appeal  to  the  audieiicia,  i. 
48;  exped.  of,  1535,  i.  49-52;  rup- 
ture with  Meiido/a,  i.  95;  return  to 
Spain.  I54tl,  i.  95. 

Cortes,  Fatln-r  J.,  with  Canas  exped., 
1042,  i.  181. 

Cortina,  J.  N.,  depredations,  etc.,  of, 
ii.  443:  victory  of,  ii.  44t;;  defeat 
of,  ii.  418;  capture  of  Brownsville, 
etc.,  ii.  4()S. 

Corvan,  T.  G.  de,  with  \'izcaino's  ex- 
lad.,  1002  .3.  i.  1.53,  l,-)9. 

Co-!,  Gcn'l  M.  Prcfecto  de,  action  in 
Coah.  atl'airs,  ii.  15.3-5;  conciliatory 
circular  of,  ii.  1.50;  p-oclumation  of, 
•i.  157;  mention  of,  ii.  101;  niarc!i 
to  Tex.,  Oct.  I.S3.-),  ii.  I(i5:  si.Mjc  of 
15  jar,  ii.  177  etsc(|.;  caiiil ulalion 
of,  ii.  IS7;  capfuri'  of,  ii.  20.-). 

Ca-a:,  .luan  B.,  sei/cs  governor,  1811, 
li.  17. 


INDEX. 


781 


Cosliattas,    Indiana,  docility  of,    ii. 

44L'. 
Cossin,  Father  B.  de,  martyrdom  of, 

i.   ll(i. 
Cottcn,  (jc.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  548. 
Cotton,    conffd.    restrictions    on,     ii. 

457;  demands  for,  ii.  457;  cultiva- 
tion of,  ii.  557. 
C'rabl),  11.   A.,   colony   sclieme  of,  ii. 

G!)4;  execution  of,  ii.  ()'.(5. 
Crane,  Capt.,  atl)attloS.  Antonio,  ii. 

18». 
Crawford,  M.  L.,  mention  of,  ii.  54fi. 
Crespo,      M.,      bishop    of     Dnrango, 

17--':{-S4,  i.  594. 
Cru-tpo,  F.,  gos-.  of  Sonora  and  Sina- 

loa,   1774,  i.  711. 
Cri mo,  Texas,  ii.   391;    1804,   ii.  472; 

]8t>5  (5,    ii.  480:    IS.IO  SO,    ii.   5;{0; 

jicnitentiarios,  ii.  5;?4-(>. 
Cri»tol)al,'C,  do,  alcalde  mayor  of  San 

iMiguel,  l.'nU,  i.   59. 
Croix,  ( It'u.  T.  lie,  commanilantc-gen. 

of  l'rovi?icias  Interna-!,  1777,  i.  071, 

081;  tour    of,  i.  071;  powers,   etc., 

of,  i.  071   'J;    recommendations  of, 

i.  072-;i;  viceroy  of  Peru,    1783,  i. 

673;  reforms,  etc.,  of,  1779,  i.  714- 

15. 
Crocker,     Frances,   captures    Saljine 

City,    ii.  455. 
Crocker,   Lieut    Fred,     defeat  of,   ii. 

4(i0. 
Crockett,  David,  death  of,  ii.  *_M'2. 
Crockett,   Licut-gov.  J.    M.,  election 

of,  1801,  ii.  451. 
Croix,  Connnander  C  dc,  visits  Coa- 

huila,    1777-8,   i.    OOS;    arrival    at 

Be  jar,  1778,  i.  000;  regulations  of, 

1.  00'_'-3. 
Croshy,    S  ,    elected    connnis.    l.md- 

otlice,  ii.  48.5. 
Crozat,  A.,  charter  granted  to,   1712, 

i.  01)9-10. 
Crngcr,  J.  \V..  mention  of,  ii.  550. 
Cm/,  (iencral,  surrender  of,  18'Jl,  ii. 

585. 
Cuchas  (liberals)  party,  ii.  588. 
Cuernavaoa,  plan  of,  Durango  adopts. 

ii.  592;  Cliiiiualina  adopts,    ii.  .");(3. 
Cuesta,     CIov.,      removes     fiamlara, 

1841,  ii.  0(!0;  installation  of,   184.'), 

ii.  003. 
Cuervo,  .T.  T.  do,  gov.  of  Sinaloa  and 

iSonora,  17tiO-2,  i.  501-5. 

Cuovas,    Col,   pronnnciamento,   1838, 

ii.  ().")7  8. 
Cueto,  Padre,  mission  to  Hina,  1030- 

1,  i.  330. 


Cuiliacan,      Coronado's     exped.    at, 

1542,  i.  80;  capital  Sinaloa,  ii.  6.")0. 
Cuiliacan,      province,      <lu/.nian     in, 

1531,  i.  .35-8;  location,   etc.,  of,  i. 

203. 
Cunningham,  £.  II.,  mention  of,   ii. 

535. 
'Cyane,'  U.  S.  war  vessel,  ii.  GOO. 


D 


Dale,  U.  R.,  warsloop.  ii.  005,  008. 
Dampier,   \V.,  map   of,    1099,   i.    195; 

voyages,  etc.,  of,    1704   10,   i.    190- 

200. 
Uiiiey,  J.  W.,  vote  «)f,  election  185.3, 

405. 
Darden.  S.  H.,  Texas  comptroller,  iu 

518;  reelection  of,  1878,  ii.  522. 
D'Anteroche,    M.  C,  'Vojage,'  etc., 

i.  727  8. 
Davalos,  (ten.  B.,  gov.  L.  Cal  ,  1868. 

ii.  72(i;  revolt  against,  ii.  7.'!7. 
Davenport,   Sanuiel,    mention   of,    ii. 

48. 
Davila  y  Pacheco,  E.,  gov.  of  \ueva 

Vi/caya,  1054  01,  i.  .337. 
Davis,  (ien.,  defeats  Canales,  ii.  357. 
Davis,  (lov.  Pi.  J.,  pres.  state  conven- 
tion, I8(i8,  ii.  495;  election  of,  1809, 

ii.  498;  inaugural  addre<s,    ii.    502; 

message   April    1870,    ii.   503;  pro- 
clamations of  martial  law,  1S71,  ii. 

.')07;   Am.    message,    1S73,    ii.    .509; 

proclamation,   etc.,   Jan.    1873,    ii. 

510. 
Davis,  (leorge  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Davis,    Pres.    J.,    presents    medal    to 

Texans,  ii.  4()1. 
Dawson,  Frederick,  navy  contract  of, 

ii.  350. 
Dawson,  Nicolas,  defeat,  etc.,  of,  ii. 

358. 
Dav,  ii.   H.,  mayor  Fort  Wortli,    ii. 

574. 
Deaf   and    Dumb  a.sylum,   Texas,  ii. 

5:>7. 

De  Berry,  A.  W.,  Texas  sec.  of  state, 

ii.  518. 
Degener,     Eilward,      representative, 

1809,  ii.  498. 
DcL'ado,    Col,    capture,    etc.,    of,    ii. 

202-3. 
Democrats,  party,  victory  of,  1855,  ii, 

4^0;  1857,  ii.  423;  state  convention, 

1858,   ii.   424,   427;  defeat  election, 

18.")9;  ii.    420;   victory   of,    ii.    508; 

su<'Cessfnl   scheme    of,    ii.     509-10; 

victory  of,  1870,  ii.  515. 
'Descripciun  Topogralica,'  i.  0!S7. 


782 


INDEX. 


Devine,  T.  J. ,  mention  of,  ii.  437. 
Dewees,  \V.  B.,    'Letters,'  ii.  ;W5. 
Dewitt,  (ireeii,  coUmy  of,  ii.  73. 
Dexter,  P.  B.,  sec.  is.  Felipe  council, 

ii.  17-J. 
Diaz,  Fatlier  G.,  founds  Sau  Gabriel, 

ItWI,  i.  3.34. 
Diaz,    Capt.    H.,   tiio  Tepehuane  re- 

vult,  1010-17,  i.  .3'J7. 
Diaz,  M.,  alcalde  iiiaynr  of  San  Mi- 
guel,   1530-7,    i.    i)!»;  iiieetiiijj  with 

Vaca's  party,   etc.,   i.  09;  explora- 
tion, etc.,  of,  1540,  i.  83;  exped.  of, 

1540  1,  i.  88-9;  death,    1541,  i.   8<». 
Diaz,  (leu.  rorfirio,  revolt  of,  ii.  6*24; 

defeats  Fuero,  ii.  024-5. 
Dickinson,  Mrs  Lieut,  at  massacre  of 

tlie  Alamo,  ii.  212-13. 
Dickson,  Lieut-gov.  1).  C,  election  of, 

1S.").3,    ii.    4U4;  defeat   of,   1855,    ii. 

4-JO. 
Diez,    Father  J.   J.,    in   Baja   Cal., 

ITOiJ,  i.  47.3-4. 
Dillon,  Consul,  advises  R.  deBoulbon 

ii.  ()70. 
Dunit,    Capt.     P.,     in    command    at 

(ioliad,   ii.    ]S8;  urges    Matamoras 

exped.,  ii.  195. 
IHouisio,  l'.ici(iue,  mention  of,  i.  287. 
Dixoii,    Hepwortli,    mention    of,    ii. 

531. 
Dodge  City,  a  cattle  mart,  ii.  501. 
Dolores,  Mange's  exped.   at,    1004,  i. 

250-8;    fiesta    at,    1008,    i.    20.3-4; 

mis'<ion  founded,  lt')08.  i.  370;  1710, 

i.  ()15;  massacre  at,  1734,  i.  459. 
'Dolphin,' see  'Wharton.' 
Doiuin'cans,  in  Baja  Cal.,  1708-74,  i. 

7.33  9;  1777,  i.  742-4;  17S3,  i.  747; 

1780  1800,    i.    749-C4,   zeal   of,    ii. 

705;  in  Alta  Cal.,  i.  707. 
Donaldson,  Maj.,  evacuates  Santa  Fe, 

ii.  4.'>2. 
Doniphan,    Col.,     defeats    Vidal,     ii. 

000  7;  captures  Chihuhua,  ii.  008- 

9;  Joina  wool,  ii.  010. 
Dorainc,  Ind.,  execution  of,  ii.  034. 
Dorantes,    A.,    with   Vaca's    exped., 

etc.,  i.  01,  00,  70. 
Dorn,  A.  J.,  Texas  treasurer,  ii.  ,518. 
Douay,   Father  A.,    with   La  Salle's 

ixpcd.,  i.  406-10. 
]>onglass.  Senator,   amendment  Mis- 

.souri  compromise,  1854,    ii.   423-4. 
Douglas,  Gen.,  defeats  Cherokees,  ii. 

323. 
Dover,    Capt.    T. ,    voyage,    etc.,    of 

1708-10,  i.   197-'J00. 
Doyle,    Pcrcj',    mediation   Mex.    and 

Texas,  ii.  734, 


Drake.  Sir  F.,  expeds  of,  i.  140-3. 

iJuarle,  M.,  '  Testimonio  juridico.'i 
12.V4. 

Ducriie,  Father,  the  Jesuit  expulsion, 
1767-8,  i.  478;  hiog.,  i.  478;  works 
of,  i.  478  9. 

Duhaut,  with  La  Salle's  exped.,  i. 
403  17. 

Duncan,  at  battle  S.  Antonio,  ii.  185. 

Dunham,  Maj.  K.,  execution  of,  ii. 
.307  8. 

Dupont,  Comn'der,  blockades  Guay- 
mas,  liS47,  ii.  005,  007. 

Dupuy,  K.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 

Dufjue,  F.,  succeeds  Brambila,  1844, 
ii.  00'2. 

Durango,  see  also  Nueva  Vizcaya, 
mining  exjilorations  in,  ir).")4-0'2,  i. 
100;  Jesuits  in,  1593-1000.  i.  1'24- 
5;  the  Tei)ehuane  revolt,  1010-17, 
i.  324,  .327;  Iturbide  revolt  in,  ii. 
58C;  revolt,  1871-2,  ii.  023-4;  1875, 
ii.  0*24;  affairs  of  the  diocese,  lO'JO- 
1800,  i.  .307-8,  .3.38-9,  593  5,  084-7; 
Intendencia,  established,  1780,  i. 
070-8;  govs  intendent,  1785  1800, 
i.  078;  population,  1790-lisoO,  i. 
691;  epidemics,  etc.,  in,  1784-98,  i. 
093;  boundary  with  Chili.,  ii.  02(); 
an<l  Cliihualiua,  map  of,  ii.  583;  de- 
clared a  state,  ii.  5S7;  and  Sinaloa, 
map  of,  ii.  591;  favors  constitution 
of,  1824,  ii.  001-2;  events  in,  1843- 
88,  ii.  004  et  seq. ;  invasion  threat- 
ened, 1S43,  ii.  004-5;  revenue  of, 
ii.  741;  education  in,  ii.  747. 

Durango  City,  founding  of,  1503,  i, 
103-4;  progress  of,  1,")03-1000,  i. 
111-12;  Jesuit  college  foundetl  at, 
1593  4,  i.  124;  capital  of  Nueva 
Vizcaya,  i.  305-6;  declared  a  city, 
1021,1  .300;  Jesuit  college  at.  1742 
-51,  i.  580-7;  descript.  of,  1780,  i. 


092;    surrender    of,    1821, 


585; 


capture   of,  1858-9,   ii.  018;  French 

evacuate,  1800,  ii.  023. 
Duval,    Robert,  Lulian  massacre  of. 
Dyer,  C.  C,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 


Eagle,  Commodore,   surrender  to,  of 

Galveston. 
Eastland,   Capt.  W.   M.,  mutiny  of, 

ii.  .300;  execution  of,  ii.  3(iS. 
Ecanuela,  B.  dc,    bishop  of  (luadian, 

1070-84.  i.  .3.39. 
Education,    Coah.  and  Texas,   1811- 

.30,    ii.     9.V0;    Texa.s,    1830-8.5,    ii. 

539-47;  N.  Mex.  states,  ii.   745-7. 


">1 


INDEX. 


78:1 


Edwarda,  at  battle  S.  Antonio,  ii. 
KS.-.. 

Kilwards,  Benjamin,  letter  to  Ahu- 
niada,  ii.  lOiMO. 

Eolieandia,  Lieut-col,  appt  comd'r  of 
tlie  California^,  l«-'.'),  u.  70J>. 

EuliL'Vurria,  IVocurador,  exiwd.  of, 
17--'1>,  i.  45."). 

Edwards,  Haydcn,  colony  of,  ii.  73; 
j;raiit  tf),  ii.  !t8;  tlilKcultici  of,  ii. 
'.>;);  measures  adopteil  l)y,  ii.  \W); 
alcalile  election,  ii.  101)  I;  annul- 
ment of  title,  ii.  lO'J  :<;  revolt  of, 
ii.  II).")  et  seij. ;  biog.  and  death,   ii. 

io;». 

Ejjidiano,  Fatlier  A.,  death  of,  1677, 

i.  'SMI 
Elections,  Texas,  ISIW,  ii.   291;  18.38, 

ii.  -M-.h   1841,  ii.   :W1;  1844,   ii.  378; 

184'.»,  ii.  :«)S;  18.'>:i,  ii.  404;   18.")7,  ii. 

4-_>;{:    18ilt).    ii.    4S'_);  ISdl),    ii.    408: 

IS72.    ii.   .')l)8;   1S7(),    ii.    .")lo;  Chih. 

and  Duraiigo,  187."),  ii.  0'J4. 
El,'ue/al)al,  Juan  J.,    appt  gov.,    ii. 

14."). 
Eli/.acoechea,  M.   de,   hishop  of   Du- 

rango,  1730  47,  i.  5!14. 
Elizondo,  ('i)l  1).,   exped.    of,    i.   567, 

5~'2;  cam'  ;ii>;na  of,  1768-71,  i.   61)5 

-701. 
Eli/oiido,  Dionicio,  councillor,   ii.  86. 
Eli/ondo,  Col  Ignacio,  defeat  of,  1813, 

ii.  ^2r^  S;  death  of,  ii.  :W. 
Elliot,  ( 'luirlcs,   British  charge  d'  af- 
faires ii-  374. 
Ellis,  .1.  v.,  biog.  of,  ii.  768. 
Elmer,  Hon.  R.    A.,   mention  of,  ii. 

735. 
Elozua,  Col  .-Vnt.,  mention  of,  ii.  128. 
El  Paso,  Spaniards  at.  168.%,  i.  388. 
El  I'aso  county,  .Salt  lakes  riot  in,  ii. 

51!». 
'Einprosario  system  '  of  colonization, 

ii.  70;  terii.s  of.  ii.  71-'-. 
Encinal  del  Terdido,  battle  of,  ii.  227 

-33. 
Ei'.gland.  (see  also  Great  Britain)  en- 
croachments    in     Texas,      i.    6t')2; 

llireateiied  seizure  of  Cal.,    17l)7-!l, 

i.  754  8;  relations   with  Texas,    ii. 

338  40. 
Engli-ih,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  179;  at 

battle  S.  Antonio,  ii.  184. 
Ensenada,    see   also    Todos    S.antos, 

\Valker'.s  occupation  of,  ii.  722. 
E-icvliute,      Col,     position   of,    etc., 

I8'.".),  ii.  045-6. 
Escalante,  Capt.,  mention  of,   i.  431. 
Escalante,   .1.    B.,    expeds   of,    1697- 

1700,  i.  264,  275. 


Escalante,  Oov.  L.,  promotes  divis. 

of  Son.  and  Sinaloa,  ii.  647:  defeat:! 

Va<iuis,    1832,  ii.    6.')4      vice   gov., 

18;{8,  ii.  0.")6;  capture  of,  ii.  ('».")!». 
Escalante,  M.  de,  bishoi»  of  l)urango, 

1701  4.  i.  ;")93. 
Escalante,  P.  J.,  surrender  of  office, 

ii.  .592. 
Escalante  y  Arviga,  (iov.   M.,  instal- 
lation of,  ii.  (i49. 
Esealona,     Viceroy,    cx[)ed.     ordered 

by,  1W2,  i.  181. 
?iscanje(|ues,    defeat  of  tile,    1601,   i. 

3S;{;  1(562,  i.  .387. 
E-icaray,  Fatlicr,  in  Coahuila,    i.  377. 
Escobar,  provincial,   rept  of,    174.5,  i. 

465,  538. 
Eseoccs'  party,  Dnrango,  ii.  588. 
Esp.-irza,  Capt.  A.    (,'.,   eorresp.  with 

(iov.  Pineda,  1767,  i.  570  1. 
E-spejo,  Col,  resigu.ition  of,  ii.  (593. 
Espejo,    A.,    exped.      of,    1582  3,     i. 

127  8. 
Esj)in()sa,  Col,  jefe  politico,    1849,   ii. 

720. 
E-ipinosa,    Father,  death  of,  1602,  i. 

311. 
Espinosa,   Father   A.,  mission  to  I'i- 

merfa,  i.  .5(51. 
E'pinosa,   Friar   I.    F.,    presiileiit  of 

'lexjiii  missions,  1721,  i.  625. 
Espiritu,    Ind.    leader,   eX(;eution   of, 

ii.  (5:14. 
Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  expcds  to.  1720- 

1,    i.    619-22;  presidio   establd   at, 

1722,    i.    (528;  site    of,    reniovecl,   i. 

(531,  642. 
Espiritu  Santo,   port,  named  by  Or- 
tega, 1(532,  i.  172. 
E.-piritu    .Santo   de  Ziiniga    mission, 

founded,     1722,     i.    (528;     site     of, 

changed,  i.  631;  descript.  of,    1778, 

i.  (5,59. 
ICstado  Interno  de  Occidente,  constit 

Cong,  of,  1824,  ii.  (537. 
Este   E.  E.,  execution  of,  ii.  .3(58. 
E-itevan,  Miguel,  Indian,  ii.  040 
Estevanico,   with  Vaca's  expi.'d.,    tc, 

i.  (51,  (5l5,  70. 
Esterez,  Father  F.,  in  Coahuila,  i.  .377. 
Estrada,   B.   de,  gov.  of  Nueva    \'iz- 

caya,  1(582.  i.  3:18. 
Ev.aiis,    L.    1).,    defeat    of     election, 

1853,   ii.  405;  election  of,    1855,   ii. 

420. 
Everitt,  .S.  H.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Evia  y  Valdes,   F.    1).    th,  I>i-<liop  of 

(In.adiana.  1(5.39  40.  i.  30S.  .'{.•W;  ef- 
forts at  secularization,  1645,  i.  351; 

1652,  i.  360-1. 


784 


INDEX. 


Evia.  I).,  inunlcr  of,  1702,  i.  r.'K). 
Exports,  Texas,  lcJ8-4.),  ii.  'M'2. 

F 

Fa^'cs,   P.,  gov.  of  fal.,   1782  90.    i. 

747.    7(iO  70;  in  coiiiiiiaiKl   at   San 

Cai'lii.s,  1770,  i.  7t)7. 
Fajanlo,  |)..  gov.  of  Nueva  Vi/.caya, 

1(US  .')!,   i.    ;{:}7;    tlio   Taraliuinaru 

rrvdlts,  U)4'.»-.")2,  i.  :ir>i  y. 
Falcon,  (lov.  .loMO  M.,  apiiomtincntM, 

eti;.,  of,  ii.  1;")."). 
Fannin,  t'ol.    .f.    W.,  battle  of   Con- 

ci'licion,  ii.  17'>  7:  at  S.   Felijie,  ii. 

10.');  upptil  niilit.    agent,  ii.    15)84); 

f.ine,  etc.,  at  (loliad,   ii.  211);  fatal 

mistake   of,    ii.    2'_'();  defeat   of,   ii. 

227  'Xi;  surrender  of,  ii.  233;  death 

of,  ii.  2:;."). 
Fai|iia,  Hon janiin,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Fan.u,    (Joniez,    vice-pres.    of  Mcx., 

ii.  i:i4  -). 
Federalists,   overtures    to  Texas,    ii. 

3:.'7;  victory  of,  battle  of  Aleautro, 

ii.  .S27-8;  Aresta's  defeat  of,  ii.  .'{29; 

system  (ivertlii'own,  ii.  (iOI. 
Fernandino-i,   Cal.    mission:)   grtanted 

to,  etc.,  ]7()7,  i.  482-3. 
Fernando,    IV.,    eedula   of,    1747,   i. 

.■•3'.). 
Ferrelo,    I'ilot  B.,  on   coast  of  Cal., 

IN43.  i.  13(1. 
Fit'ld,  Dr,  mention  of,  ii.  237. 
Fields,  Ii\d.   ciiicf,   ii.    103-5;  murder 

of,  ii.  lOi). 
Figucroa,  M.  de  11.,  with  Salvatierra's 

exi>(Ml.,  l(i<)7  S,  i.  284,  288,  2i)3. 
FiguiToa,  ()..  with   Ortega's  expeil., 

l(i.S(i,  i.  174;  exiu.d.  of,  Iti.Si),  i.  :U(i. 
Figueroa,  ( 'apt.  I.  de,  in  command  at 

San  .lavier,    1701,  i.    423;  removal 

of.  i.  423. 
Figueroa,  (Jcn'l.Iose,  com.  gen'l,  182(5, 

ii,    ().3S;  victory  of,    ii.  G41;    inetii- 

cieiicy  of,  ii.  ()42. 
Fililinsters,  Sonora,  1852-4,  ii.  073  et 

se(|.;    Walker's  L.    L'al.,    18.">1,    ii. 

720  et  spq. 
Filisola,  (!en.  V.,  colony  grant  to,  ii. 

7"):    in  Santa  Anna's  invasion,    ii. 

203;  retreat,    etc.,   of,    ii.    2(55;  in- 

structi.ms  of.  May  183(5,  ii.  279-81; 

succeeded  by  Urrea,  ii.  281. 
Finances    (see  also    revenue);   Coah. 

an<l   Tex  ,    1827,    ii.     86-7;    Texas 

bonds    issued   Nov.    183(5,    ii.   294; 

May    1837,    ii.    303;    indebtedness, 

notes,  etc.,  18.37-8,    ii.  312;  securi- 
ties, etc.,  1S38-9,  ii.    318-19;  ex- 


chequer  bills,  etc,   1842,  ii.  .345  6; 

debt.,  1850.  ii.  401   3;   18(54,  ii.  4(59; 

1870,  ii.  505;   1874,  ii.  513;  1879,  ii. 

522;  taxation,  etc.,  1852  61,  ii.  415- 

1(5. 
Fireash,  E.,  Indian  massacre   of,  ii. 

410. 
F'isher,  secretary  Tampico  pxped.,  ii. 

190. 
Fisher,  8.  It.,  app't'd  see.  of  navy,  ii. 

294. 
P'isher,   Col  Wm   S.,    mention  of,  ii. 

172;  elect(Ml  commander,  ii.  361. 
Fit/gerald,  ('apt.,  death  of,  ii,  ,'1(56. 
Fit/gerald,  \V.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 
{•"lag,    of   Texas,    deseript.,    ii.    295; 

tirst  exhibit  of,  ii.  29(5. 
Flanagan,  Lieut,  gov.  J.  W.,  election 

of,  18(59,  ii.  498. 
Flores,  Viceroy,  consolidates  Provin- 

cias  Internas,   1787,  i.   674;  Indian 

])olicy  of,  i.  (583. 
Flores,  I'ilot  A.,  with  Vizcaino's  ex- 

ped.,    1602-3,   i.   154;    death  of,   i. 

159. 
Flores,  (rasper,  mention  of.  ii.  65. 
Flores,   .1.   de,    coniiueat  of  Nayarit, 

1721  2,  i.  518-19. 
Flores,   tiov.    J.    M.,    election   of,  ii. 

(525;  succeeds  Carrasco.  ii.  (572. 
Flores,    Manual,    tleath   of,    etc.,    ii. 

322. 
Fly,  Dr  A.  W.,  biog.  of,  ii.  76(5. 
Foncubierta,  Father,  president  of  San 

Francisco     mission,     1690,    i.    415; 

deatli  of,  i.  417. 
'  Fondo  piadoso  de  Cal  if  ornias,' origin 

of,  1(597,  i.  280. 
Fonte,  B.  de,  voyage  of.  1640,  i.  180. 
Fonte,  Father   .1.  de,  labors  in  Tara- 

liumara,  1(507   II,  i.  124-5,333. 
Foote,  11.  S.,  'Texas  and  the  Texans,' 

ii.  384. 
Forbes,  app't'd  Indian  connniss.,   ii. 

199. 
Forbes,  John,  mention  of,  ii.  549. 
Ford,   Col,  captures  Fort  Brown,  ii. 

450;  Cortina's  defeat  of,  ii.  4(58. 
Ford,   John  S.,   report,   etc.,    of,    ii. 

5.37. 
Foreign  relations,  Texas,   1838-4'2,  ii. 

338-40. 
Fort  Arbuckle,   confederate  capture 

of,  ii.  4.50. 
Fort  McKibbin,  siege  of,  ii.  722-3. 
Fort  Ringgold,  Cortina's  capture  of, 

ii.  448. 
Fox,  Henry  S.,  biog.  of,  ii.  767. 
France,    claims   on    Texas,    1712,    i. 

609-lOj    war  with  Spain,   1719,    i. 


JNDEX. 


:^ 


C18;  relations  with  Texas,  l8;W-4'2, 
ii.  '.VM  i);  iiiudiatioii  of  requuHtod, 
1842,  ii.  :{7(). 
FranuiHcaiiN,  in  Niieva  Caliina,  i.  !)7; 
ill  lJiiraii({oaii(l  ZacuteuaH,  i,  lUO  .'<; 
in  Niieva  Vizwiya,   1.'m4-'.H),  i.  110 

Ii),  :<ii;  i)((M)  4r>,  i.  :m  (>;  KMO 

1700,    i.    :«;:»  .S;     ITO'J  (i7,    i.    fi'.K)- 

(K)!;  17(18   I  son,  i.  OSS  !»l;  in  Coaii- 

uila,  ir>8'2  I0()(»,  i.    120;  1711  72,    i. 

(>07-8;    1781  7,    i.  007  «;  iu  Sono- 

ra,     i.     '2'.V2  'i;     Qiu  ic't.iio    in,     i. 

704  0;     Sonora    &  ^inaloa,     I7t>7- 

1800,   i.  704  10,   710  '_'."i;  list  .if,  i. 

725;  ilalisuan,  in   .Sdiiora,    170H,    i. 

710;  ill  liaja  Cal.,    l707-".>,  i.  4«2 

1)0;   170!)  74,  i.  720  :{;{;  inAltaCal., 

1700.  i.  481)  00.  707  70;  Qnerttaro 

friars,  iiii.ssions   of  removetl,    I7H1, 

i.  OI>.j;  in  'I'l.xa.^,  i.  (!li'.l  42;  Miicular- 

i/,ali(iii   of  Toxa-i   missions,   1704,  i. 

GOD. 
Franco,  Father.).,  mention  of,  i.  47.'). 
Franco   y  Luna,    Don   A.,  hiHhop   of 

(!"ii..liaiia.  10:t2  0,  i.  308. 
Franklin,  (!on"l,  Sabine  ("ity  expod., 

ii.  4(M). 
Franklin,  Judge  Ii.  ('.,  dist.  judge,  ii. 

2'.».-.. 
Franks,   Col   Nidland,  Wattle  of  San 

Antonio,  ii.  182. 
Franqnis.  CiA  ('.  de,  gov.  of  Texas, 

i.  0:{7;  rule,  17;U>-7,  i.  0:«7 -8. 
Fredoiiians,  revolt  of,  ii.  107  et  seq. 
Freedniaii,  180.")-0,  Texas,  ii.  47ft. 
French    refugees,   colon!/,    of,  Texas, 

1818,  ii.  44-^.5. 
French,  army  of,  rebel  alliance  and 

defeat  of,  ii.   408;  inttsrveiition,  ii. 

619  et  seq. ;  fears  of  U.  S.    troops, 

ii.  021;  intervention  in  SonOra,   ii. 

CftO;  in  .Sinaloa,  ii.  097. 
Freyta.s,  Father  N.  de,  with  IVnalo- 

sa's   expcd.,    1002,    i.    380;   '  lltda- 

cioii,'  i.  387. 
Frondac,    C'apt.,    voyage  of,  1709,  i. 

200. 
Fuca,  .).  de,  voyage,  etc.  of,  1592,  i. 

145  7. 
Fucnte,  (ten.,   campaigns  of,  Uift.VO, 

i.  272-4. 
Fuero,  (Jen'l,  Diaz  dcifcatH,  ii.  024  5; 

election  of,  1884.  ii.  025. 
Fiieros,  P.,  gov.  of  t'oahiiila,  178;)  9, 

i.  004-5. 
Fuerte,  Rio  del,  Ciuzman's  expcd.  on 

the,  i.  50. 
Fuerte,    town,  legislature  at,  ii.  644. 

Texas.    ."iO 


O 


(iadsden  purchase,  ii.  693  et  se(|. 

(iaines,  Oeneral  K.,  mention  of,  ii. 
280;  occupies  Texas  territory,  ii. 
287;  succeeded  by  Ariiuckle,  ii. 
288. 

(Jalan,  C.  F.,  arrest,  etc.,  of,  ii.  726. 

(iali,  F.  de,  voyage  of,  1582  4,  i.  14.*)- 
4. 

(i.'ilicia.  Professor,  '  Fxpedicion,'  i. 
10:1. 

<<aliii/.oga,  1).  M.  de,  bishop  of  Sono< 
ra,  1794  .5,  i.  7i:). 

(lailardi.  Father  1,.  M.,  at  Caborca, 
1720,  i.  507. 

(iailarilo,  <).  11.  K.,  visitador-gen., 
1748,  i.  5;il;  instructions  to  (Jov. 
Parrilla.  1749-.50.  i.  .5:11 -.5. 

(iallego,  I'apl. ,  meeting  with  Corona- 
do,  etc.,   I.'>12,  i.  80. 

(iallego,  i*.  Miguel,  pres.  missions, 
1804,  ii.  700. 

(lalvoston,  sale  of  island,  ii.  1)09; 
U.  iS.  capture  of,  18()2,  ii.  4.54;  con- 
federate recapture  of,  ii.  455  0. 

fiidveston  &  Brazos  Navigation  co., 
ii.  .^(iS. 

(ialvez,  (ien.  .10,  vi8itador-geii.,  i. 
485;  meaHiiiL-.s,  etc.,  in  IJaja  tJal., 
1708,  i.  48,5  9;  exjied'a  to  Alta  Cal., 
1769,  i.  489  <M);  correspond,  with 
Cancio,  1700,  i.  508-9;  campaigns 
of,  1708  71,  i.  095-701. 

fialvcz.  Viceroy,  author.,  etc.,  over 
Provincias  Jnt<!riias,  i.  07;)  4;  '  In- 
struccion,'  i.  082;  Indian  policy  of, 
i.  682-:). 

Gamboa,  Father  J.  M.,  mission  to 
Tarahuinara,  1673,  i.  :)0.'{. 

Oamon,  M.,  Ibarra's  mastre  de 
campo,  i.  103;  execution  of,  i.  10.*). 

(jandara,  Oov.  M.  M.,  provis.  gov., 
etc.,  1837-8,  ii.  (i50;  counter  revo- 
lution of  18:)7-8,  ii.  6.';'^  :]■  feats  of, 
etc.,  ii.  0.59;  reinov-:  i.f  ii.  000; 
r(!Volt  of,  1843,  ii.  001 ;  piois  against 
Urrea,  1845,  ii.  ()«;2  3;  reinstalla- 
tion of,  1847,  ii.  ()()4;  jilot  against, 
etc.,  1848,  ii.  071-2;  ;ip|)ointm<!iit 
of,  etc.,  1853,  ii.  081;  revolt,  etc., 
of,  18.55,  ii.  094. 

( iandare.Htaa,  revolt.s,  etc.,  of  the, 
1845,  ii.  002. 

(iandia,  Duchess,  becpiest  of,  i.  470. 

(iaona,  (ieneral,  mention  of,    ii.  203; 
ordered  to  support  Sesnia,  ii.  247; 
failure  to  arrive,  ii.  248. 
Garavito,  Bishop  L.,  visits  Coahuila, 
1682,  i.  370. 


786 


INDEX. 


Oaray,  Col,  humanity  of,  il  237. 
Garay,  P-  de,  mention  of,  i.  II. 
Oarcea,  Father,    exped.  of,  1774-6,  i. 

I71ft-17. 

Garcia,  Cant,  i"  comiuaud  at  Bejar, 

17*21,  i.  623;  expod.  of,  i.  6'24. 
Garcia,  Father  J-  A.,  labors  m  Nueva 

Vizcaya,  1715-25.  i.  59l-'2. 
Giiilaad,     Peter,     liuliaii     massacre, 

1858,  ii.  410. 
Garner,  John,  mention  of,  ii.  260. 
Garnott,  M.  VV.,  mention  of,  ii.  546. 
Garrett,  Jacob,  mention  of,  ii.  170. 
Garza,   C.   de  la,   gov.   of  Coahuila, 

1738,  i.  604. 
Gastesi,  A.,  gov.  of  Nueva   Vizcaya, 

1762-4,  i.  582. 
Gato,  Port,  named  by  Ortega,   1632, 

i.  172. 
Gaxiola,   Gov.  J.  M.,    imprisonment 

of,  1876.  ii.  702. 
Garay,  Col,  occupies   Fort  Defiance, 

ii.  229. 
Gaxiola,  Gov.  N.  M.,  succeeds  Iriarto, 

1827,  ii.  638,   615;    resignation    of 

requested,  ii.  646. 
Gibbs,  Lieut-gov.    B.,  biog.,   etc.,  ii. 

536. 
Gil  y  Barbo,  A.,    alcalde  of  Bucareli, 

etc.,  i.  6.1G. 
Gila  river,  Diaz  on  the,  1540,  i.  88-9; 

Kino  reaches,    1694,    i.    2i59;    Bor- 

nal's    expod.    to,     1697,    i.    264-5; 

Kino's,  1698-1700,  i.  266-71;  Sedel- 

mair's  explor.,  1744,  i.  537;  1748-50, 

i.  540-1. 
Gilbert,  Felix,  jefe  politico,   1864,  ii. 

726. 
Gillespie,  Capt. ,  death  of,  ii.  396. 
Glasscock   &   Miller,    contractors,    ii. 

5;«. 

Goliad,  named,  etc.,  ii.  110;  captures 

of,  ii.  169,  348;  defense  prep,  at,  ii. 

219. 
Godinez,   Father   C,    mention    of,   i. 

353;  the  Tarahumare  revolt,  1649- 

51,  i.  355-6;  murder  of,  i.  356. 
Godinez,  Padre  M.,  missionary  labors 

of,    1620-1,   i.    225;  retirement  of, 

1644,  i.  234;  biog.,  etc.,  i    234. 
Gome^,   Father   A.,   with   Urdiflola's 

exped.,     1610,     i.     318;  death    of, 

1652,  i.  344. 
Gofli,  Father  P.  M.,  mention  of,  1683, 

i.  187;  with  Otondo's exped.,  i.  192. 
Gonzalez,    town,    founded,    1825,    ii. 

110;    attack   threatened,    1835,    ii. 

165;  burned,  1836,  ii.  225. 
Gonzalez,    Father    F.,   with    Kino's 

exped.,  1699,  i.  269;  1702,  i.  500. 


Gonzalez,  Gov.  J.  M. ,  battle  of  Aloan* 

tro,  ii.  327-8;  revolt  of,  ii.  688-9; 

installation  of,  1833,  ii.  655. 
Gonzalez,  P.,  capture  of,  ii.  718. 
Gonzalez,  Gov.  iS.  E.,  electioa  of,  clo., 

ii.   590,  638;  nomination,  etc.,  of, 

1834-7,  ii.  593. 
Goodbread,  Joseph,  death,   etc.,  of, 

ii.  355. 
Goodnight,  Chas,  mention  of,  ii.  560. 
(jrordejuela,    Capt.,     the    Tepehuane 

revolt,  1616-17,  i.  323,  326. 
Goribar,  Jose  M.,  app't'd  milit.  gov., 

ii.  144-5. 
(Joro.spe   y  Aguirre,  J.  de,  bishop  of 

Guadiana,  1660-71,  i.  338-9. 
Gorostiza,  Mex.  minister,  complaints, 

protest  of,  etc.,  ii.  285-8. 
Goycoecliea,    Gov.   F.,    appointment 

of,  1804,  ii.  705. 
Granadoa,  J.    J.,  bishop  of  Durango, 

1794,  i.  685;  works  of,  i.  685;  bishop 

of  Sonora,  etc.,  1787-94,  i,  713. 
Grande,  Rio,   exploration  of   1729,  i. 

607. 
Granger,    Ocn'l,  in  comm  'XM, 

186.-),  ii.  476. 
Grant,  Doctor,  scheme  of,  ii.  i94. 
Grant,    Col  James,  battle  of  S.  An- 
tonio, ii.  182. 
Grant,  Pres.  U.  S.,  Davis'  appeal  to, 

1873,  ii.  510. 
Grant  and    Johnson,   defeat    of,   ii. 

220-2. 
Grass  fight,  ii.  178-9. 
Grashoffer,   Father  J.  B.,  mission  to 

Pimeria,  1731-3,  i.  523-4. 
Gray,  F.  C.,  biog.,  of,  ii.  549. 
Grayson,  P.  W.,  atty-gen'l,   1836,  ii. 

269;    commis.    <■"   Washington,  ii. 

284;  suicide,  etc.,  of,  ii.  313. 
Great  Britain    (see    also    England), 

builds  war  vessel  for  Mex.,  ii.  356; 

mediation  Mex.  &  Texas,  etc.,  1842, 

ii.  374. 
Green,  Gen'l  T.  J.,  advice  of,  ii.  273- 

4;  mention  of,  ii.  358;  Mier  exped., 

ii.  361 ;  quarrel    with  Houston,  ii. 

369-70. 
Griffin,  Gen'l,  app't'd  milit.  com'd'r, 

dept  of  Texas,   ii.  488;  registrars, 

etc.,  app't'd  by,   ii.  490;  death  of, 

ii.  494. 
Grijalva,   H.  de,  exped.  of,    1533,  i. 

45-6;  with  Cortes'  exped.,   1535,  i, 

49-52. 
Grimarest,  E.,  intendente  gobemador 

of  Arizpe,  1789-92,  i.  712. 
Grimarest,  Col  Pedro,  mention  of,  iL 

582. 


INDEX. 


787 


A^rriines,   Jesae,   mention  of,    ii.   171. 

174. 
Urttton,  Edward,  app't'd  revenue  col- 
lector, ii.  194. 
<iru(>8,  J.  J.,  land  uoministiioncr,  i.  HIS, 
Ground  plan  uf  thu  A laiiiu,  i.  '206. 
'(iuadiilupc,' Mex.  war  ithip,  ii.  SoO. 
Guadalupe  miaaion,  founded,  1710,  i. 

014. 
Guadalajara,    city,   site  of  rcuiovctl, 

ir)til,  i.  97;  aeat  of  audiencia  at,  i. 

97. 
Guadalajara,  D.  de,  exped.  of,  1654, 

i.  'Am. 
Guadalajara,  Father  T.  de,   mention 

of,  i.  360  7. 
Guadiana,  Bishopric  of   (see  also  Ihi- 

rango,  diocese  of);  catald'd,  i.  307; 

l.i.shop,  1620-40,  i.  307-8. 
Guajuguilla,     presidio     founded    at, 

1752,  i.  585. 
Ouanecevi,  attacked  by  Tepehuanes, 

IGIO,  i.  ,123. 
Guatiinape,  Spaniards    besieged    at, 

1610,  i.  322-3. 
Guayabal,    Port,   Cortes'  exped.   at, 

15.35,  i.  51;  Alarcon's,  1540,  i.  90. 
Guayina.s,   U.  S.   blockade  of,    1847, 

ii.  005;  surrendcrof,  ii.  007;  French, 

capture   of,    1804,  ii.    090;    capture 

of,  1870,  ii.  701. 
Guaziipares,    Sinaloan  tribe,    submis- 
sion, etc.,  of,  i.  248,  250. 
Gua/avcH,  Sinaloan  tribe,  subjugation 

of,  1000,  i.  209  10,  235. 
Guerra,  Donato,  r'val  leader,  1871-2, 

and  1870,  ii.  024;  Portirist  leader, 

Sinaloa,  1876,  ii.  702. 
Guevara,  Fatiier  M.  de,  with  Peflalo- 

sa's  exped.,  1002,  i.  380. 
Guijosa,    Father  J.,    with     Otondo's 

exped.,  1083,  i.  187. 
Guillen,  Father,  mention  of,  i.  435-6; 

exped.  of,  i.  449. 
Guillen,    Visitador  C,   measures     of 

1734-5,  i.  458-9;  death  of,  1748,  i. 

462. 
Gunter,  Col  J.,  biog.  of,  ii.  708-9. 
Gutierrez,  Col  J.  I.,  intrigue  of,  1834, 

ii.  592. 
Gutierrez,  Father  P.,  death  of,  1616, 

i.  322. 
Guzman,   D.  de,  hears  of  Hurtado's 

fate,    1533,   i.    45;  exped.  of,  1533, 

i.  55-6;  '  Relacion,' i.  55. 
Guzman,    Padre   D.    de,    missionary 

tour  of,  1618-19,  i.  224. 
Guzman,  N.   de,  rule,  etc.,  of,  i-  11- 

12;  hatred,  etc.,  of,  i.  20  7;  hostil- 
ity to  Cortes,  i.  20-7,  42-50;  pla^^i 


of  conquoat,  i.  27;  exped.  of,  1529- 
31,  i.  27-30;  map  of  exped.,  i.  31; 

gov.  of  Nuevalialicia,  i.  39;  aggres- 
sions of,  i.  47-8;  death  of,  i.  .'W. 

Guzman,  l*.  de,  exped.  to  .Sinaloa, 
1529,  i.  28. 

( iuzman  y  Cordoba,  Capt.  B.  do,  with 
Otondo's  exped.,  1083,  i.  187. 

(J win,  Wm  M.,  colony  scheme  of,  ii. 
696. 


H 


Hadra,  B. ,  mention  of,  ii.  546. 
Hagerty,  John,  death  of,  ii.  .366. 
Hall,  Dr,  mention  of,  ii.  2.37. 
Hall,  C.  A.,  R.H.  strike  1886,  ii.  576. 
Hamblen,  W.  P.,  h'uta.  of,  ii.  707. 
Hamilton,  A.  J. ,  app  t'd  provis.  gov. 

Texa.s,    ii.   470;    suffrage   in    state 

convcii.,  1808,  ii.  495. 
Haniilt'  u,     Oenl     James,     contract 

with,    ii.    317;     representative    to 

England,  ii.  3,39;  proposals  to  Santa 

Anna,    ii.     349;    purchase    of    the 

'Zavala,'  ii.  351;  death  of,  ii.  421; 

biog.,  422. 
Hamilton,  \V.  O.,  biog.,  ii.  530. 
Hanunersley,    Wm,    mention    of,    ii. 

730. 
Hancock,  Mier  prisoner,  ii.  306. 
Hancock,    (ien'l,  succeeds   Sheridan, 

ii.  493;  removal  of,  ii.  494. 
Handy,  U.  E.,  mention  of,  ii.  .550. 
Hanks,  Elder  Tliomas,  mention  of,  ii. 

547. 
Hanks,    Wyatt,   mention   of,  ii.  172, 

174. 
Harden,  George,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 
Hardiman,     Bailey,    elected    sec.    of 

treasury,  ii.  218. 
Hardin,  A.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Hardy,    Lieut,    explor.    of,    1820,    ii. 

044,  647-8. 
Harris,  J.  P.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 
Harris,   William  P.,  mention   of,    ii. 

172,  174. 
Harrisburg,    .Santa   Anna    burns,    ii. 

251. 
Harvey,  Mier  prisoner,  ii.  .300. 
H.'irwood,  T.  ^l.,  mention  of,  ii.  545-6. 
Hatch,  Col  Edward,  quells  Salt  Lakes 

riot,  ii.  521. 
Hawkins,  Capt.,  defeats  the  'Monte- 
zuma, '  ii.  272. 
Hayes,  Col  .John  C,  ruse,  etc.,  of,  at 

Bejar,  ii.  357i  battle  of  Monterey, 

ii.  395-6. 
Health  and  disease,  N.   Mex.  States, 

ii.  744. 


|),t! 

E'     i| 


I 


788 


INDEX. 


Heard,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  244-5. 
Heint/eliiian,  Major,  defeats  Cortina, 

ii.  447-8. 
Henderson,  J.  E.,  l)iog.  of,  ii.  708. 
Henderson,  (ien'l  J.    P.,  mention  of, 

ii.    iJ7;<;    app't'd   attorney-gen  1,  ii. 

294;    c'oniuii.s.   to  Lond.  and  Paris, 

ii.  .S3S;  biog.   and  inauguration  of, 

ii.    393;    battle    of    Monterey,    ii. 

39:) -6. 
Herbert,   Oen'l,    super.seded,    ii.  455; 

proclaims  riartial  law,  ii.  457. 
Heredia,    (Ien'l,    mention  of,   ii.  605; 

defeats  of.  ii,  008-9,  018. 
Heredia,  Father  J  ,  exped.  of,  1030, 

i.  33.i-4. 
Heredi'v,  J.  A.,  Gov.  Durango,    1841, 

ii.  002. 
Herera,  Jose  M.  dc,  revol.  doings  of, 

ii.  34-^5. 
Heriller,  Gen'l   L.,  victory  of,  1864, 

ii.  620. 
Hermosillo,  French  capture  of,  1805, 

ii.  690. 
Hermosillo,    Bishop   O.    de,    visit   to 

Sinaloa,    1031,   i.  230;  death,  etc., 

of,  i.    230-1;  bishop   of  Guadiana, 

1620-31,  i.  307-8. 
Hermosillo,   J.    M.  G.,   revol.  exped. 

of,  1810,ii.030-l;  civptures  Rosario, 

ii.  031;  defeat  of,  ii.  632. 
H«rrera,  M.  de,  bishop  of  Guadiana, 

1686-9,  i.  339. 
Herrera,  Simon,  death  of,  ii.  582. 
Herring,  Capt.  M.  D.,  biog.,  ii.  577. 
He}'Wiiod,    Litut,   occupation    of    La 

Paz,  etc..  1847,  ii.  710. 
Hidalgo,  litio  also  Farral;  founding  of 

mission,  i.  377. 
Hidalgo,  Presi<lent,  'Informe,'  i.  749. 
liidalgo.    Father   F.,  in   Coahuila,  i. 

377. 
Hiens,    Buccaneer,    with    1?.   Salle's 

exped.,  i.  406-11. 
Highsaw,  H.,  mention  of,  ii  ,ilO. 
Hightower,   T.   J.,  Indian  massacre, 

1858,  ii.  410. 
Hill,  Capt.,  evacuates  Fort  Brown,  ii. 

4ri0. 
Hinas,    missions,    etc.,    among    the, 

l(i;i0-2,     i.     3.30;    subjugation     of, 

1033,  i.  330. 
Hitchcock,     Gen'l,     seizure    of    the 
'Arrow,' ii.  722. 

Hockley,   Geo.  W,,  app't''?   'commis- 
sioner, ii.  375. 
Hodges,  James,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 
Holland,   recognition   of  Texas  inde- 

peudeuce,  ii.  339. 


Holley,  Mary  Austin,  'Texas,'  'i. 
385. 

HolUngsworth,  O.  N.,  mention  of,  ii. 
518. 

Holmes,  mention  of,  ii.  180. 

Holsinger,  Lieut-col,  surrender  of 
Fannin,  ii.  '233. 

Honey,  G.  W.,  state  treasurer,  1809,. 
ii.  498. 

Hood,  J.  L.,  pub.  m.iney  crmimittee, 
ii.  170. 

Hopkins,  M.,  m^jntion  of,  ii.  550. 

Horse  niarinoj,  achievements  of,  ii. 
282-3. 

Horton,  /'i.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 

Hortoi),  Col  A.  C,  arrives  at  Goliad, 
ii.    220;  charge  on  Mex.   forces,  ii. 
2'27;  at  battle  of  Coleto,  ii.  229. 
capital  commis.,  1839,  ii.  337. 

Ho.spitality,  Texas,  ii.  533-4. 

Houston,  town,  capital  removed  from, 
1839,  ii.  337;  aK.R.  centre,  ii.  572. 

Houston,  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  172,  174, 
192. 

Houston,  Gen'l  Felix,  arrival  of,  ii. 
290;  defeats  Comanches,  ii.  325. 

Houston,  Gen'l  Sam,  member  state 
conv.,  1833,  ii.  133;  mention  of,  ii. 
107,  170;  elected  com'd'r  in  chief, 
ii.  173;  i.iilit.  measures  of,  ii.  19'2- 
3;  delegate  to  conv.,  etc.,  ii.  199; 
speech  to  volunteers,  ii.  219.;  proc- 
lamation of,  ii.  2*24-5;  1842, 
ii.  348;  of  blockade,  1842,  ii. 
350;  against  Com.  Moore,  ii.  352; 
for  volunteers,  1842,  ii.  358;  retreat 
to  Colorado  river,  ii.  225,  238; 
biog.  of,  ii.  '239  et  seq.,  380, 
461;  plans  of,  ii.  244-5;  insubordi- 
nation of  troops,  ii.  240;  impatience 
at  policy  of,  ii.  251 ;  supposed  plan 
of,  ii.  252;  speech  of,  ii.  253;  march 
of.  !!.  253  4:  battle  of  San  Jacinto, 
ii.  255  et  seq.;  council  of  war,  ii. 
'258;  itutline  of  j)olicy,  ii.  'i.W; 
wound  of,  ii.  203;  succeeded  by 
Rusk,  ii.  '209;  release  of  Santa 
Anna,  ii.  275-0;  letters  to  Gen. 
Gaines,  ii.  289;  elected  pres.,  ii. 
291;  inaugural  address  of,  ii. '293: 
reelection  of,  1841,  ii.  341;  defeat 
election,  1857,  ii.  423;  elected  gov., 
1859,  ii.  420;  messages  May,  1837, 
ii.  303;  Dec.  1841,  ii.  344;  June 
1842,  ii.  357;  farewell  message, 
1844,  onS.  Carolina  resolutions,  ii. 
429;  letter  to  Santa  Anna,  ii.  348- 
50;  archive  removal,  ii.  .353;  de- 
nounces (Jreen,  ii.  369-70;  invokes 
interppsition  Mex.  and  Texas,  1842, 


INDEX. 


789 


ii.  373-4;  retirement  of,  ii.  380: 
oppoaitioa  to  secession  ii.  434-5; 
speech  on,  ii.  438;  removal,  of  etc., 
ii.  440;  deatli  of,  ii.  4G1-5. 

Howard,  Gapt. ,  mention  of,  ii.  3'.i4. 

Howanl,  C.  H.,  salt  lakes  riot,  ii. 
")19;  elocution  of,  ii.  5lil. 

Howland,  execution  of,  ii.  3IU-5. 

Hoxey,  Asa,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 

Hulil)ar(l,  (to\'.,  succeeds  Coke,  ii. 
518;  li'.og.,  ii.  518-1'J;  message, 
187!),  ii.  ;V22. 

Huajuguilla,  presidio,  site  of  re- 
moved, i.  ()80. 

Huiilroho,  <Ji)v.  M.  B. .  ex()ed.  of, 
1738,  i.  4<>0;  gov.  of  Sinaloa  and 
Sonora,  1 73 Ml,  i.  5--'0-l. 

Huller,  Luis,  colony  project  of,  ii. 
734. 

Humana,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  1595,  i. 
128-9;  death  of,  i.  383. 

Hume-i,  missions  among  the,  1683-5, 
i.  3,30-1. 

Hunt,  (roneral  M.,  mention  of,  ii. 
273;  defeat  of,  ii.  341;  envoy  to 
U.  S.,  ii.  312. 

Hunter,  John  D.,  ctforts  in  lichalf  of 
tlie  Cherokees,  ii.  10:'-5;  biog. .  etc., 
of,  ii.  104  et  mai ;  murder  of,  ii. 
109. 

Hurd,  Capt.,  defeats  Thompson,  ii. 
101   2;  mention  of,  ii,  272. 

Hurdaide,  Capt.  1^  M  dc,  in  coni- 
niauil  at  San  ti\;li[)e,  1599,  i.  16  2i), 
123,  207,  209;  sululuos  the  (lua/.a- 
ves,  i.  21)9-10;  tl,o  Suaipiis,  i.  210 
12;  exped.  to  Cliini])a,  1601,  i.  211; 
protects  the  Ahome.s,  i.  211-12; 
sul)due3  the  Tchuecos,  i.  211-13; 
visit  to  Mox..  11)03  4.  i.  212;  de- 
feat-!  tli(!  Bicohuriljw,  ICOt,  i.  213: 
tlie  Ooiirono-!,  i.  213,  2l(i;  suliduc-t 
the  Vanuis.  lOiO,  i.  216  19;  expnl. 
to     Topiliiie,     1612  13,     i.     220  1; 


against  th'i   .\i\iiiin, 
deatli  of,  1(526,  i.  227. 


16'J 


1.    22li: 


Ibarra,  Emilio,  rovolu  of.  ii.  ,";{7. 
Ii)arra,  V.  di',  mining;  explor.itir.TM  of, 

1554,  i.   100;  assists    Franciscans,  i. 

101;  gov.  of  Nui'va  Vi/caya.  I.'.iil, 

i.  102;  exped.  ot,  1562  5,  i.  103   10; 

death,    157-"i,  i.  Ill;  gov.  of   Nucva 

Vizcaya,  li>76.  i.  112. 
Imperialists,    menace    of   the    U.   S. 

towanls,  etc.,  1866,  ii.  622, 
Import<  (see  also ciim.nerce),  prohibit. 


i      of    Coah.    and   Tex.,    1S29,  ii.    87; 
!      Texas,  1838-40,  ii.  342. 
I  Intle,  mining  camp.   Toboaos  attack, 
I      etc.,  164i,  i.  318  50. 

Independence,  Texas,  declaration  of, 
ii.  215-17;  signers  tf  list,  ii.  216; 
reeognitiou  of,  ii.  301,  238-40. 

'Independence,'  schooner,  defeats  the 
.Monje/uiua,  ii  272;  capture  of,  ii. 
284. 

'  independencia,'  >var  vessel,  ii.  707. 

Independents,  revolt  of,  1811-14,  ii. 
17  et  s<!(|.;  defuit  royalists  on  Sali- 
tre  prhtirie,  1812,  ii.  20;  siege  of 
La  Hahia,  ii.  21-2;  battle  of  Rd.sillo, 
181.3,  ii.  23;  assassination  of  royal- 
ists, 181.3,  ii.  24;  victory  ovc^r  Kli- 
zondo,  ii.  25-6;  defeat  of,  ii.  2(k  32. 

Indians  (soft  also  trii>.il  names);  hos- 
tile ineurs\.)iis  of,  ii.  286;  attack  on 
I\)rt  J'arker,  ii.  287;  hostilities  at 
Austin,  ii.  3.37-8;  hostilities  of 
18.37-8,  ii.  310-11;  18:{8  9,  ii.  319- 
26;  Clu^rokee  battle,  ii.  323;  depre- 
dations of,  ii.  405;  colonizatic.n  of, 
ii.  40li;  externii.iation  council,  1.S58, 
ii.  409;  massacre  of,  ii.  410;  Texas, 
removal  of,  ii.  411-12;  atlairs  of 
1S59  82,  ii.  521-5;  lu)Stilit;es,  Nueva 
N'izeaya,  etc.,  1771-1845,  ii,  593- 
601 ;  V'^iceroy  Galves'  war  a;.'ainst, 
ii.  594;  Apache  murders,  Duraiigo, 
ii.  595;  u|ifising  of  Sonora,  etc., 
1831,  ii.  59(i;  systeniatic  raids  of, 
ii.  597;  halves"  retaliation  .system, 
597-8;  head  jiriimiums  (in,  ii.  ;")99; 
American  aid  to,  ii.  5911  !ii);  (ii)v. 
(Jonde's  inc!ho(l,  ii.  {',',):);  hostili- 
ties, 1850  (■),  Cliih.  and  l)uran- 
go,  ii.  614  16;  robliers,  di.sj^uised 
as,  ii.  (ilt);  joint  .action  ag'st  by 
.Mix,  &  U.  S.,  ii.  (i2tj  7;  Apache 
c;iiii)).iign,  1813  14,  ii.  6I!3;  Op.ita 
outbreak,  Sonora,  1820,  ii.  6;i.3  4; 
Yafiui  revolt,  1825,  ii.  6,'>9  43; 
IS:V_',  ii.  652;  outbreaks  in  Si. nova, 
1842,  ii.  660;  A(i,irii(.  raids,  |s;{4  6, 
ii.  653-1;  ISKi  7,  ii.  670;  IS.'ii  37, 
ii.  703  4;  L.  Cai.,  co'iditioii,  |S25- 
6,  ii.  '/()9;  tribes  of,  tre.itnii'ut,  etc., 
N.  .Mex.  states,  ii.  712  3;  pop.  of, 
ii.  745. 

Indian  war  del)t  of  Tixas,  ii.  413. 

Ini.'rah.ini,  L.   11.,  mention   of,  ii.  735. 

Iiitendeucias,  establd.,  1786,  i.  676; 
otlicials,  i,  676;  working"*"  system, 
i.  678  9. 

International  company  of  Mexico,  ii. 
730  et  seq. 


[ 

r 

I- 

1;   : 

,! 

790 


INDEX. 


Intemo  del  Norte,   formation  of,  ii. 

587. 
'Invincible,' Texasschooiier,  ii.  271-2; 

capture  of  'Avispa,'  etc.,  ii.  28.'i. 
Iriarte,  Gov.    F.,   succeeds  Gonzalez, 

ii.  638;  removal  of,  ii.  044-5. 
Iriarte  y   Laurnaga,    Father    J.    P., 

mission  to  Baja  Cal,,  etc.,  1708-72, 

i.  73;i-0. 
Irigoyen,  <Sov.,  resignation  of,  ii.  605. 
'Isabella,'  U.  S.  store  ship,  ii.  718. 
Itamarra,   F.   de,  voyage  of,  1094,  i. 

194-5. 
Iturbe,  J.  de,  voyage  of,    1614-15,  i. 

164-5. 
Ives,  Rev.  C.  S.,  church  of,  ii.  548. 
Izarzabal,  Brother  I.,  mention  of,  i. 

488. 


Jackson,  Pres.  Andrew,  message  of, 
ii.  301-2;  letter  on  Tex.  Santa  Fe 
exped.,  ii.  336, 

Jackson,  C.  W.,  organizes  'Regula- 
tors,' etc.,  ii.  355. 

Jalisco.  Guzman's  exped.,  1530,  i.  28. 

Jaunegui,  Mex.  couimissioner,  1842, 
ii.  375. 

Jdurequi  y  Urrutia,  Visitador.).,  de, 
investigations  of,  1737,  i.  038. 

Jarvis,  J.  J.,  mention  of,  ii.  577. 

Jccker,  surveying  exped.  of,  ii.  095. 

Jefe  Politico,  L.  Cal.,  mode  of  app't- 
ment,  1849,  ii.  7*20. 

Jefferson,  Thos,  mention  of,  ii.  167. 

Jesuits,  in  Nueva  Vi/,oaya,  1590,  i. 
119;  1002-10,  i.  311 -;M;  1041-1700, 
i.  340-0.3,  .360-72;  1701-07,  i.  585- 
9;  list  of,  i.  589-90;  expulsion  of, 
1707,  i.  688-91;  in  Sinaloa,  l.TOI- 
mX),  i.  119-'23;  liiOO  9,  i  207-15; 
1050-1700,  i.  2.38-40,  572-0;  expul- 
sion of,  1707,  i.  575-8;  list  of,  i. 
578-80;  in  Duraug..,  1593-1000,  i. 
1*24-5;  annals  of  the,  i.  207-8;  in 
Sonora,  i.  232  3:  1050-1700,  i.  242- 
50,  r)72-6;  cxpul.non,  etc.,  of,  1707, 
i.  57.'>-8,  704;  li.st  of,  i.  578  80;  in 
Baja  Cal.,  1697-1700,  i.  284-304; 
1701  07,  i.  421-74;  expulsion  of, 
1707-8,  i.  476-82;  list  of,  1097-1768, 
i.  482;  in  Pimerfa,  1750,  i.  543  4; 
1751  07,  i.  5(J0  4;  quarrel  with 
(Sovcrnor  Parrilla,  1752,  i.  548  .54; 
secularization  of  missions,  i.  704. 

Jesus  Maria  y  .lose,  mission,  mention 
of,  i.  417;  location,  i.  418;  aban- 
doned, i.  419. 


Jimenzs,  F.,  pilot  toBecerra's  exp«d., 

1533,  1.  45,  murder  of,  i.  47. 
Jirouza,  D.,  gov.  of  Sonora,    1093,  i. 

2.55;    campaigns    of,    i.    2i>5-0;    in 

Pimeria,  1095,  i.  '202,  '27'2-4. 
.lohnson.  Pros  ,  leniency  of,  ii.  479. 
.lohnson,  jailor,  murder  of,  ii.  444. 
■lohnson,    A.    K    C,    mention  of,  ii. 

172. 
Johnson,  A.  R.,  biog.  of,  ii.  5C9. 
Johnson,  Col  F.  \V.,  revolt  of,  1832, 

ii.  119;  arrest  ordered,  ii.  Itil;  bat- 
tle of  San  Antonir,  ii.  182;  succeeds 

Milam,  ii.  184;  favors  (irant's plan, 

ii.  190;  defeat,  etc.,  of,  ii.  '2*20-2. 
Johnson,  J. ,  mention  of,  ii.  504. 
Jones,   Pres.    Anson,   mention  of,  ii. 

244,  297;  opposition  to  Island  land 

sale,   ii.  309;  election  of,    1844,  ii. 

378;    inaugural    address,    ii.     382; 

proclamation     for    annexation,    ii. 

382;    'Memoranda,'  etc.,    ii.   380; 

opposition  to  Know-nothing  partv, 

ii.  4'20. 
Jones,  Lieut-gov.  (!.  W.,  election  of,. 

ii.  483. 
Jones,  .T.  11.,  mention  of,  ii.  160. 
.lone.s,  Maj.  J.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  311, 

520. 
.Tones,  R.,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 
.lones,  T.  L.,  execution  of,  ii.  368. 
Jordan,  Col  8.   W.,  battle  of  Alcan- 

tro,  ii.  3*27-8;  return  to  Texas,  ii. 

329;  defeats  Centralists,  ii.  330  et 

seq.;  retreats  to  Texas,  ii.  331. J 
'  .Tosiah  Bell,'  victory  of,  ii.  459. 
Joutel,  with  La  Salle's  exped.,  i.  400- 

11. 
Juarez,  Capt.,  exped.  of,  1633,  i.  330. 
Juarez,  Pres.,  reception  of,  at  Chih., 

1804,  ii.    0*20;  at  El  Paso,  1805,  ii. 

6*22;  rfivolt  against,  death,  etc.,  of, 

1868-7*2,  ii.  0*23-4. 
'.Tulius  Ciesar,'  capture  of,  ii.  *284. 
Juiico  y  Espriella,  P.  del  B.,  gov.  of 

Texas,  1748-50,  i.  0.39. 
.histicc,    administ.    of  in    Tex.,  ii.  4; 

1870,    ii.    ■53l;Coah.    k    Texas,    ii. 

94  5;  N.  Mex.  states,  ii.  74*2. 
Juzucanea,   Juan  P.  (see  also  'Ban- 

deras  ');  revolt  of,  ii.  o39-43. 


Kansas,  agitation  over  admission,  ii. 

4*24-5;  i)()lit.  strife  in,  ii.  428. 
Kappus,    Father   A.,    joins    Mange's 

exped.,  1094,  i.  '2.57. 
Kearny,  Genl,  mention  of,  ii.  398. 
Keenan,  C.  *«,,  mention  of,  ii.  538. 


INDEX. 


791 


4; 

ii. 


Keller,  Father,  mission  to  Pimeria, 
1731-7,  i.  523-fi;  Gov.  Vildosola's 
hostility  to,  i.  530;  exped.  of,  1743, 
i.  536;  charges  against  Parrilla, 
1752,  i.  548-9. 

Kellog,  A.  G.,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 

Kemper,  Major,  mention  of,  ii.  21-2. 

Kendal],  'Texas Santa  Fe  Kxped.,'  ii. 
334  et  seq. 

Kennedy,  William,  '  Texas  Rise, 
Progress,'  etc.,  ii.  383. 

Kerr,  Peter,  news  of  Fannin's  massa- 
cre, ii.  245. 

Kickapoos,  Indians,  troubles  with,  ii. 
406. 

King,  Capt.,  defeat  and  death  of,  ii. 
222-3. 

King,  V.  0.,  mention  of,  ii.  262. 

Kino,  Fatlicr  E.,  with  Otondo's  ex- 
ped., 1683,  i.  187;  diary  of,  i.  190- 
2. 

Kino,  Father  E.  F.,  biog.,  i.  250-1; 
labors,  etc.,  of,  i.  250-4;  expeds., 
etc.,  of,  1694-1700,  i.  257-71;  1701- 
6,  i.  495-502;  enthusiasm  of,  i.  277- 
8;  meeting  with  Salvatierra,  i.  278- 
9;  exploration  of,  1701,  L  421;  in- 
tercourse with  Salvatierra,  i.  4'_'l-2; 
labors  in  Pinierla,  i.  492  3,  502-5; 
map  of,  1701,  i.  498-9;  death  of, 
1711,  i.  505;  life  and  cliariicter,  i. 
505-6. 

Kirker,  James,  scalp  hunter,  ii.  599- 
601. 

Kittrcdgo,  Lieut  J.  W.,  captures 
Corpus  Christi,  ii.  454. 

Kleliorg,  .VI.  K,  iiing.  of,  ii.  765. 

Knechler,  Jacob,  land-offic'c  oommis., 
1869,  ii.  498. 

Knight,  James,  delegate  to  council, 
1835,  ii.  \(M). 

Ivnigla.-^  .,f  tl'.'jGipldcu  ('ir(de,  objects, 
etc.,  of,  ii.  43.'1;  iiiurder.s  of,  ii.  435. 

Know-nothing  party,  defeat  of,  1855, 
ii.  420. 

Koogle,  W.  C,  mention  (.f,  ii.  559. 


L'Archveque,  murder  of  L»  Salle,  i. 

408. 
LaBahia,  siege  of,  1813,  ii.  21-2. 
La  Harprt,  exped.  nf.  1721,  i.  619-21. 
La  Paz,  Lower  Cal.,  Vizcaino's  exped. 

at,  1597,  i.  149-.')0;  colony  establd. 

at,     1633,     i.     172-4;     settlement, 

founding,    etc.,   of.  '16;i.'l,  i.    172  5; 


289  90; 
iiiaugu- 
elccted 
iiKtug. 
ii.    :{15; 


abandoned, 


174  5;     reestabl'd. 


1683,  i.  187-8;  hostility  of  natives. 


i.    188-9;  again  abandoned,  i.   190; 

surrender  of,  1847,    ii.    712;  U.   S. 

occupation  of,  IS47,  ii.  713  et  seq.; 

plan  of,  position  of  troops,  etc.,  ii. 

715;  siege  of,   ii.  714-16;  filibuster 

capture  of,  ii.  722. 
La  Salle,  R.  C,  «le,   exped.,   etc.,  of, 

1678,    i.    393;    1684-7,    i.    396-408; 

death  of,  1687,  i.  408-9;  character, 

i.  409. 
Laba,  Friar  I.  M.,  'Informe.' 
Labado,  Father  F.,  murder  of,  1645, 

i.  349. 
Labranche,  Alcee,  charge  d'affaires  to 

Texas,  ii.  301. 
Lafitte,  Jean,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  u.  39-4.3. 
Laguna,  region,  Jesuits  in,  i.  311-12. 
Lallemand,  colony  of,  1818,  ii.  44-5. 
Lamar,    M.    B.,    appt'd   sec.  of  war, 

18.36,  ii.  269;  opposition  to  Santa 
Anna's  treaty,  ii.  271;  app't'd 
major-general,  etc.,  ii. 
elected  vice-pres.,  ii.  292; 
ral  address  of,  ii.  2!)3; 
president,  1838,  ii.  :{|3; 
address,  ii.  314;  message. 
Ind.  policy  of,  ii.  .'122;  ciicouraj^'es 
SantA  Fe  exped.,  ii.  ',iX\;  message 
of,  Nov.  1841,  ii.  341;  extravagance 
of,  ii.  345  7. 

Landeras,   Mcx.   coinniissioner,    IS42, 

ii.  37">. 
Lan<l-graiits,  to  Texan  volunteers,  ii. 

217;  fr.iuds   in,    KS;{5,    ii.    171;    L. 

Cal..  ii.  727  et  seq. 
Land-office,  Texas,  ccrtilicates  issued, 

ii.  311. 
Landrun,    Col,  at  battle  S.  Antonio, 

ii.   184;  battle  with  Cherokees,   ii. 

323. 
Lands,  Texas,  bills  to  sectionizo,  etc., 

18.35-7,  ii.  306;  general  law  adopted, 

18.37,  ii.  308. 

Land  titles,   N.  Mex.   states,  ii.  740. 
Lane,  Gov.,  mention  of,  ii.  617. 
Lapham,  Moses,   mention  of,  ii.  2ti0. 
Lara,  B.  G.  de,  revol.  movements  .>.", 

ii.  19et8e(i.;  appointed  gov.  IM.'t, 

ii.  24. 
Lara,  D.  de,  the  Tarahumare  nvulr, 

1649-51,  i.  .356. 
Larins,  F.  G.,  gov.  ad  int.  of  Ti'.yas, 

174;»-8.  i.  639. 
Larios,  Father  ,!.,   visits    Coaliuil.i, 

1670,  i.  375. 
Larrea,  J.  B.,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcava, 

1700,  i.  :m,  581. 
Las  Palmas  bay  mission,  founding  of, 

1733,  i.  457. 
Lavalette,  Capt.,  captures  Guaymas, 


79-2 


INDEX. 


1847,  ii.  667-9;  capture  of  Mazatlan, 

ii.  670. 
Lawij,  Toxas  legisl.,    1867,  ii.  485-6. 
Lea,   Lieut-commander,  death  of,  ii. 

45(). 
Leal.   Visitad(ir  A.,   with   Kino's  ex- 

ped.,  UJ'.t!),  i.  '.Hi'J. 
Leftwich,  Robert,  colony  of,  ii.  73. 
Leger,  T.,  mention  of,  ii.  54it. 
Legislature,  Texas,  Kansas  rcsolutioi 


Joae  mission,  1751,  i.  554;  report, 
etc.,  of,  \H\'A,  i.  565-6. 

Llewellyn,  Capt.,  at  battle  S.  An- 
tonio, ii.  184. 

Lok,  M.,  nuip  of,  158*2,  i.  151. 

Louielin,  1'.  Ii.,  bishop  of  Ouadiana, 
1656-8,  i.  ;{38. 

Londo,  I'ailada  de,  Salvatierra's  ex- 
pedd  to,  16it8-J7(K),  i.  1194-5,  299, 
:iOI. 


I 
of,  ii.  4'25;  extra  session,    1861,   ii.  I  Long,  (Jen.,  mention  of,  ii.  548. 
434;  session,  1867,  ii.  48,");   14th  ses-     l^oii:,',  David,  irientioii  of. 
sion,  ii.  511    I'J;  Duraiigo,  susj)en- j  Lony;,  .Liiiies,  rxpcd    into  Tex.,  1819, 


sion   of  menil)ers,    ii.    .")ilO;  ,Sonora 

and  Sinaloa,  18'26,  ii.  6:i8. 
Leon,    Capt.    A.    de,  eoniandaiite   of 

Santiago  do  Monclova,  i.  ."{76;  ex- 

pedsof,  1689  00,  i.  414  15. 
Leon,    lirig.    F.   I'onee  de,  gov.   and 

com. -gen. ,  1^*44,  ii.  661. 
Leon,  Oen.  M.  de,  revolt  of,  1879,  ii. 

703,  738  9. 
Leon,  M.irtin  dt,  colony  of,  ii.  73. 
Lester,  .1.  S.,  mention  of,  ii.  17'2. 
Letona,   .Tosie   M.,   elected  gov.  Tex., 

1831,  ii.  116. 
Lewis,  Capt.,   Tex.  San 'a  Feexpe<l., 

ii.  334-7;  titaelicry  of,  ii.  ',V,\'y. 
Lewis,    Capt.    M.   H.,   reeaptun^s   ar- 
chives, ii.  3,")4. 
Lezania,  Contador  M.  de,  project  of, 

i.  170. 
Liberals,  Durango,  ii.  5S8. 
'  Libertador,'  captnrt;   of   the   'linh!- 

]ien<lence,'  ii.  "284. 
Lit)erty,    town,    establishment,    etc., 

of,  ii.  11(5;  milit.   aid  from,  ii.  170. 
'Lil>ertv, '   Texas   schooner,    ii.    '271; 

.sale  <'.f,  ii.  '283. 
Licpii  mission,  founding,  etc.,  of.  I70.''), 

i.  4:V2. 
Linare-;,    Niecrnv,  aids  the  Jesuits,  i. 

436. 
Lincidn,     I'rcs.    A.,   rlci'tion  of,  IStll), 

ii.    l.'tii;   reltellioii   |ii'iiclamation,   ii. 

449. 
Link.  Fatlior  W.,  in  charge  at  Korja, 

176'2,   i.  47'2;  expeds  of,    1765  6,   i. 

473. 
Linn,  K.  1).,  biog.  of,  ii.  .")77. 
Linn,  .1.  ,1.,  mention  of,  ii.  .')77. 
Lipans,    raitls  of    tlie,    17-2-6,   i.  <>3I: 

suljjng.ition  of  the,  i.  640;  Quintero 

defeats,   1813,  ii.  3li 
ijipantitliii,  town,  surrender,  etc.,  of, 

ii.  188  9. 
Littlefield,    G.    W.,    mention    of,    ii. 

560. 
Littleton,  Lieut,  defeat  of,  ii.  446. 
Li'/a/.oin,  Father  T.  I.,  rofoimds  San 


ii.  47  ol;  death  of,  ii.  51. 
Tio[i(/,  with  (ui/muirs  exped.,  1,5,30-1, 

i.  30,  36  7. 
Lopex,    Col,    treachery  of,    ii.   3'29  et 

•-■»•' 1- 
r.oju^z,  ,\..  ex[ied.  of,  1654,  i.  3S6. 

Lopez,     r.iiii'c     1).,     the     Tcpehnano 

revolt,    l()l(i   17.   i.  3'29;  mission  to 

the.lumanas  16-29,  i.  38.5. 
Lope;-.,  .1.  A.,  revol.  expcil.,  1810. 
L()]ii'/.  Faflicr  .1.  F.,   rejit  on  Te.xan 

missions,  178.5,  i.  664  8. 
L'^piz,  I'athcr  N.,  exped.  of,  1684,  i. 

:^ss  9. 

LoiMuco.  (ill,  Corlinas  d.<'fc;i.t   of,  ii. 

446. 
lioreiizo,    ('.,    with    Ortt'ga'.s   exped., 

16,3ti,  i.  174. 
I  orenzo,  ('apt.  K.  K.,  in  coinmai\d  at 

San  .lavier,  1701,  i.  4-23;  deatli  of, 

I74(i,  i.  46-2;  biog..  i.  462  ;;. 
L.ireii/o  y  la  Rca,  l>.  K..  in  eharge  at 

i^'in  ,lo-i;  did  Cabo.  1736,  i.  46L 
Loreto    missi(>n,    f<.uniled    by  iSalva- 

tierra.  1()97,   i.  284  0,    '29u  I ;  map 

.>f,    and     vicinity,     1700,    i.    '285; 

troubles    with    natives,     i.    '287  8, 

'292  3,  "298  9;  reenforeements,  etc., 

for,  i.  '293  4,  '298;  prosperity  of,  i. 

296;  Salvatierra    leaves,    i.  "303  4; 

di.stress   at,    17(11 -'2,  i.  4'22  5,  4'29; 

outbreak  at,   i.  4'24  5;  Franciscans 

at,  1768,  i.  484:  Calvcz'  measures, 

etc.,  17(i9,   i.  7'26  7. 
Los  .Angeles,  foinoled,  1781,  i.  770. 
Louisiana  luuindarv  dispute,  ii.  9  11; 

treaty,  1819,  ii.  45  7. 
iiove,  (.'apt.  Wni  M.,   mention  of,  ii. 

311. 
Loving,  Crco.  L.,  mention  of,  ii.  500. 
Lowder,    \V.  J.    F. ,   mention   of,    ii. 

410. 
Lower  California,  see  California, Baja. 
Lower  Cal.  Coloni/ation  and  Mining 

CO.,  ii.  7'27. 
Lozada,  lud.  chief,  invasioa  of,  l&V), 

ii.  696. 


INDEX. 


793 


Lozado,  General,  captures  Mazatlan, 

ii.  697;  defeats  Corona,  ii.  698. 
Lubbock,    (jov.    F.    R.,   electioa   of, 

1861,   ii.    451;    suggestions    of,    ii. 

457;  state  treasurer,   1878,  ii.  5'J2. 
Luecnilla  y  Torres,  L'apt.  F.,  voyage 

of,  1668,  i.  184-5. 
Luekctt,   P.  N.,  mention  of,   ii,  437. 
Luis,  Caeitjue,  the  Pima  revolt,  1751- 

2,  i.  544-5. 
Luna,  Fatlier,  with  Barriga's  exped., 

1644,  i.  182. 
Lunatic  asylum,  Texas,  ii.  537-S. 
Luyainlo,  Fatlier  .1.  B.,  in  Baja  L'al., 

1727-8,  i.  454. 
Lyons,  Patrick,  death  of,  ii.  360. 

M 

McAshan,  S.  M.,  biog.  of,  ii.  767. 
Mo  Bride,  Sergeant,  execution  of,  ii. 

521. 
McCormiek,  (ivo.,  state  atty-geu.,  ii. 

522. 
McCoy,  C<'.  J.  C,  biog.  of,  ii.  577. 
McCulloch,  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  ;W7. 
McCullougli,    H.,  mention   of,  ii.  4;!4; 

captures  San  Antonio,  ii.  4:>7. 
McUermott,  Lieut-com.,  deatii  of,  ii. 

4(iO. 
McDonald,   Lieut  Wni,   at   battle  S. 

Antonio,  ii.  1811. 
^Ic(!owan,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  397. 
McKimiey,  equips   'lexas  schooners, 

ii.  27! 
McKinupy,  A.  T.,  bi<.g.,  etc.,  ii.  543. 
Mclvarialian,     iMiilshii)nian,    bnivcry, 

etc.,  of,  ii.  7H):  dcaiii  of,  ii.  717. 
McLeotl,  (liu.  H.  !>.,   mciilioTi  of,  ii. 

206;    (.'omanclie   council,    KS40,    ii. 

324. 
McLcod,  (!cn.  Hugli.  Tex.  Santa  Fc 

expi'it.,  ii.  3Ii4;  surrender  of,  ii.  336. 
McMulliMi.  mention  of,  ii.  3!t7. 
McNcal,  \V.  \\'.,  liiiliau  massacre  of, 

ii.  410. 
McXeii    Stii'ling,  di>l('ji;itt'  to  council, 

1835,  ii.  160. 
Mackay,  T.  ,1.,  testimony  of,  ii.  482. 
Macoml),    l)avi<l    Ii.,    mention  of,   ii, 

172. 
M;idcro,  Francisco,   arro,-t  of,  ii.   1  IG. 
Madcro,  (!ov.    .1.  I.,   mention   of,   ii. 

5no. 

Mailis(ni,  Pros.,  proclamation  ag'st 
lilibusters,   1815,  ii.  34. 

Magee,  I.ieut  August,  revol,  move- 
ments of,  ii.  ID  et  secj. ;  elected  col 
of  revolutiooists,  ii.  21;  death  of, 
.ii.  22. 


Magruder,  (!en.,  recaptures  Galves- 
ton, ii.  455-6;  disagreement  with 
state  authorities,  ii.  472. 

Mahau,  Patrick,  execution  of,  ii.  .368. 

Mail  .service,  Texas,  ii.  561)  70. 

Maillard,  >i.  IJ.,  '  History  of  Texas,' 
ii.  141;  misrepresentations  of,  ii. 
214. 

Maldonado,  Capt.,  exped.  of,  1540,  i. 
87-8. 

Maldonado,  A.  del  C.,  witli  Vasca's 
exped.,  etc.,  i.  61,  iW,  70. 

Mahlonado,  L.  F.  dc,  voyage  of,  1588, 
i.  144  5. 

.Malhado  island,  S[)aniards  wrecked 
on,  1528,  i.  (il;  locution  of,  i.  63. 

Mange,  Capt.  .1.  M.,  'Historia  de  la 
I'imeria  Alta,'  i.  256;  cx])eds  of, 
1604-0,  i.  256  70;  with  Salvatierra's 
exped.,  1701  2,  i.  404  500. 

Manufactures,  Texas,  ii.  566;  Souora 
and  Slnaloa,  ii.  760. 

.Mapimi,  presidio  of,  reoccupied,  1711, 
i.  583. 

Maps  and  plans,  region  north  and 
west  of  Mexico,  i.  II;  (lu/man's 
expedition.  1531,  i.  31;  explora- 
tions, l.")32-6,  i.  43;  Cabe/a  de 
\'aca's  route,  i.  tl7;  explorations  of, 
15.30-42,  i.  73;  Ca^tUlo's,  l.">4l,  i. 
81;  Nneva  \'i/caya,  i.  101,  I'M, 
677;  /-ok'.s,  1."kS2,  i.  151;  Wytlliet- 
Ptolcuiy's,  l.'iOT,  i.  152;  ^'izcaillo's 
1603,  i.  1,")6;  Dutch  map,  1624  5.  i- 
160;  D'Avitty's,  l(;:!7,  i.  176;  Ham. 
pier's,  1600,  i.  105;  Harris,  1705,  i. 
106;  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  i.  208; 
Pinicria,  i.  251;  l^oreto  anil  vicin- 
ity, 1700,  i.  2.S5;  Orozco  y  Herra's, 
i.  .'ilO;  .southern  Niu;va  Vi/.caya, 
1700,  i.  312;  nortliiM'ii  Nueva  Viz- 
caya,  1700,  i.  347;  Coatuiila,  i.  377; 
Texas,  i.  .381,  ()I5;  peninsular  mis- 
sions, i.  427;  California  missions,  i. 
447;  Consag's,  1746,  i.  464;  Vene- 
gas,  1757,  i.  471;  Baegcrt's,  1757, 
i.  470;  Kino's,  1701,  i.  400;  Sonora 
and  Sinaloa,  i.  555;  Sonora  in  tin- 
eighteenth  century,  i,  703;  I'.ilou's, 
i.  771;  Austin's  ma])  of  18,35,  ii.  75; 
San  Antonio  and  environs,  ii.  ISl: 
Santa  Anna's  march,  ii.  203;  jiround 
plan  of  the  .Mamo,  ii.  206;  sectional 
map  of  18:t5,  ii.  210;  foiti.'ss  of 
Perote,  ii.  3(18;  city  of  M<intcrey, 
ii.  'A'X^;  Durango  and  Chihuahua,  ii. 
583;  Durango  and  Sinaloa,  ii.  501. 
Chihuahua,  ii.  (JOli;  Souora  and 
Sinaloa,  ii.  620;  Sinaloa,  ii.  657;  new 
map  of  Suuoru,  ii,  600;  positions  of 


■.  \ 
;  I 


794 


INDEX. 


troop,  Ija  Paz,  1847,  ii.  715;  Urrca's 

campaign,  ii.  228;  routcH  of  arinieM, 

•Santa    Anna  and  iluUMton,  ii.  252; 

plan  of    battlu-lield,    >Sau  Jacintu, 

li.  25(). 
Mariuual,    Ciov.,    election,    removal, 

etc.,  of,  ii.  702. 
Marjiano,    Father  L.  M.,  at  >San  Ig- 

nacio,  1722-3,  i.  507. 
Marie,  Sieur  de,  with  La  Salle's  ex- 

pcd  ,  i.  406  8. 
Marra.s,  llector  D.  A.,  dispute  witli 

Aguirre,  1073,  i.  2434. 
Martial  law,  Texas,  proclaimed,  1832, 

ii.    119;   1862,  ii.  456  7;  proclama- 
tions  of,    1871,    ii.  507;  Chih.  and 

Duraneo,  1864,  ii.  619-20. 
Martin,  Capt.  H..  expcd.  of,  1650,  i. 

385-6. 
Martin,  Wylie,    poiit.   chief,   ii.  160; 

mention  of,  ii.  171;  company  of,  iit 

S.  Felipe,  ii.  246;  rejoins  Houston, 

ii.  250,  253. 
Martinez,  ficn.,  defeat,  etc,  of,  1868, 

ii.  697,  700. 
Martinez,  Capt.  F.,  with  Teran'a  ex- 

ped.,  1691-2,  i.  410-17. 
Martinez,  Father  (i.,   mention  of,  i. 

3(i5. 
Martinez,  Pa<lre  M.,  death  of,  1632, 

i.  229. 
Martinez,  Col    M.,  resignation,  etc., 

1835,  ii.  710. 
Martos  y  Navarettc,    A.  <le,  gov.  of 

Texas,  1760  7,  i.  Mli,  649,  652. 
Masanct,  Father  I).,  witli  Leon's  ex- 

pedsji.  414-15;  witli  Teran'sexped., 

1691-2,  i.  416-17. 
Mascarcnas,  <i(iv.,  proclaims  martial 

law,  ii.  620. 
Mason,  (iuneral,  mention  of,  ii.  286-7. 
Masterson,  .ludge  J.  R.,  hiog.  of,  ii. 

76<)  7. 
Matagorda,  municipality  created,  ii. 

144. 
Matamoros,    exped.    against,  ii.    194 

et   sc(). ;    federalists'    siege    fif,    ii. 

:V2H. 
Maveriek,  at   sii'ge   of   Hejar,  ii.   180; 

guide,  hattle  of  S.  ,\ntonio,  ii.  1S2. 
Maverick,  .S.  A.,  iiuMition  of,  ii.  437. 
Maxey,  Senator   S.    H.,    hiog.   of,   ii. 

578. 
Mayorga.  Father,  mention  of,  i.  434. 
Mayos,  Siuiiloan  tribe,  mission  found- 
ed among,  1613,  i.  222;  conversions 

among,   i.    22(»;  revolt  of,    1826,  ii. 

640;  1867,  ii    701. 
Mazatlan,  founding  of,  i.  206;  name, 

i.   206;  hist,    of,   ii.   650;    captured 


by  Paredes,  etc.,  1838,  ii.  658;  sur- 
render to  the  U.  S.,  ii.  669-70; 
blockade  of,  etc.,  1864,  ii.  697; 
French  evacuate,  ii.  699. 

.Mediavilla  y  Ascona,  M.  de,  gov.  of 
Texas,  1726  30,  i.  632-4. 

.Medinii,  Father  P.  1.  de,  mention  of, 
i.  .340. 

Mejiii,  (ien.  Jose  A.,  Texas  exped., 
ii.  125;  Tampico  attack,  etc.,  ii. 
189  W. 

Melendez,  cunmiandant,  murder  of, 
ii.  725. 

'  .Memorias  para  la  llistorias  de  la 
Provineia  de  Sinaloa,'  MS.,  120. 

Menard,  P.  J.,  mention  of,  ii.  170. 

Mendarozijueta,  <iov.  B.,  gov.  Du- 
rango,  1833,  ii.  ri91:  removal  and 
replacement  of,  li.  592;  succeeds 
lleredia,  ii.  602. 

Mendez,  Fatlier  P.,  mission  to  Sina- 
loa, 1600  6,  i.  209  14;  theTehuecos' 
revolt,  etc.,  1611,  i.  219  20;  labors 
among  the  Mayos,  i.  222;  mission- 
ary labors  of,  1621,  i.  225  6;  1028, 
i.  228;  retirement  of,  1635,  i.  231. 

Mcndigutia,  Father  A.,  mention  of,  i. 
591. 

Mcnd<)/.a,  Viceroy,  designs  of,  i.  72; 
Corona<l()'s  experl.,  i.  83;  rupture 
witli  Cortes,  i.  95;  contract  with 
Alvarado,  1540,  i.  96;  exped.  to 
Nueva  <<alicia,  i.  97. 

Mendoza,  Capt.  A.  (i.,  de,  with  Sal- 
vatierra's  exped.,  1699,  i.  297-9; 
complaint,  etc.,  of,  i.  302-3;  resig- 
nation of,  1701,  i.  42.3. 

Mendoza,  I).  II.  de,  Cortes'  instruc- 
tions to,  i.  41;  exped.  of,  1532,  i. 
41-5. 

Mendoza,  Friar  CJ.  de,  missioa  to 
Ihirango,  i.  100-1. 

Mendoza,  .1.  de,  gov.  of  Sinaloa,  i. 
556;  rule,  1755  60,  i.  556;  death  of, 
1760,  i.  556. 

Mendoza,  J.  1).,  de,  mention  of,  i. 
388  9. 

Menifee,  AVilliam,  mention  <if,  ii.  171. 

Mercado,  (i.  V.  de,  exped.  to  Zacate* 
oas,   1552,  i.  100. 

Mexico,  Texan  aflTair.'^,  1716,  i.  016-17, 
622;  action  in  Santa  Anna  treaty, 
ii.  279  80;  Texas  jieaee  proposals, 
1839,  ii.  .'J40;  ports  of  Texas  block- 
a.led,  1842,  ii.  350  et  seq. ;  threat 
against  the  U.  S.,  1842,  ii.  376. 

Mexican  border,  troubles  of,  1876,  ii. 
518. 

Mexicans,  race  troubleit  with  Texaa^ 
1857,  ii.  416  et  seq. 


INDEX. 


795 


Mezicre^,  Lieut  A.  de,  rept  on  Texan 
atfairs,    1778,    i.    WiO-2;  expedu  of, 
1778  9,  i.  663-4. 
Michoacan,  uubjugation  of,  i.  13-14. 

Middendorf,  Father  H.,  muiHion  to 
the  Papagos,  1756,  i.  561. 

Micr  diHaster,  ii.  361  ct  acq. ;  at- 
tempted escape  and  execution  of 
priaonerc,  ii.  365;  foreign  corres- 
pondence on,  ii.  369. 

Mier  y  Teran,  Manuel,  app't'd  com'd 
gen  I,  ii.  1 1.5;  tyranny  of,  ii.  116-17. 

MUan,  Benj.  R.,  colony  of,  ii.  74; 
arrest  and  escape  of,  ii.  154,  109; 
battle  of  San  Aritnnin,  ii.  ISO  et 
aeq;  death  and  )>iog.  of,  ii.  184. 

Miles,  capture  of  Santa  Aunii,  ii.  'M>4. 

Military  uioveinents  of  U.  S.  and 
Mex.,  1805,  ii.  II;  army  ordinance, 
Texas,  1S.'{5,  ii.  173;  appropriations 
for,  ii.  305;  protection  of  frontier, 
18.39,  ii.  317;  posts,  li.st  1801,  ii. 
437;  movements,  1861-5,  ii.  450  et 
seq;  withdrawal  of,  ii.  50'J;  militia 
organization  of,  1870,  ii.  506;  miiit. 
colonics,  Mex.  frontier,  decree, 
1848,  ii.  612;  militia  Mex.  frontier, 
ii.  613;  force  iiiSonora  &  Sinaloa, 
1826,  ii.  638;  frontier  force,  Sonora, 
I848-.50,  ii.  671;  milit.  colony,  L. 
Cal.,  1850,  ii.  720. 

Millard,  Lieut-col  H.,  mention  of,  ii. 
172,  174;  at  council  of  war,  ii.  258; 
battle  San  Jacinto,  ii.  260. 

Miller,  Major,  capture  of,  ii.  2.3.3-4. 

Miller,  J.  B.,  member  state  conv., 
18.3.3,  ii.  133-4. 

Mina,  Javier,  movements  of,  1816-17, 
ii.  .36-7. 

Miller,  John  F.,  quarantine  bill  of, 
ii.  .502. 

Miller,  S.  A.,  '.Journal,'  ii.  .372. 

Mines  and  minerals,  Texas,  ii.  .564-6; 
N.  Mex.  states,  ii.  751;  pold,  ii. 
751;  statistics,  ii.  752;  sdver,  ii. 
752;  leading  tnines,  ii.  753;  Sonora, 
ii.  754;  jilacers,  ii.  754;  Sinaloa, 
Durango,  ft  L.  Cal.,  ii.  755;  miscel. 
minerals,  ii.  750. 

Minon,  (lol  .lose,  at  battle  of  the 
Alamo,  ii.  210. 

Minutili,  Father  G.,  at  Loreta,  1702, 
i.  426-7. 

Miramon,  Lieut-col  A.,  Paredes  ap- 
])oints  gov.,  etc.,  ii.  669. 

Miranda,  Col,  ncutralit   ,  1847,  ii.712. 

Miranda  y  Castro,  (^J'  ,  ..ppointment, 
etc. ,  of,  ii.  737-8. 

Missions,  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  decline 
of,  1833,  ii.  651. 


Missouri  compromise,  ii.  42.3. 
Mitchell,  Asa,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 
Mixton  war,  1.540  2,  i.  96-7. 
Mocte/.uma,    Viceroy,    mention  of,  L 

280. 
Moderators  ami  regulators,  war  of,  iL 

354. 
Molano,  Col.,  treacliery  of,  ii.  329  et 

se(j. 
Molina,    Father,    massacre     at    San 

Sabii,  1758,  i.  6J0  8. 
Monclova,     Presidio,    site     of    trans- 
ferred, 1772,  i.  608. 
Mondragon,  Ii.,  comaudaute  of  Sina- 

lon,  1.589,  i.   115. 
Monroy,   A.  ib',  gov    of  Nueva  Viz- 

eaya,  1.586  <»,  i.  li:;. 
Monsalve,  L.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Viz- 

caya,  1639,  i.  .300. 
Montalvo,  O.  de,  '  Sergas  de  Esplan- 

dian,'i.  82. 
Montaflo,    Capt.    F.,  the  Tepehuano 

revolt,  1610   17,   i.  320;  the  Toboso 

outbreak,  etc.,  l(W4-.5,  j.  349-.50. 
Monterde,  J.  M.,  gov.-gen'l  Chih.,  iu 

002. 
Monterde,  M.,   appointment,  etc.,  of, 

18.30,  ii.  710. 
Monterey,  Cal.,   Vizcaino   dincovera, 

1003,  i.  1.59-(j();  mission  founded  at, 

1770,  i.  707;  capital  of  Cal.,  i.  708; 

plan  of,  ii.  .395. 
Monteros,    deputy,   reforms  and  ob- 
jections of,  ii.  036. 
Montesclaros,    Fuerte     do,    buijiliiig, 

etc.,  of  1010,  i.  215-1(5;  garrison  of, 

i.  220. 
'Montezuma,'  Mex.  war  shij),  ii.  .356. 
Montoya,  (len'l,  defeat  of,  ii.  331. 
Montoya,  P.    d(!,  exped.  to   Sinaloa, 

1583,  i.  113-14;  death  of,  i.  114. 
Moore,  J.  \V.,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 
Moore,  Commo<lore,    (li«o')0(li''ii<'e  of, 

1842,  ii.  3.52;  defeats  'Montezuma,' 

anil  'duadalupe,' ii.  3.50. 
Moore,  congressman,  mention  of,  ii. 

401. 
Moore,  Chief  .Justice  (J.   F.,  election 

of,  1878,  ii.  .522. 
Moore    Col    .Tolm   II.,  defeats    Casta- 

neda,   ii.    100;  defeats    ('oiiianches, 

1840,  ii.  320. 
Moore,  R.  F.,  rtientifin  of,  ii.  .545. 
.Mo(|uis,  re(|iu!sts  of  for  missionaries, 

1711-23,  i.  ,509-10;  propositi  Mubju- 

gation    of,    174*2-4,    i.    .530;   exped. 

against,  1747,  i.    539-40;  independ* 

(^Mce  of,  i.  (i03. 
Mora,    Coiii.'iiidantc,    peace    negotia* 

tiouu  of,  1834,  ii.  654. 


!  i 


796 


INDEX. 


Morales,  Col,  at  battle  of  the  Alamo, 

ii.    'JIO;  aclvanou   iiixm  Goliad,    ii. 

226-7;  battle  of  CoUto,  ii.  229, 
Moralu:),    Gov.,    reiiigiiation  of,  etc., 

1804,    ii.    G9G;    battluti    with    tlic 

Freiicli,  1805,  ii.  097. 
Morales,   J.    V.    do,    coinaiulanto    of 

Simora,  1()50,  i.  2:W. 
M.ualod,  Capt.    M.   (}.,  the  Taralin- 

111.10    revolt,    1049-.'il,     i.    Smi  7; 

cmiiisario  in  Baja  Cal.,  1(178,  i.  488. 
Muraiigo^.,    with    La    iSallo's  cxped., 

i.  4()0  7;  niuidorof,  i.  408. 
Moi'diio,  J.  M.,   sub  jofo  jjolitico,   ii. 

Moret,  M.,  gov.  Durango,  1852,  ii. 
(il7. 

Miirli,  Father  J.  A.,  death  of,  1783,  i. 
liOl;  works  of,  i.  Ci»4. 

Moilit,  lleury  M.,  report  oa  Texas, 
ii.  285. 

Morgan,  Col,  assent  to  Moore's  oper- 
ations, ii.  ;{.">■_'- Ii. 

'  Moruiny  Light,'  surrender  of,  ii. 
459. 

MoiriU,  llcv.  Z.  N.,  incntioa  of,  ii. 
547. 

Morris,  constable,  murder  of,  ii.  444. 

Morris,  Capt,  It,  C,  mention  of,  ii, 
179. 

Morris,  Major,  battle  of  San  Antonio, 
ii.  IS'-'. 

Morrison,  Lieut-col.,  battle  at  Pal- 
metto raiicho,  ii.  475. 

Miirtiiiier,  Serg.  K.  C,  death  of,  ii. 
5-'0. 

Mota,  Bishop,  the  Acaxce  revolt, 
l(;0l-2,  i.  :5l."i. 

ilotheral,  W.  E.,  Tiidian  massacre  of, 
ii.  410. 

Mott,  W.  F.,  bio^.  of,  ii.  705. 

Mtiga/abal,  Broliii'i',  death  of,  1701, 
i.  472. 

Miilcgc  mission,  founding,  etc.,  of, 
1705,  i.  4S2-3. 

Murrah,  Gov.,  Pendleton,  inaugura- 
tion of,  ISO.'?,  ii.  4(i5-();  incssagr, 
etc.,  1804,  ii.  408-7;J;  flight  of,  ii. 
478. 

Mus^juiz,  Ramon,  polit.  chief,  ii.  110: 
vice-governor.  1835,  ii.  140;  propo- 
sals of,  ii.  157. 

Mussina,  'Simon,  mention  of,  ii.  550. 

N 

Nachitochea,  Fort,  Ramon's  visit  to, 
171(!,  i.  615-10;  site  of  transferred, 
I7.'?5,  i.  0:?6. 

Nacogdoches,  resolutions  of,  1835,  ii, 
167;  rebellion,  1838.  ii,  320. 


Naglce,  Capt.  H,   M,,   eampugn  of 

L.  Ual.,  1847,11.718. 
Niipoli,  Father  1.  M.,  mcutioa  of.  i. 

453. 
Narvacz,    P.    de,   exped.,    etc.,  of,  i. 

11-12;  1527-8,    i.  00-1,  3.S0;    gov. 

of  LasPalinas,  i.OO;fateof.  i.OI -2. 
Narvoua,  (.'apt.,  gov.  .Sonora  and  .Sin., 

1821,  ii.  O.'IO;  Apache  campaigns  of, 

181:1-14,  ii.  033. 
Nava,  ri'iilaced,  ii.  682. 
Nava,   Gen.    I',  de,  comandante  pen. 

of  Proviiicias  Internas,  1790,  i.  075. 
Nava,   Priest    1).   de,    with   Ortega'a 

e.xpc.l.,  10:i2,  i.  171-:5. 
Navarctte,  A.  M.,  gov.   of  Coahuila, 

1750,  i.  004. 

Niivarettc,  Pedro,  jefo  politico,  1863, 

ii.  720. 
Navarro,  Ant.,  sign.s  dcelaratioa  in- 

depeiiileiic(!,  ii.  210. 
Navarro,  J.  A.,  Tex,  Santa Fe  exped,, 

ii,  334;  escape  and  biog.  of,  ii.  3.')7. 
Navarro,    Juan,   succeeds   Corral,  ii. 

580, 
Navarro,    Don    P.    G.,    auditor    de 

gucriaof  Provincias Internas,  1777, 

1.  072. 
Navarro,    Gov.  R.,    election  of,  etc., 

1858-00,  ii.  725. 
NavigatioTi,    Texas,  ii.  508;  N.  Mcx. 

states,  ii.  76;i-4. 
Navy,    Texas,     battles,     etc.,    of,   ii. 

283-4;  appropriations  for,   ]8;;9,  ii. 

317;  operations  of,  1842,  ii.    '.'>od  et 

seq. ;    authorized   sale  of,    ii.    352; 

I'cpeal  of  act,  ii.  353. 
Mayarit,  location,  i.  518;  conquest  of, 

1721   2,  i.  518   19. 
Xeal,  iiiiuilcr  of,  ii.  444. 
Xegrete,  L.  del  ('.,  captures  Durango, 

1821,    ii.    5S5-0;  sub   jefo   politico, 
_  1842,  ii.  711;  arrest  of,  ii.  720. 
Negroes    (see    iil^o    Frcediiieii):    con- 

.s[)iracy  tif,  Texas,  1850,  ii.  410-17. 
Neighbors,  R.  S.,  Ind.  agent,  ii,  411; 

death  of,  ii.  412. 
NeiU,  Col  J.  C,  battle  of  San  Anto- 
nio, ii.    182;  Alamo  commander,  ii. 

190;  btter  to  Houston,  ii,  201, 
'Nelson,'  schooner,  ii.  118. 
Nentvig,  P'ather,  escapes  from  Pimas, 

1751.  i.  544. 

Neve,   F.   de,   eomandante-pen.,  etc., 

of  Provincias  Internas,  1782,  i.  073; 

gov.  of  Cal.,  1774-9,  i.  738-42,  745; 

in  Alta  Cal,  1777,  i.  708-9. 
Neville,  Capt.  C.  L.,  biog.,  ii.  578. 
Nevome  mission,  description  of,  1658, 

i.  242-3. 


INDEX. 


797 


Nevomes,  Sinaloan  tribe,  missionary 
labors  among,  ItilS,  i.  2*23-4;  con- 
version!) among,  i.  2*26;  revolt  of, 
1526-7,  i.  227. 

New  map  of  fcionora,  ii.  GOO. 

New  Mexico,  annals  of,  IMO-IGOO,  i. 
127-9;  church  affairs  in,  1001-30,  i. 
374;  revolts  in,  1080-9G,  i.  374; 
boundary  with  Texas,  ii.  398; 
Texas  boundary  bill,  ii.  400-1. 

New  Orleans  (Irays,  organization  of, 
ii.  170-1;  arrival  at  S.  Antonio,  ii. 
179. 

New  York  volunteer  campaign  in  L. 
Oal.,  ii.  713. 

Newcomb,  J.,  mention  of,  ii.  427-8. 

>iew8paper.s,  Texas,  ii.  54S-50;  The 
Cotton  Plant,  ii.  548;  The  Texas 
Republican,  ii.  549;  Texas  iJazette 
and  Brazoria,  ii.  549;  Constitutional 
Advocate  and  Texas  Public  Adver- 
tiser, ii.  549;  Texas  Republican,  ii. 
549;  Telegraph,  ii.  549;  Houston, 
Telegraph,  ii.  549;  Texas  Planter, 
ii.  549;  Civilian,  ii.  549:  Austin 
City  (iazette,  ii.  549;  Morning 
Star,  ii.  650;  Texas  Sentinel,  ii. 
650;  Times,  ii.  550;  Advocate,  ii. 
550;  (iazette,  ii.  550. 

Nicto,  Miguel,  capture  of,  etc.,  ii. 
120. 

Nira  y  Quiroga,  G.,  gov.  of  Nueva 
Vizcaya,  1085,  i.  S'.iS. 

Niza,  Friar  M.  de,  exped.  of,  1539,  i. 
74-7. 

Nolan,  Philip,  exped.  of,  ii.  5;  death 
of,  ii.  7. 

Nombrc  de  Dios,  Durango,  founding 
of,  1563,  i.  101-2,  104;  progress  of, 
155:i-l«00,  i.  111-12. 

Nonibre  de  Jesus,  mission,  founded, 
1088,  i.  378;  refounded,  1098,  i. 
379. 

Noriega,  Gen'l,  vessels  of,  seized,  ii. 
724. 

Norris,  Nathaniel,  Nacogdoches  re- 
bellion, ii.  320. 

Nueces,  river,  name,  i.  385. 

Nuestra  Senora  de  los  Dolores  mis- 
.sion,  founding  of,  1087,  i.  252;  1721, 
i.  4rj2. 

Nuestra  Sefiora  de  los  Dolores  de  los 
Tejas,  presidio,  founded,  1710,  i. 
614-15;  reiistabl'd,  1721,  i.  025; 
suppressed.  1729,  i.  633-4. 

Nuestra  Sefiora  de  Guadalupe  Mis- 
sion, founding  of,  1719,  i.  449; 
location,  i.  449-50. 

Nuestra  Sei5ora  del  Pilar  de  la  Paz 
Mission,  founded,  1720,  L  449. 


Nueva  Galicia,  name,  i.  39;  conquest 
of,  1542,  i.  97;  bi.shopric  of,  i.  97; 
Franciscans  iu,  i.  97;  industrial 
progress,  i.  97. 

Nueva  Tlascala,  founding  of,  i.  126. 

Nueva  Vizcaya,  (see  also  Durango), 
maps  of,  i.  101,  312,  Ml,  592,  077; 
name,  i.  102;  Ibarra's  province, 
1561.  i.  102;  location,  i.  102;  Ibarra's 
exped.  i.  103-10;  settlements  found- 
ed in,  1503,  i.  103-4;  1.504- .5,  i.  108- 
10;  1.509-10(M),  i.  12;  1054-07,  i. 
595-001;  industries  of,  ii.  112;  gov- 
ernors of,  i.  112  13;  gov's  1600-40, 
i.  .SOO;  1040-1700,  i.  837-8;  1700-68, 
i.  580-1;  170S-18OO,  i.  676-8;  Fran- 
ciscans in,  1554-90,  i.  116-19;  1600- 
45,  i.  3:i4-0;  1640-1700,  i.  363; 
Jesuits  in,  1590,  i.  119;  1602-40,  i. 
311-34;  1641-1700,  i.  340-63,  ."{OO- 
72;  expulsion  of,  1767,  i.  688  91; 
name,  etc.,  i.  205;  extent  of,  i.  305; 
government  of,  i.  .306-7;  church 
afl'airs  in,  1000-40,  i.  307-8;  1(540- 
1700,  i.  338-9;  1769-1800,  i.  684-7; 
mission  districts  of,  309-11;  1641- 
1700,  i.  'MO;  snbjugation  of  natives 
in,  1001-14,  i.  313-19;  the  Tcpe- 
huano  revolt,  1616-17,  i.  .320-9; 
tribes,  etc.,  of  upper  Vizcaya,  i. 
332;  &uant  :tnnals  of,  i.  339--40; 
Indian  outbreaks  in,  1644-90,  i. 
348-372;  presidios,  etc.,  i.  582-5, 
680;  mission  aflairs  in,  1701-07,  i. 
585  601;  1768-1800,  i.  687-911; 
aProviiicia  Interna,  1776,  i.  670; 
Indian  raids,  etc.,  ir.,  i.  679-81; 
Indian  policy  ii.  1780  8,  i.  082-3; 
division  of,  ii.  .580'  reunited,  ii.  587. 

Nuri,  8iual(>a,  alleged  miracle  at,  i. 
243, 


Oats,  Texas,  cultivation  of,  ii.  557. 
'Ocean,'  steamer,  mention  of,  ii.  273. 
Och,  Father,  at  San  Ignacio,  etc.,   i. 

i)01. 
Ochiltree,  W.  B.,  defeat  election  1853, 

ii.  405. 
Oclioa,  (Jov.  A.,    succeeds  Terrazas, 

187'.'    -i.  624. 
Och..!t,  <.'ol  u    de,  revolt  of,  1828,  ii. 

589. 
Ocoiior,  Col  H.,  provis.  gov.  of  Texas, 

1707-70,  i.  0.52;  mention  of,  i.  714. 
Oocirinis,    Sinaloan    tribe,    revolt   of, 

1004,  i.  21.3,  216. 
Otficials,    Texas,    salaries   of,  ii.  205; 

1841,  ii.  346. 


798 


INDEX. 


Ogden,  James,  elocution  of,  ii.  368. 

Ojiiiaga,  Oen'l,  death  of,  ii.  621. 

Ojuela,  Father  M.,  with  Kino's  ex- 
pod.,  1706,  i.  501-2. 

Olid,  C.  de.   expods  of,  i.  5-8,  1.3-14. 

Oliva,  Padre  A.,  founds  convent., 
1604,  i.  336;  labors,  etc.,  of,  i.  336. 

Olivares  y  Benito,  O.  de,  bishop  of 
Duranao,  etc.,  1796-1812,  i.  685. 

Olivas,  Capt.  M.,  the  Tepehuane  re- 
volt, 1616-17,  i.  323. 

Oinitlan,  Guzman  at,  1530,  i.  29. 

Onabas,  Sinaloa,  alleged  miracle  at,  i. 
243. 

Oilate,  Capt. -gen.,  policy  of,  i.  378. 

OAate,  C.  de,  with  Guzman's  exped., 
1529,  i.  28,  30;  acting  gov.  of 
Nueva  Galicia,  15;i8,  i.  71;  ex- 
ped. of,  1605,  i.  163;  1601-1611,  i. 
382-4. 

OAate,  J.  de,  conquest  of  New  Mex., 
1595-9,  i.  129. 

Opata^,  missionaries,  etc.,  among  the, 
1630-9,  i.  230;  outbreak  of,  1820, 
ii.  633-4. 

'  Origin  and  True  Cause,  Texas  In- 
surrection,' ii.  159. 

Orobato,  Father,  mission  to  Sinaloa, 
1600,  i.  209,  212. 

Orobio  y  Basterra,  P.  de,  gov.  ad  int. 
of  Texas,  1737-40,  i.  638-9. 

Orozco,  Oidor,  dispute  with  Ibarra, 
1563,  i.  104-5. 

Orozoo,  Father  D.,  death  of,  1616,  i. 
323. 

Orozco  y  Berra,  map  of,  i.  310. 

Orrantia,  Gov.,  actmg  gov.,  1838,  ii. 
658. 

Ortega,  arrest  of,  ii.  623. 

Ortega,  Gen'l,  defeat  of,  1859,  ii.  618; 
1864,  ii.  620. 

Ortega,  Friar  D. ,  visits  the  Jumanas, 
1632,  i.  385. 

Ortega,  F.  de,  expeds.  of,  1632-6,  i. 
171-5;  'Primera  Demerccion,'  i. 
172;  protest,  etc.,  of,  1636,  i.  178. 

Ortega,  F.  D.  de,  gov.-intendent  of 
Durango,  1786-92,  i.  678. 

Ortega,  H.,  at  La  Paz,  1634,  i.  173. 

Ortiz,  Gov.  C  R.,  flight,  etc.,  of, 
18S2,  ii.  703. 

Osorio,  Father  G.,  labors  in  Nueva 
Vizcaya,  1715-25,  i.  591-2. 

Ostimuri,  Province,  location,  etc.,  i. 
204;  mission  affairs  in,  1701-30,  i. 
512-13. 

Otermin,  Gov.,  rule  in  New  Mex.,  i. 
374. 

0  ondo  y  Antillon,  I.,  contract  with 
viceroy,  etc.,  1678i  i.  186; fleet,  etc., 


of,  i.  187;  expeds  of,  1683-5,  i.  187- 

93;  in  charge  at  San  Felipe,  1684, 

i.  237. 
Ouervoy  Valdes,  F.,  gov.  of  Coahuila 

and  Texas;  i.  376. 
Oviedo,  with  Vaca's  exped.,   1528,  i. 

61,  65. 
Owen,   Lieut,   Comanche  defeat,    ii. 

326. 
Owens,  Dr  S.  A.,  biog.,  ii.  676. 
Oyarzabal,  Capt.  8.,  the  Tepehuane 

revolt,  1616-17,  i.  327. 


Pacheco,  Capt.  R.  M.,  quarrel  with 

Martos,  1767,  i.  652;  gov.  of  Texas, 

1789-90,  i.  669. 
Packenham,  mediation  Mex.  &  Texas, 

ii.  340. 
Padres,  Lieut  J.  M.,  deputy  gov.  L. 

Cal.,  1825,  ii.  710. 
Paddock,  6.  F.,  mention  of,  ii.  574. 
Padilla,  J.  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  174. 
Paez,  Father  M.,  death  of,   1676,  i. 

239. 
Paine,  Dr  J.  F.  Y.,  biog.   of,  ii.  766. 
Palacio,  Gov.  II.,  mention  of,    i.  664. 
Palmerston,    Lord,  mediation   Texas 

&  Mex.,  ii.  340. 
Palou,  Father,  rept,  etc.,  of,  i.  729 

33;  feud  with  Barri,  1772,  i.  735-6. 
Papagos,  mention  of,  i.  508;  removal 

of,  ordered,  1750,  i.  533;  the  Pima 

revolt,  1751-2,  i.  544;  missionaries 

among,  i.  561-2. 
Parades,  revolt  of,  1844,  ii.  662. 
Pardifias,   J.    I.    de,  gov.    of  Nueva 

Vizcaya,  1690,  i.  338. 
Paredcs,  <jeu.,  captures  Mazatlan,  ii. 

658. 
Paredes,  Father  A.,  report  of,  i.  389- 

91. 
Paredes,  Friar  M.  S.  de,  protest  of, 

1729,  i.  634. 
Parker,  Daniel,  mention  of,  ii.    171, 

174. 
Parker,    James  W.,    mention  of,  ii. 

172. 
Parmer,  Martin,  mention  of,  ii.  172, 

174. 
Parra,  F.  de   la,  exped.  to  Sinaloa, 

18J0,   ii.    630-1;    capture    of,     ii. 

632. 
Parral,  settlement  of,  founded,  1631, 

i.  334;  a  presidio,   i.    336;  French 

defeat  at,  1866,  ii.  622. 
Parras  district,  .fesuit  missions  secu- 
larized in,   1645-6,  i.  342;  effect  of 

secularization,    i.    343-4;    alleged 


INDEX. 


799 


miracle  in,  ICSO,  i,  344;  small-pnx 
in,  1682,  i.  844;  transferred  to  Uoa- 
huila,  lisa,  i.  (]()4. 

Parras  miasion,  location,  etc.,  of,  i. 
311. 

Parrilla,  Col  D.  O.,  gov.  of  Sinaloa 
and  Sonora,  i.  531;  rule,  1749-53, 
i.  531-54;  quarrel  with  Jesuits, 
1752,  i.  548-04;  exped.  of.  1757-8, 
i.  644;  the  massarre  at  San  Siba, 
1758,  i.  645-9;  rept  of,  i.  648-9; 
exped.  against  Comanches,  1759,  i. 
649. 

Pascual,  Padre  J.,  missionary  labors 
of,  1627,  i.  225;  missions  founded 
by,  1526-7,  i.  227:  death  of,  1632, 
i."229;  mention  of,  i.  353-4. 

Paso  del  Norte,  presidio,  site  of,  re- 
moved, i.  680. 

Patoni,  Gen.,  defeat  of,  1859,  ii.  618; 
gov.  Durango,  1861,  defeat  of, 
1864,  ii.  620;  harasses  the  French, 
1866,  ii.  622;  murder  of,  etc.,  ii. 
623. 

Patrick,  George  M.,  mention  of,  ii. 
172. 

Fatton,  at  battle  S.  Antonio,  ii.  185. 

Patton,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  244. 

Pavon,  General,  defeat  of,  ii.  327-8. 

Pavy,  Capt.  F.,  mention  of,  ii.  735. 

Peacock,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  179. 

Pearce,  Senator  J.  A.,  boundary  and 
debt  t)f  Texas,  bill  to  solve,  ii.  399. 

Pease,  Gov.  E.  M.,  election  of,  1853, 
ii.  404;  reelection,  1855,  ii.  405; 
defeat,  1866,  ii.  483;  message  Nov. 
1857,  ii.  414;  Sheridan  app'ta  gov., 
ii.  491,  493;  resignation  of,  ii.  498. 

Pecoro,  Father  F.,  labors,  etc.,  of,  i. 
248. 

Pedrin,  Antonio,  jefe  politico,  1864, 
ii.  726. 

Pefla,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  330. 

Peflalosa,  Gov.  D.  de,  with  Foute's 
exped.,  1640,  i.  180;  exped.  of, 
1662,  i.  386-8;  quarrel  with  the  in- 
quisition, i.  369;  proposals  to  French 
govt,  i.  393-6;  death  of,  1687,  i. 
396. 

Penasco,  Father  F.,  mention  of,  i. 
378. 

Pendleton,  W.  S.,  biog.  of,  ii.  578. 

Penitentiaries,  Texas,  ii,  5;i4. 

Peons,  Mex.,  position  of,  ii.  91. 

Peralta,  battle  at,  ii.  453. 

Peralta  y  Mendoza,  J.,  alcalde  mayor 
of  San  Felipe,  1644,  i.  207;  coman- 
dante  of  Sonora,  i.  234. 

Perea,  Father  E.,  miasion  to  the  Ju- 
manaa,  1629,  i.  385. 


Perea,  Capt.  P.  de,  alcalde  mayor  of 

San  Felipe,  1626-41,  i.  207;  coman- 

dante  of  .Sinaloa,    1626-40,  i.  227- 

31;    province    of,    divided,    i.    2.32; 

rule  of,  i.  2.32-3;  death  of,   1644,  i. 

233. 
Pcreda  y  Arce,  Capt.  F.,  with  Oton- 

da's  exj)ed.,  1683,  i.  187. 
Pere/.,  Col.,  enters  Durango,  1866,  ii. 

623. 
Perez,  A.,  expeda  of,   1686-7,  i.  413. 
Perez,  J.,  exped.  to  Alta  Cal.,  1769, 

i.  489. 
Perez,   Capt.     J.    A.,    defeated    by 

Apaches,  17.30,  i.  635. 
Perez,  Father  M.,  mission  to  Sinaloa, 

1600-4,    i.    209,    213;     missionary 

labors   of,    1617,    i.  224;  death   of, 

1626,  i.  227. 
Perry,  Col,  defeats  Elizondo,  1813,  ii. 

25-6;  proclamation  of,  1815,  ii.  34; 

defeat  and  death  of,  ii.  .37-8. 
Perry,  A.  (».,  mention  of,  ii.  l72,  174. 
Perry,  .J.  F.,  delegate  conv.,  1835,  ii. 

160;  mention  of,  ii.  300. 
Pescador,  J.  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  589. 
Pesqueira,  Gov.,  reelection  of,   1867, 

ii.  701;  defeats  Porlirists,   etc.,   ii. 

702. 
Pfefferkorn,  I.,  mission  to  Pimerla,  i. 

561  2. 
Phelps,  Orlando,  release  of,  ii.  .370. 
Philippine  islands,  Urdaneta'.s  expod. 

to,  1564-5,  i.  137-9;  course,  i.  138- 

40. 
Physical  divisions,  Texas,  description 

of,  ii.  551-6. 
Piastla,  province,  Guzman  in,   1531, 

i.  .33. 
Piatos,  campaigns  against  the,  1768- 

71,  i.  695-701. 
Piccolo,  Father  F.  M.,  plot  to  murder, 

1701,  i.  423;  at  Lorcto,  i.   425;  re- 
port of,  i.  425-6;  exped.  of,  1702,  i. 

426-7;  explors   of,   170.3,   i.   427-8; 

1716,    i.    437;    death    of,    1729,    i. 

454-5. 
Piccolo,  Father  M.,  Salvatierra's  ex- 
ped.   to  Cal.,    1697-1700,    i.    283, 

289  301. 
Piedras,    Col.,    mention    of,    ii.    116; 

releases   citizens,    ii.    123;  settlers' 

defeat  of,  ii.  127-8. 
Pierson,  Capt.,  mutiny  of,  ii.  360. 
Pierson,    J.    G.  W.,  mention  of,    ii. 

172. 
Pike,  Maj.  Z.  M.,  explor.  of,  ii.  3. 
Pilar,  presidio,  founded,  1721,  i,  626- 

7;  abaadoaed,  1772,  i.  655-6. 


800 


INDEX. 


Pilar,  a.  del,  with  Guzman's  exped., 
ISIW  1.  i.  :«),  37. 

riiiias,  alleged  uutragus  of,  i.  t!53-4; 
aid  tlio  Spaniards,  i.  'i.l.'i-O;  revolt, 
etc.,  of,  IW»5,  i.  '-'tK)-3;  Apacho 
raids  on,  etc.,  101)8  !t,  i.  1.'74;  cam- 
paigns against  the,  ITtW  71,  i.  095- 
7(»l. 

I'iiiieria,  map  of,  i.  2i51;  Kino's  labors 
ill,  i.  49*2  H,  oO'i-.');  Caiiipo's  labors 
in,  i.  507-8;  misHion  atl'airs  in, 
172:?  .'W,  i.  .'ilO  11;  I7:{l  .'Jl,  i. 
f>'j:{  T);  17r)l  ti7,  i.  TiOO  4;  minintt 
affairs,  17.%  41,  i.  .')2r)  8;  treatment 
of  natives,  i.  M',i;  Jesuits  in,  I7.">(), 
i.  54.S-4;  revolt  in,  17')  12,  i.  .')44-5. 

I'ifia<lero,  ]{.  15.,  alcalde  mayor  of 
San  Felipe,  1074,  i.  237. 

Pifiadero,  H.  V.  de,  exped.,  etc.,  of, 
i.   184  (5;  petition   of,    1071,    i.  180. 

Find  ray,  Chailes  de,  death  of,  etc., 
ii.  675-«. 

Pineda,  A.  A.,  voyage  of,  1519,  i.  .180. 

Pineda,  J.  de,  gov.  of  Sonera  and 
Sinaloa,  1763-9,  i.  710-11. 

Pineda,  J.  C.  de,  gov.  of  Sinaloa  an<l 
Sonora,  i.  504;  rule,  1763-9,  i.  564- 
78,694-711. 

Pineda,  C'apt.  M.,  campaign  of,  L. 
C'al.,  1847,  ii.  713et  seq. 

Piiiilla  y  Perez,  Angel,  zealousy  in 
royal  cause,  ii.  584. 

Pinkaril,  Ferdinand,  mention  of,  ii. 
5.50. 

Pitic,  presidio  founded  at,  etc.,  1741- 
4,  i.  528-30;  removed,  1750,  i.  535. 

Pitic  (see  also  Hermosillo),  improve- 
ments, etc.,  at,  i.  569-70;  made 
capital,  ii.  650. 

'Plan  of  battle-field,'  San  Jacinto,  ii. 
256. 

'Plan  San  Antonio  and  environs,'  ii. 
181. 

Pleasant  Grove,  federal  victory  at,  ii. 
467. 

Pleasant  Hill,  federal  victory  at,  ii. 
467. 

Plenums,  Judge  W.  B.,  first  judge 
new  constitution,  ii.  578. 

Plum  creek,  Comanchcs'  defeat  at, 
1840,  ii.  325. 

Plummer,  Capt.,  warning  to  Baylor, 
ii.  411. 

Population,  Texas,  ii.  2;  increase  of, 
1830,  ii.  76;  Coahuila,  1803-10,  ii. 
78;  Texas,  1834.  ii.  148;  18.36,  ii. 
285;  1841,  ii.  .346;  1844-7,  ii.  360- 
1;  1860-88,  ii.  529;  Sonora  and 
Sinaloa,  1831-9,  ii.  647;  N.  Mex. 
states,  ii.  745. 


Porfiristas,  revolt  of,  187 1-2  and  1875, 

ii.  624,  701. 
Politics  (hco  also  Flloctions  and  party 

names);  Texas,  1825,  ii.  P.M)et  soq. ; 

election  July  1830,  ii.  291;   1857,  li. 

423;   1801,  ii.  451;  lirst  organization 

of,  ii.  419;  know-notliing  party,  ii. 

420;  abolitionlMts,  ii.  420;  civil  war, 

ii.   427;  antagonism   in    1870  I,   ii. 

507;  democratic    scheme,    1872,    ii. 

609-10;  Durango,    1824,    ii.   587  9. 
Porter  y  Cinanate,  alcalde  mayor  of 

San  Felipe,  16r.O,  i.  207. 
Portilla,  Vol    N.   de    la,   butchery    of 

Toxans,  ii,  2;M  5;  disgust,  etc.,  of, 

ii.    236-7;  battle    San   Jacinto,    ii. 

263. 
Portolii,   Gov.,   exped.  to  Alta  t'al., 

1769,  i.  489-90,  706. 
Portcdfi,  Don  G.  de,  the  .Tesuit  expul- 
sion,  1767-8,  i..  477  81. 
Portsmouth,  U.  S.,  sloop  of  war,  ii. 

667-8;  captures  La  Paz,  ii.  712. 
Potter,  Robert,  elected  sec.  of  navy, 

ii.  218;  opposition  to  Santa  Anna's 

treaty,  ii.  270-1. 
Portugal,  F.  J.  P.  de,  gov.-intendent 

of  Durango,  1792,  i.  678. 
Portugal,    (ioniez,    plans    exped.    to 

Sinaloa,  1810,  ii.  6.30. 
Powers,  James,   colony  grant,  ii.  74. 
Prado,  Father  N.,  labors,   etc.,  of,  i. 

247-8. 
Prairie  View  school,  ii.  547. 
Presidios,  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  1826, 

ii.  638;  dec'inaof,   18,33,  ii.  651. 
Price,  Gen.,   Trias'  surrender  to,   ii. 

611-12. 
Printing,  Texas,  first  press,  ii.  548. 
Pro'irto,  Capt.   D.   de,  alcalde   mayor 

of  San  Miguel,  1531,  i.  .37-8;  trial, 

etc.,  of,  i.  59. 
Protestant  episcopal  church,  Texas, 

first,  ii.  548. 
Provincias     iuternas,      organization, 

etc.,  of,   1776-7,   i.  670-2;  name,  i. 

670-1;  division  of  provinces,  1785, 

i.  673-4;  consolidation  of  provinces, 

1787,  1793,  i.  674  5;  del  Oriente,  i. 

674-5;  del  Occidente,  i.  674-5;  re- 
division  of,  ii.  581. 
Pujol,  Lieut,  murders   Melendez,  ii. 

725. 
Purfsima  mission,    founded,   1787,  i. 

770. 
Purfsima  Concepcion  mission  founded,. 

1718,  i.  438;  battle  at,  ii.  175-7. 

Q 

Queretaro,  conquest  of,  i.  13. 


INPKX. 


801 


Que/ala,  province,  (luzinan  in,  l'i3l, 

i.  0-'  :«. 
Qiiilini!.  I'.,  revolt  of,  Iti'.W,  i.  '27X 
yuijiiilii,  .1.  L.   lie,  e.xiH!(l.  to  Sinalo.i, 

I. -.SI,  i.   III. 
Qiiiuterii,  ('i)l  Cayetano,  (lefeata  tho 

Lipins,  ii.  ;{'_', 
Qiiivirii,     city,    disjcovory,    etu.,    of, 

I (»!•.•_',  i.  :W(i  7. 
Quivii'a,  iiroviiicf,  {'oroniitlti'a  exi)0(l. 

in,  l.-)4l,  i.  .S.->  l>. 
Qiiivir.n,    Spaiiiardit     ilcfonil,      etc., 

iGui,  i.  ;is;m. 


R 


Raba^^n  }■  Toran,  F.  do,  capt.  of  San 

Javici'  nii-isidu,  I7'>l,  i,  !)(-■ 
Raliagd  y  'reran,  1'.,  ^nv.  of  Cuahuila 

and  'I'exa-i,  i.  ;{"(>,  004. 
RaceM,  N.  .Mex.  .states,  ii.  743-4. 
Rafael,  hid.  chief,  ii.  i)'.)'>. 
Railmads,  'I'lixa.s,  ii.  570  (5;  .^tato  aid 

to.  ii.   r)7->;  .strike,    1H8(),  ii.  .57-)  •>. 
Rainwater,    K.    R.,    mention    of,    ii. 

200. 

Father    G.,    lahora    of,    i. 


F'ri.irJ.  H.,  with  Lnccnilla's 
IOCS,  i.  1S4. 
ilesu.s,  defeat  and  deatn  of, 


Ramirez, 
l*->4  5. 

Ramirez/., 

expiHl., 
Ramirez, 

ii.  7o:i. 
Ramon,  ('apt.,  murder  of,  i.  031. 
Ramon,  C'apt.  !->.,  e.xped.  of,   I71C,  i. 

012  10. 
Ramon,  C'apt.  J.,  exped.  of,  1721,  i. 

023  4. 
Ranged,  Col  J.  M.,  quells  revolt,  1880, 

ii.  7:f'.t. 
RehoUar,   M.  do,  gov.  of  Nueva  Viz- 

caya,  1074-(),  i.  338. 
Reconstruction,  Texas,  ii.  470,  et  .scq. 
Roddick,  J.  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  u,-)8. 
Redondo,     Gov.,    elected     aub.-gov., 

184S,  ii.  071-2. 
Reo.se,  ('apt.,  mutiny  of,  ii.  .%0. 
Reeve,  Col,  cajiture  of,  ii.  437. 
Reeves,  Donmorc,  mention  of,  ii.  200. 
Refugio,  Nue-itra  .Sefiora  del,  mission, 

founded,  1701,  i.  OlJS;  attack  on,  ii. 

222  4;  capture  of,  1842,  ii.  'MS. 
Regulators  and  moderators,    war  of, 

ii.  3r)4. 
Religion,  Texas,  ii.  00,  -)47-8. 
Remedios,  town,   founding  of,  i.  253. 
Rengel,   J.,   comandante  gen.  ad  int. 

of    I'roviiicias   Internas,    1784-5,    i. 

673;  coinaTidante  inspector,  i.  074. 
Renshaw,  Commander,  surrender  of 

Galveston  to,  ii.4.-)4;  death  of,  ii,45ti. 
Texas.    51 


Rcntcrfa,  M,  do,  with  IlMirran exped., 

1503,  i.  IO.J. 
i  lli'preseiitaliveM,  Tex.is,  list  of,  1840- 
01,  ii.  440, 

Republic  of  the  Rio  Grande,  organi- 
zation and  defeat  of,  ii.  320  et  .sei(, 

Itepuldic  of  Sonora,  Walker's,  ii.  72.3, 

Uepuldicans, Texas,  defeat  of, election, 
I.s72aml  I.S73,  ii.  50S;   I,s7(i,  ii.  .-.15, 

Retz,  Father  .J.,  nu'ntion  of,  i.  4l>0; 
labors,  etc.,  of,  i.  470  2;  theJc.suit 
expulsion,  1707  S,  i.  47'.l. 

Revenue  (see  also  tinance),  Texan, 
collection  of  customs,  IS3I,  ii.  117; 
I.S.->2  58,  ii.  415;  N.  Mex.  state:!,  ii. 
741   2. 

Revolution  against  royalty,  ISII,  ii. 
17  et  .sei|.;  of  Texas,  evt'iits  lead- 
ing to,  ii.  l.-)2  et  se<j.;  peace  and 
war  ])arties,  ii.  100;  of  liiaz,  |S7I  - 
2  and  1875-7,  ii.  023  5;  federalist.s 
Honor-i  and  .Sinaloa,  1S37  >S,  ii.  (i50; 
Gandara's  revolt,  )S43,  ii.  0()1; 
Sonora  and  iSinaloa,  1852-8,  ii.  005; 
Sonora  I'orlirists,  1871,  ii.  701;  I'or- 
firists,  Sinaloa,  1870,  ii.  702;  of 
Manpiez  do  Leon,  1870,  ii.  703,  738, 

Reyes,  Father  A,  do  lo.s,  r<'pt.  of, 
1772,  i.  700;  bishop  of  Sonora,  etc., 
1782  7,  i.  712-13. 

ReymeraholTer,  (r.,  biog.  of,  ii.  700. 

Reynolds,  Gen'l,  suoceediiilancock,  ii. 
404. 

Ro/.abal,  Capt.  A.,  comandante  at 
San  Felipe,  1701,  i.  510. 

Rliuen,  Father  E.,  at  Sonoita,  1750, 
i.  543;  murder  of,  1751,  i.  511. 

Ribas,  Father  A.  P.  de,  mission  to 
Sinaloa,  1(W4,  i.  212-15;  jtroviuciai 
of  Mex.,  1020,  i.  225;  'Triumphs 
of  tho  Faith, '  i.  535-0. 

Rickott,  Capt.,  operations  againrt 
Cortina,  ii.  447. 

Rio,  Father  M.  del,  labors  of,  i.  242. 

Uio  (irande  City,  Cortina  cultures, 
ii.  448. 

Rio  y  Loza,  Capt.  R.  del,  mining  ex- 
j)e<ls  of,  1,")03,  i.  100;  gov.  of  Xue/a 
V'izcaya,  15.Si("tH),  i.  113;  gov.  of 
Sinah.a,  1501,  i.  115. 

Ripporda,  Raron  do,  gov.  of  Texas,  i. 
0.-)2;  rule,  1707-78,  i.  O.Vi  (iO. 

Rivera,  Capt.,  with  (,'onsag's  exped., 
1753,  i.  470;  exped.  to  Alta  Cal., 
1700,  i.  480;  death  of,  i.  KM. 

Rivera,  Visitador-gcnoral  P.,  de,  ropt 
of,  1730,  i.  512-13;  '  Diario,"  etc,, 
i.  583-4;  rept.  on  Texan  atiairs, 
1720.  i.  03,3-4. 

Rivera  y  MoucaJa,  Don  F. ,  iu  charge 


il 

l!!:l 


INDEX. 


at  Loreto,   1752,   L  469-70;  lieut- 

gov.  of  Baja  Cal.,  etc.,  1776,  i.  742; 

in  Alta  Cal.,  1774,  i.  768. 
Robards,  VV.  L.,  Texas  comptroller, 

1866,  ii.  483. 
Roberts,  C.  M.,  execution  of,  ii.  368. 
Roberts,   Gov.    O.    M.,    election    of, 

1878,  ii.  522;  inaugural  address,  ii. 

523;  special  message,  ii.  523-4. 
Robertson,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  518. 
Robinson,   Capt.    A.,  mention  of,  ii. 

296. 
Robinson,  James  W.,  mention  of,  ii. 

171,  197;  app't'd  lieut-gov.,  ii.  173; 

ruse  of,  ii.  372-3. 
Robinson,   Joel  N.,   captures  Santa 

Anna,  ii.  264. 
Robinson,  T.,  mention  of,  ii.  550. 
Rodriguez,  Father  A.,  exped.  of,  1581, 

i.  127. 
Rodriguez,   Lieut  N.,   defeat  of,  ii. 

188-9. 
Rogers,  C.  H.,  mention  of,  ii.  563. 
Rogers,  John  D.,  biog.  of,  ii.  766. 
Rogers,  Capt.  W.,  voyage,  etc.,  of, 

1708-10,1.  197-200. 
Romano,  Father,  mention  of,  i.  444. 
Romero,  Capt.,     with    Salvatierra's 

exped.,  1697,  i.  284. 
Romero,  T.,  Tellez  defeats,  1846,  ii. 

669. 
Romeu,  J.  A.,  gov.  of  Alta  CaL,  1791, 

i.  750,  772. 
Roods,  'Texas,'  ii.  568-9. 
Rosales,  surrender  of,  ii.  611-12. 
Resales,   Gov.    A.,    appointment    of, 

1864,  ii.  696;  resignation  of,  ii.  698. 
Rosales,   P.    A.    de,    with   Cardona's 

exped.,  1614,  i.  164. 
Rosenburg,  mention  of,  ii.  334;  death 

of,  ii.  335. 
Rosillo,  battle  of,  1813,  ii.  22-3. 
Ross,  Col  Reuben,  battle  of  Alcantro, 

ii.    327-8;  abandons  federalists,  ii. 

328. 
Rouset,  F.  de  J.,  bishop  of  Sonora, 

1796,  i.  713. 
'Routes  of  armies,'  Houston  and  Santa 

Anna's,  plan,  ii.  252. 
Rowan,  Wm,  execution  of,  ii.  368. 
Royalists,  revolt  against,  1811-14,  ii. 

17  et  seq. ;  defeat  on  Salit'  5  prairie, 

1812,  ii.  2C    siege  at  La  Bahfa,  ii. 

21-2;  battle  of  Rosillo,  1813,  ii,  23; 

assassination  of,    1813,  ii.   24;  de- 
feat of  Elizondo,  ii.  25-6;  victory 
'    of,  ii.    26  et  seq.;  surrender  of  at 

Rosario,  1810,  ii.  631. 
Royall   R.  R.,  pres.  San  Felipe  coun- 
cil, ii.  168;  mention  of,  iL  170. 


Royston,   Treaa,  M.  H.,  election  of, 

1866,  ii.  483. 
Rubi,   Gov.,    election  of  denounced, 

1868,  ii.  700. 
Rubi,  Marques  de,  tour  of,  1766-7,  L 

585,  651;  rept.  of,  i.  651-2. 
Ruiz,  Alcalde,  mention  of,  ii.  214. 
Ruiz,  Father  A.,  labors  in  Topia,   i. 

313,  317;    revolt  of  the  Acaxeea, 

1601-2,  i.  314. 
Ruiz,  F.,  signs  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, ii.  216. 
Ruiz,  J.  M.,  jefe  politico,   ancceeda 

Arguello,  1822,  ii.  708. 
Runnels,   Gov.    H.   R.,    election    of, 

1857,  ii.    423;    secession   message, 

1858,  ii.  424;  defeat  election,  1859, 
ii.  426. 

Rusk,  Gen.  T.  J.,  biog.  of,  ii.  167, 
421;  elected  sec.  of  war,  ii.  218; 
arrival  at  Houston's  camp,  ii.  251; 
speech  of,  ii.  253;  at  battle  San 
Jacinto,  ii.  258;  appt'd commander- 
in-chief,  ii.  269;  mention  of,  ii. 
272;  force  of,  July  1836,  ii.  289; 
reapp't'd  sec.  of  war,  ii.  294;  Cher- 
okee battle,  1839,  ii.  J23;  Indian 
war  debt,  ii.  413;  death  of,  ii.  421. 

Ryan,  Capt.,  mutiny  of,  ii.  360. 

Ryan,  A.  P.,  biog.,  ii.  574-5. 

Ryeraon,  Gov.  Geo.,  biog.  of,  ii.  732. 


S 


Saavedra,  A.  de,  voyage  of,  1527,  i. 
23. 

Sabaibos,  revolt  of  the,  1602,  i.  316. 

'Sabine,' schooner,  ii.  118. 

Sabine  City,  union  capture  of,  iL 
454-5. 

Sabine  cross-roads,  confederate  vic- 
tory at,  ii.  467. 

Sacramento,  presidio  Coahuila  found- 
ed, 1736,  i.  607. 

Sacta,  Father  F.  J.,  mission  co 
Pimeria,  1695,  i.  259;  martyrdom 
of,  i.  260. 

Salado  creek,  battle  at,  1813,  ii.  22-3. 

Salas,  Father  J.  de,  exped.  of,  etc.,  L 
384-5. 

Salazar,  Texans  surrender  to,  ii.  335. 

Salazar,  Friar  D.  de,  mention  of,  i. 
379. 

Salcedo,  F.,  voyage  of,  1565,  i.  138. 

Salcedo,  J.  G.,  gov.  of  Mueva  Viz- 
caya,  1670-3,  i.  337-8. 

Salcedo,  Manuel  de,  gov.  of  Texas, 
1810,  ii.  17;  siege  of  La  Bahia, 
1812-13,  ii.  21-2;  battle  at  Salado 
creek,  ii.  22-3. 


INDEX. 


803 


Salcedo  y  Salced,  Brig.  Nemesio,  re- 
call of,  ii  QS'2;  exev-utea  Uidalgo, 
ii.  584. 

Saldueudo,  Friar  A.,  labors  in  Coa- 
huila,  1603-6,  i.  336,  375. 

Sales,  Father  L.,  'Noticiaa,'  i.   750. 

Salgado,   Father,  mention  of,  i.  566. 

Salineros,  raids  of  the,  1645,  i.  350-1. 

Salitre  prair  e,  battle  at,  1S12,  ii.  20. 

?.alt  war,  Tp::a8,  ii.  519-22. 

ibaltillo,  revolt  ai,  i.  126;  villa  of, 
founded,  586,  i.  126;  faction  figlit 
at,  1832,  ii.  143;  centralists  defeat 
at,  ii.  330-1. 

Saltillo  distri"*.,  transferred  to  Coa- 
huila,  1785,  i.  601. 

Salvador,  Capt.  F.  S.,  representations 
to  tiic  Wing,  1751,  i.  541-3. 

Salvatierra,  i  ather  J.  M.,  labors,  etc., 
of,  i.  248-50,  254,  286-91,  372,  511; 
biog.,  eic,  i.  278;  proposed  mission 
to  Cal.,  i.  278;  discouragements  of, 
i.  278-9;  aid,  etc.,  to,  i.  279-80; 
license  granted  to,  1697,  i.  280; 
preparations,  etc.,  of,  i.  281-3;  voy. 
of,  I.  284;  founds  Loreto,  i.  284-6; 
works  of,  i.  289-90;  expeds  of,  i. 
294-5,  299,  301,  433,  437,  493-8; 
appeals  of,  rejected,  i.  301-2;  com- 
plaints against,  i.  302-3;  removal 
of,  i.  303-4;  explor.  of,  1701,  i.  421; 
1703,  i.  427;  intercourse  with  Kino, 
i.  421-2;  at  Loreto,  i.  422-4,  420- 
32;  provincial,  i.  430;  report  of,  i. 
430-1;  death  of,  1717,  i.  438. 

Sam  Houston  Normal  institute,  ii.545. 

Samaniego,  L.  de,  with  Guzman's  ex- 
ped.,  1530,  i.  30,  36    death  of,  i.  83. 

San  Agustin  de  Ahumada,  presidio, 
establ'd,  1755,  i.  643;  presidio, 
abandoned,  1772,  i.  655-6. 

San  Andres,  attacked  by  Acaxees, 
1601-2,  i.  314. 

San  Antonio  mission,  founded,  1771, 
i.  767. 

'San  Antonio,'  war  schooner,  mutiny 
on,  ii.  351. 

'San  Antonio  .ind  environs,'  map,  ii. 
181. 

San  Antonio  de  Bejar  (see  also  Bejar); 
society  of,  ii.  3;  siege  of,  ii.  177  et 
seq. ;  capitulation  of,  ii.  188;  cap- 
tured by  Vasquez,  1842,  ii.  348. 

San  Antonio  del  Parral,  custodia  of, 
created,  1714,  i.  591. 

San  Antonio  de  Velero  mission, 
founded,  1718,  i.  618. 

San  Augustin,  municipality  created, 
ii.  144. 

San  Beroabe,   missioa  of,   founded, 


1674,  i.  363;  the  Manila  galleon  at, 
1734,  i.  457;  1735,  i.  460. 

'San  Bernard,'  war  schooner,  ii.  351. 

8au  Bernardo,  Bahia  de,  opened  as  a 
port,  ii.  2. 

Sau  Bernardino  de  Candela  mission, 
founding  of,  1690,  i.  378. 

Sau  Bruno,  settlement,  founding  of, 
1683,  i.  190;  affairs  at,  i.  l'JO-3; 
abandoned,  1686,  i.  193. 

San  Buenaventura,  founded,  1782,  i. 
770. 

San  Buenaventura,  mission,  reestab- 
lished, 1692,  i.  378;  presidio,  site 
removed,  i.  680. 

San  Cirlos,  custodia  of,  organized. 
1783,  i.  719;  mission  of,  founded, 
1770,  i.  767. 

San  Carlos  de  Buenavista,  presidio 
establ'd  at,  i.  567. 

San  Diego,  Cal.,  Cabrillo  at,  1542,  i. 
135;  Vizcaino's  exped.  at,  1602,  i. 
168;  Arillaga  at,  1796,  i.  753;  first 
mission  founded  at,  1769,  i.  766; 
destruction  of  1775,  i.  708. 

'San  Felipe' war  vessel, defeats  Correo, 
ii.  161-2. 

San  Felipe,  missions,  etc.,  of,  1645,  i. 
236;  burning  of,  1836,  ii.  247. 

San  Felipe  de  Real  de  Chihuahua, 
founding  of,  i.  599-600;  declared  a 
villa,  1718,  i.  600;  prosperity  of,  i. 
600-1. 

San  Felipe  y  Santiago  de  Carapoa, 
villa,  founded,  1583,  i.  113;  aban- 
doned, i.  114;  reestablished,  1584, 
i.  114;  presidio  establ'd  at,  1596,  i. 
115;  missionaries  at,  i.  122-3;  gar- 
rison of,  i.  207;  alcalde  may  ores, 
1600-50,  i.  207;  population,  i.  207; 
Jesuits  at,  i.  207;  population  of, 
1678,  i.  238. 

San  Fernando,  name  changed,  ii.  1 10- 
11. 

San  Fernando  mission,  founded,  1797, 
i.  771. 

San  Fernando  do  Velicatil  mission, 
founding  of,  1769,  i.  490-1. 

San  Francisco  bay,  discovery,  etc.,  of, 
1769,  i.  760-7. 

San  Francisco  mission,  founded,  1776, 
i.  768. 

San  Francisco  Borja  mission,  mention 
of,  i.  244-5;  Spaniards  massacred 
at,  1648,  i.  353-4;  mission,  found- 
ing, etc.,  of,  17.'J9-62,  i.  471-2. 

San  Francisco  de  Comayaus,  convent 
founded  at,  1604,  i.  336. 

San  Francisco  de  la  Espada  mission, 
descript.  of,  1778,  i.  658-9. 


ilf 


804 


INDEX. 


San  Francisco  Javier,  mission  district, 
founding  of,  163i>,  i.  'JIM);  mission, 
etc.,  of,  104t),  i.  235-(i;  towns,  etc., 
of,  l«r>;i,  i.  242. 

San  Francisco  Javier  de  Najera  mis- 
sion, founded,  1722,  i.  G27. 

San  Francisco  Javier  do  Sonora  mis- 
sion, mention  of,  i.  24-1-5. 

San  Francisco  de  los  Tejas  mission, 
founded,  16Q0,  i.  41");  171(5,  i.  G14; 
sickness  at,  i.  417;  location,  i.  418; 
abandoned,  i  419. 

San  (rL'jriel  mission,  founded,  1771, 
i.  7(37. 

San  Galiriel,  puel)lo,  founding  of, 
1G31,  i.  334. 

San  (JenJnimo,  settlement,  founding 
of,  IMO,  i.  87;  lK)stiIit3-of  natives, 
i.  89;  site  of,  changed,  i.  89;  de- 
serted, 1542,  i.  89-90. 

San  Ignacio,  missions  of,  1645,  i.  236; 
1728,  i.  454. 

San  Ignacio,  town,  founding  of,  i. 
253. 

San  Ignacio  de  Piastla,  Hermosillo's 
defeat  at,  1811,  ii.  631-2.  _ 

San  Ignacio  de  Yaqui  mission,  men- 
tion of,  i.  244. 

San  Ignacio  Zapo,  see  Zape. 

San  lldefonso  mission,  cstabl'd,  1744, 
i.  G41. 

San  Jacinto,  battle  of,  ii,  253  et  seq. 

'iSan  Jacinto,' war  schooner,  ii.  350. 

San  Javier  mission,  founding  of,  1()99, 
L  299;  outbreak  at,  1701,  i.  423; 
Ugarte  at,  i.  423— t;  prosperity  of. 
L  423-4;  revolt  at,  1703,  i.  428; 
prosperity  of,  170-5,  i.  433;  mission 
transferred,  1719,  i.  4.50;  Francis- 
cans at,  1768,  i.  484-5;  establ'd, 
1744,  i.  641;  dosertion  of,  i.  (542. 

San  Javier  del  Bac,  Kino's  exped.  to, 
1700,  i.  270. 

San  Jose,  pueblo,  founding  of,  1777, 
i.  768. 

San  Jose,  mission,  founded.  1797,  i. 
771. 

San  Jo.se  de  Aguayo  mission,  doseript. 
of,  1778,  i.  657-8. 

San  .lose  mission,  Texas,  founded, 
171(J.  i.  614. 

San  Jose  del  Cabo,  mission  founded 
at,  1730,  i.  455;  jiresidio  establ'd  at, 
1736,  i.  461;  miss,  and  churcli  pil- 
laged, 1822,  ii.  707;  U.S.  occupa- 
tion of,  1847,  ii.  714;  siege  of,  ii. 
71C>-17. 

San  Jose  de  Guaymas,  mission,  men- 
tion of,  i.  511;  refonnded,  1751,  i. 
554;  attacked  by  Seris,  i.  554. 


San  Jos^  Imuris,  town,  foundi::*"  of, 

i.  253. 
San  Jose  Tizonazo  mission,  mentioa 

of,  i.  344-5. 
San  Jose  y  San  Miguel  de  Aguayo 

mission,  establ'd,  1720,  i.  619. 
San  Juan  Bautista,  Alta  Cal.,  found* 

ing  of,  1797,  i.  771. 
San  Juan  Bautista  mission,  founding 

of,  1G99,  i.  379;  1705,  i.  432;  avisi- 

ta,  1721,  i.  453. 
San  .Juan  Capistrano  mission,  mention 

of,  i.  658;  founded,   1776-7,  i.  7'i8. 
San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros,  capital  of 

NewMex.,  1599,  i.  129. 
San  Juan  de  Maxatlan,  see  Mazatlan. 
San   .luan   de    Sinaloa,  founding   of, 

15()3,  i.  lOS;  Indian  outbreak  at,  i. 

113;  ai)andoncd,  i.  113. 
San  Juan  valley,  Ibarra's  exped.  in, 

15G2-.3,  i.  10,3-7. 
San  Juan  y  Santa  Cruz,   M.  de,  gov. 

of  Nueva   Vizeaya,    1714,    i.    581; 

measures,  i.  583. 
San   Lorenzo    nussion,    founding  of, 
^  1761-2,  i.  650. 
San  Luis  presidio,  site  of,  transferred, 

1772,  i.  608. 
San   Luis   de  las  Amarillas  presidio, 

foiindiiii  i>f,  1757,  i.  644. 
San  Luis  Gonzaga  mission,  founded, 

1737,  i.  461. 
San   Luis   Obispo  mission,  founded, 

1771,  i.  7(57. 
San  Luis  Rey  mission,  founded,  1798, 

i.  771. 
San   Miguel,  villa  de,    founding  of, 

1531,  1.  37-8;  site   of,  removed,   L 

38;  condition  of,    1620-5,  i.  20(>-7. 
San  Miguel  mission,  rebuilt,  1721,  i. 

626,  founded,  1787,  i.  748;  founded, 

1797,  i.  771. 
San  Mituel  do  los  Adeas,  French  oc- 
cupation of,  1719,  i.  718-19. 
San    Miguel    do    Aguayo,    mission, 

founding  of,  1675,  i.  375. 
San  Miguel  deCuellar  mission,  found- 
ed, 1716,  i.  615. 
San  Miguel   Horcasitas,  presidio  es- 
tabl'd at,  1650,  i.  538. 
San  Miguel  port,  Guzman's  exped.  at, 

1.533,  i.  57-8. 
San   Miguel,  river,  Guzman's  exped. 

on  the,  153,3,  i.  57-8. 
San  Patricio,  surrender  of,  ii.  221-2. 
San  Pedro,  Hood  at,  1G12,  i.  313. 
San  Pedro  Mdrtyr  do  Verona  mission, 

founded,  1794,  i.  751. 
San  Sabii  mission,  founding  of,   l/CV, 

i.  644;  massacre  at,  1758,  i.  645-8. 


INDEX. 


SOB 


San  Sebastian,  villa,  founding  of, 
1565,  i.  110;  mining  at,  i.  IK'.  Viz- 
caino's exped.  at,  IJU7,  i.  11'^:  min- 
ing, etc.,  in,  i.  1205-0. 

San  Vicente  Ferrer  iniiiijion,  founded, 
1780,  i.  745. 

Sanuliez,  Jose  J.,  at  battle  S.  Antonio, 
ii.  18G. 

Sancliez,  Pres.  P.,  address  to  Sonora 
and  tSinaloa,  1831,  ii.  047. 

Sandoval,  Lieut-col,  capture  of,  ii. 
lOi). 

Sandoval,  M.  de,  gov.  of  Texas,  i. 
C:{0;  rule,  17:i4-(),  i.  636-7;  residen- 
cia,  etc.,  of,  i.  038. 

Sanger  Brothers,  success  of,  ii.  508. 

Saiisl)ury,  mention  of,  ii.  300. 

Santa  Anna,  Gen'l,  intrigues  of,  ii. 
1.34  et  soq. ;  tenders  resignation,  ii. 
143;  arbitration  in  C'oali.,  ii.  145; 
acts  of,  condemned,  July,  18.35,  ii. 
1(!0;  decision  on  Texas  separation, 
18:54,  ii.  140-7;  letters  ot  inter- 
cepted, ii.  192;  invasion  of,  ii.  202; 
plan  of  march,  ii.  203;  forces  of, 
li.  20t;  battle  and  massacre  of  the 
Alamo,  ii.  204  et  seq. ;  false  reports 
of,  ii.  214;  butchery  of  Texans, 
Goliad,  ii.  234;  pursuit  of  Houston, 
ii.  247;  orders  to  Urrea,  ii,  248; 
movements  of,  ii.  24'.)-51;  burns 
Harrisburg,  ii.  251;  wild  actions  of, 
ii.  254—5;  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  ii. 
255  et  seq. ;  flight  and  capture  of, 
ii.  203-4;  despatch  to  Filisola,  ii, 
205;  treaty  with  Texas,  ii.  201); 
opposition  to  release  of,  ii.  273; 
terror  of,  ii.  274;  attemj)tcd  assas- 
sination, etc.,  of,  ii.  275;  media- 
tion of  Hon  ton,  ii.  275-0;  inter- 
views with  Pros.  Jackson,  ii.  277; 
Filisiila's  instructions  conoerning, 
ii.  279;  rcle.isos  Texas  Santa  Fe 
prisoners,  ii.  330;  Hamilton's  pro- 
posal to,  ii.  .'i4!>;  Houston's  letter 
to,  ii.  348-50;  Robinson's  ruse,  ii. 
372  3;  revolt,  1852,  ii.  017;  proiuin- 
ciamento,  18'J2,  etl'ect  in  Sonora 
and  Sinaloa,  ii.  030. 

Santa  Barbara,  mission  foiiiidod,  1780, 
i.  770;  presidio  iouiided,  1782,  i. 
770. 

Santa  Catalina,  ludi.'.n  outbreak  at, 
1010,  i.  322. 

Santa  Catalina  M:irtyr,  mission, 
founded  1707,  i.  754;  progress  of, 
i.  75li. 

Santa  t'lara,  mission,  fnunded,  1770- 
7,  i.  7iiS. 

Santa  Cruz,  founding  of,  1701,  i.  771. 


Santa  Cruz  bay.Cortcs  at,  15,35  ,i..")07L 
Santa   Cruz   del  Cibolo,    lort    built, 

1771,  i.  0.')0. 
Santa  Eulalia,   cathedral,  etc.,  of,  i. 

001. 
Santa  Fe,  founding  of,  i.  .374;  capital 

of  New  Mex.,   i.   374;  captured  by 

confederates,  ii.  452. 
Santa  Fe  Expedition,  Texas,  1841,  ii. 

333. 
Santa   Gertrudis   mission,    founding 

etc.,  of,  1751-2,  i.  400. 
Santa  Maria  mission,  founding,  etc.« 

of,  1706-7,  i.  473-4. 
Santa  Rosa   presidio,    site  of    trana« 

ferred,  1772,  i.  008. 
Santa  Rosalia  mission,  founding  6t^ 

1705,  i.  4.3.3, 
Santaella,  T.  G.  de,  aida  Salvatierra» 

1000,  i.  279. 
Santarem,  Father  H.,  labors  in  Topi^ 

1599-1000,   i.    123;  later  labors  jjk 

Topia,  i.  313;  revolt  of  tlie  Acaxeeg. 

1001-2,  i.  314-10;  death  of,  1010,  u 

32,3-4. 
Santiago  de  Monclova,  villa,   found* 

ing,  etc.,  of,  1087,  i.  370. 
Santiago  I'apasquiaro,  Spaniards  ma»- 

sacred  at,  1010,  i.  ,323. 
Santo   Martires    de    Japou    missiojo, 

mention  of,  i.  245. 
Santo    Tomas     do    Aquino    missim, 

founded,  1791,  i.  751. 
Sarmicnto,  A.  de  O. ,  gov.    of  Nueva 

Vizcaya,  1005-70,  i.  337, 
Sarrabia,  Prefecto  B.,  gov,  Durango, 

1804,  ii.  020. 
Sastro,  M.,  gov.  of  Sonora  and  Sina- 
loa, 1772,  i.  711. 
Savariego,    Capt.,  mention  of,  ii  2.37. 
Sayers,  Liont-gov.  J.  D,,  election  of, 

1878,  ii.  .522. 
Schotiold,  <  'harlca,  l)iog.  of,  ii.  73(). 
School  fund,  Texas,   18.52-01,  ii.  416. 
Scrutchtield,    Judge  L.  U.,  bii>g.   p^ 

ii.  709. 
Scurry.  Col,  defeat  of,  ii.  4.52. 
Seal,  of  Texas,  183('),  ii.  295. 
Securities,  Texas,  1838-9,  ii.  318. 
Secession,  Texas,    ordinance    for, 

4!>(i;  popular  vote  on,  ii.  439. 
Seilelmair,     Fatlicr    J.,    mission 

Pimeria,    1730  7,  i.    524-5 

of,    1744,   i.    5.30-7;    1748,    i.    540; 

1750,    i.   510-1;   '  Relaoion,' etc.,   i. 

538  9;  escape  from  I'inias,  17ol,i. 

514;     rofiitos     I'arrilla's     cliargos, 

17.V.',  i.  5  lit  51. 
Se!:;('ssi'r,  I'atlier  F.,  mi.ssion  to  Pim- 
eria, 1731-0,  i.  523-4. 


u. 

t« 
ex]ied. 


806 


INDEX. 


Selfrid^e,  Commander  F.  0. ,  repulses 

Mexicans    at    Guaymas,    ii.    6ti8; 

campaign  of,  L.  Cal.,  ii.  713  et  seq. 
Senators,  Texas,  list  of,   1845-(il,  ii. 

449. 
Seris,   expeds.    against,   1800,  i.  275, 

5.35-G;  1701-2,  i.   565;    1768-71,   i. 

095-701;  Jesuits  among,  1690-1709, 

i.    511;     subjugation    of    ordered, 

1750,    i.    533;    demands,    etc.,   of, 

1754,   i.    554;  war  with,   i.    554-6; 
•   mention  of,  ii.  028. 
Serna,    F.    B.   de   la,  gov.    of  Nueva 

Vizcaya,  1640  2,  i.  337. 
Serna,    tiov.,   appointment,    etc.,  of, 

1874,  ii.  702-3. 
Serra,  Father  J.,  mention  of,  i.  766; 

in  Alta  Cal,  i.    767-8;    death   of, 

1784,  i.  770. 
Sesima.   General,    to  relieve  Cos,   ii. 

203;  force,  etc.,  of,  ii.  244. 
iSbauleford,  Dr,  mention  of,  ii  .237. 
Sharpe,  Capt..  mention  of,  ii.  244. 
Shaw,  James  B.,  Texas  comptroller, 

ii.  403. 
Shelby  county,  Tex.,  vendetta  in,  ii. 

355. 
Sbelvoeke,  Capt.  G.,  voyage,  etc.,  of, 

1719-21,  i.  200-1. 
Shepherd,  James  L.,  execution  of,  ii. 

368. 
Sheridan,  Gen.,  removal  of,  1867,  ii. 

493. 
Sherman,  Col  S.,  mention  of,  ii.  244; 

at  council  of  war,  ii.   558;  battle 

San  Jacinto,  ii.  2()0-l. 
Shubrick,  C'omuiotUn-e,  captures  Ma- 

zatlau,    1840,   ii.    609-70:   L.    Cal. 

campaign,  1847,  ii.  714. 
Sibley,  Jolin,  mention  of,  ii.  48. 
Sibley,  (if^n.,  capture  of,  ii.  437;  joins 

confederates,     ii.     451-2;     defeats 
f    Canby,  ii.  452;    retreat  to  Texiis, 

ii.  4,')3. 
Sibul)apas,    campaigns    against  the, 

1708  71,  i.  695-701. 
Sierpo,  P.  G.  do  la,  aids  Salvatierra, 

1097-8,  i.  280,  293-4. 
Siena,  Father  A.  F.  de  la,  labors,  etc., 

of,  1670-3,  i.  247. 
Sierra,  L.  dc,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 

1077,  i.  338. 
Sigler,  Wil'.KimN.,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 
Siiiikins.  E.  J.,  mention  of,  ii.  546. 
Sinaloa,  N.   do  Guzman's  exped.  in, 

li'.'tO,  i.  30;  1533,  i.  50-7;  annals  of, 

lCC4-r6,  i.  li;i-16;  Jesuits  in,  1591- 

1600,  i.  119-23;  location  of,  i.  203; 

name,    i.  103;  territory,    i.    204-5; 

map  of,  i.  208,  555,  657;  and  Du- 


rango,  map  of,  ii.  591;  floods,  etc., 
in,  1639^1,  i.  231;  missions  of, 
1645,  i.  236;  1650-1700,  i.  238-40; 
settlements,  etc.,  in,  1747-9,  i.  546- 
7;  progress  and  events,  1800-1830, 
ii.  628;  revol.  exped.  to,  1810,  ii. 
630-2;  and  Sonora,  new  constitu- 
tion, 1820,  ii.  635;  separation  from 
Sonora,  1823,  ii.  6.37;  1827-SO,  ii. 
644-0;  revenue  of,  ii.  741 ;  education 
in,  ii.  746. 

Sinaloa  y  Sonora,  gobemacion  of, 
establ'd,  1734,  i.  520. 

Sinnickson,  Dr,  battle  of  Mier,  ii. 
363-4. 

Sisson,  Maj.  G.  H.,  biog.,  etc.,  and 
project  of,  ii.  734. 

Sistiaga,  Father  S.,  with  Bravo's  ex- 
ped., 1718,  i.  445. 

Slavery,  decree  of  emancipation,  1827, 
ii.  90;  decree  of,  1829,  li.  92;  ejtcep- 
tion  favor  of  Texas,  ii.  93;  lexas 
constitution,  1830,  ii.  305;  English 
interference,  ii.  377;  legislation  in 
cong.,  ii.  423  et  seq.;  legislation  in 
Texas,  ii.  423,  428;  agitations  in 
congress,  1800,  ii.  4.30-3. 

Slaughter,  Col  C.  C,  biog.  of,  ii. 
560-1. 

Slaughter,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  561. 

Slough,  Col,  defeats  confederates, 
Apache  caflon,  ii.  452. 

Smith,  at  siege  of  San  Antonio,  iu 
180. 

Smith,  Deaf,  at  battle  S.  Antonio,  ii. 
182;  important  ciipture  of,  ii.  253; 
destroys  \'incc's  uridge,  ii.  259; 
bearer  Santa  Anna's  de.spatches,  ii. 
266. 

Smith,  Ashbcl,  minister  to  p]ngland, 
ii.  338;  Eug.  evasion  of  neutrality, 
ii.  .350;  pres.  university  regents,  ii. 
545. 

Smith,  Col  B.  F.,  commissioner  to 
Filisola,  ii.  270. 

Smith,  Gov.  Henry,  mention  of,  ii. 
172;  appointment  of,  ii.  173;  rup- 
ture with  council,  ii.  J 90  et  seq.; 
defeat  of,  ii.  291 ;  app't'd  sec.  of  the 
treiisury,  ii.  294. 

Smith,  Gon.  Kirby,  suppresses  insur- 
re(;tion,  ii.  355;  surrender  of,  ii. 
475. 

Smith,  Mayor  J.  P.,  biog.  of,  ii.  574. 

Smith,  Capt.  J.  W.,  at  battle  S.  An- 
tonio, ii.  182;  enters  the  Alamo,  ii. 
209. 

Smith,  M.  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  171. 

Smith,  Capt.  T.  I.,  'Archive  war,'  ii. 
354. 


INDEX. 


807 


lU 


Smuggling,  Texas,  1831,  ii.  117-18; 
Aiiuhuac,  guard  attacked,  ii.  lo6. 

Snively,  C'olJauob,  disaster  of,  ii.  371. 

Soliaipuris,  uprising  of,   1701,  i.  504. 

Society,  Texas,  pop.,  1844-7,  ii.  390; 
crime,  ii.  301;  amusements,  etc.,  ii. 
392;  illiteracy,  etc.,  ii.  393;  condi- 
tion of,  18G4-5,  ii.  472;  186a-6,  ii. 
480;  1860-88,  ii.  530  et  seq.'  hospi- 
tality, ii.  533;  benevolent  institu- 
tions, ii.  537. 

Soils,  eastern  Texas,  ii.  5.51 ;  south,  ii. 
552;  central,  ii.  553;  north,  ii.  553; 
•western,  ii.  554;  '  panhandle '  of 
Texas,  ii.  555. 

Soldiers,  land  grants  to,  ii.  217. 

Soledad,  founding  of,  1791,  i.  771. 

Solis,  Lieut  A.,  outrages  of,  1G95,  L 
2G0-1;  exped.  of,  1G9G,  i.  272. 

Somerville,  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  100. 

Somerville,  murder  of,  ii.  443. 

Somerville,  Gen.,  mention  of,  ii.  253; 
at  council  of  war,  ii.  258;  operations, 
etc.,  of,  ii.  359;  biog.  and  death  of, 
ii.  3G1. 

Souoita,  Sedelmair  visits,  174.3,  i.  536; 
attacked  by  Vimas,  1751,  i.  544. 

Souora,  name,  i.  204-5,  241;  map  of, 
L  208,  5."i5,  703;  new  map  of,  ii.  GGO; 
missions  of,  1645,  i.  23G;  Jesuits  in, 
1650-1700,  i.  242-50;  separ.  from 
Sinaloa,  109.3,  i.  255;  Ind.  revolt  in, 
i.  255-6;  mission  affairs  in,  ]701-."0, 
i.  512-16;  17G7-1S0O,  i.  704-10; 
Indian  raids,  etc.,  in,  i.  694-702, 
714-18;  govs,  etc.,  of,  1763-1800,1. 
710-12;  see  of,  establ'd,  1781,  i  712; 
cliurcli  affairs  in,  1770-1800,  i.  712- 
13;  progress  and  events,  1800-1830, 
ii.  G'28  et  seq. ;  new  constitution, 
1820,  ii.  635;  separation  from  Sina- 
loa, etc.,  182.3,  ii.  637;  division  of, 
boundaries,  etc.,  1827-30,  ii.  644-6. 
made  a  Bnb.  dept,  1853,  ii.  681 ;  rev- 
enue of,  ii.  741;  education  in,  ii. 
747;  mining  riches  of,  ii.  754. 

Sosa,  G.  G.  Je,  expcd.  of,  1590-1,  i. 
I'JS;  arrest  of,  i.  128. 

Sotclo  y  Figucroa,  Father  M.  M., 
mention  <if,  i.  472. 

Soto,  H.  de,  expecL  of,  i.  382. 

Soto,  P.  de,  with  Barriga's  exped., 
IGU,  i.  182. 

Soto  La  Marina,  capture  of,  1817,  ii. 
37. 

South  Carolina,  secession  resolutions, 
ii   4-9. 

Spain,  war  with  Franco,  1719,  i.  618; 
hostility  to  Aiticricaus,  ii.  11  ctseq.; 
loyalty  to,  ii.  585. 


Spaniards,  laws   against,  1827-0,  ii. 

93;  edict  expelling.  Son.  and  Sin., 

1828,  ii.  G4.3. 
Sparks,  John,  biog.  of,  ii.  501. 
Spilberg,  G.,  voyage  of,  1615,  L  16ft- 

7. 
Staples,   Stephen,   mention  of,  ii.  97. 
Stapp,  W.  r.,  release  of,  ii.  .370. 
State    convention,    Texas,    1808,   ii, 

494-5. 
State  troops,  Texas,  conscription  o^ 

ii.  470-1. 
St  Denis,  L.,  expcd.  of,  1705,  i.  609; 

1713,    L  6i0-lG;    charges  against, 

etc.,    i.   616-17;    in    conin,aiid    at 

Natchitoclies,  1721,  i.  625;  meeting 

with   Agiiayo,   i.   G25;  correspond. 

with  Sandoval,  1 730,  i.  G30-7. 
Steele,  William,  mention  of,  ii.  518. 
Steiger,  Father  P.  G.,  mission  to  Pi. 

moria,  1733,  i.  524. 
Steiner,  Dr,  mention  of,  ii.  538. 
Stephens,   Samuel,   death  of,  ii.  41(X 
Stewart,  C.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  160. 
Stiles,  Washington,  testimony  of,  ii. 

161. 
Stockdale,  Lieut-gov.  F.  S.,  inaugn* 

ration  of,  18G3,  li.  400. 
Stock-raising,  Texas,  ii.  559-04;  cat- 
tle, ii.  560;  diseases,  ii.  5(!L';  (|uar- 

antiues,    ii.    502-3;  sheej),    horses, 

etc.,    603-4;  N.    Mex.    states,    ii. 

750-1. 
Stone,  (1.  P.,  organizes  Jeckcr's  tup- 

voyim;  expcd.,  ii.  G95. 
Street,  J,  K.,  biog.  of,  ii.  578. 
Stuart,   Dr  1).  F.,  biog.  of,  ii.  707-8. 
Stuart,  Hamilton,  inuntioii  of,  ii.  549. 
Suacpiis,   Siualoan  tribe,  subjn<^ation 

of,  1000-1,  i.  210-12;  outbreak,  etc., 

1706,  i.  5G7-8. 
Suarez,  Capt.,  the  Topchuane  reTolt^ 

lGlS-17,  i.  324. 
Supreme  court,  Sonora  and  Sinaloa, 

1826,  ii.  638. 
Surveys,  gool.  and  agric,  ii.  564. 
Swain,  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  ii.  577. 
Swan,  Capt.,  voyage  of,  1085,  i.  194. 
Sweitzer's  regiment,  annihilation  of, 

ii.  4(i7. 
Sfisher,  at  battle  S.  Antonif.,  ii.  185. 
Swisher,  John  M.,  Texas  auditor,  ii. 

403. 
Sylvester,  capture  of  Santa  Anna,  ii. 

264. 

T 

Tabasco,  revolt  of,  ii.  351. 
Tagle,  1'.  A.  S.  de,  bishop  of  Durango^ 
1749-67,  i.  594. 


808 


INDEX. 


Tajo  mine,  discovery  of,  1655,  i.  238. 
rainarad.  Father  N.,  meutiun  of,   i. 

437-8;  labors  in  Baja  Cal.,  1718,  i. 

446;  murder  of,  1734,  i.  458. 
Tainaron,  Bishop  1'.,  report,  etc.,  of, 

i.  562-4;  bishop  of  Durango,  1758- 

68,  i.    504-5;  report  of,   i.   595-8; 

correspondence,  etc.,  of,  1767-8,  i. 

704-5. 
Tamotchala,   town,  capture  of,  1535, 

i.  5(i. 
Tajnpico,  tragedy  at,  ii.  189. 
Tapacohores,    church  disaster  i\t,  ii. 

Tapia,  Father,  missionary  labors  of, 

1592-4,  i.  121;  martyrdom  of,  1594, 

i.  121-2. 
Tapia,  Genl  A.  L.,  succeeds  Miranda, 

etc.,  ii.  738. 
Tapiz,  P.,  bishop  of  Durango,  1713- 

22,  i.  594. 
Tarahumara,  missionary  labors,  etc., 

in,    1(507-30,    i.    333-4;  1639-48,   i. 

S^6-8;  revolt  in,  1649-51,  i.  352-8; 

1652,  i.   358-60;  mission  affairs  in, 

i.  361-3. 
Taraval,  Father  S.,  works  of,  i.  455; 

in  ciiarge  at  Purfsima,  1730,  i.  455; 

at  San  Ignacio,  1732,  i.  456;  explor. 

of,  1732  3,  i.  456;  founds  Las  Pal- 
mas  mission,  i.  457;  escape  of,  1734, 

i.  458-9. 
Tarda,  Father,  mention  of,  i.  366-7. 
Tarlton,  Col,  mention  of,  ii.  244. 
Taxicora,  Cacique,  capture,  etc.,  of, 

1601,  1.  211;  execution  of,  212. 
Taylor,  Gen'l,  movements   of,  ii.  394; 

battle  of  Monterey,  ii.  395-6. 
Tays,  Lieut  J.  B.,  battle  against  riot- 
ers, ii.  520. 
Teal,   Capt  Henry,  commissioner  to 

Filisola,  ii.  270;  commis.  to  Mexico, 

ii.  282. 
Tecuchiuipa,  disturbance  in,  i.  316. 
Tehuecos,    Sinaloan  tribe,  revolt  of, 

1611-12,  i.  219-20. 
Tello,  FatlierT.,  at  Caborca,  1750,  i. 

543;  murder  of,  1751,  i.  544. 
Tellez,   Col,   defeats    Romero,    etc., 

1846,  ii.  069. 
Tellez,  M.,  comaudanto  at  San  Felipe, 

1585,  i.  114. 
Temoris,    Sinaloan  tribe,  submission 

of,  i.  248. 
Tempis,  Father  A.,  death  of,  1746,  i. 

462;  biog,,  i.  462. 
Tompieton,  J.  D.,  biog.  of,  ii.  768. 
Tenerapa,   Tepehuanes    defeated   at, 

1617,  i.  326. 
Tenorio,  Capt.,  mention  of,  ii.  156. 


Tenorio,  A.  de  C,  with  Ortega's  ex- 
ped.,  1632,  i.  171. 

Tepahue,  Hurdaide's  exped.  to,  1612- 
13,  i.  220-1. 

Tepehuane,  district,  extent  of,  i. 
309;  descript.  of,  i.  319-20;  revolt 
in,  1616-17,  i.  320-9;  1638,  i.  .331-2; 
missionary  labors  in,  i.  331;  mis- 
sion matters  in,  1644-68,  i.  344-6. 

Tepocas,  Jesuits  among,  1709,  i.  511. 

Teporaca,  Cacique,  the  Tarahumare 
revolts,  1649-52,  ii.  356-8;  execu- 
tion of,  1652,  i.  360. 

Teran,  Gen.,  campaign,  etc.,  of,  1695, 
i.  272. 

Teran,  D.,  comandante  of  Santiago 
de  Monclova,  etc.,  i.  376;  exped. 
of,  1691-2,  i.  416-18;  'Descripcion 
y  Diaria,'  i.  416. 

Terrazas,  Gen'l  Luis,  gov.  Chih,  1861, 
ii.  619;  reinstated,  1864,  ii.  621; 
rule  of,  1879-84,  ii.  625. 

Terreuate,  presidio  founded  at,  etc., 
1741-4,  i.  528-30. 

Terreros,  Father  A.  G.,  exped.  of, 
1757,  i.  644;  the  massacre  at  San 
Saba,  1758,  i.  645-8. 

Terreros,  P.  K.  de,  contributions  of, 
1756,  i.  644. 

TerriU,  Prof.  I.  :M.,  biog.  of,  ii.  545. 

Texas,  explorations,  etc.,  of,  1,^28- 
1693,  i.  380-419;  maps  of,  i.  381, 
615;  name,  i.  392;  gov's  of,  1702-26, 
i.  604;  French  chiima  to,  1712,  i. 
609-10;  St  Denis'  exped.,  1705,  i. 
609;  Ramon's,  1716,  i.  612-16; 
French  invasion  of,  1719-20,  i.  618- 
22;  Aguayo'sexpod.,  1720-2,  622-9; 
Gov.  Almazan's  rule,  1722-6,  i. 
630-2;  Mediavilla's,  1726-30,  i. 
632-4;  Rivera's  rept.  on,  1729,  i. 
633-4;  Gov.  Bustillo's  rule,  1730-3, 
i.  634-6;  Sandoval's,  1734^0,  i.  636- 
7;  Apache  raids,  etc.,  in  1730-i,  i. 
635-6;  1760-.!,  L  650;  Gov.  Fran- 
quis'  rule,  1736-7,  i.  637-8;  Oro- 
bio's,  1737-40,  i.  6.38-9;  Wintuisen's, 
T.  F.,  1741  3,  i.  6.39;  Bonco's  1743, 
i.  639;  Lario's,  174;i-8,  i.  639; 
Junco's,  1748-50,  i.  639;  Barrios', 
1751-60,  i.  639,  643;  mission  att'airs 
in,  i.  639-42,  653-69;  tlie  boundary 
question,  i.  636-7,  643-4;  contra- 
band trade  in,  i.  643;  tlieConianche 
outbreak,  etc.,  1758,  i.  645-9;  Gov. 
Martos'  rule,  1760-7,  i.  649,  652; 
Oconnor's  1767-70,  i.  652;  popula- 
tion, i.  657,  1805-7,  ii.  2;  1830,  ii. 
76;  1860-88.  ii.  529;  Gov.  Cabel- 
lo's  rule,  1778-81,  i,  660,   668;  Pa- 


INDEX. 


809 


checo's,  1789-90,  i.  GG9;  claimed 
by  the  U.  Si.,  ii.  1-10;  Louisiana 
boundary  dispute,  ii.  9-11;  treaty, 
1819,  ii.  45-/;  militury  force  in- 
creased, 180u,  ii.  11;  .Salcedo  made 
gov.  of,  1810,  ii.  17;  condition  of, 
1821,  ii.  52;  foreign  colonists,  1819, 
ii.  55;  Austin'.s  colony,  ii.  50  et 
seq. ;  colonization  law,  1825,  ii.  70; 
slavery  decree.s,  1827-9,  ii.  90-3; 
agitation  on,  ii.  423  ct  seq. ;  admin- 
ist.  of  justice,  1827-9,  ii.  94-5;  ed- 
ucati|>n,  ISll-.'JO,  ii.  95-G;  religion, 
1831,  ii.  93;  revolt,  182G,  ii.  105  et 
seq.;  Mexican  oj)pression,  ii.  Ill 
etseq. ;  changes  in  laws  for  1830, 
ii.  114;  military  despotism,  1830, 
ii.  liii;  martial  law,  1832,  ii.  119; 
Coah.  separation  discussed,  ii.  130 
et  seq.;  colonization  decree,  1832, 
ii.  132;  state  convention,  1832-3, 
ii.  132-3;  constitution,  ii.  133;  gov't 
measures  for,  1833,  ii.  137;  decree 
for  ■  supreme  court,  etc. ,  1834,  ii. 
144;  land  frauds,  1835,  ii.  149; 
C!oah.  state  authorities  deposed,  ii. 
154-5;  coniuiitteos  of  vig.  and 
safety  formed,  ii.  155;  bill  of  rights, 
ii.  172;  provis.  gov't,  1835,  ii.  173; 
polit.  affairs  of,  1835,  iL  190  et  se(i. ; 
public  domain,  ii.  191;  breach  be- 
tween council  and  gov.,  ii.  193; 
apathy  of,  1830,  ii.  201;  finances  of, 
ii.  202;  1870,  ii.  505;  1874-5,  ii. 
513;  1879,  ii.  522;  debt  of,  ii.  399; 
debt,  18.10,  ii.  401-2;  li(|uidation 
of  debt,  ii.  412 etseq.;  school  fund, 
1852-01,  ii.  410;  revenue,  1852-8, 
ii.  415;  independence  declared,  ii. 
215  etseq.;  signers  of  list,  ii.  210; 
recognized,  ii.  301,  338-40;  con- 
stitution adopted,  1830,  ii.  218; 
seat  of  gov't  at  llarrisburg,  ii.  238; 
at  Oalveston,  ii.  2GS;  statistics  of 
183G,  ii.  285;  elections,  1830,  ii.  291; 
1841,  ii.  341;  1844,  ii.  378;  1849,  ii. 
398;  prospects  of,  18.38,  ii.  310; 
boundary  with  N.  Mex.,  ii.  332, 
398;  capital  moved  to  Austin,  1S39, 
ii.  337;  foreign  relations,  1838  42, 
ii.  338-40;  navy  operations,  1842, 
ii.  350  et  seq.;  second  invasion  of. 
ii.  357  et  seq.;  annexation  to  U.  S., 
ii.  382;  volunteers  of,  in  Mex.  M-ar, 
ii.  304  et  seq.;  Santa  Fe  exped., 
1841,  ii.  333  etseq.;  claims  aiiiiinst, 
1847-51,  ii.  403;  »ei-ession,  424  et 
soq.;  prosperity  of,  18.")r,-9,  ii.  42(1; 
adopts  confederate  constitution,  ii. 
439;  reconstruction,  1805-^},  ii.  4V8 


etseq.;  state  constitution,  1866.  ii. 

482;  restoration  to  statehood,  ii.  501- 

2;  political  vicissitudes  of,  ii.  520-7; 

progress  of,  ii.  528-9;  editorial  and 

press  association,  ii.  550. 
Texas  K.  K.  Navig.  &  IJanking  Co., 

act  to  incorporate,  ii.  29G. 
Thompson,    capture  of  Santa  Anna, 

ii.  204. 
Thompson,  Capt.,  desertion,  etc.,  of, 

ii.  303. 
Thompson,  A.  P.,  mention  of,  ii.  549. 
Thompson,    Alexander,    mention   of, 

ii.  172. 
Thompson,  J.  M.  N.,  execution  of,  ii. 

3G8. 
Thompson,  Capt.  T.  M.,  outrages,  etc., 

of,  ii.  101-2. 
Thrall,    H.  S.,  'A  Pictorial  History 

of  Texiis, '  ii.  .380. 
Throckmorton,    (iov.    J.    W.,    pros. 

state  conven.,  ii.  482;  elected  gov., 

biog.,    etc.,    ii.    483;     message   of, 

ISGG,  ii.  4iS3   et  seii.;  disagreement 

with  Gen.  Griflin,  ii.   490;  removal 

of,    ii.    491;    final    report,  ii.    491; 

bi(ig.  of,  ii.  705. 
'Tieson,'  sclu)Oner,  ii.  118. 
Tiguex,  Province,  Coronado's  exped., 

in,  1540-1,  i.  85. 
Tobar,    Capt.,    exped.    to    Tu.sayan, 

1.540,  i.  85;  at  San  Gerdnimo,  etc., 

i.  89. 
Tobar,  Father  H.  de,  murder  of,  161 G, 

i.  322. 
Tobar,  v.,  comandante  at  San  Felijie, 

i.  115. 
Tobui,  Capt.,  mention  of,  445;  opera- 
tions against  Cortina,  ii.  447-8. 
Tobosos,  raids  of  the,  1044-5,  i.  348- 

51. 
Todd,  Geo.  T.,  mention  of,  ii.  605. 
Todos  Santos,  see  Ensenada. 
Toledo,  Jose  A.  de,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  ii, 

20;  defeat  of,  1813,  ii.  28  9. 
Tolosa,  J.  de,    exped.    to   Zacatecas, 

1540-8,  i.  99. 
Tol.sa,  General,   mention   of,  ii.    203; 

reeuforces  Sesiiia,  ii.    247;    ratilies 

Texas  treaty,  ii.  270. 
Toiity,  11.  de,    exped.   of,  1088-9,    i. 

412. 
Toi>ia,  Province,  Ibarra  in,  1503-4,  i. 

105-7;    extent  of,  i.  309;  subjiiga- 

ti(m  of,  1001-14,   i.   313-19;  extnit 

of,    i.    31(');  conversions   in,  i.   310; 

mis.sions,  etc.,  in,  i.  340-1. 
Torncl,   Mex.   sec.   of  war,  orders  to 

Filisola,  ii.  279-80. 
Torre,  L>.  1*.    do   la,    gov.    of  Nucva 


810 


INDEX. 


Galicia,  etc.,  1536,  i.  71;  death  of, 

1538,  i.  71. 
Torre,  J.    de  la,  exped.  to  Nayarit, 

1721,  i.  518. 
Torres,  J.  A.,  leader  of  uprising,  1810, 

ii.  630. 
Torres,    Gov.  Luis,   succeeds  Sema, 

etc.,  ii.  703. 
Torrey,  James  N.,   execution  of,  ii. 

368. 
Tortolero,     Capt.     L.,    Salvatierra's 

exped.  to  Cat,  1697-9,  i.  284,  288- 

97. 
Townley,   Capt.,  voyage  of,  1685,  i. 

194. 
Towns,    Coah.   and    Tex.,   gov't  of, 

1810,  ii.  78-9. 
Trade,  see  Commerce. 
Trahern,  mention  of,  ii.  366. 
Travis,  Col  W.  B.,  capture  of,  18.12, 

ii.    119;  release   of,    ii.    124;  arrest 

ordered,  July,   1885,  ii.  161;  at  S. 

Felipe,  ii.   195;    reenforcement   of, 

ii.  202;  carelessness  of,  ii.  207;  ap- 
peal of,  ii.  208;  death  of,  ii.  211. 
Treasurer,  Texas,  d  if' 'jit  of,  ii.  509. 
Treaty  of  peace,  Mex.  and  U.  S.,  ii. 

612. 
Trejo,  P.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 

1577-83,  i.  112-13. 
*  Tremont,' Amer.  brig.,  ii.  161. 
Trcsierra  y  Cano,  A.,  intendente  go- 

bernador  of  Arizpe,  1793,  i.  712. 
Tresino,   Manuel,  mention  of,  ii.  445. 
Trias,  Gov.  Angel,  installation  of,  ii. 

602;    succeeds    Irigoyen,    ii.    605; 

surrender  of,   ii.    611-12;    deposes 

Cordcro,  ii.  617;  removal,  etc.,  of, 

ii.  625. 
Tristan,  Provincial  A.  P.,  'Informe,' 

i.  687. 
Tristan,  E.  L.  de,  bishop  of  Durango, 

etc.,  1786,  i.  684-5. 
Troutman,  Miss,  mention  of,  ii.  206. 
Tubac,  presidio  of  founded,   1752,  i. 

554. 
Tubares,  Sinaloan  tribe,  revolt,  etc., 

of,  1681-4,  i.  248  9. 
Tubutama,  Indian  outbreak  at,  1695, 

i.  260-1. 
Tuuon  y  Quiros,  Capt.  G.  A.,  coman- 

dante  at  San  Felipe,  1712-24,  i.  510- 

17;  charges  against,  i.  516;  Apache 

raids,  i.  516-17. 
Tunstall,    W.    V.,    sec.    state  conv., 

1868,  ii.  495. 
Turnbull,    James,  execution    of,   ii. 

308. 
Turner,  Col   Amasa,   mention  of,  ii. 

244. 


Turrill,  C.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  735. 
Tiirsch,  Father  I.,  mention  of,  i.  473. 
Tutije,  Apache  chief,  execution  of,  iL 

654. 
Tutifio,  Padre  A.,  mission  to  Topia, 

1602,  i.  316. 
Twiggs,  General,  surrender,  eto.,  o^ 

iL  437. 


Uvalde,  J.  de,  gov.  of  Coahuila,  1778* 
L  604;  comandante  gen'l  of  Provin* 
cias  Internas  del  Oriente,  etc., 
1787,  i.  674;  defeats  Apaches,  etc., 
1790,  i.  669. 

Ugarte,  Commandant,  removes  Mon* 
terde,  ii.  602. 

Ugarte,  Father,  explor.  of,  1521,  i. 
508-9;  labors  of,  i.  511. 

Ugarte,  Father  J.  de,  aids  Salvatierra, 
1697-8,  i.  279-80,  298;  labors,  etc., 
in  Baja  Cal.,  1701-9,  i.  422-35; 
biog.,  i.  422;  exped.  of,  1721,  i. 
450-1;  death,  1730,  i.  456;  charac- 
ter, i.  456. 

Ugarte  y  Loyola,  J.,  gov.  of  Coahuila, 
1.  604;  comandante  gen.  of  Provin- 
cias  Internas,  1785,  i.  673-4. 

Ugartechea,  Col,  mention  of,  ii.  116; 
oattle  at  Velasco,  ii.  122;  address 
to  Texans,  1835,  ii.  157;  order  to 
alcaldes,  1835,  ii.  161;  demand  for 
cannon,  ii.  l65;  orders  to  polit. 
chief,  iL  171;  at  battle  S.  Antonio, 
iL  185. 

UUoa,  F.  de,  exped.  of,  1539,  i.  78. 

Ulloa,  P.  de,  mission  to  Cortes,  1535^ 
i.  49-50. 

'  Uncle  Ben,'  victory  of,  ii.  459. 

Unionists,  Texas,  victory  of,  1859,  ii. 
426-7;  murders  of,  in  Texas,  ii. 
458;  maltreatment  of  1865-6,  iL 
480. 

United  States,  claints  to  Texas,  ii.  1- 
16;  boundary  troubles  witli  Spain, 
1805,  ii.  10  et  seq. ;  boundary  in- 
trigues of,  ii.  88;  influence  in  Texas 
affairs,  18.35,  ii.  158-9;  aid  to  Texas, 
1835,  ii.  170-1;  neutrality,  etc.,  of, 
ii.  285;  occupation  of  Texas  terri- 
tory, iL  286;  recognizes  independ- 
ence of  Texas,  ii.  301;  annexation 
of  Texas  rejected,  ii.  .342;  annexa- 
tion, ii.  382-3;  jealousy  of  Great 
Britain,  etc.,  1842,  ii.  .374;  threat  of 
Mex.,  etc.,  1842,  ii.  376;  purchase 
of  Texas  Santa  Fe  claim,  ii.  400  3; 
menaces  the  French,  1864,  ii.  622. 

United  States  volunteers,  in  Texan 


INDEX. 


811 


II. 
ii. 
ii. 


aa 


war,  dis^at  at  inaction,  at  S.  An- 
tonio, ii.  179;  restlessness  of,  ii. 
195;  iuduceinents  to,  ii.  294-5. 

Universities,  Texas,  list  of,  ii.  646; 
Texas  state  unisursity, ii.  545. 

Urdaneta,  A.  de,  exped.  to  the  Phil- 
ippines, 1564-5,  i.  137-9;  death  of, 
1568,  i.  139. 

Urdifiola,  Gov.  P.,  gov.  of  Nueva 
Vizcaya,  1602-11,  i.  306;  revolt  of 
the  Acaxees,  lGOl-2,  i.  314-16;  sub- 
dues the  Xixiines,  1610,  i.  318-19. 

Ures,  French  capture  of,  ii.  697. 

Urrea's  campaign,  map,  ii.  2*28. 

Urrea,  B.  de,  corresp.  with  Gov'. 
Pineda,  1767,  i.  569. 

Urrea,  Gen.  Jo»e,  mention  of,  ii.  204; 
defeats  Grant  and  Johnson,  ii.  220- 
2;  defeats  Funnin,  ii.  227-33;  Santa 
Anna's  orders  to,  ii.  248;  succeeds 
Filisola,  ii.  281;  supports  Pedraza, 
1832,  li.  590;  promotion  of,  ii.  593; 
proclaims  federal  system,  etc., 
1837-8,  ii.  656;  defeat  at  Mazatlan, 
ii.  658;  defeats  Gandara,  ii.  659; 
reappointment  of,  1842,  iL  660;  de- 
feat of,  ii.  662-3. 

Urrea,  M.,  gefe  politico,  ii  686. 


Vaca,  Capt.  A.,  exped.  of,  1634,  i. 
385. 

Vaca,  A.  N.  C.  de,  treasurer,  etc.,  of 
Narvaez'  exped.,  1528,  i.  60;  ad- 
ventures of,  i.  60  70;  'Relacion,' 
i.  62;  map  of  route,  i.  67;  further 
career,  i.70. 

Vaca,  C.  de,  crosses  Texas,  1535,  i. 
380-1. 

Vacapa,  town,  Niza's  exped.  at,  1539, 
i.  75-6. 

Valdes,  ,T.,  revolt  of  suppressed,  1880, 
ii.  625-6. 

Valdes,  L.,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 
1639-40,  i.  306;  1642-8,  i.  3:J7;  tlie 
Toboso  outbreak,  etc.,  1644-5,  i. 
350. 

Valdcz,  Pedro,  defeats  Vega,  ii.  695. 

Valdivar,  exploration,  etc.,  of,  1540, 
i.  83-4. 

Valle,  Father  A.  del,  ,  .o  T  ^^jliuaue 
revolt,  1616-17,  i.  32 

Valle,  Bishop  J.  del,  vi  t  to  Sinaloa, 
1610,  i.  219. 

Valle,  Santiago  de,  councillor,  ii.  86. 

Valle  de  Banderas,  name,  i.  15. 

Valenzuela,  E.  C.  de,  with  Ortega's 
exped.,  1632,  i.  171. 

Valverde,  battle  of,  ii.  452. 


Vancouver,  G.,  voyages  of,  1792-4,  i. 

772. 

Vandersipe,  Father,  death  of,  1651, 
i.  242. 

Van  Dom,  Maj.  Earle,  capture  of 
Sibley,  etc.,  ii.  437. 

Van  Nostrand,  J.,  mention  of,  ii.  537. 

Van  Zandt,  Texas  charge  d'  affaires, 
ii.  374. 

Van  Zandt,  Isaac,  biog.  of,  ii.  576-7. 

Van  Zandt,  K.  M.,  mention  of,  ii. 
577. 

Van  Zandt,  Dr  L,  mention  of,  ii.  577. 

Vara,  Col,  captures  Miller's  volun- 
teers, ii.  233-4. 

Varohios,  Sinaloan  tril^,  submission 
of,  i.  248. 

Varona,  Capt  G.  S.,  exped.  of,  1691, 
i.  417. 

Vasquez,  Gen'l  R.,  defeat  of,  ii.  331; 
capture  of  S.  Antonio,  1842,  ii. 
348. 

Vega,  Gen'l,  schemes  of,  1868,  iL 
700-1. 

Vega,  Gov.  F.  de  la,  Valdez  defeats, 
ii.  695. 

Vega,  Father  R.  de,  with  Ortega's 
exped.,  1636,  i.  174-5. 

Vega,  S.  L.  de  la,  comandante  of 
.Sonora,  1644,  i.  233;  death  of,  i. 
233. 

Vehlein,  Joseph,  colony  grant,  ii.  74, 
110. 

Velarde,  Father  Ii.,  eulogy  of  Kino, 
i.  505-6;  Campos'  explor.,  1715,  i. 
507. 

Velasco,  Viceroy,  contract  with  Viz- 
caino, 1594,  i.  147. 

Velasco,  D.  F.  dc,  gov.  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya, 1596,  i.  113. 

Velasco,  Fiscal,  report  on  Texan 
affairs,  1716,  i.  616-17. 

Velasco,  H.  de,  gov.  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya, 1030,  i.  306. 

Velasco,  Father,  mission  to  8iualoa, 
l()00-9,  i.  20<>-ir). 

Vuhwco,  Father  J.  B.,  labors  of,  L 
222;  death  of,  1612,  i.  222;  biog.,  i. 
222. 

Velasco,  FatlierP.,  death  of,  1649,  i. 
234. 

Vela.sco  y  Altaiuirano,  G.  de  L.,  bish- 
op of  (Juadiana,  1692-1700,  i.   3:59. 

Velasquez,  F.,  captures  Tamotchala, 
1.J33,  i.  56. 

Velastjuez,  J. ,  gov.  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 

1784-6,  i.  676-8. 
'Velocity,'  surrtMider  of,  ii.  459. 
'  Vencedor  del  Alairio,'  capture  of  the 
'Independence,'  ii.  284. 


812 


INDEX. 


Veiicgas,   Viceroy,   aid    to   SilceJo, 

18i;<,  ii.  22. 
Viiiiiigaij,    Father,   map  vt,   1767,   i. 

471. 
Veiicgas,  M. ,  '  Noticia  de  la  Califor- 
nia,' i.  281-2. 
Ventura,  Fatlior  L.,  at  Loreto,  1757, 

i.  470;  mention  of,  i.  473. 
VDra,  Father  F.,  with  Urdiiiola's  ex- 

puil..  Kilo,  i.  318. 
Vuriistegui,   A.  M.  de,  with  Otondo'n 

exj;od.,  1G83,  i.  187. 
Verdiigo,  (Jov.  P.,  x^roclaiina  for  lib- 

eral.-i,  ISiM,  ii.  095. 
Vermillion,  eapturo  of  Sant  4  Anna, 

ii.  204. 
Vertiz  y  Ontaflon,   J.   ¥.   de,  gov.   of 

Xuova  Vizeaya,  17.17,  i.  581. 
Veterans,  Texas,  pensions  to,  ii.  514. 
Vietoria,     town,     founded,     ii.    110; 

Comanche  attack  on,  ii.  325. 
Victoria,  Tarn.,  state  gov't  at,  ii.  3.30. 
Vietoria,  (ren'l,  mention  of,  ii.  .340. 
Victoria,    Lieut-enl   M.,  app't'd   sub. 

jefe  politico,  1829,  ii.  710. 
Vidal,   Lieut-col,  defeat  of,  ii.  600  7. 
Vidaurri,     Francisco,     decreed     gov- 
ernor,   18.34,    ii.    143;  overtures   to 

Texas,  ii.  327. 
Viesoa,    Gov.    Agiistin,    election    of, 

18.3."),    ii.    14();  arrest,    etc.,    of,    ii. 

154-5;  address  to  Texans,  ii.  158. 
Viesca,  Jose  M.,  elected  gov.,  ii.   86. 
Vila,  v.,  exped.  toAltaCal.,  1769,  i. 

489. 
Vildosola,    Don   A.,   gov.   of  Sinaloa 

and  Sonora,  i.   628;  rule,  1741-8,  i. 

528  31. 
Vil<losola,    Capt.    G.,  expeds.  against 

Apaches,  1756,  i.  657;  1758,  i.  558; 

1706,  i.  659. 
Villaescusa,C'oI.,  surrender  at  Rosario, 

1810,  ii.    031;  defeats   Hermosillo, 

1811,  ii.  0.32. 

Villafane,  Father,  death  of,  1634,  i. 
231;  l)iog.,  i.  231. 

Villagian,  victory  at  Parral,  1804,  ii, 
022;  sui).  prefect,  driven  out,  etc., 
ii.  738. 

Villalolios,  R.  L.  de,  exped.  of,  1542, 
i.  137. 

\illalta.  Father  C.  de,  mission  to  Sin- 
aloa, 1004,  i.  212-14;  labors  of, 
1012,  i.  221;  missionary  labors  of, 
1021,  i.  225-6;  death  of,  1023,  i. 
226. 

Villajnicnte,  Marquis,  donations  of, 
1702,  i.  420. 

Villa  Sefior  y  Sanchez,  works  of,  i. 
406,  530-1. 


Villavicencio,  J.  J.,  wrrks  of,  i.  466. 
Vmce'.-,  Iiriilge,  Deal  femiili  desroya, 

ii.  259. 
Viticulture,  Texas,  ii.  5."»8. 
Vivero,  Ii.  de,  gov.  of  Nuiva Vizeaya, 

lOUl-2,  i.  30(). 
Vizcaino,    S.,  exped.    to  Lower  C'al., 

1597,  i.    147  51;   1002-3,  i.    hVi-OO; 

map  of,    1(!03,    i.    166;    voyage  to 

Japan,  i.  162-3. 

W 

Wagner,  Father  J  ,  attempted  mur- 
der of,  i.  401;  deatii  of,  1744,  i.402. 

Wainwright,  Connnander,  death  of, 
ii.  4;')6. 

Walker,  .Senator,  resolution  of,  ii. 
302. 

Walker,  S.  A.,  battle  of  Monterey, 
ii.  396-7. 

Walker,  S.  H.,  escape  of,  etc.,  ii.  .366. 

Walker,  W.  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  48. 

Walker,  William,  filibustca-'ug  exped. 
to  L.  C'al,  ii.  682,  720  et  seq.; 
appearance  of,  ii.  721;  operations 
in  S.  F.,  ii.  722,  724;  reenforce- 
ments  of  ajul  defeat,  etc.,  ii.  723. 

Wallace,  Lieut-col.  J.  W.  E.,  election 
of,  ii.  1(;6. 

Waller,  Edwin,  mention  of,  ii.  172. 

Waller,  J.  R.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 

Walih,  W.  C.,  land  commissioner, 
1878,  ii.  522. 

War  party,  Texas,  agitations  of, 
183."),  ii.  150-9. 

War  of  the  Regulators  and  Modera- 
tors, 1842,  ii.  .354. 

Ward,  Major,  elected  Lieut-col,  ii. 
219;  with  King,  etc.,  ii.  222-4; 
death  of,  ii.  235. 

Ward,  Col  T.  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  554. 

Ward,  Cen'l  T.  N.,  biog.  of,  ii.  705. 

Ward,  Dewey  &  Co  ,  mention  of,  ii. 
535. 

Washington,  Lewis,  mention  of,  ii. 
296. 

Webb,  James,  commiss.  to  Mex.,  ii. 
340. 

Webb,  W.  E.,  mention  of,  ii.  735. 

Welle>,  E.  T.,  pres.  Land  Co.,  ii.  735. 

Welles,  Col  T.  G.,  mention  of,  ii.  7.35. 

Wells,  Major,  battle  San  Jacinto,  ii. 
258. 

West,  Claiborne,  mention  of,  ii.  172, 
174. 

Westbrook,  C  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  551. 

Westbrook,  Mrs  C.  A.,  biog.  of,  ii.769. 

AVestover,  Capt.,  defeats  Rodriguez, 
ii.  188-9. 


INDEX. 


813 


Whaling,    Henry,    execution   of,   ii. 

3ti8. 
'  Wharton, '  on  coast  of  Yucatan,  1842, 

ii.  S52. 

Wharton  party,  mention  of,  ii.  '29\. 

Wharton,  J.  A.,  iiiuntimi  of,  ii.  1150, 
162:  draughts  'hill  of  rights,'  ii.  172; 
Texas  inilit.  agent,  ii.  15)2;  nieu- 
tion  of,  ii.  '2'M;  capture  and  escape 
of,  ii.  :V):i;  death  of,  ii.  313. 

Wliarton,  \V.  H.,  chairman  state 
oonv.,  1833,  ii.  133-4;  app't'd  eni- 
ba^nador  to  the  U.  .S.,  ii.  173-4; 
appeal  of  in  aid  of  Texan,  ii.  284; 
return  of,  ii.  2!).');  minister  to  tlie 
U.  S.,  ii.  2'Jl;  capture  and  escape 
of,  ii.  303. 

Wheat,  Texas,  ii.  5.57. 

Whiitlor,  Ool.,  oooupiea  NacogdochoH, 
ii.  2S7. 

Whitaker,  William,  mention  of,  ii. 
171. 

Wliiting,  Samuel,  mention  of,  ii.  550. 

Wliitinoro,  (t.  W.,  representative 
18(Ji),  ii.  4!>8. 

Wilie,  T.,  Indian  massacre  of,  ii.  410. 

Williams,  arrest  ordered,  ii.  Itil, 

Williams,  equips  Texas  schooners,  ii. 
271. 

Williams,  S.  M.,  commis.  to  Mex., 
1812,  ii.  375. 

Williamson,  11.  M.,  arrest  ordered,  ii. 
llil;  mention  of,  ii.  172. 

Willis,  R.  S.,  I)iog.  of,  ii.  705-6. 

Wilson,  Charles,  mention  of,  ii.  172, 
174. 

Wilson,  Robert,  defeat  of,  ii.  313. 

Wing,  M.  C.  execution  of,  ii.  368. 

Wintuisen,  T.  F.,  gov.  of  Texas, 
1741-3,  i.  639. 

WoU,  General,  force,  etc.,  of.  ii.  244; 
despatch  to  Houston,  ii.  267;  cap- 
tures S.  Aiitouio,  ii.  357;  media- 
tiou  Mex.  k  T(!xas,  1842,  ii.  375; 
miniiu<to  of,  ii.  378. 

Wood,  (tov.  (iO(>.  T.,  inauguration  of, 
ii.  397;  tiiroat  against  New  .Mex., 
1348,  ii.  398;  defeat  of  election, 
185.3,  ii.  405. 

Wood,  W.,  mention  of,  ii.  410. 

Woodbury,  John  L.,  coal  mine  priv- 
ileges of,  ii.  97. 

Woodridge,  A.  P.,  mention  of,  i  . 
546.  j 

Woods,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  ii.  172.         ! 
Wooton,  T.  D.,  mention  of,  ii.  546. 
Wortli,  Gen'l,  battle  of  Monterey,  ii. 

395-6. 
Wytfliet-Ptolemy,  map,   1597,  i.  152. 


X 


Xiximes,  submission  of  the,  1607,  i. 
317;  upriHing  of,  1610,  i.  317  18; 
1616,  I.  324;  subjugation  of,  1610- 
II,  i.  318  19;  touversiuo,  eto.,  of, 
1011-14,  i.  319. 


Yafiez,  Gov.,  appointment  of,    1854, 

ii.    6M.    695;  outwits   Hoi.Umn,    ii. 

686;   V  ictory  of,  ii.   688  9;  removal, 

etc.,  of,  ii.  690. 
Yaijui  river,  Guzman's  exped.  on  the, 

1533,  i.  67;  Vaca's,  i.  66  8. 
Yaquis,    defeat,  etc.,   of,  1533,   i.  57; 

war  with  the,  1609,  i.  217  18;  Hub- 

missicm  of,  i.  213-19;  treaty  with, 

1610,    i.    219;  niissionaries   among, 

1617-19,  i.  224;  convcr.sicms  anxriig, 

i.    226;    troubles   with,    17<>4  7,    i. 

566-71;    revolt  of    the,    1740  1,   i. 

521-3;    182.5,    ii.    6.39  43;   l,s:t2,    ii. 

652;  1867,  ii.  701;  188',  ii.  704. 
Yellowstone,  steandioat,  ii.  252. 
Yoakum,   H.,  'History  of  Texas,' ii. 

384. 
Yorkino    party,    Durango,     ii.    .588; 

arrest  of  prom,  members,  ii.  589. 
Young,  C'(p|  Hugh  F.,  mention  of,  ii. 

372. 
Young,    Col  W.  C,  capture  of  Fort 

Arbuckle,   ii.  450;  biog.      ".  ii.  561. 
Yucatan,  revolt,  etc.,  of,  ii.  :f51. 
Yuma,  Kino's  exped.  to,  17(H>,  i.  270- 

1. 
Yumaa,    Sedclmair  among  the,   1748, 

i.  540;  1750,  i.  541. 


Zacatecas,  mining  in,  i,  07-100;  re- 
bellion of,  ii.  15.3. 

Zacatecas,  City,  founded  1548,  i.  97. 

Zacatula,  founding  of,  i.  19. 

Zambrano,  Juan  AI.,  counter  revolu- 
tion of,  1812,  ii.  18-19;  mention  of, 
ii.  29. 

Zapata,  Col  Antonio,  battle  of  Alcan- 
tro,  ii.  327-8. 

Zapata,  Father  J.  0.,  report  of,  1678, 
i.  239  40. 

Zapata,  Father  0.,  report  of,  1678,  i. 
244-5. 

Zape.  the  Tepehuane  revolt,  1616-17, 
i.  322;  nias.sacre  at,  i.  323. 

Za])])a,  Father  J.  B.,  mention  of,  i. 
279. 

Zarate,  Padre  G.,  '  llelaciones. ' 


814 


INDEX. 


1i  3  7.  !r"f*~"?'>P'.ffw*«of, 

^vala,    Gov.    Lorenzo    de.     colonv 

putto.ii.  75,  mentkmofjMT,?^ 

I"  fl7' J^'  Austin 8  recopti.m  of, 
11.  l»7-8;  mention  of,  ii.  l^i-  g.gng 
independence  declaration,  ii.  2Ifl- 
elected   vice-pres.    Texas,   ii.   218- 

ii!'m  *'°"  '  "■  ^~^''  *^"^*^  ='• 
Sonora,  1833,  ii.  665.  -u""*'" 


na.lor  of  Arizpe,  1786-9,  i.  7i|      '^ 
^fierman,  Capt,  seizure  of,  ii.  794  " 

Tm!'  ^"^^^^  ^•'  ""'■'^°''  '»^'  '«*«. 

Zubira,  Bishop,  banishment  of,  ii.  692 

^ulvaga.   Gov   Luis,   anptment    and 

removal  of.  ii.  602;  AJht,  etc..  of, 

Zuairaqui,  Father,  mention  of,  i,  434. 


Sgobflfr 

12. 

!4. 

f,  1C45, 

ii.  592. 
t  and 
to.,  of, 

i  Paz, 

i.  484. 


